Contemporary Problems of Social Work

ACADEMIC JOURNAL

Vol. 5. No. 4 (20) 2019

MOSCOW CCONTEMPORARYONTEMPORARY PROBLEMSPROBLEMS CONTENTS OOFF SOCIALSOCI AL WWORKORK VVolumeolume 5,5, No.No. 4 (20),(20), 20192019 ECONOMY ISSN 2412-5466 Kryukova E.M., Khetagurova V.Sh. Cluster Approach in the Development The journal is included into the system of Social Tourism in ...... 4 of Russian science citation index and is available on the website: Yarima Pupo Ochoa www.elibrary.ru Methodology to Calculate and Analyze Costs in the Pediatric Hospital of the City of Holguín, Cuba ...... 15 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4 CHIEF EDITOR PEDAGOGY Frolova E.V. doctor of sociological Anufrieva N.I., Dolgova A.A. sciences, associate professor, Russian Contemporary Forms of Stage State Social University, Russia Playing the Musical Folklore ...... 29 DEPUTY EDITOR Anufrieva N.I., Kochergina A.A. Rogach O.V. Patriotism As a Cultural Universalism candidate of sociological sciences, in the Education of Modern Youth...... 36 Russian State Social University, Russia Knyazkova E.A., Bereza N.A., Kvitkovskaya A.A. The Main Directions of State Support of Young Scientists in Modern Russia ...... 42 EDITORIAL BOARD Feber J. (PhD, University of Trnava, ) SOCIOLOGY Mirsky J. (PhD, Ben-Gurion University Aksenova V.V., Frolova E.V. of the Negev, Israel) Improvement of the Urban Environment Moore Alan Thomas (Bachelor of of the Megapolis: The Main Trends and Arts (Hons), M.A., leading to the Estimates of the Population ...... 49 Capital FM 105.3, Ireland) Nikiporets-Takigawa G.Yu. (PhD, Chernikova A.A. professor, University of Cambridge, UK) Student Mobility in the Member-Countries Petrucijová J. (PhD, University of of Eurasian Economic Union...... 59 Ostrava, Czech Republic) Karisova G.K. Roer-Strier D. (PhD, Hebrew Research of Food Culture of Russians University of Jerusalem, Israel) (By Results of Applied Sociological Research)...... 69 Santiesteban Perez M. (PhD, University of Guantanamo, Cuba) Karpunina A.V. Turdubaev S.K. (doctor of economic Problems of Social Contracts sciences, associate professor, director with Dysfunctional Families ...... 74 of Russian State Social University in Osh, Kyrgyz Republic) Leontyeva T.V. Animated Cartoon As a Tool for Forming Turro Breff A. (PhD, University of Guantanamo, Cuba) Family Models in Children of Different Ages...... 80 Vietze D. (PhD, The City University of Pereverzeva M.V. New York, USA) Family Policy in USA at the 21st Century Vietze P. (PhD, Montclair State As a Reflection of Sociocultural Values University, USA) of Modern American Society ...... 87 Badmatsyrenov T.B. (candidate of sociology sciences, associate Rogach O.V., Fedyakin E.A. professor, Buryat State University, Analysis of Tourist Attractiveness Buryatia, Russia) of the City District of ...... 94 Chernikova L.I. (doctor of Rogach O.V., Frolova E.V. economic sciences, associate professor, Financial University under Resocialization of Citizens Discharged from the Government of the Russian Military Service: Key Problems and New Prospects. . . 102 Federation, Russia) Rudakovskaya M.G., Sulyagina Yu.O. Dusenko S.V. (doctor of sociological “What are the Reasons for the Joy sciences, associate professor, and Complaint of a First-Year Student?”: Russian State University of Physical Analysis of Students’ Answers to Open Questions Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism of the Questionnaire ...... 109 (SCOLIPE), Russia) Rostovskaya T.K. (doctor of Starovojtova L.I. sociological sciences, professor, System of Social Protection and Support Institute of Social and Political of the Population As the Most Important Instrument Studies of the Russian Academy of of Social Policy of the State...... 119 Sciences (ISPR RAS), Russia) Sizikova V.V. (doctor of pedagogical Ulrih I.V. sciences, professor, Russian State Theoretical and Methodological Background Social University, Russia) for Sociological Analysis of Patriotic Attitudes . . . . .125 Vinogradova M.V. (doctor of Zaporozhskiy I.I. economic sciences, associate professor, Russian State University of Globalization As Oligohegemony ...... 132 Tourism and Service, Russia) Vishnyakova V.A. (candidate of PSYCHOLOGY economic sciences, Russian State Social University, Russia) Mishina A.O. Suicide Risk Assessment Representatives EXECUTIVE SECRETARY of Creative Professions Engaged in Business ...... 138 Vishnyakova V.A. Polyakova O.B. candidate of economic sciences, Features of the Image of Social Workers head of department scientific and with Professional Deformations ...... 147 technical information RSSU

WORKED Contenting Papkova N.E. Chief editor of quick printing Bagrova N.V. Typesetting and design Probilova T.A. Decorating Probilova T.A. Cover design Veselovskaya M.M. Our address: 129226, Moscow, Wilhelm Pieck street, 4, building 1, room 312, 315 Contact phone: 8 (495) 255-67-67 (ext. 17-63, 17-71, 17-80). http://rgsu.net/about/science/ publishing/magazine/ E-mail: [email protected]

The materials are published in author’s edi- tion. Authors of published materials are re- sponsible for the selection and the accuracy of facts, quotations, proper names, statistics and other information. Editorial opinion may not coincide with the opinion of the authors of the articles. Reprint of materials and use them in any form, including electronic media, possible only with written permission of edi- torial office.

Age limit: 16+ © Russian State Social University ECONOMY

Kryukova E.M., Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Tourism and Hospitality, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 55904455700 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-7206 Khetagurova V.Sh., Candidate of Geographical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Tourism and Hospitality, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 56800867900 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9428-8871 UDC 338.486 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-4-14 Cluster Approach in the Development of Social Tourism in Russia

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 13.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: the cluster approach to the organization of social tourism allows you to flexibly respond to the demand of various categories of tourists and involves the emergence of new economic conditions and the creation of new forms of interacting entities of the economic system. The emerging chains of interaction in the cluster combine cooperation and competition for social tourism products. At the same time, clusters are able to solve problems that can prevent the influence of adverse economic conditions on the development of tourism in the regions. The aim of the study was to study the current state and prospects for the development of social tourism in Russia and the use of a cluster approach for its effective management. To achieve this goal, the theoretical aspects of social tourism, the European and Russian experience of its development were considered; factors and developmental conditions are investigated; an analysis of the current state, problems identified and recommendations for the development of social tourism in the country. Key words: cluster, social tourism, tourist flows, target programs, tourism product. JEL classification: А100, А110, А130.

Introduction Tourism development is influenced by numerous factors that determine the need for adaptation to new conditions. Changes occurring in the conditions of the life of society, global

4 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 processes are able to influence the tourism system directly or indirectly. In accordance with the concept of sustainable development, factors stimulating the development of tourism are determined by its dependence on socio-economic, cultural and natural resources. In June 2012, in , the leaders of the Big Twenty (G20) in the declaration following the meeting for the first time in history introduced a block reflecting the need to develop tourism and travel as a means of creating jobs, ensuring decent work, global economic growth and reducing poverty. A similar breakthrough was achieved thanks to the efforts of the World Travel and Tourism Council and the World Tourism Organization [10]. Historically, the leading countries of the world are in a constant experiment to find the role of the state in business and the market. As a rule, the role of the state is manifested in the fact that the contribution of the budget to the country’s gross domestic product is increasing – this is what happens in Western Europe. The United States has a small budgetary contribution to GDP, but the government is actively purchasing products and services from private business. Thus, states are trying to develop and apply effective tools and mechanisms that, through taxes, customs duties, and exchange rate regulation, will ensure a competitive environment both at the national and international levels. The society has accumulated scientific research that culture, as a factor of difference between countries, has an important influence on the economic dynamics of a country. For Russia, social tourism is both an old and a new phenomenon. The Federal Law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Basics of Tourism in the Russian Federation”” in 2007 defines social tourism as “tourism, which is fully or partially carried out at the expense of budgetary funds, funds of state extra-budgetary funds (including funds allocated under the state social assistance), as well as funds of employers”. This law speaks of social tourism as one of the priority areas: “the priority areas of state regulation of tourism are the support and development of domestic, inbound, social and amateur tourism”, but unfortunately, the mechanism for implementing these priorities is not considered [8]. The social functions of tourism, as a rule, are implemented in measures to preserve physical activity and tone. Great is its role in improving the health of citizens. “The social tourism service programs combine harmonious development and the creative principle of man. Social tourism plays a huge role in the adaptation and socialization of disabled people and people with disabilities”. Social tourism is aimed at ensuring access to tourism for everyone, including the least well-off part of the population, using their right to rest [17]. The 1980 Manila World Tourism Declaration defines the global humanitarian role and international support for social tourism. Social tourism, financed partially or fully at the expense of municipalities and the state, as well as state extra-budgetary funds, is subsidized from funds allocated for social needs in order to create conditions for travel of unprotected layers of the population, including war and labor veterans, disabled people, pensioners, youth, schoolchildren and other citizens. That is, this category of people includes citizens who receive social support from charitable foundations, state and non-governmental organizations [20]. For example, in , these tasks are solved by large international organizations: the International Association of Social Tourism (BITS), the National Association of Travel Vouchers (ANCV), the National Union of Tourism Associations (UNAT). In the Charter of the International Organization of Social Tourism (OITS) social tourism is defined as “influences and phenomena that result from the participation of particularly low- income groups in tourism” [6]. Moreover, attention is focused on the moral aspects of social tourism, that is, tourism with “additional moral value” [3]. The international organization of social tourism has developed a number of proposals, including: calls for facilitating the mobility of persons with disabilities; to provide support to tour operators of social tourism, operating in the framework of a joint and social economy; maintain the status of seasonal workers in the tourism sector; support cooperation programs in the field of solidarity and social tourism; fight against seasonality in tourism; introduce a

5 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK policy in the tourism sector that provides people with real access to leisure, and set in motion its main mechanism – domestic tourism; to follow positive examples in the world practice of implementing leisure programs for pensioners (the experience of Spain and ), the development and implementation of vacation checks based on the experience of France; introduce mechanisms to facilitate the use of vacation outside the place of residence by persons whose physical or financial situation limits this possibility [2]. For the Russian Federation, these issues are also relevant, since more than half of the country’s population can be classified as socially unprotected, the ability to travel which is minimal. Currently, more than 12.8 million people with disabilities and people with disabilities live in the country, more than 59 million citizens of the country are young people and the elderly. If most of this population is involved in outdoor activities, travel, then their number will be about 10 million people. Today, our country is in the second hundred in average life expectancy: men live on average a little more than 60, women a little more. It is necessary to introduce a comprehensive multicomponent state program, which would be aimed at improving the living environment, supporting health care, employment, food quality and, of course, recreation. The situation with the organization of leisure is approximately the same as the situation with life expectancy. The proportion of the population who regularly travels abroad for holidays or to expensive domestic health resorts is small, approximately 15%. The bulk of people can afford a vacation with a trip to the country, usually for financial reasons. At the same time, the current situation with the organization of recreation for people with disabilities, people with disabilities, youth and pensioners in Western countries differs from the similar situation in Russia. The implemented projects are of interest in terms of the degree of involvement and cooperation of partners and clients, working mechanisms, forms of public-private partnership. Methodology The aim of the study was to study the current state and prospects for the development of social tourism in Russia and the use of a cluster approach for its effective management. To achieve this goal, the theoretical aspects of social tourism, the European and Russian experience of its development were considered; factors and developmental conditions are investigated; an analysis of the current state, problems identified and recommendations for the development of social tourism in our country. The object of the study is social tourism, as one of the most popular areas in the development of the industry in the formation of a socially oriented society. The subject of the study is a set of recommendations aimed at the effective development of social tourism in Russia. The methodological and theoretical basis of the study are general scientific methods of cognition. The methodological base of the study was composed of economic analysis methods and a systematic approach. The methodology is based on a statistical, systemic and logical analysis of the information received, as well as an assessment of the forecasting of the tourism industry for various types of economic development. The theoretical basis of the work was the generalization of fundamental and practical studies of domestic and foreign authors [12; 15]. The basis of the empirical base was the regulatory legal acts, targeted programs; regulatory documents on the development of tourism at the regional and federal levels; plans for socio- economic development of cities and regions of Russia; stock and literary materials [16]. The reliability of the results is due to consistency with the opinions of other authors and the results of proven research methods. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the conclusions and recommendations obtained as a result of the study can be used to solve specific problems in the regions in order to increase the efficiency of tourism and turn it into a priority sector of the Russian economy [9]. Results For a long time, Russia experienced the consequences of ill-conceived state policy and the lack of using the experience of introducing economic instruments of the leading countries

6 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 of the world. In addition, the obsolescence of the domestic material and technical base and the backwardness of the structure of social production, as well as the lag in the field of the knowledge economy, led Russia to the 2008 economic crisis. Important indicators are: housing, the ratio of pension payments to average wages, life expectancy and quality of health care in the region. Thus, we see that this sphere in Russia is behind and does not form incentives for competition in the field of social services. If we look at the modern social system of the Russian Federation, we will see that it has remained dependent on the state, which itself proclaims and regulates social benefits to its citizens. Instead of making money on the basis of market economy, citizens themselves and acquire these benefits, they wait or demand them from the state. A significant part of the social sphere is regulated by the state, therefore, conditions for the market were not created, and the state bore the burden of financing housing and communal services, pension savings, healthcare, etc. In 2013, the State Program of the Russian Federation “Development of Culture and Tourism” for 2013–2020 was adopted. Its goal was “the realization of the strategic role of culture as a spiritual and moral foundation for the development of the individual and the state, the unity of Russian society, as well as the development of tourism to familiarize citizens with the world cultural and natural heritage” [7]. “As a result, the state in the light of the global economic crisis did not have enough resources to satisfy citizens for social benefits. Which, for example, gave rise to an ineffective system of free provision of medicines in Russia. The share of wages in the cost of goods and services in the gross domestic product of the Russian Federation has decreased, and today it is one of the lowest in the world”. Due to the numerous state benefits in the country, systematically low wages are compared with the level of economic development and the level of productivity of social labor. Social tourism, as a type of responsible tourism, has every chance of becoming one of the most common forms of tourism in Russia, as we have accumulated experience in supporting the rights of socially disadvantaged groups of the population, but we need our own program for the development of social tourism. The rich natural and cultural-historical heritage of the country forms the basis for the sustainable development of inbound and domestic tourism in general and even more so for social tourism. It is necessary to study and apply the European experience in the development of social tourism (holiday checks in France and the eCalipso platform of the International Organization of Social Tourism (OITS), since Europe is the closest foreign country for us. We will become much closer to it culturally and socially if we are together to develop social projects in tourism. Active implementation of social tourism in Russia will contribute to improving the quality of life and improve the health of the Russian nation, contribute to sustainable socio-economic development of the regions of the country as a whole. In this regard, the Russian government is highly interested in cooperating with the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the International Organization of Social Tourism (OITS). Recently, the Federal Tourism Agency has developed a concept for introducing a system of stimulating domestic tourism using checks “Recreation”. A vacation receipt is a payment and settlement tool put into circulation to provide targeted assistance to tourists and to facilitate the availability of recreation to all segments of the population. Such checks are successfully used in France, Switzerland, and several other European countries. A project being implemented in Europe entitled “Promoting Interethnic Tourism Exchanges in the Offseason in Europe and the Mobility of Pensioners” for Russia can be trans-regional and can become transcontinental. In our country, there are at least two dozen regions that have the most significant tourist and recreational potential with cultural, educational, ethnographic, health tourism, and opportunities for outdoor activities. In addition to the established traditional tourist centers (Moscow, Moscow Region, St. Petersburg, Leningrad Region, the Republic of Karelia and other regions that are part of the Central, North-Western Federal Districts), all regions with special economic zones of tourist-recreational type can be attributed here:

7 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Altai Krai (“Turquoise Katun”); Altai Republic (“Altai Valley”); Irkutsk Region (“Baikal Gate”); Republic of Buryatia (“Baikal Harbor”); Stavropol Territory (“Grand Spa Yutsa”); Primorsky Territory (“Russian Island”); Kaliningrad region (“Curonian Spit”); Lipetsk region (“Yelets”); Krasnodar Territory (“New Anapa”), as well as the regions of the North Caucasus, Southern Federal District, the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Republic of Tatarstan and many others. All these regions at the initial stage could become participants in the Russian consortium for the development of social tourism. A similar kind of project could be developed and implemented subject to agreement on its promotion by several regions of Russia, their authorities, private entities and users of the product from among enterprises and organizations. The project could begin by creating a common information field on supply and demand, and its configuration can be determined in the course of interaction. To launch the project, the interest of the relevant federal bodies and the creation of an expert group to prepare the appropriate platform are needed. State tourism management bodies have already initiated and are supporting social tourism projects in the form of targeted, targeted and investment programs. So in 2011, the Federal Target Program “Development of Domestic and Inbound Tourism in the Russian Federation (2011–2018)” was developed and adopted. However, funding for this program was cut five times, although its implementation was aimed at “increasing the competitiveness of the domestic tourism market, attracting investment in the tourism sector, while creating conditions for the development of tourism infrastructure in the regions” [11]. Russia has every opportunity for the development of social tourism. Our economy is now in more favorable conditions than most countries in Europe, which slightly increases the income level of the population and gives enterprises and institutions the opportunity to provide more social support to workers in need. Social payments to poor citizens and their social support are increasing, and now the question arises of how to encourage them to spend even more money on recreation and treatment. The duration of active labor activity of citizens depends on this. Let’s look at some examples. In the largest metropolis in Europe – Moscow, where more than 12 million people live, almost more than half of the city’s budget is spent on social programs and supporting vulnerable groups. Russian regions themselves are building their work in supporting social tourism. There are leaders here. For example, in the field of social tourism in the Stavropol Territory, 220 organizations and recreation centers are involved. In one of the largest republics – Bashkortostan – a system of discounts on the holidays of pensioners, disabled people and people with disabilities has been introduced, and these discounts reach 70 percent of the cost of trips. In the Rostov region, trips are organized for socially vulnerable categories of citizens at the expense of budgetary funds. Such experience is available in St. Petersburg, Astrakhan region. However, the introduction of social support for recreation of citizens in Russia should become a systemic practice. Calculations show that the development of social tourism in Russia precisely as a system will make it possible to bring tourism’s contribution to GDP to 10 percent, which will contribute to the overall recovery of the Russian nation and the sustainable development of regions as tourist destinations. The tools of the social tourism system will be not only the provision of preferential vouchers to certain categories of Russian citizens, a well-thought-out system of hotel products within the framework of social tourism, but also the program of measures for the development of social tourism in the regions. The urgency of the problem lies in the fact that consumers and producers of the tourism product of social tourism perceive it differently. For tourists, these are privileges, discounts, free travel, new opportunities, and for manufacturers of tourist products, these are tenders for the provision of services, as a rule, to budget organizations, payment for services after their implementation, bureaucratic obstacles, changing conditions in ensuring the safety of transportation, accommodation, meals and etc. All this makes it necessary to seek a solution in the formation and functioning of specific clusters of social tourism. The basis of the cluster

8 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 is the interconnection of its regional tourism development departments, municipal authorities, travel agencies, service providers, health care enterprises, rehabilitation and recreation centers, etc. The emerging chains of interaction in the cluster combine cooperation and competition for social tourism products. At the same time, clusters are able to solve problems that can prevent the influence of adverse economic conditions on tourism development in the region [5]. Social tourism clusters are able to flexibly respond to the quantitative and qualitative demand parameters of both individual tourists and corporate clients, thus influencing the differentiation of the tourist product in terms of volume, seasonality of tourist flows, demographic and socio- demographic characteristics, as well as promoting the potential of social tourism product of the region, based on the motivation and behavior of the tourist. Having studied the needs of the tourist and his social values, you can develop such tourist products that will more closely match the goals of the trip. Information about the tourist center, the image of the tourist territory, their capabilities in connection with the modernization of the material and technical base of hotels, resorts, boarding houses and so on. It is the basis for a sustainable brand strategy for a tourist social product and the choice of communication channels with future guests of the region. At the local level, initiatives to create tourism clusters for social tourism are most important. Important participants in the cluster implementing programs within the framework of social tourism are budget organizations. It is understood that the volume of budget allocations for the implementation of measures must be fulfilled within the approved budget limits of the region (municipality). As a rule, budgets are approved by the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Economic Development and should be reflected in the content, terms and indicators of the parameters. However, the problem is that, on the one hand, the number of indicators is not regulated and often excessive, and on the other hand, the details of the procedure for coordinating program activities and program indicators are not clearly defined. “In Russia, the period of growth stimulation based on an increase in budget spending is drawing to a close. Although the level of sovereign debt in our country remains low, we also need a compelling medium-term fiscal consolidation program. Such a need is explained in our case, first of all, by the great dependence of the Russian budget and the economy as a whole on fluctuations in world energy prices. We also have to take into account the unfavorable demographic situation, which forces us to accumulate funds to ensure future pension payments” [13]. Therefore, if measures for the development of social tourism are carried out using the mechanism of the Federal Target Program, it is possible to imagine a situation in which a responsible executive from a budgetary organization, for example, decides to redistribute funding from one co-executor to another [14]. But not every budgetary company is able to quickly coordinate the decision with higher authorities and prepare documents for the tender so that this co-executor wins. Also, the issue of regulating the interests of various departments in distributing budgetary funding between them for social tourism programs has not been resolved. A lot of questions remain in the legal field on the property of real estate objects built in a cluster within the framework of social tourism. At the same time, toughening the requirements for interaction between organizations included in the cluster and fulfilling the state task may complicate the development of the content and composition of social tourism products. Moreover, the increasing volume of paperwork and the bureaucracy in reporting on the measures taken reduce the number of representatives of the business community participating in social tourism clusters. We see that there is a barrier to interaction in the cluster, which implies the solidarity and responsibility of all the actors involved in the implementation, which are so necessary for the implementation of activities and programs for social tourism, which in fact means the inability to identify the person responsible for the implementation of the program in the framework of social tourism in general.

9 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Discussion Existing social tourism in modern Russia has its historical roots. In Soviet times, a system of state support for the rest of every working citizen worked smoothly, mainly through a system of trade unions and youth organizations. According to the current Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 37, paragraph 5), the right of citizens to rest is guaranteed and activities that contribute to improving human health are encouraged (Article 41, paragraph 2). But, the situation is significantly different from the one in the Soviet era, when most working people, retirees or students could take advantage of the opportunity to relax at the resort on preferential terms on tourist trips once a year. In the conditions of a modern market economy, there is no well-functioning system of social tourism at the state level. It is implemented by islands, separately, or in the form of corporate social support, the employer or organization sends their employees to departmental health resorts or through tour operators with whom there is an agreement; or, secondly, regional social programs are being implemented to support needy categories from the local population [19]. At present, in Russia, they increasingly began to turn to the experience in organizing social tourism accumulated in European countries. Collaboration is growing with the World Tourism Organization and the International Organization of Social Tourism. Of interest is the experience in the development of social tourism accumulated in European countries. In the first years after the end of World War II, social tourism began to develop dynamically in Europe and reached its peak. Recreation centers are France, Great Britain, and Italy. Resorts became an affordable product, offering full board, cultural events and entertainment. The management of recreation centers in post-war Europe was mainly carried out by charitable organizations or trade unions, which contributed to the democratization of recreation. Campsites that existed on a commercial basis had a flexible pricing system. For this period of time, the appearance of various declarations, the holding of conferences on social tourism. This is mainly due to the beginning of the activities of many international organizations. And as a result, the discussed problems in the field of social tourism pushed the creation of the International Bureau of Social Tourism, as a platform where these issues could be discussed at the global level. As mass tourism expanded, problems arose with its negative impact on culture, the environment, and local ecosystems. This contributed to the emergence of a natural desire for sustainable forms of tourism. Recognizing the magnitude of the benefits that the tourism industry could bring to communities, social tourism organizations have stated that social policy cannot exist without elements of social tourism. In 1972, the Vienna Charter laid the responsibility for social tourism on the public sector, proclaiming social tourism “the fundamental social factor of our time”. Later, during the onset of deep social changes associated with the liberalization of ideologies, the growth of free competition, the role of the state decreased, and the economic crisis of the 80s provoked a decrease in budget investments in social tourism. The 1998 Montreal Declaration does not give preference in the development of tourism to the state, focuses on the activities of associations, public organizations and private companies that position their activities as providers of social tourism services. The Declaration focuses on responsible sustainable management and contains a social and humanistic vision of tourism. Special attention is paid to the experience of the Calypso project and the creation of the eCalypso Internet platform. The European Union Budget Committee in 2008 initiated financial support for the Social Tourism in Europe project, which was supported by Parliament and received annual funding. This was due to the following factors: serious economic problems and social changes in the EU countries; increased life expectancy, financial difficulties, employment problems, the emergence of new family structures, additional free time, the aging of the population as a whole, the emergence of new forms of family foci in one person; the desire

10 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 to guarantee access to holidays for all population groups throughout the European Union and recognize this as a distinctive feature of the European community. Based on this experience, the European Union began developing a pilot project called Calypso for the development of social tourism. The objectives of this preliminary project were the following tasks: economic recovery at the local and regional level; education of European citizenship; extension of seasonality; employment increase. The main contingents that the project covers are the following four categories: people with disabilities, families with limited financial resources, youth from 18 to 30 years old, elderly people. The project involves Croatia, France, Turkey, Slovenia, Slovakia, Romania, Portugal, , Malta, , , Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Ireland, Greece, Bulgaria, Belgium, . The Czech Republic and Hungary are planning to join. In order to facilitate access to international tourism for target groups participating in the Calypso project, it was proposed to create a virtual platform “eCalypso”, for which the European Commission held a competition “Promotion of social tourism in Europe through the Internet platform of supply and demand”. The winner was an international organization of social tourism with partners that are its members: State Company for the Management of Tourism Technological Innovation (SEGITTUR) (Spain), Consortium Siena Hotels Promotion (Italy), National Union of Tourist Associations (UNAT) (France), European Affordable Tourism Network (ENAT) (Belgium), Club Joie et Vacances asbl (Floreal Club) (Belgium). The creation of a virtual platform contributes to the growth of competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises in tourism, also aims to facilitate access to information about existing offers in the European market, increase the business opportunities of travel agents acting on behalf of clients, provide service providers with promotion of their offers, intermediaries (non-profit organizations or operators) tourism industry) provides information on existing proposals at the European level for target groups. The eCalypso platform acts as an intermediary that facilitates contacts between the two parties. But the operation of the eCalypso project and its transfer to the hands of the International Organization of Social Tourism is not the final development of social tourism in Europe. A new competition “Promotion of Interethnic Tourism Exchanges in the Offseason in Europe and the Retirement Mobility” has been launched. To date, rich experience has been accumulated in social tourism family tourism programs implemented in the UK, Portugal, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Greece, and Austria; on tourism for older people in France, Bulgaria, Spain; youth tourism in France; tourism for disabled people in the Czech Republic, Bulgaria. Of interest is the practice of multi-purpose forms of social tourism, the use of vacation vouchers and vacation checks used in France, Switzerland, Malta, Romania, Hungary. In Europe, social tourism is aimed at 4 main target groups: people with disabilities, youth, families, and pensioners. The financial support of social tourism may consist of: direct state funding at various levels; indirect through charity and health insurance; trade union or through social tourism organizations; self-financing through charitable or religious organizations. An important part of the social tourism sector in the European Union is made up of non- profit organizations, volunteer associations, the public sector, and the solidary economy, in other words, structures that are neither private nor state-owned companies, aimed not at profit, but for social purposes. They are often called the “social and solidary economy”. Membership in them is free, profitability is limited, collective democratic management, financing by public or private foundations, social goal. For example, the charter of the National Union of Tourism Associations (UNAT) in France provides for the following tasks: to guarantee access to tourism and recreation for a large number of people from different social strata; emphasize the humanistic and collectivist values of tourism for society and the role of tourism in the growth of personal well-being and social cohesion; to seek economic benefits through the support of social organizations, youth and family associations working in the social and solidary

11 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

economy; to support the sustainable development of tourist destinations with respect for the environmental and socio-cultural characteristics of the destination. Of great interest is the experience of the “vacation checks” system accumulated in France. The Vacation Checks system is a nationwide mechanism created in 1982 and managed by the National Vacation Checks Agency (ANCV), a government-owned industrial-commercial type agency created to issue and manage the Vacation Checks system. Currently, this system has become the main tool of the social policy of tourism with the mission to promote the general availability of holidays and leisure activities. The main target group of the “vacation checks” system is the employees of enterprises and their social partners, government employees. Everyone can use them, regardless of income. In 2008, 19,795 trade union committees of enterprises and state social welfare departments were partners of ANCV. Social partners who have entered into agreements with ANCV purchase vacation checks that are valid for 2 years and are accepted as a means of payment for: all types of accommodation, including facilities of the main national hotel chains (Accor, Mediterranean Club, etc.) – 45,7%; nutrition of all types – 26%; travel and transport: services of travel agencies, enterprises of air and railway transport – 4%; cultural events: monuments, museums, theater, cinema, concerts – 4,3%; leisure activities: amusement parks, sports – 18,3%; other services – 1,7%. The average amount of “vacation checks” per family in monetary terms is 400 euros. The average vacation time for holders of “vacation checks” is 13 days. In relation to traditional “vacation checks”, the financing mechanism is as follows: employees accumulate funds for vacations within 12 months (53% of the cost of “vacation checks”); trade union financing (26%); donation (for companies the cost of “vacation checks” is not taxed under certain conditions). ANCV social events are distributed to people with financial difficulties and selected by a network of charitable associations. This support system is aimed at people with low income or in difficult social or medical situations. The impact of the “vacation checks” system extends to the entire category of “working population”. “Vacation checks” contribute to the development of tourism in France: the total costs of a check holder are 4 times their value. To create a similar system in Russia, it is important to emphasize several points. First: unlike the Soviet period, many Russians have a desire for social tourism to become cross-border, not limited only to the domestic Russian travel services market, so that Russian citizens travel abroad on a social line, and medium-income foreigners come to us, including people with disabilities, which provides for the development of closer international relations. Second: to create a system of social tourism, we need an appropriate federal target program that takes into account domestic and world experience gained and focused on supporting people with disabilities. Third: the creation of a social tourism system will require not only the efforts of the executive branch, but also the legislative one, since the law must clearly spell out the rights and obligations of employers, their benefits in the case of social support for low-income citizens and people with a modest income level. In social tourism, much is interconnected: power, business, and individuals. Conclusion The potential of Russia is dynamic and multifaceted. The Russian Federation integrates into the world economy and affects economic relations in the international arena. “An open economy implies the emergence of new business conditions and the creation of new forms of interaction between economic entities of the economic system of Russia” [4]. The problem of increasing labor productivity in the conditions of the next economic crisis, import substitution and mutual sanctions between us and our Western partners raises an urgent issue for the Russian economy about the availability of highly qualified personnel and, as a result, about their social support from the employer and the state. An important area for many

12 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 years has been the creation of a legislative framework, the adoption of regulations to ensure the active inclusion in the work of budgetary organizations and businesses in the field of tourism and hospitality. For Russia, the territorial aspect of the functioning, regulation and management of tourism is of exceptional importance [18]. There is an urgent need to create targeted, targeted and investment programs for the development of social tourism. It is especially important for Russia that tourism, in addition to the economic component for the Russian regions, contributes to the preservation and development of their cultural potential, historical heritage, harmonizes relations between the many peoples inhabiting the country, between Russians and peoples of other states. Thus, tourism should be a right accessible to all [1].

References 1. Arsenyev E.I. et al. (2005). Tourism and cultural heritage // Interuniversity collection of scientific works. 2005. No. 2. 2. Babkin A.V. Special types of tourism. Rostov on/D: Phoenix, 2008. 252 p. 3. Bitsintos K. Social Tourism and Finish Line Promo Codes: My Secret to Traveling Cheap. 2018. URL: http://www.bits-int.org. 4. Bryzgalov M.A. Development of the institutional form of economic relations: Candidate of Economics thesis. Saratov, 2008. 194 p. 5. Dyachenko I.L et al. (2015). The estimation of possibilities of product and imported raw substitution. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia. Vol. 12. 2015. No. 2. P. 1603–1613. 6. Foundations of tourism: a textbook (2014) / team of authors; Ed. E.L. Pisarevsky. M.: Federal Agency for Tourism, 2014. 384 p. 7. FTP “Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation for the period 2011–2018”. URL: http://www.rg.ru/2014/06/09/turizm-site-dok.html. 8. Guzhin G.S. et al. Management in foreign and domestic tourism (introduction to the specialty). Krasnodar, 1997. 9. Khetagurova V.S. et al. Ecological education as a basis for an ecological culture of the Russian society // Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism. Vol. 6. 2015. No. 1 (11). P. 79–90. 10. Khetagurova V.S. et al. Volunteer tourism as a variety of responsible. Tourism. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 204 (2018) 012015. 11. Kruzhalin V.I. et al. Scientific and methodological approaches to the formation of a single tourist-recreational system of the Russian Federation // Tourism and recreation: basic and applied research: Proceedings of the IX International scientific and practical conference. Kaluga, 2014. P. 19–28. 12. Kryukova E.M. et al. Problems of attracting foreign investment in Russia // Journal of Applied Economic Sciences. Vol. 11. 2016. No. 2. P. 239–346. 13. Kudrin A.L. Leading countries in the global economy // Economic policy. 2011. No. 5. 14. Mosalev A.I. et al. Experience of Socially Responsible Tourism Projects in Russia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 204 (2018) 012030. 15. Novikov V.S. Characteristic features of 21st century tourism are sustainable and innovative development: Collection of scientific articles of the Moscow Academy of Tourism and Hotel and Restaurant Business under the Government of Moscow. 2006. URL: http://masters. donntu.org/2010/iem/sedykh/library/article_04.htm. 16. Novikov V.S. Innovation in tourism. M.: Academy, 2007. 208 p. 17. Novikov V.S. Tourist activity as a socially responsible phenomenon. Tourism and recreation: fundamental and applied research: Proceedings of the International scientific-practical conference / Baltic Academy of Tourism and Entrepreneurship, St. Petersburg, April 27–28, 2011. SPb.: D. A. R. K., 2011. P. 261–267. 18. Osipov V. Clusters as an instrument of economic policy of the state // Bulletin of Economics RAS. 2012. No. 6. P. 87–93. 19. The concept of tourism development in the Moscow region for the period until 2020. M., 2011. P. 11–13. URL: http://mosoblculture.ru/. 20. Zorin I.V., Kvartalnov V.A. Encyclopedia of tourism. Directory. M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003. 368 p.

13 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Kryukova, E.M. & Khetagurova, V.Sh. (2019) Cluster Approach in the Development of Social Tourism in Russia, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 4–14. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-4-14 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Kryukova Elena Mikhailovna Candidate of Economic Sciences Associate Professor Head of the Department of Tourism and Hospitality Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Khetagurova Valeriya Shotaevna Candidate of Geographical Sciences Associate Professor Associate Professor of the Department of Tourism and Hospitality Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

14 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Yarima Pupo Ochoa, Postgraduate Student, RUDN University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected]

UDC 33 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-15-28 Methodology to Calculate and Analyze Costs in the Pediatric Hospital of the City of Holguín, Cuba

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 02.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: the present investigation arises due to the limitation that exists in the determination and analysis of costs in health institutions which negatively affects the decision making on the best use of the available resources. As a solution to this problem, a methodology is proposed to calculate and analyze costs in the Pediatric Hospital of the city of Holguín, which serves as a tool for decision making. This result is based on the theoretical conceptions related to the costs in health institutions and the Methodological Guide for the Development of the Economic Evaluation in Health in Cuba, as well as the theoretical and empirical methods used in the research process. The methodology can be applied to pathology treatments and medical services with flexibility and adaptability to the context in which they are developed, which was evidenced in its application to the treatment of chronic otitis media and in the consensus of experts considered experts. Key words: hospital costs, cost accounting, methodology, pathology cost, management. JEL classification: А100, А110, А130.

Introduction Currently, having accurate information for decision making is a vital issue. Even more so when it comes to efficiently managing budgets for health services in society. Cuba is an island where health is a right of every citizen and benefits are fully paid by the government. In fact, every year the budget allocated to the Health and Social Security sector grows [5, p. 20], even in unfavorable economic conditions. A priority objective of the hospital cost [1, p. 172–173], system is to evaluate those pathologies that most often constitute causes of income in the care centers, representing costly lines for the health system. Hence the need for a constant search for alternatives and methods that promote the best use of resources, which would result in greater social benefit and positive changes in collective health. With the current cost system that is used in Cuban health institutions, it is impossible to determine the costs associated with the treatments of pathologies or services, which makes it difficult to analyze in depth the elements that most affect the magnitude of these costs. , in addition to not favoring decision-making based on studies of this nature. After the literature review, it was found that for the calculation of the costs of the treatment of various pathologies, the authors sometimes use procedures and methodological guides, largely appropriate to contexts of the health service other than Cuban. The lack of methodologies oriented in this sense showed that there are insufficient studies carried out in the field of economic evaluation within the health economy, which makes decision making difficult, this being the social problem. 15 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Hence, the following has been identified as a scientific problem: The lack of a methodology to calculate and analyze costs in the Pediatric Hospital of Holguín limits the decision making process based on their budgetary impact. Cost accounting in health institutions is the subject of research. The general objective is to elaborate a methodology to calculate and analyze costs in the Pediatric Hospital of Holguín and as a field of action the cost of treating a pathology is proposed. In correspondence with the problem posed, the following hypothesis was designed: the elaboration of a methodology to calculate and analyze costs at the Holguín Pediatric Hospital will favor decision-making based on their budgetary impact. The research tasks are set out below. 1. Conform the theoretical methodological framework in relation to Cost Accounting. 2. Assess the studies conducted on the use of methodologies to determine costs in health institutions. 3. Design a methodology to calculate and analyze costs at the Pediatric Hospital of Holguín, Cuba. 4. Apply the proposed methodology to the treatment of Chronic Otitis Media as part of the otolaryngology service of the Pediatric Hospital of Holguin. 5. Assess the level of relevance and relevance of the methodology through the criteria of experts. Materials and methods Various scientific methods were used to carry out the research such as: • historical-logical: for the analysis of the background and characterization of the object of investigation; • the analysis-synthesis: for the information and data obtained from the literature review, medical records and other documents; • hypothetical-deductive: to verify the research hypothesis; • analysis and review of documents: to determine the fundamental aspects related to the objective of the investigation; • expert criteria: to refine the proposed methodology and demonstrate its feasibility through the criteria of experts familiar with the subject. The techniques used were: • direct observation of the treatment of Chronic Otitis Media; • unstructured interviews with trained personnel: to collect data necessary for research and obtain specialized information from experts. Results of the investigation Methodology to calculate and analyze costs at the Pediatric Hospital of Holguin, Cuba. Álvarez (1995) understands by methodology “the science or part of a science that studies the direction of a process based on the laws that govern its behavior (…)”. From this definition it is considered that the term methodology is related to teaching, method and teaching. Cortijo (1996) considers it a methodological structuring. The author agrees that a methodology is a methodological structuring planned in stages and actions that encourages the successful development of a certain process. The proposed methodology aims to quantify, describe and analyze the types of costs that are measured in the study of costs of the treatment of a pathology or a health service. The structure of the methodology is based on the Methodological Guide for the development of the economic evaluation in health in Cuba developed by Ana María Gálvez [3, p. 8], and is structured in 3 stages that are explained below: Stage 1: Premises for the study. In this stage, basic actions are proposed to develop the study, whose general objective is precisely to create the necessary conditions for research, where the perspective to be assumed and the population to be studied are defined.

16 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Methodology to calculate and analyze costs at the Pediatric Hospital of Holguin

Stage 1: Premises for the study.

Actions: 1. Definition of the situation under evaluation. 2. Creation of the team of researchers. 3. Identification of the study perspective and time horizon. 4. Declaration of the population to study and exclusion criteria. 

Stage 2: Identification and calculation of costs.

Actions: 1. Identification, description and characterization of the option to F evaluate. E 2. Selection of the type of analysis applicable. E 3. Identification of costs and construction of the database. D 4. Calculation of costs. B 4.1 Calculation of the direct non-sanitary cost. A C K Stage 3: Conclusions of the study.

Actions: 1.Descriptionandanalysisofcosts. 2.Conclusions.

Figure 1. Methodology proposal to calculate and analyze costs in the pediatric hospital of the city of Holguin, Cuba Source: own elaboration.

Actions: 1. Definition of the situation under evaluation: it is necessary that the situation under study be clearly defined and that at the same time, its objectives be expressed. 2. Creation of the team of researchers: any evaluation that is carried out both in Public Health and in any other area of the economy must have the support and experience of trained personnel to carry it out, so it is advisable to create a equipment whose composition is heterogeneous and is linked to the characteristics of the problem to face, to facilitate the

17 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK understanding of the object of evaluation during the collection and processing of data. In the case of economic studies of diseases in health institutions, it is recommended that the team of researchers be made up of at least one economist or accountant, a medical specialist in the field to be investigated and a nurse. 3. Identification of the perspective of the study and time horizon: the perspective refers to the point of view from which the evaluation studies are carried out, with it is identified and refers to the social agent that promotes them and tries to collect all the interests (especially in terms of costs) that have to be taken into account from the analyst’s position [4, p. 21]. The perspectives that are most used in health evaluations are usually those of society, those of the Government, those of the National Health System, those of specific health institutions and those of the patient and their families. The time horizon is a central analytical parameter in the evaluation because it determines the period during which the effects of the option(s) on resources and on health are measured. In relation to temporal aspects, three different types of designs can be distinguished: 1) prospective studies, which refer to the generation of information on costs and consequences, as the controlled activities are developed; 2) retrospective studies, which are characterized by obtaining data on costs and consequences that have already occurred, and that can be collected through archives, stories, files and databases; and 3) predictive studies, in which modeling is used to obtain expected data from the available information on costs and consequences. Another classification of studies can also be made, taking into account the period between the cause and the effect, among which are: the longitudinal ones, in which the observations refer to periods more or less dilated over time; the transversal ones, which are developed as dynamic surveys of prevalence at a given time. 4. Declaration of the population to be studied and exclusion criteria: in all scientific research it is necessary to establish whether to work with the entire population or if only one sample will be selected in case the latter is feasible for the study. It is also advisable to establish exclusion criteria if necessary. These criteria may be determined by various situations that arise and hinder homogenization in the conduct of the study. Stage 2: Identification and calculation of costs. At this stage, actions are proposed to identify and calculate the costs generated by the treatment of a certain pathology, whose general objective is to identify and quantify the costs generated. 1. Identification, description and characterization of the option to be evaluated: according to the object of evaluation it is possible to know if it can be evaluated by one or several options. The studies in which the researcher only has or has information of a single option imply the material impossibility of applying the essential disjunctive judgment with which to select the best among the different alternatives, with which it is intended to achieve the same objective, which constitutes one of the foundations of the logic of economic thought and the most useful practical rule within this technique. 2. Selection of the type of analysis applicable: this will be carried out based on the available information. The classification will be done according to the types of health technology evaluation analysis, proposed by Drummond. 3. Identification of the costs and construction of the database: this is the part of the study that corresponds to identifying all those costs that will be associated with the object of evaluation. The identification of costs is one of the most complex processes in the evaluations carried out. Identifying the costs consists of listing all the relevant resources consumed by the adoption of each alternative, or of the alternative in case there is only one, in a way that allows a subsequent measurement and assessment. – All relevant costs for the analysis must be identified according to the previously defined analysis perspective.

18 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

– The concept of direct and indirect costs that are being used must be clearly defined within the study methodology. In addition, at this stage, once the costs have been identified, a database in Excel is created that allows the organization of the information extracted from the different sources according to the research objectives. This step is essential for the development of research, its design depends on the creativity, experience and ability of researchers to convert the data that is entered into information. On the other hand, the quality of its construction will guarantee the successful fulfillment of the next step. 4. Calculation of costs: the measurement of costs should be as detailed as possible, all should be quantified in physical and value terms. Double counting should be avoided, to a large extent this will depend on the previous step. 4.1. Calculation of the direct non-health cost: here the direct non-health costs that fall on patients and family members (caregivers), such as extra costs and time costs, resulting from the care, for example, of childhood diseases, should also be included which decreases household welfare and production from a social perspective. Stage 3: Conclusions of the study. At this stage, actions are proposed that lead to the conclusions of the study, whose general objective is to describe and analyze the costs generated by the option evaluated, in addition to presenting the conclusions to which they arrived. 1. Description and analysis of costs: The description and analysis of costs will emphasize the main elements, both in physical and monetary terms that affect the total value of the items that make up both direct and indirect costs. In addition, comparisons can be made between periods, alternatives, and according to variables such as sex, age and race, according to the need for information for decision making. 2. Conclusions: these must be exhaustive in such a way that they reflect the main issues that will be addressed in the investigation and must also refer to the economic impact of the option to study [2, p. 32]. Feedback Once they reach the conclusions of the study, the team of researchers feedback the results to the board of directors of the institution, which in principle is the one that requests the study in the areas of interest (Stage 1 – action 1) , with the aim of constituting a tool for decision making. Application of the proposed methodology to the treatment of Chronic Otitis Media in the pediatric hospital of the province of Holguín, Cuba. Stage 1: Premises for the study. 1. In the field of otolaryngology, chronic otitis media is one of the most common diseases in both children and adults is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of the middle ear, with no tendency to cure. The prevalence of the disease in the world is high, as there are 120 million people [6], with impaired hearing impairment especially in developing countries. Of which 7 million are children. In Holguín it is known that about 9117 patients attend the otolaryngology clinic every year, 350 of them with middle ear. The importance of knowledge and study of the issue is that the chronic otitis media is a disease that causes disability, due to hearing loss and can cause morbidity and mortality secondary to its complications. As in Cuba it is the State that guarantees all the resources and materials of the health institutions and these in turn make them available to the people, it is up to them to make the most efficient and rational use of what they have, so that their reach reaches to all the population that needs it. For this reason it is necessary to know about the costs of treating the different pathologies to be

19 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK able to better manage the material and financial resources and thus distribute them correctly as required, in addition, a better evaluation of the use of the budget is guaranteed. The objective of this study is to evaluate the treatment option for Chronic Otitis Media using the methodology proposed to quantify the costs derived from the hospital’s attention for this disease. 2. Creation of the team of researchers: in order to be more precise in the study that was carried out and taking into account the characteristics of the problem to be faced, the team of researchers that was constituted by the author of the work who is licensed in economics was formed, a first-degree specialist in Otolaryngology and Master in Comprehensive Child Care, a cost specialist (director of the department), a health economics drug professional and a nurse. 3. Identification of the study perspective and time horizon: а cross-sectional retrospective partial economic evaluation study was conducted in the period from August 1, 2012 to July 31, 2014. It was considered cross-sectional because despite studying a disease that was characterized by manifesting itself in several stages, and that after several treatments with positive response to these patients may have relapses, the study focused on the treatment costs of the option to be evaluated but at a certain time weather. This period was chosen in order to achieve a higher degree of study update, with the costs in force in it. The research was carried out from the perspective of the health institution: Holguín University Pediatric Hospital “Octavio de la Concepción de la Pedraja”, and the costs that the treatment for patients hospitalized with Chronic Otitis Media. On the other hand, the objective pursued by any Cuban health institution will always be based on the interest of society and its well- being. Therefore, it should be taken into account that the benefits achieved with the option to evaluate favor society in general. 4. Statement of the population to be studied and exclusion criteria: when taking into consideration the characteristics of the disease and that its treatment is generally carried out with the hospitalized patient, it was decided to work with the total of the Chronic Otitis Media cases in the period studied and to declare this population to study, the following criteria were established: In this case, the population consisted of 95 patients, of which six were excluded, using the following criteria: Exclusion Criteria • Patient with medical history transfer as they arrived at the age of majority and cease to be considered in the pediatric age range. • Patients whose medical records were registered during the period and did not have any corresponding information. Finally, the population studied was made up of 89 patients, the majority of which were male patients, with 52 boys and 37 girls, representing 58.43% and 41.57%. It was also learned that 93% of the sample was white, 5% mixed race and only 2% black. Stage 2: Identification and calculation of costs. 1. Identification, description and characterization of the option to evaluate. Drug treatment After being referred by the doctor of the family (first level care), by presenting any symptoms of illness of otitis media in any of its dimensions: whether it is acute for up to two months, subacute thereafter and chronic after three months, or simply address to be carried in most cases by their parents or other relatives to the hospital, the child is seen in consultation by a specialist who assessed their state. Being the disease under study Chronic Otitis Media, the first thing the doctor makes is a complete diagnosis of the patient, that is, he observes: larynx, pharynx and ear, the latter is done through an otoscopy. He then estimates what the membrane’s perforation state is, or the type of germ housed, and he does it through an otic exudate, where the patient is taken to the microbiology laboratory, where the sample that is taken later is taken analyzed with a series of

20 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 procedures that carry this type of complement, it is also examined to see if the patient shows or does not grant that in some cases it is fetid, hence the characteristics of secretion, virulence and susceptibility are analyzed. After the doctor perceive that the patient did not resolve with the treatment he was given, or had any complications either intracranial type such as: cerebral access, meningitis, hydrocephalus, or extracranial type: facial paralysis, mastoiditis, laverintitis, for the best study and treatment writes in the medical history of the child to be hospitalized, offers such information to the nurse, while the patient sits next to his companion in the waiting room and is later transferred by the nurse (nurse) to admission where we proceed with the entry. From there he moves to the living room and is located in his cubicle-bed. On the days of hospitalization the procedure used to counteract the disease is the drug, through antibiotics such as (Ciprofloxacin, Amikacin, Ceftazidine among others). This is precisely the procedure used to combat the disease on the days of hospitalization, and in cases estimated by the complication of the disease, surgical treatment is sought, seeking a definitive solution to the problem of chronic infection. 2. Selection of the type of analysis applicable. The type of study chosen for this research corresponds to a cost analysis, which Drummond says classifies it as a description of costs, which constitutes a partial economic evaluation, although the research goes beyond the description because it also includes the analysis. A complete economic evaluation was not carried out since in the pathology to be studied of interest of the institution only one treatment option can be used, and of the same only the costs were studied. 3. Identification of costs and construction of the database. For the identification of the costs, a specialist in Otolaryngology was initially consulted and the opinion of the Specialist in cost, Energy, Human Resources, and the staff of the Department of Statistics was taken into account. To carry out the calculation, a population of 89 medical records out of a total of 95 were taken to be reviewed and extract the pertinent data for prior organization of the information. After the analysis, a database was created in Excel and the following were identified as direct costs: the salary of the staff in the ward, the consumption of materials and medicines typical of the Chronic Otitis Media treatment, the complementary analyzes, in addition to the cost of the operated patients. • To determine the salary of the staff in the ward, the remuneration received by the doctor, the nurse, the assistant and the cleaning assistant was taken into account, taken in two moments: before the salary increase in the Health Sector (May 2014) and after the date. Taking into account the amount of salary by occupational level, it was determined what part of this corresponds to each patient hospitalized in a day in room 2nd E. • On the other hand, the consumption of materials was determined from the expense generated by each patient of all the material, among them: water for injection, syringes, granules, swabs, venoclysis equipment, spray nozzles and gloves. • Medicines constitute the most extensive direct cost component since all the drugs (82) taken by the patients in the period studied were related, grouped mainly in antibiotics whose use is indispensable in medical treatment, in addition to antipyretics, analgesics, drops antibiotics and decongestants, steroids, vitamins, antihistamines, as well as supposed inhalations like other treatments. For the calculation, the consumption of each patient in the study period was quantified. • Complementary analyzes were divided into clinical laboratory, imaging and microbiology studies, given their importance they are previously carried out for subsequent diagnosis and medication of the patient, to identify these costs each of the reagents used was taken into account, in addition to the materials and laboratory equipment, and the salary of those who work there, among which are technicians and graduates in microbiology and imaging. • To determine the cost for each patient operated (11 patients in total), the set of equipment and materials used in the salon, as well as the energy, medication and salary expenses of the

21 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK surgeon, the nurse anesthetist, the specialist anesthetist, assistants and cleaning staff, framed in two stages before and after the salary increase in the sector. For the identification of indirect costs, aspects were taken into account that, although indirectly, helped in the treatment of the patient, citing among them: the energy consumption of both the room and the consultation, laundry and supplies, food, maintenance, depreciation and telephone charges. • To deduct the energy consumption, the expenditure in kw / h of each room equipment was specified, such as: fans, air conditioning, refrigerator, lamps and television, considering the daily operating hours of each of them, to later be taken to the cost days / patient for electricity consumption. In the same way we proceeded to identify in the consultation, in this case the consultation 8 was analyzed, since in the Otolaryngology Service there are two departments for the care of middle-ear patients, where the existing equipment was taken into account: double negatoscope, 2 * 40 and 2 * 32 luminaires as well as the air conditioner. For the calculation, the consumption in kilowatt was multiplied by the rate established by the electricity company. • Laundry costs were framed in the use of materials (detergent and chlorine) assigned monthly for washing clothes, each component of a module that is provided to the patient was weighed: pajamas, sheets, towels, with in order to know the amount of kg washes to each patient in the day, of which there are reservations located in their respective lockers in the room. The energy consumption of the equipment used in this process was also determined: dryer, mangrove, centrifuge, washing machine, and others such as luminaires and fans, in addition to the salary of those who work there 7 days a week, operators (8), service assistants (23) and brigade chiefs (2) that make up a total of (33) workers. The salary was taken in two moments: before and after the increase in the health sector. • The food costs were formed taking into account: the salary expense of the cooks (C) named in this way since they cook free diet (4), assistants (6), general assistant (1) and the brigade chief (1), which make up a work team divided into two shifts, in addition to the kitchen equipment that consumes energy such as luminaires, refrigerator, exhaust fan and refrigerator, the cost of the tray of both the child and the companion, assuming a tray standard of food with rice, protein, salad, food and dessert, disagreeing in the dessert and sometimes in the proteins, and considering two daily trays for each, a breakfast for the child and one for the companion, in addition to three snacks for the child and only one for the companion. It is valid to clarify that hospitalized patients because of the disease under study consume free diet. • In the identification of maintenance costs, only the 10 maintenance was given to the steam boilers for the kitchen, milk bank and laundry, with destined percentages of 24.6%, 18.5% and 43.1% respectively, also accounting for the boiler operator’s salary, electricity and fuel consumption (Fuell-Oill). It is valid to clarify that maintenance expenses are paid to the Alastor entity in two currencies, CUP and CUC, the latter valued at one by one. • In order to obtain depreciation costs, only two equipment that have not yet lost all their useful life, the centrifuge in the laundry, and the refrigerator in the room (2nd E), were considered the monthly depreciation, took A few days later it was divided by the number of patients hospitalized in the ward, this result was multiplied by the stays of each of the patients in the two analysis periods. • For the analysis of the expenses generated in the use of the room telephone, the quantitative information contributed by the economic department, of the amount (CUP) assigned to the room by telephone according to the annual planning, was given. Assumptions and limitations. • The cost of some supplements was not counted: coagulogram with differential, biopsy, otic exudate with antibiogram and triglycerides, as it was impossible to collect information on the reagents used to perform them, since they are used depending on the result of the germ housed after Take the sample.

22 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

• The cost of the following medications was not counted: otan, polysprin, leroduoxine and vermisol, used for the treatment of patients during the study period, because they are currently not received in the hospital and at the time were received by donations, for what its real cost is unknown. • For the calculation of the costs of the materials, we worked with the data that appear in the counterpart account of the warehouse, which were supplied by the economic department. • The calculation to determine the cost of depreciation was made in a general way for the period analyzed, since in the cost department they account for it per team, accumulated in the year by cost center. • For the calculation of energy consumption only electricity costs were taken into account, since in the cases of water and liquefied gas they are measured by a meter in general, so it is impossible to determine the exact consumption in specific services. • The cost of electricity was determined by applying the rate imposed by the electricity company, as explained by the hospital’s energy company. This cost has the peculiarity that in the ward there are patients admitted from two different services (Otolaryngology and Orthopedics), so to know the electrical consumption of patients admitted to the middle ear, the number of beds belonging to otolaryngology was determined and it was applied to the amount of the aforementioned equipment. • To determine the cost generated by the operations, the salary of the resident anesthetist was no longer considered, given that the remuneration he receives is issued by the institution of the territory to which he belongs. 4. Calculation of costs. The total amount of the costs associated to the treatment of patients with chronic otitis media during the period August 2012 – July 2014 amounted to 196 483.19 pesos, broken down by the different concepts as shown below:

Table 1 Percentage representative of the incidence of direct and indirect cost in the total costs of patients with chronic otitis media treated in the 2nd room of the Pediatric Hospital of Holguin. August 2012 – July 2013 Costs Cost in pesos % Direct costs Medicines 9924.00 7.99 Materials 8792.71 7.08 Salary staff salary 56 212.44 45.28 Complementary analyzes 22 825.65 18.39 Surgery 1608.76 1.30 Total direct costs 99 363.56 80.04 Indirect costs Cost in pesos % Energy consumption 591.84 0.48 Laundry and supplies 245.91 0.20 Feeding 21 084.71 16.98 Maintenance 2839.64 2.29 Depreciation 4.63 0.004 Phone 16.46 0.01 Total Indirect Costs 24 783.19 19.96 Total costs 124 146.75 100 Source: Data collection form.

23 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

 When carrying out a general analysis of the behavior of the total costs of the treatment of chronic otitis media in the 2nd room of the Pediatric Hospital of Holguín in the period August 2012 – July 2013, it could be seen that its amount amounts to 124 146.75 pesos. Of this value, 80.04% belong to direct costs, with a value of $ 99 363.56, which exceeds indirect costs with a figure of $ 24 783.19, for 19.96% of the total costs.  The salary amount of the room staff was the most significant, representing 45.28% of the total costs.  The cost in complementary analyzes continues, in order of values, which constitute 18.39% of the total costs, highlighting for its high costs the otic and pharyngeal exudate, the mastoid Rx and the computerized axial tomography. Continuous to clinical laboratory studies are feeding costs, which represent 16.98% of the total, affecting the cost of the child’s tray.  The great variety in the medication portfolio allowed to reach figures in percentage of 7.99%, with respect to the total costs, 81 drugs were used for the treatment of the disease under study, adding the inhalations which were considered as others.  The cost of materials represented 7.08%, where the most expensive syringes and spray nozzle affected. Water for injection, swabs and gloves are among the most used, in addition to the aforementioned syringes.  The cost for maintenance was distributed to the kitchen and laundry area, and accounted for 2.29%, it is worth clarifying that these costs could be higher if another type of change in the sector is considered.  The costs that had the lowest incidence were those associated with energy consumption, operations, laundry – provisioning, telephone and depreciation, represented by only 0.48%, 1.30%, 0.20%, 0.01% and 0.004% respectively. To determine the latter, only the refrigerator in the room was considered, since it is the only equipment that has not lost its entire useful life.  The energy consumption behaved in this way since the equipment in the room and the consultation mostly generate few expenses in kw / h, in the laundry all the elements considered behaved with low figures, mainly the expenses of materials, say detergent and chlorine, and the 10 operations considered in this period accrued low costs with an average of $ 1608.76, the highest incidence was the amount for the salary of the staff participating in the time of the surgical intervention. Similar analysis was performed in the period from August 2013 to July 2014, which yielded the following result. When performing a general analysis of the behavior of the total costs of the treatment of chronic otitis media in the 2nd room in the period August 2013-July2014, it can be seen that its amount amounts to 72 336.44 pesos, with respect to the total cost of the previous period there was a decrease in $ 51 810.31. Of the total costs 78.09% belong to direct costs, with a value of $ 56 488.69, which exceeds indirect costs by $ 40 640.94.  Among the direct costs, the salary of the room staff is the most relevant in the total costs, representing 53.39%. In a second position are the food costs corresponding to 19.23,% of the highest incidence was the cost of the tray assigned to the child daily at lunch and lunch. The complementary analyzes, which constitute 11.54% of the total, continue in decreasing order, the otic and pharyngeal exudate, the mastoid Rx and the computed axial tomography stand out for their high costs and, unlike the previous period, the abdominal ultrasound is added to this list.  Medicines took the consecutive place in terms of influence on total costs, with values of $ 5329.18, for 7.37%, significantly affecting the costs of antibiotics. On the other hand, 5.58% corresponds to the materials, of which $ 3685.79 were used in syringes and $ 254.28 in the swabs, which were the most used in addition to water for injection. Maintenance costs constituted 1.90% of the total, figures lower than the previous period.

24 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Table 2 Percentage representative of the incidence of direct and indirect cost in the total costs of patients with chronic otitis media treated in the 2nd ward of the Holguin Pediatric Hospital. August 2013 – July 2014 Costs Cost in pesos % Direct costs Medicines 5329.18 7.37 Materials 4036.83 5.58 Salary staff salary 38 617.92 53.39 Complementary analyzes 8345.64 11.54 Surgery 159.11 0.22 Total direct costs 56 488.69 78.09 Indirect costs Cost in pesos % Energy consumption 385.08 0.53 Laundry and supplies 167.35 0.23 Feeding 13 911.37 19.23 Maintenance 1372.49 1.90 Depreciation 3.03 0.00 Phone 8.43 0.01 Total Indirect Costs 15 847.75 21.91 Total costs 72 336.44 100 Source: Data collection form.

 The costs that had the lowest incidence were those associated with energy consumption, laundry – upgrading, operations, telephone and depreciation, represented by only 0.53%, 0.23%, 0.22, 0.01% and 0.004% respectively. Note that in the case of operations, only one patient was operated, the cost of which was 159.11 pesos. 4.1. Calculation of the direct non-health cost. To carry out this step of the methodology, the Statistical Yearbooks of the years 2012, 2013 and the Economic and Social Panorama were consulted. Cuba 2014 published by the National Bureau of Statistics and Information. From them the average monthly salary corresponding to each year was extracted and then the calculation of the income that the hospitalized patient companion ceases to receive is developed, which decreases the economic well-being of that household and in turn stops producing from the perspective Social. The operation was reduced to multiply the average daily salary of each year by the number of stays of that same year (assuming that with each hospitalized child a companion was found), which showed a value of $ 28 210.89.

Table 3 Determination of the direct non-health cost of care for patients with Chronic Otitis media in Pediatric Hospital of Holguin August 2012 – July 2014 Period Number Stays of Direct Representative of patients patients with non-sanitary percentage (%) (OMC) cost $ August 2012 – July 2013 59 831 17 337.33 61.46 August 2013 – July 2014 29 550 10 873.56 38.59 Total 88 1381 28 210.89 100 Source: Data collection form.

25 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Stage 3: Conclusions of the study. 1. Description and analysis of costs. Initially for the development of the research, a population of 95 patients was selected, framed their hospitalization in the range of August 2012-July 2014. It worked with 89 patients given the exclusion criteria mentioned above. The study showed that the largest number of children with chronic otitis media in the first period studied were male, with a prevalence of 32 affected and in the second one behaved in the same way, with 20 boys prevailing. In the case of the race, the one that prevailed was white in both periods, reaching 90% and 96.6% respectively. On the other hand, the predominant age range in the first period analyzed was 11 to 15 years, with 26 cases, followed by the age range of six to ten years with 18 patients. In the second period, the range of 11 to 15 years predominated, with 15 patients followed by the range of 15 and up with six cases. Studies carried out by experts in the subject of the disease under study affirm that the prevalence of cases with chronic otitis media in the world is male, which was confirmed in the research carried out. The total costs in the first period analyzed amounted to 124 146.75 pesos, a figure that exceeds $ 51 810.31 in the second period. The direct costs exceeded the indirect costs by $ 74 580.37, thus determining the influence of salaries, complementary analyzes and medicines, with their respective amounts and in the case of indirect ones, the greatest relevance was food, complementary analyzes and maintenance. Already for the period August 2013-July 2014, the total cost figures added up to a total of $ 72 336.44, with the total direct costs being imposed on the indirect costs at $ 40 640.94. The biggest influence on direct costs was the salary of workers, followed by complementary analyzes and medicines, and in the case of indirect food, and maintenance in that order of priority. As a summary the total costs of the first period analyzed, exceeded the second, it was necessary to consider the total of patients of both periods, given that the former exceeded the

Table 4 Average cost of patients with chronic otitis media treated in the 2nd ward from the Pediatric Hospital of Holguin. August 2012 – July 2014 Average costs August 2012 – July 2013 August 2013 – July 2014 Costs Direct costs Cost in pesos Cost in pesos Medicines 165.40 183.76 Materials 146.55 139.20 Salary staff salary 936.87 1331.65 Complementary analyzes 380.43 287.78 Surgery 26.81 5.49 Total direct costs 1656.06 1947.89 Indirect costs Energy consumption 9.86 13.28 Laundry and supplies 4.10 5.77 Feeding 351.41 479.70 Maintenance 47.33 47.33 Depreciation 0.08 0.10 Phone 0.27 0.29 Total Indirect Costs 413.05 546.47 Total costs 2069.11 2949.36 Source: Data collection form.

26 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 other by more than 50%, with figures of 60 and 29 respectively, It is necessary to clarify that the decrease in patients admitted to the chronic otitis media is due to the fact that not all are hospitalized, given the hospital reorganization alternatives due to the existing epidemiological conditions that allow only 17 beds inside the 2ndE room to be used for otolaryngology service, in addition to the number of patients who suffer from the disease but are considered Passive since they have reached the age of majority and transfer their medical records to other hospitals. Another aspect to consider was the stays of 841 and 550 respectively for the study periods. The average number of hospitalization days in the second period exceeded the other, with figures of 18 and 14 days respectively. When performing the analysis of average costs in the two periods studied, it was found that the treatment of a patient hospitalized in the 2nd room with a chronic otitis media diagnosis, cost the institution 2069.11 pesos and 2494.36 pesos respectively, motivated in the first place by the total direct costs, which exceeded indirect costs by $ 1243.01 and $ 1401.42. Among the total direct costs, the most significant were: the salary of the ward staff, the complementary analyzes, followed by the medications and the materials, being the same in the second period studied. Of the total indirect costs, the items with the greatest influence were: food and maintenance for both periods studied. Direct non-sanitary cost: for the analysis of the costs in a first year (2012), the months from August to December were taken into account, in consideration of the study period (August 2012 – July 2014), reaching a value of 8094.65 pesos, which represents 28.69% of the total direct non-sanitary cost. It is valid to clarify that of the 36 patients admitted this year, one was excluded, since this patient belongs to a Children’s House without Subsidiary Protection and his companion receives the corresponding remuneration for the work carried out. In the second year (2013), the value of the direct non-sanitary cost reached figures higher than the previous year with an amount of $ 14 665.58, representing 51.99%, experiencing an increase of $ 6570.93 over the previous year, considering that in the present the number of patients admitted was greater, and their stay increased considerably. Already for the year 2014, where only the months from January to July were taken into account for reasons of the range covered in the analyzed period, the amount of direct non- sanitary costs amounted to $ 5450.66, which represents the remaining 19.32%, this it was given by the minimum number of stays and a smaller number of patients. In summary, the 88 patients that were taken into account added a stay of 1381 days hospitalized with their companion, so they stopped receiving in their respective homes weakening the economic well-being of the family $ 28 210.89 for salary between the two periods study. 2. Conclusions. The chronic otitis media is a disease that affects minority groups in developed and developing countries; it causes morbidity in both children and adults, in the province of Holguin they attend annually about 350 children with this condition. A cross-sectional retrospective partial economic evaluation study was carried out in the period between August 1, 2012 and July 31, 2014 and the total population of the period was chosen which amounts to 89 patients. The option that was evaluated was the drug treatment, as it was the alternative to follow during the outcome of the disease, a cause that led to a partial economic evaluation where only costs were analyzed, which were distributed in direct and indirect, in addition to studies on the salary that was no longer received as an accompanying mother, considered a direct non-health cost. The investigation determined a total of direct costs of $ 99 363.56 and $ 56 488.69 in the periods analyzed, on the other hand the indirect costs amounted to $ 24 783.19 and $ 15 847.75, for a total of costs generated by the disease of $ 124 146.75 and $ 72 336.44. It follows that the cost of a hospitalized patient with chronic otitis media diagnosis in the 2nd ward is $ 2069.11 and $ 2494.36 respectively.

27 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

The budget allocated by the State to the expenses of the institution in both periods of analysis reached figures of $ 20,942,800.00 and $ 42,876,000.00 respectively. The cost in monetary matters relating to the inputs of the otolaryngology service represented 0.62% in the first period and 0.18% in the second of this budget. It is valid to specify that from August 2013 to July 2014, with the salary increase in the sector, a greater allocation was demanded. Feedback To comply with the last part of the methodology, the results obtained are presented to the Hospital’s Board of Directors, in addition to those that work in the Otolaryngology Service, and to the rest of the group of workers whose interest has been shown with the future of the research, with the aim of serving as a tool for decision makers on the best use of available resources and for future projections of the institution’s budget. Conclusions 1. When carrying out an analysis on health technology evaluations, a methodological limitation was demonstrated that justifies the need to design a methodology to calculate and analyze costs at the Pediatric Hospital of Holguin, Cuba. 2. The methodology is prepared, structured in three stages and given its flexible and inclusive nature, it favors the calculation and analysis of costs at the Holguín Pediatric Hospital. 3. The application of the methodology to the treatment of chronic otitis media as part of the Otolaryngology service of the Pediatric Hospital allowed to evaluate its budgetary impact. 4. The total cost of treatment of patients with OMC in the period August 2012 – July 2013 was higher than that of the period August 2013 – July 2014 in which the total direct costs were mostly affected. 5. In both periods studied, direct costs exceeded indirect costs. 6. The average cost in the period August 2012 – July 2013 was lower than the period August 2013 – July 2014.

References 1. Autores, C.D. (2006). Maestría de Economía de la salud. Resultado de Investigaciones. La Habana Cuba: Escuela Nacional de Salud Pública. P. 172–173. 2. Drummond, T. & Stoddard (1991). Métodos para la evaluación de los programas de atención a la salud. Madrid: Editorial Díaz de Santos. 3. Gálvez González, A. (2003). Guía metodológica para la evaluación económica en salud. Cuba. Revista cubana de Salud Pública, 1 (30). 4. Gimeno A.J., Repullo R.J. & Santiago, R. (2006). Manuales de dirección médica y gestión clínica // Economía de la salud: Instrumentos. Ediciones Díaz de Santos. 5. ONEI. (2019). Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2018. Habana, Cuba. 6. Truffin, R., Gámez, O., Expósito, A., & García, I. (2019). Otitis media crónica supurada // Revista cubana de otorrinolaringología y cirugía de cabeza y cuello, 3 (2).

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Yarima Pupo Ochoa (2019) Methodology to Calculate and Analyze Costs in the Pediatric Hospital of the City of Holguín, Cuba, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 15–28. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-15-28 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Yarima Pupo Ochoa Postgraduate Student RUDN University Miklukho-Maklaya str., 6 117198, Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

28 PEDAGOGY

Anufrieva N.I., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Sociology and Philosophy of Culture, Director Higher School of Music n.a. A. Schnittke (Institute), Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 56584402900 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4119-9805 Dolgova A.A., Master of Education Program “Pedagogical Education”, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected]

UDC 37; 39 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-29-35 Contemporary Forms of Stage Playing the Musical Folklore

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 10.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: folk song culture, which emerged in deep antiquity, continues independent existing in the modern sociocultural environment. The changes that happened over time in the mankind consciousness also affected the aesthetic requires of man, as a result of which the folk song “moved” to the stage, leaving its originally rite sense. The distinctive feature of the folklore song tradition is their syncretic unity with other types of art: stage action, dance, rite, etc., because initially the folk song was closely connected with the people life and had an applied purpose. An essential feature of most genres of folk song is the direct connection with life, labor, games, dances, rite acts. The attitude of folk singers to the performance peculiarities allows us to make sure once again that songs are inextricably connected with any actions. Thus it turns out that by accompanying a person throughout his life, the folk song “lives” in the people and exists in a variety of types. The head and the artists of the folklore collective should be professionally trained in the university in order to be ready for the the true development of regional folklore in the modern socio-cultural environment. Article is devoted to the specifics of stage performing of traditional song affecting professional training of specialists of the corresponding profile. The relevance of promoting of traditional Russian song culture is covered in article. Authors tell about the folklore movement in Russia and active development of experimental creative currents. Key words: professional training, head of folklore collective, stage playing, performance, regional folklore, sociocultural environment. JEL classification: I200, I290.

29 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Introduction Acting as a way to preserve national mentality, the sounding of a traditional folk song excludes the possibility of the nation assimilating. Many performers, soloists, vocal and instrumental ensembles find inspiration and possibility of self-expression in the folk song creativity, and works of folklore continue sounding on the stage to this day. The scenic art includes both theatrical acts and separate concert numbers of vocal, choreographic, spoken and other genres. Initially, some types of scene were called variety. Since now the term “variety” means a separate kind of stage art, including all genres of small forms and variety numbers as a phenomenon of the modern sociocultural environment. After all, “folk song is one of the oldest forms of musical and verbal creativity. In some ancient and partly modern types of folk music folk song exists in syncretic unity with dance, play, instrumental music, verbal and visual folklore” [20, p. 32]. The current situation in folklore is rather contradictory and complex. There are a large number of folk song performers, and they are all largely different from each other. The difference can be seen in the number of participants, if we are talking about a collective, in the choice of used repertoire, in the ways of developing folklore works, and in the forms of stage playing the traditional song material of oral folk culture on the stage. New, primary and secondary ensembles and soloists, professional performers of folk song began to appear in Russia today. Such classification – primary and secondary, or professional, ensembles – is proposed by I.I. Zemtsovsky [20]. Professionals in most cases perform a folk song in a treated or arranged form. The treated or arranged folklore has its own specific features, which are seen in the composers’ presentation of the material with varying degrees of its change. The song material is subject to significant changes in treatment than in arrangement. Authentic and secondary performers are paying increasing attention to the song’s theatrical development. In order to create musical and dramatic images, it is necessary to resort to the means of expressiveness of various kinds of art. Here the performers face questions: how to achieve an organic combination of the original, individual, characteristic of the singer manner of performance and not to distort the original song material, how to combine the laws of the scene and preserve and communicate to the listeners the content of the song, how to combine traditional forms of song folklore and modern musical art, preserving the depth of the content. Methods and methodology The methodological basis of the study is: works on the collection of the folklore by B.V. Asafiev, G.O. Dütsch, F.M. Istomin, I.I. Zemtsovsky, N.N. Kulakovskaya, L.V. Kulakovsky, V.M. Shchurov, V.Y. Propp; works on the study of modern performance by A.I. Anastasiev, L.I. Arnoldov, E.M. Gusarov, N.K. Meshko, works on the study of interaction of traditional and modern song culture by M.D. Alexeevsky, G.P. Ansimova, A.I. Anastasiev, S.Y. Valasova, E.M. Gusarova, G.N. Marakhtanova, L.V. Markova, L.V. Shamina, N.I. Smirnova, L.N. Trukhina. For researchers of various kinds of sciences, folklorists, linguists, musicologists, art historians, writers and literary scientists, for writers, directors and performers of folk song, for teachers it is very important to find a comprehensive structured approach to the study of musical oral folk culture in order to properly use folk song in the field of their activity, to reflect its wealth and diversity in the process of learning [2; 5; 8; 14; 15]. Results Every people have its own culture and a special place in it is occupied by the song. It accompanies man throughout his life path: from cradle to grave. The Russian folk song is characterized by exceptional wealth and diversity [16]. At the same time, the folk song is an important component of national mentality. Therefore, to this day, famous scientists and emerging folklorists are organized in groups and make expeditionary trips to remote parts of Russia to gather those pieces of folk wisdom that have remained somewhere far from the civilization and technological progress which have come into the world, to preserve and transfer

30 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 the popular heritage and acquired knowledge to future generations in order to exclude the possibility of degeneration and assimilation of the nation. Based on the collected materials, analyzing and comparing life and folk songs recorded in different regions of the same state, folklorists found characteristic features of folk song and adopted genre classification. The song is one of the most popular musical genres. It is born in creative tandem of professional poets and composers, created by folks, exists in a variety of musical directions. The song is syncretic unity of the word (text, saying, dialogue), music (melody, instrumental support, games, etc.), and actions (play, rite, etc.). The first and undeniable sign is the oral nature of the existence of the song and, as a result, the author’s anonymity. The song lives and exists verbally, moving from performer to performer by unwritten way, thus modifying. The second sign is the collectivic creation and at the same time the manifestation of individuality. In the people the collective is a united will for all, everything collective is popular. And individual genres are preserved in this “folk collectivity”, such as, for example, bylinas, particles, etc. The third sign is, of course, multivarianity, which appears thanks to the variation of the knowledge and improvisationality of oral collective creativity. The fourth sign is the traditional character, i.e. the stable knowledge of the musical and singing tradition, the constant invariability of musical and poetry images, which constitutes understanding of the musical text. The fifth sign is syncretism, i.e. the original unity of what subsequently breaks down into independent spheres of culture. The song is not yet separate from other activities, exists in inextricable unity with practical life. It’s an organic combination of word, music and action. For example, in the wedding rite on the first place action, and a song, a word kind of attach already to it. The sixth sign is polyelement. It is the internal diversity of the many relationships of artistic, cultural, historical and socio-cultural nature. Polyelement is found in the simultaneous coexistence in folk song of different genres, styles and ways of artistic thinking. Thus, polyelement can be denoted as introducing elements from one style to another. The seventh sign is polystadiality, which is expressed in simultaneous existence in one folk song of different stylistic signs belonging to different historical epochs. An essential feature of most genres of folk song is the direct connection with life, labor, games, dances, rite acts. The attitude of folk singers to the performance peculiarities allows us to make sure once again that songs are inextricably connected with any actions. Thus it turns out that by accompanying a person throughout his life, the folk song “lives” in the people and exists in a variety of types [4]. The classification of folk song takes place according to regional and genre characteristics. Regional traditions are collection of immutable, inherent features of musically folklore [1; 3; 13]. Regional specificity is learned by students of universities in their direct contact with carriers of traditions. Folklorists use such criteria: – the adverb and dialect features present in the songs: each region has its own distinctive characteristics of pronunciation; – genre composition of musical creativity: each region is characterized by the prevalence of certain genres, which are not characteristic of other regions; – rites characteristic of the given area; – performing manner of singing; characteristic kind of polyphony; using of national musical instruments; special costumes, household objects, applied creativity. Folk song folklore exists in the inseparable unity of singing, dancing, playing, thus allowing artists to largely reveal them creatively. Consequently there is approach to reveal the plot of the folk song already on the other, professional side [6]. First of all, the performer faces the task of finding and interpreting the main idea of the work. This requires careful analysis of

31 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

text, melodic line, genre and style features. Then the performer has to study the meanings and thoughts laid down in the text. After getting acquainted with the song material, climax moments are revealed, and there is a need to develop work’s dramaturgy. In order to determine the dynamic development of the song, mentally draw the developed image, it is necessary to take a responsible and very careful view of guessing the proposed circumstances, determining the characters of song’s heroes. A very important point in the work on the folk song is the correct choice of tempo and rhythm in which the song will be performed on the stage. By tempo is meant the speed of the performed action, and by rhythm – the saturation of actions and experiences shown to the listeners. Then the process of learning the material begins and, after its mastering, the modern performer faces the task of realization of his creative plan. The location and movement of the performer on stage plays a very important role in expressing the song idea. Artistic design of stage space, costume, musical support, using the light, application of noise effects, involvement of the viewer in action – nothing should disrupt the fusion of content and form of song. All this is necessary for the performance and accessible, truthful transmission the idea of the song, laid down by the performer, to the audience [17]. It is very important for a performer, working in the genre of folk song, to own not only outstanding vocal possibilities or acting abilities, but also an excellent voice timbre and modern performing skills, which are mastered during the course of the training program. Certainly, the vocal art is the first and main way to pass to the viewer the deep meaning of the song, and vocal art requires absolute possession and voice play, using the speech intonations, making the sound “color” and mood, successful application of stage speech means. But in order all these means of expressiveness help the listener to feel the song, and the stage number was not ridiculous and vulgar, the performer must fully re-live and re-feel the song himself. To do this, the singer needs to possess acting abilities. First of all it is developed stage attention, which helps the performer to focus on performing the set artistic task. Oratory skills and stage speech mastering are also an integral part of the skills of a modern singer performing a folk song on the concert stage. After all, they are giving the opportunity to present the lyrics of the song so that the listeners catch each word sung or spoken in the context of the song. And any performer of the folklore songs, primary, secondary or professional, must have freedom of creative thinking and developed imagination to be able to “get into the role”, fill and revive the image with a natural sense. Such qualities as artistry, communicability, which means the ability to conduct not only dialogue internally, but also dialogue with a partner on the stage, and verbal or non-verbal dialogue with the viewer, bright living mimics, sense of harmony, aesthetic taste, ownership of theatre art, freedom of movements, choreographic skills, are the important components for the realization of creative intent of the folk song performer. Discussion To this day, we can observe the folk song life changes in scene conditions. Avoiding static, various ways of theatrical integration, connection with choreography, viewer’s inclusion in the process, interactiveness are characteristic for our time features of song performance. In order to express the sense of the song as brightly as possible, the performer needs to use both the expressiveness of mimics and the special plasticity of movements [9]. Performing the folk songs of different genres, the singer can combine them with other stage genres to enhance expressiveness. Vocal works with choreographic productions are common. Thinking about speech intonations and costume play an important role. All these components of the stage performing of the folk song are understood by the student of the education program “Folk art culture”. The main form of training is a practical mastering, which is the learning and performance on stage of folklore musical genres [12]. Singing songs in classes is included in a single synthetic art and creative process, including selection of costumes, stage actions and dance movements.

32 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Composers, directors, singers, artists strive to find the most successful, memorable way to playing a folk song on the stage. The multi-genre quality of folk song creativity allows to experiment by combining song of folklore tradition with other kinds of art. To increase the emotional impact on the listeners, various effects of the hall design are often used; they are application of decorations, re-creation of the atmosphere of life and true national holiday, game of light and shadows: all these are only external factors that help the listeners to get into the atmosphere conceived and prepared by the performer. The musical support of the song is orchestral treatments, sounding instrumental ensembles, noise means, using folk instruments; they also help the performer to strengthen the feelings of the listener, to highlight dramatic moments, to create the naughty songs, have a significant influence on the creation of a whole picture of the conception reflected in the Russian folk song. Based on the classification identified by I.I. Zemtsovsky [20] and retained by G.N. Marakhtanova [11], it is possible to distinguish the following types of folklore performance on concert stage: 1) ethnographic concert; 2) folklore holiday; 3) ensemble song and dance of art collectives, the repertoire of which is “arranged” folklore, or neofolklore [18]. During many decades, along with the “classic” folk-song performance (choir named after M.E. Pyatnitsky, L.G. Zykina, O.B. Voronets, A.I. Strelchenko, etc.), there was a direction that combined traditional folk song and its “unconventional” forms of stage performance on the Russian variety. By the 21st century, traditional forms of folk culture had undergone significant transformation. This is primarily due to global changes in cultural and social structures. As society develops, culture becomes more controversial and multilevel, taking on more complex and universal challenges. Modern centers of folklore and creative laboratories, folklore competitions, festivals and ethno-forums, created on their basis, continue their creative and scientific activities. A significant contribution to the preservation, revival and development of Russian song folklore is made by reproducing ensembles, student collectives and graduates of the departments of folk singing at conservatoriums, musical academies and musical colleges. The folklore movement in the modern world is divided on several directions that form peoples’ views on national culture. One of them represents traditional culture as authentic folklore; the other direction is represented by traditional creativity in urban youth folklore groups penetrating tradition and its modern sociocultural environment. New interpretation and artistic opportunities arise due to the tendency to create mixed forms (avant-folk, ethno-ambient, ethno-fusion, ethno-pop, new ethnics, neo-folklore, etc.), which include musical traditions of the peoples of the all world, rock music, jazz and other diverse styles established in the last third of the 20th century, and continue to exist and develop multinational musical traditions in our time. Thus, in 1989, one of the first Russian electronic groups “Ivan Kupala” gained considerable popularity among the wide segments of the urban population. Their experimental work used fragments of sound recordings of authentic music, rhythmically and composationally adapted in the process of computer processing for the modern listeners. In the same year, singer Inna Zhelenaya and later the ensemble “Pelagea”, led by talented soloist Pelagea Telegina (Hanova), appeared on the Russian stage and successfully performed till now. Thus, by the early 2000s to this day, the development of experimental creative currents is gaining momentum. At present, the Russian folklore movement is a very diverse and heterogeneous phenomenon. On the one hand, these are folklore reproducing ensembles “Kazakh Circle” (Moscow), “Volya” (Voronezh), “Stanitsa” (Volgograd), “Resurrection” (Lipetsk), folklore youth ensembles; on the other there is ethno-extreme ensembles “Iva-Nova”, folk fusion collective “Otava Yo”, jazz-folk band “Zventa-Sventana”, ensemble “FolkBeat” and many

33 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK others. But for both types of ensembles, genuine traditional music is a basic layer for musical creativity. As a result, the modern listener has an enormous opportunity to join Russian song folklore and folklore movement, both to original forms and to interpreted forms of performers creating modern stage playing the musical folklore. Folk song is more often found in the repertoire of modern bands and soloists in a form of arrangement. Concert training, skill of ensemble musics (songs and dancing), as well as skills of arrangement are included in professional competence of the folklore musicians, which is formed in practical classes and main disciplines. Arrangement is meant a significant degree of change of the original source by means of composers’ or performers’ intent that it might have been inspired by it [7; 10]. Facilitation, simplification of translation, presentation through the prism of the composer‘s personal vision, editing of textual and melodic lines, selective variation of material for “sounding improvement”, differentiation of voices or reducing them into unisono, translation for various parts of performing collectives, composition on the basis of folklore material – there are so many changes of an authentic original source. Conclusion The arranged archaic material is subject to much less change than in the treatment where the composer is given the will to present his interpretation. The arrangement helps to express the colorality of the melodic and timber sounding of the song, to strengthen the emotional impact on listeners. Its formation is influenced by: diversity of regional song styles, different professional and age level of performers, composition of singing colkective. It is also possible to emphasize performance individuality through the characteristic arrangement. Taking as a basis the music created by the people themselves, creatively interpreting folk song, modern performers, who change the original sounding of the song, communicate it to the audience, involving listeners in the genius creation of folk music. And foundations of national identity are laid in the folk song, that establishes its important social and historical role. Today folk songs are mandatory for study in the schools, and therefore the importance and requirements to the level of professionalism of the folklore performers increase.

References 1. Alekseeva O.I. Russian folk song as an ethnocultural concept. Belgorod, 2006. 183 p. 2. Alekseyevsky M.D. Slavonic traditional culture and modern world // Traditional culture of the Russian city as an object of interdisciplinary research. M., 2009. P. 8–14. 3. Alpatova A.S. Man in Archaic Music: about anthropological method in ethnomusicology // Musicology. 2007. No. 2. P. 24–32. 4. Arnold L.I. National Cultures: modern vision. М., 1992. 398 p. 5. Barabash G.P. Organization of musical holidays. M., 2006. 212 p. 6. Chudova E.V. Vertei: educational and methodological manual on folk-household choreography and its stage embodiment. Penza, 2006. 96 p. 7. Demchenko A.I. “Star hour”: genre folklore processing // Traditional culture. 2008. No. 1 (29). P. 49–56. 8. Jare ko A.S. Folklore in Modern Culture and Performing Process // Traditions and innovation in culture and art: connection of times: conference papers / ed. by L.V. Savvina. Astrakhan, 2013. P. 7–11. 9. Gusarov E.M. The nature of song folklore as the basis of modern performance: dissertation thesis. Saransk, 2012. 176 p. 10. Kalugina N.V. About the stage embodiment of folk song // Club evenings: collection of articles. Issue 17 / Ed. by V. Rudenko. M., 1985. P. 61–65. 11. Marakhtanova G.N. Folk song on stage: facets of modern interpretation // Folk creativity. 2006. No. 6. P. 9–14. 12. Meleshkina E.A., Pereverzeva M.V. Individual-personal approach in the process of classes with children collective musical and performing creativity // Scientists notes of RSSU. Vol. 17. 2018. No. 3 (148). P. 67–75.

34 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

13. Meshko N.K. On modern russian folk singing culture and education of folk singer // Preservation and development of Russian folk singing traditions: collection of articles. Issue 86. M., 1986. P. 22–33. 14. Popular culture in modern conditions: educational manual/room. edition of N.G. Mikhaylov. M., 2000. 219 p. 15. Tarasova I.V. Innovative thinking of heads of cultural institutions as an object of social and psychological research // Traditions and innovation in culture and art: connection of times: conference papers / Ed. by L.V. Savvina. Astrakhan, 2013. P. 12–22. 16. Shchurov V.M. Style foundations of Russian folk music. M., 2001. 464 p. 17. Shamina L.V. On the Art of Folk Singing // Traditional folklore and modern folk choirs and ensembles: collection of articles. Issue 2. Leningrad, 1989. P. 20–31. 18. Varlamov D.I. Musical folklore and neofolclore: peculiarities of semantics and language // Musicology. 2007. No. 5. P. 9–14. 19. Vlasova S.Y. Ethnocultural Component in Modern School Education // Folklore and youth: inclusion of children and young people in traditions of national culture / Ed. by S.R. Kuleva. Vologda, 2011. P. 71–85. 20. Zemtsovsky I.I. Folk song // Musical encyclopedia: in 3 vol. Vol. 3. M., 1976. P. 887–904.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Anufrieva, N.I. & Dolgova, A.A. (2019) Contemporary Forms of Stage Playing the Musical Folklore, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 29–35. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-29-35 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Anufrieva Natalia Ivanovna Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor Head of the Department of Sociology and Philosophy of Culture Director Higher School of Music n.a. A. Schnittke (Institute) Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Dolgova Alexandra Andreevna Master of Education Program “Pedagogical Education” Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

35 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Anufrieva N.I., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Sociology and Philosophy of Culture, Director Higher School of Music n.a. A. Schnittke (Institute), Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 56584402900 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4119-9805 Kochergina A.A., Master of Education Program “Pedagogical Education”, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected]

UDC 37; 39 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-36-41 Patriotism As a Cultural Universalism in the Education of Modern Youth

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 06.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: the purpose of the article is to identify opportunities for an interactive and situational approach to exploring patriotism as a cultural universalia; development of a common strategy for the formation of patriotism as a sequence of stages of enculturation and socialization of the person, as well as an increasing awareness of their own cultural identity by peoples and ethnicities of their place in world culture and civilization; identifying the decisive influence of the space of spiritual culture on the real social experience of patriotic orientation. The novelty of the study consists in an interactive and situational approach to the study and formation of patriotism based on deep socio-anthropological patterns of formation and development of social groups and communities; in the identified stages (situations and levels) of the process of patriotism formation in a real society, which can be quite stable and productive, ensuring the strength of the patriotic position of certain subjects, which cannot be influenced by temporary political conditions or short-term social interests. Key words: culture, patriotism, interaction, mentality, society, universality. JEL classification: I200, I290.

Introduction The main problem of the study is the lack of knowledge of the phenomenon of patriotism as a cultural universal, i.e. as a phenomenon that is present in the culture of any people, ethnic group or country. The manifestation of patriotism is most often seen in some political context of the existence of individual States, historical periods, events, but not as an objectively existing phenomenon of key importance for the constitution of the socio-cultural space necessary for the preservation of the identity of communities permanently resident in a territory [4]. In part, politicization of patriotism is justified, bearing in mind that in different countries the very content of patriotism is interpreted differently depending on the political order, established cultural traditions, historical past, claims of peoples to a role in the world community [3; 10; 16]. Patriotism as a cultural phenomenon has been explored in the works of both domestic and foreign scholars. It was seen as one of the possibilities of finding a “Russian idea” capable of consolidating 36 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Russian society by such researchers as S. Bulgarian, B. Viseslavtsev, I. Ilin, L. Karsavin, A. Kartashev, S. Levitsky, N. Lossky, G. Plehanov, P. Struve, A. Tolovoy, G. Shed. The patriotism of the Soviet society was studied by such researchers as A. Belkin, A. Dementyev, A. Egolin, V. Makarov, R. Mirsky, P. Pospilov, P. Rogachev, M. Sverdlin, A. Sobolev, A. Khmelevsky, etc. The topic of patriotism in modern Russia was paid attention by A. Vovin, V. Gidirinsky, T. Glushkov, G. Zyuganov, B. Zorkin, A. Krupnik, V. Lutovinov, V. Nahushev. Among foreign scientists studying the phenomenon of patriotism, scientists such as J. Lenyan, A. Botelo, M. Machuk can be distinguished. However, the general methodological basis for the study of patriotism as a cultural phenomenon has not been sufficiently developed and its characteristics as a cultural universal have not been highlighted. The main hypothesis of the study is that patriotism, regardless of its existence in a given place and time, has some basic signs and characteristics, allowing to identify its real existence (or its absence) in a given cultural space due to continuity of historical memory of the people, ethnos, nationality [5; 8]. Methods The main method of studying patriotism as a cultural universalia was the situational and interactive analysis of this phenomenon from the perspective of an interactive approach [11; 16; 17]. The essence of this method is to identify situations of social and cultural interaction of people of universal social and ecological importance for any community, ethnicity, group, which is to preserve their physical, social and spiritual well-being. This method was chosen because the very phenomenon of patriotism, in one way or another, is connected with the voluntary desire for comprehensive interaction with their fellow citizens, the Motherland, the country, the people, members of the genus, compatriots. At the same time, the real manifestation of patriotism is carried out in specific vital situations for the self-preservation of both the individual and his homeland. Therefore, situational analysis from the perspective of an interactive approach is adequate to the very essence of patriotism as a cultural phenomenon. In order to specify the understanding of this research methodology, it makes sense to consider the relevant concepts and their interpretation, which reveal the content of patriotism as a cultural universal. The concept of “interaction” in this case is understood as a process in which there are interrelated components – interaction and communication of certain subjects (individuals, members of society, countries, peoples, ethnicities, etc.). It should be noted that if the processes of cultural, intercultural, social communication, considered as mutual exchange of information, are currently studied quite intensively [7; 18], the processes of interaction are not sufficiently studied and are more often replaced as the object of research by the reality of symbolic interactive, which is, in fact, a form of communicative processes. And this is not by chance because it is much more “convenient” to study the existing process of information exchange than the real behavior of interacting subjects based on the “subject-subject” approach instead of the “subject-object” scheme most often practiced. On the other hand, if the interaction is reduced only to behavioral interaction outside the communication process (even in latent form), then there is a triumph of behaviorism, which prevails in most foreign studies studying society and man. It is no coincidence that in foreign research practice the humanities are often called “behavioral”. The bihavioristic approach to humanitarian research, based on the methodological scheme “incentive-reaction,” refuses to consider internal mental processes, spiritual content, mentality in the study of human behavior, recording mainly external manifestations of the latter. But in this case, many visible manifestations of patriotism remain difficult to explain, such as examples of national rise, enthusiasm in a country where there are seemingly no real prerequisites for doing so. Thus, it is the relationship between interaction and communication as the object of the study that provides a holistic vision of the process of interaction that is decisive for the formation of patriotism as a cultural phenomenon [17; 19]. Communication and interaction processes, being interconnected with each other, constitute a holistic process of interaction that distinguishes it human social behavior from animal

37 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK behavior, where communication is purely instrumental, subject to the interaction of biological individuals in populations (it is difficult, perhaps, to imagine an animal composing poems or musical work). But human activity is also different from interaction of robots, where already interaction of them with each other is subordinate to information (communicative) processes [6; 14; 15]. The formation of patriotism as a love for his fatherland, in one way or another, is based on the existing experience of serving his people in combination with knowledge of the national history, traditions in which the ideal image of his country is present. It is this experience and knowledge that constitutes the information and cultural potential that allows to form a patriotic position in cooperation with other actors. This potential is the ability to transact in society, which is the transmission of “perfect” contents of patriotic settings through real interaction and communication. Accordingly, the ideal transactional reality accumulated by individuals is important for the whole society, a particular social group, and is learned through appropriate traditions, rituals, education and education system, folklore, social morality, etc. [1; 2]. The novelty of the proposed method of interactive analysis of the phenomenon of patriotism lies in the rejection of the traditional theoretical and activity methodology to the study of man and society. In this case, there are opportunities to explore this cultural universalism as a process of interaction between institutional and non-institutional subjects, the result of which is the created axiological field of the culture of patriotism. At the same time, the interaction itself is considered not only in symbolic reality, but simultaneously in interfaced ideal and physical realities, offering different combinations of considered ideal and physical resources of social interaction. The analysis of patriotism as a cultural universalism from the perspective of an interactive approach involved exploring the possibilities of forming patriotism through resources of both kinds. Results In accordance not only with the interactive approach, but also with the above-mentioned situational approach to the study of patriotism as a cultural universalia, situations of interaction have been highlighted, which have already been studied in social and cultural anthropology and have been called “situations of consolidation”, situations of confrontation, “situations of partnership” and “situations of coexistence” [3; 11; 13]. Each of these situations records a certain stage in the formation of patriotism depending on the age stage and the level of personal maturity, as well as a certain social level of interaction focused on the education of patriotic feelings and actions. Consolidation situation. It has been formed since childhood and represents harmonized social interactions in the nearest social environment: parents, close friends, common believers, members of a single ethnic community, etc. In the situation of consolidation, an important immediate emotional experience of the interacting is formed, which creates the initial experience of the “small Motherland” through its personalized image in the form of parents, friends, a loved one, representatives of a single ethnic, religious community, etc. Opposition situation. It arises when groups and individuals form an image of a common enemy, other opposing groups and individuals with opposing values, other basic orientations, world views, etc. This creates prerequisites for the development of patriotic identity of groups and communities that come together against those with whom they enter into military, information, economic and other types of confrontations. Partnership situation. This situation is significant if within a single society, a country there are separate actors, groups, social strata and communities with their own cultural traditions, world views, etc. Then the task arises of integrating all members of society into a single system of national patriotic values on the basis of some compromise, which implies both a common patriotic identity and the existence of separate social, ethnic, economic and other interests of individuals and groups that do not harm the interests of the whole society and the State.

38 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Coexistence situation. The situation of coexistence consists in mastering a sense of patriotism at the individual level regardless of the place of residence of the person (abroad, in another country, outside the community with which the individual identifies himself, etc.). Each of these situations can be attributed to an appropriate level of social reality. This is: 1) micro-level of interaction (consolidation situation); 2) meso-level of interaction (situation of confrontation); 3) macro-level of interaction (partnership situation); 4) mega-level of interaction (coexistence situation). The micro-level of interaction (consolidation situation) implies the dominance of informal emotional content in the form of mutual attraction, love, friendship of members of a single community, who form a sense of belonging to their group, clan, genus, common believers, etc. At this level, the structuring of such groups is due to the minimization of the social distance between the participants of the interaction. In each convenient case, consolidation around a single system of patriotic values is demonstrated. It is at the micro level that a sense of love for their “small Homeland” is formed, the image of which is inextricably connected with close people who form a sense of “their place”, a memory for many years about their “roots”, the place of their birth, etc. A clear illustration of the formation of such a patriotic feeling is present in the famous song performed by M. Bernes – “Where the Motherland begins” (with “pictures in the booklet”, with comrades, “with the song that the mother sang to us”, etc.). The meso-level of interaction (situation of confrontation) is observed in groups, communities and collectives, where their members have a balance between informal, interpersonal and functional-role interactions. They are mainly educational and production teams. At this social level, there is an inevitable fragmentation of collectives and communities in the form of separate groupings and informal entities, which may pursue their own interests, which do not always fully coincide with general group interests and goals. At the same time, these collectives and groups form a sense of “We” by confronting others who are not part of this collective, the group. Which can be of different intensity, reaching a situation of conflict with those “who are not with us” and perceived as a common “enemy”. Here there is already an awareness of each member of the community of themselves as a member of the corporation, a single collective, forming a group patriotism as the next phase of the movement towards patriotism of national scale. The macro-level of interaction (partnership situation) presupposes the presence of dominant functional role interactions. At this level, inter-group differences become irrelevant, Opposing certain social strata of society, individuals with different social status, etc., in the name of preserving national unity and patriotism, Which is the most important mechanism of national- cultural identity of the whole people, society, country [9]. Who may pursue their private interests, but not to the detriment of national unity as citizens of one country. Mega-level of interaction (coexistence situation). It is a level where patriotism is extraterritorial in nature and is related to the awareness of a people, an ethnic group, a country of its place in the world, its role in coexistence with other peoples and ethnicities. The most common ethnic and religious component is the country‘s choice of globalization and its position in the process. The process of interaction here arises as a mutual exchange of ideal values, which are important for representatives of a single ethnic group, single believers, like-minded people in the field of political beliefs, etc., regardless of their place of residence [12; 16]. This interaction has mainly sign and symbolical character and is shown in liturgical practicians, ceremonies, rituals, the holidays important for the countries and the people entering one cultural region or for the whole world if celebrations are connected with the fate of all mankind. Discussion The identified stages (situations and levels) of the process of formation of patriotism in a real society can be quite stable and productive if they involve acquisition of appropriate social experience of service both to the near and the whole country with the prospect of service to all mankind, if this experience will be filled with the necessary spiritual and cultural content.

39 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

In this case, the strength of the patriotic position of certain subjects cannot be influenced by temporary political consistency, short-term social interests, non-critical exposure to the influence of the information environment, etc. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the experience of patriotism accumulated by mankind and individual societies and groups is already ahead of knowledge of the values and norms of patriotic behavior, which is learned in the reverse movement as a desirable result and the necessary content of some patriotic activity. The study of the influence of cultural norms and patterns of patriotism confirms this pattern. This means that, unlike the realities of patriotic behavior discussed above, developing from micro-level to mega-level in the process of enculturation and socialization of the individual in the context of patriotism, mental mastering of values of patriotism moves from mega-level to micro-level of formation of patriotic culture. Conclusion The main results of the study were: – identifying the possibilities of an interactive and situational approach to the study of patriotism as a cultural universal, which is particularly in demand in the era of post-modernism, which offers, instead of the egocentrical freedom of an independent individual, his self- development by focusing on a meaningful “other” that stimulates this process; – development of a general strategy for the formation of patriotism as a sequence of stages of enculturation and socialization of the individual, as well as an increasing awareness of their own cultural identity by peoples and ethnicities of their place in world culture and civilization; – an important result of the study of patriotism as a cultural universal was the determination of the decisive influence of the space of spiritual culture on the real social experience of patriotic orientation; This experience is an accumulation of achievements in awareness of patriotic values that have developed throughout the history of ethnic groups, peoples and are the main condition for the preservation, reproduction and development of traditions for the preservation of patriotism. The main hypothesis of the study was confirmed, which was that patriotism, regardless of its existence in a given place and time, has some basic signs and characteristics, allowing to identify its real existence (or its absence) in a given cultural space. Among these characteristics, the existence of a cultural memory of peoples, ethnos about all stages of their history without exception, which ensures the sustainability and preservation of the traditions of patriotism regardless of changing social, political and economic conditions. The results of the study open up prospects for further study of patriotism as a cultural universal regardless of any political regime, national-cultural peculiarities of certain countries and peoples. This can significantly expand the perception of patriotism, without linking the latter only to the specifics of its interpretation in a society, ethnic group, community. It is especially important to ensure a reasonable balance between communication and social interaction in achieving a full-fledged interaction that forms patriotism. Communication in this process is the process of transferring cultural heritage to members of society, which is a set of accumulated historical knowledge, artistic achievements, mythological, religious, ethno- cultural heritage and other achievements of human culture and civilization, important for the formation of patriotism. Social interaction is the social practice of patriotic service to one’s own country, people, ethnic community, etc. Maintaining the right balance between communication and interaction in shaping patriotism is thus one of the most important tasks of relevant research work and sociocultural practice.

References 1. Afanasyev A.N. Poetic views of Slavs at nature: in 3 vol. M., 1995. 2. Anufriyeva N.I. Musical folklore as polyelement product of creative activity of ethnos // Artistic space of culture of third millennium: problems of science and education. Issue II. M., 2017. P. 14–17. 40 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

3. Anufrieva N.I., Anufriev E.A., Kazakova I.S., Pereverzeva M.V. National socio-cultural values of the USA and its reflection in musical culture // Opcion. 2018. No. 34 (Special Issue 18). P. 1902–1928. 4. Berger P., Lukman T. Social construction of reality. M., 1995. 324 p. 5. Dostoyevsky F. Favorite works. M., 2000. 400 p. 6. Freid Z. Introduction in psychoanalysis: Lectures. M., 1991. 456 p. 7. Gadamer H.G. Truth and methods. M., 1988. 704 p. 8. Gegel G.V.F. Philosophy of spirit // Encyclopedia of philosophical sciences. Vol. 3. M., 1977. 471 p. 9. Gobbs T. Leviafan. M., 2001. 478 p. 10. Ivanova S.U. Patriotism in culture of modern Russia: thesis of doctor philosophy sciences degree. Stavropol, 2004. 48 p. 11. Kamenets A.V. Introduction in theory of social interaction: monograph. M., 2016. 462 p. 12. Khabermas U. Democracy. Reason. Morality. M., 1995. 245 p. 13. Lefevr V.A. Clashing structures. M., 1973. 159 p. 14. Leytts G. Psycho-drama. Theory and practice. Classical psycho-drama by Ya.L. Moreno. M., 1994. 352 p. 15. Moreno Ya. Psycho-drama. M., 2001. 528 p. 16. Pereverzeva M., Anufrieva N., Shcherbakova A., Anufriev E. USA music as a reflection of the national sociocultural values // International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development. M., 2018. P. 840–846. 17. Sherbakova A.I., Kamenets A.V., Anufrieva N.I., Anufriev E.A., Zinchenko E.O. Methodological Paradigm of Social Interaction as the Basis for Modern Education Resources Research // International Review of Management and Marketing. 2016. No. 6 (S3). P. 140–145. 18. Sherbakova A.I., Kamenets A.V., Anufrieva N.I., Zorilova L.S., Zinchenko E.O. Prospects of Further Evolution of Culturology // Global Media Journal. 2016. No. S3:24. 19. Sherbakova A.I., Kamenets A.V., Zinchenko E.O. Potential of Musical and Pedagogical Analysis of Socio-cultural Interaction Processes // Asian Social Science. Special Issue. Vol. 10. 2014. No. 24. P. 144–150. 20. Shveytser A. Culture and ethics. M., 1973. 342 p.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Anufrieva, N.I. & Kochergina, A.A. (2019) Patriotism As a Cultural Universalism in the Education of Modern Youth, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 36– 41. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-36-41 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Anufrieva Natalia Ivanovna Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor Head of the Department of Sociology and Philosophy of Culture Director Higher School of Music n.a. A. Schnittke (Institute) Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Kochergina Antonina Andreevna Master of Education Program “Pedagogical Education” Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

41 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Knyazkova E.A., Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Social Pedagogy and Organization of Work with Youth, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 57202401926 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7313-8754 Bereza N.A., Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Social Pedagogy and Organization of Work with Youth, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 57189322488 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0964-7981 Kvitkovskaya A.A., Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Social Pedagogy and Organization of Work with Youth, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 57200526364 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9505-6191 UDC 378 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-42-48 The Main Directions of State Support of Young Scientists in Modern Russia

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 05.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: the article analyzes the trends in the field of state scientific and technical policy of the Russian Federation in terms of state support for young scientists. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of the national project “Science”, the federal project “Development of human resources in the field of research and development”, updating the resource of young scientists to achieve national goals and objectives of the development of the Russian Federation until 2024. Key words: young scientist, scientific and technical policy, state support of young scientists. JEL classification: I200, I290.

Introduction One of the main tasks of Russian society at nowadays is promote the progress of scientific aсtivities that can provide development of our country as well as growth of the standard and level of living of Russian citizens and strengthening of national security with increase in competitiveness of Russian technologies on international market at the same time. Development of science is impossible without active reproduction and Developing the intellectual potential of young people and conditions for its self-realization to be provided. «One of the main tasks for us today is involvement young scientists and researchers in scientific activity. In recent 10 years number of scientists aging to 39 years old has increased from 117.1 to 157.8 thousand of people and their specific weight in general number of researchers has 42 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 increased from 30.1 per cent to 43.9 per cent. Strong, young and talented people are coming to science today» Mikhail Kotyukov notes (Minister of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation)[9]. State youth policy framework of Russian Federation for the period to 2025 (further – SYPF of RF) define the category «a young scientist» as an employee in an educational or scientific organization who has a candidate’s degree aging up to 35 years old or having a doctor’s degree at the age up to 40 years old. Age of participants in Housing Programme may be increased to 45 years old. A young scientist may also be a graduate student or a teacher at a higher educational institution and have no degree at all. In this case his/her age should be limited in 30 years old [1]. The main occupation of a young scientist is research and scientific activity which is defined by Federal Law on 23 of August, 1996 (No. 127-FL «Concerning Science and Federal Scientific and Technical Policies) as an activity focused on new knowledge gathering and implementing including fundamental, applied and investigative scientific research. Methodology The survey is based on the systematic approach and comparative method, as well as the analysis of the regulatory and legal framework and research activities in the field of young scientists support in modern Russia [2–4; 8; 11]. Survey’s subject is government support of young scientists. Subject of the survey is main areas of government support of scientists. Results Now we are going to analyze opportunities for research and professional growth of young scientists in Russian Federation in three administrative aspects. The first aspect is a legislative one concerning federal regulations connected with young scientist support. The second aspect is bound up with infrastructure that is a complex of the interconnected structures or objects which provide the basis for research, scientific and technical creativity. The third aspect to be analyzed is a dynamic one and includes current programs and projects corresponding to young scientists interests as well as to science, social and federal demands. In Russian Federation state scientific and technical policy is recognized as a part of social and economic policy and reflects state attitude to research activities where young scientists are also involved. Principles of state scientific and technical policy [20] declare that Russian scientists have the following opportunities:  to take part in scientific and research programs/projects having competitive basis and count on publicity of results of these competitions;  fundamental research support to be provided;  to take part in scientific researches and experimental development taking place in laboratories at higher educational institutions based in scientific organization;  to be engaged to business activities in the field of science and technology;  to get economical ant other privileges stimulating scientific, research and innovative activities;  to take part in work of state scientific centers and other institutions according to their structure;  to participate in research programs both in Russian Federation and abroad. Half of Russian scientists should be younger than 39 years old – that is the aim of the national project «Science». At nowadays we have 43.3 per cent of scientist at the named age. Many programs and initiatives have been created to achieve this goal. The national project «Science» includes new opportunities to support graduate students, teenagers. These programs mean academical mobility projects and visiting youth scientific international centers. Young scientists support starts after their postgraduation adaptation and at the beginning of their career. The necessity of young specialists support is reflected in the national project «Science» and its target indicator which are the following: 1) ensuring presence of the Russian Federation

43 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK among 5 leading countries undertaking scientific research and development in spheres determined by scientific and technical development priorities; 2) ensuring appeal of work in the Russian Federation for local and foreign leading scientists and young perspective researchers. The implementing of the federal project «Progress of personnel potential in research and development» will increase the part of researchers aging younger than 39 years old to 50.1 per cent by 2024, as well as increase the number of researchers aging 39 years old and below, possessing Ph.D. to 26.7 per cent. This federal project provides such directions as formation of a system of background and professional growth for scientific and pedagogical stuff, creation of scientific laboratories and competitive collectives as well as talent pool development to replace leading positions in scientific and educational organizations by young scientists. Other directions reflected in this project are intended to stimulate local academic mobility and provide full-time jobs for young scientists as well as support of scientific projects headed by young perspective researchers. Сenters of development of competences established for leaders of scientific and technical projects and laboratories based in scientific and educational centers. Science expenses has been increased in the Russian Federation to 416.3 billion rubles in 2019, 450.4 billion rubles in 2020 and 460.7 in 2021. Fundamental investigations are also better funded that corresponds to international practice. Young Ph.Ds. aging below 35 years old and doctoral candidates aging below 40 years old, young scientists, representing leading scientific organizations of the Russian Federation have an opportunity to be granted by Russian President by taking part in annual contests (initiated to support young Russian scientists) [17]. These contests have been created to support leading scientific institutions of the Russian Federation and take place once in 2 years. The Presidential Grants are funded for a 2-year period and are aimed to conduct scientific research by young Russian scientists and leading scientific schools where young scientists are employed. The payments are the following: candidate of science get 600 000 rubles every year, doctors of philosophy get 1million rubles for the same period [17]. It is important to say, that projects for these contests should be scientifically innovative, represent notable contribution of participants in science development and be creative at the same moment. At nowadays 400 of Presidential grants are implemented every year for state support of young Russian doctors of science and 60 – for young Russian doctors of philosophy [17]. The contest winners in 2018 are represented in 10 directions and may be found in the table 1. Analyzing the data above we can range all scientific areas of young scientists, candidates of science and philosophy from the least state support demanding to the most in 2018:  Social and human studies;  Technical and engineering studies;  Physics and astronomy;  Chemistry, new materials and chemical technologies;  Medicine;  Biology and life science;  Geoscience, ecology and environmental management;  Mathematics and mechanics;  IT systems and technologies;  Agricultural science. State need for scientific areas developed by leading scientific organizations stands for research priority in the field of 1) social and human studies, 2) medicine, 3) technical and engineering studies, 4) chemistry, new materials and chemical technologies, 5) мathematics and mechanics. As a whole we should mention that in the next 10–15 years the areas noted in The Policy of Scientific and Technological Development in the Russian Federation will be prioritized. These

44 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Table 1 The state support contest winners in 2018 (Russian President grants) Contest directions The number of winners from The number of winners from among young doctors of science among young doctors (percent from general number of philosophy of winners among young doctors (percent from general number of of science) winners among young doctors of philosophy) Mathematics and mechanics 20, 4, (5%) (6,67%) Physics and astronomy 40, 5, (10%) (8,33%) Chemistry, new materials and 46, 4, chemical technologies (11,5%) (6,67%) Biology and life science 33, 4, (8,25%) (6,67%) Geoscience, ecology and en- 32, 3, vironmental management (8%) (5%) Social and human studies 84, 17, (21%) (28,33%) Medicine 22, 6, (5,5%) (10%) Technical and engineering 86, 12, studies (21,5%) (20%) IT systems and technologies 24, 3, (6%) (5%) Agricultural science 13, 2, (3,25%) (3,33%) The general number of winners: 400 The general number of winners: 60 directions make it possible to produce scientific and technological results which are the basis for innovative performance for the local product and service market and for Stable position of Russia in the foreign market [13]. Scholarships can be provided in Russia for young scientists (aging below 35 years old) and post-graduate students who implement scientific studies in the most demanded areas in Russian economic modernization sphere [6]. Starting from 1 of January, 2016 the amount of payments is 22 800 rubles. The scholarship is assigned for a 3-year period and may be intended to one and the same person several times. General number of people obtaining a fellowship every year cannot exceed 1000 people. General number of presidential scholarship holders cannot exceed 438 people. Social payments for home loans for young scientists should also be defined as state economical privileges. One of these benefits is State Housing Certificate. Among others are housing units building to form special accommodation stock for Federal Agency of scientific organizations and availability of the housing mentioned above to Agency employees, especially to young scientists [18]. It is important to say, that opportunities for housing problems solvation with the help of mortgage loans is supposed to stimulate both labor activity quality and the level of qualification to be increased. These opportunities are also intended to form an economically intensive population layer. Meanwhile the housing problem for young scientists is quite severe. A group of Russian scientist headed by G.V. Troubnikov in 2016 developed and proposed financial, organizational, informative and legislative components as a part of research framework.

45 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

An urgent problem of scientific stuff promotion and young specialists to science involvement should be based on state approach and follow the principles such as:  the tasks of scientific stuff updating, development and support share the highest level of importance in the state scientific and technological policy;  scientific stuff renewal should have a differential character and take progressive tendencies and development peculiarities of industrial, regional and sectoral structure into consideration. The principle of primary talented youth engagement to science and technology spheres prioritized by state and society;  relations among scientists of different age and qualification should be balanced. Intergenerational continuity must be provided as well. Young scientists are forbidden to be prioritized due to their youth only;  comparative strength assessment should be measured by the level of necessary stuff potentials by means of young professionals’ engagement or via repatriation. These directions should be effectively combined in order to increase scientific stuff quality level in the Russian Federation;  the goal mentioned above must be achieved by comprehensive methods based on coherent usage of political, economic, organizational, social, human resources and educational forms and methods as well as focused techniques and general, improving the whole situation, methods of young specialist engagement must go hand in hand. State support for young talented scientific specialists is provided by Russian Federation public authorities with the help of: 1) awards and fellowship establishment and state educational grants as well as educational loans for talented youth; 2) assistance in the establishment of creative workshops, schools and leading figures in science uniting; 3) creation and development of talented youth hubs; 4) organization and conduct of contests, Olympiads, symposiums, conferences and seminars aimed to identify and extend youth innovative achievements and international youth exchange arrangement; 5) competition access for talented youth to curriculum and requalification and internship plans, taking place at international educational and scientific organizations; 6) scientific environment for young scientists must be provided and practical research implementation should be assisted and intellectual youth human resource stock should be conserved; 7) individuals and organizations supporting young scientists must be awarded. Every scientific structure direction mentioned above requires comprehensive analysis, assessment of the potential to increase innovative capability of young scientists. Conclusion Contemporary Russian scientific structure should become transparent and open as much as it possible for youth. This structure must be based on young scientists’ competitive elaborations and also is intended to develop innovative potentials of Russian young people and increase the quality of contemporary young scientists’ researches. The results of current scientific activities are supposed to be polished immediately in leading scientific magazines while their IP rights need to be defended. It is important to say that the system of dynamic dialog and exchange, both local and international, should be developed and scientific investigations of young scientists must be adopted to current technologies (including small-scale innovative enterprise). From a dynamic managerial perspective one of the most important condition for innovative capacity of young people formation is an opportunity to be strongly involved in young scientist’s council operation as well as student scientific societies and young researchers’ clubhouses performance.

46 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

References 1. Basic frameworks for State Youth Policy of Russian Federation up to 2025 (2014) are approved by a Government Regulation of Russian Federation on 29.11.2014, No. 2403-р. 2. Fomina S.N., Sorikhina V.P. Student research societies as a tool for involving student youth in research activities // Youth and youth policy: new meanings and practices / Ed. by S.V. Ryazantsev, T.K. Rostovskaya. Ser. “Demography. Sociology. Economics”. M., 2019. P. 115–120. 3. Fomina S.N., Nekipelov A.V., Kozel V.N. Youth Policy: Preparing New Professionals // Cultural space of youth: meanings and practices: Materials of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference / under the general editorship of T.K. Rostovskaya. 2019. P. 234–237. 4. Fomina S.N., Makarov V.E., Rostovskaya T.K., Knyazkova E.A., Bereza N.A. Problems of education restructuring brought up by socially responsible design of policy // Opcion. Vol. 34. 2018. No. S16. P. 65–76. 5. ID of national project «Science» approved Presidential Council for strategic development and national projects and of the Bureau of the Council (record from 24.12.2018 No. 16). URL: http://static.government.ru/media/files/vCAoi8zEXRVSuy2Yk7D8hvQbpbUSwO8y.pdf. 6. In accordance to the Decree of Russian President on 13.02.2012 No. 181 «Concerning establishment of the scholarship of the President of the Russian Federation for young scientists and post-graduate students who implement perspective scientific studies in prioritized areas of Russian economic modernization». 7. Infrastructure of studies and research, general science and international scientific collaboration / Russian Federation Ministry of Education and Science, National Research University «Higher School of Economics». M, 2016. 8. Knyazkova E.A., Bereza N.A., Kvitkovskaya A.A. Problems and opportunities of a young scientist in modern Russia // Integration of University science into the system of social institutions: Russian and American experience: Materials of the round table with international participation / Under the General editorship of T.K. Rostovskaya, A.M. Egorychev. 2018. P. 97–99. 9. M. Kotyukov says about support for young scientist. 28.06.2019. URL: https://ria. ru/20190628/1555987305.html. 10. More details in p.8 of RF GD on 09.02.2009 No. 146 «About measures to strengthen state support for young Russian scientists, possessing a degree in science and philosophy». 11. Rostovskaya T.K., Egorychev A.M. Modern Russian Realities and Youth: Problems and Prospects of Development // Cultural space of youth: meanings and practices: Materials of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference / Under the general editorship of T.K. Rostovskaya. 2019. P. 19–23. 12. Rostovskaya T.K., Egorychev A.M., Bezverbnaya N.A. Methodological support for scientific researches in the field of youth policy // Youth and youth policy: new meanings and practices / Ed. by S.V. Ryazantsev, T.K. Rostovskaya. Ser. “Demography. Sociology. Economics”. M., 2019. P. 295–303. 13. Russian Federation President Decree on 01.12.2016 «Concerning scientific and technological development policy in Russian Federation». 14. Russian Federation Presidential Council for Grants for state support of young Russian scientists and state support for leading scientific schools in Russian Federation. URL: https://grants.extech.ru/. 15. Russian Federation Presidential Decree from 01.12.2016 No. 642 «Concerning scientific development strategy of Russian Federation». 16. Russian Federation Presidential Decree from 13.02.2012 No. 181 «About scholarship for young scientists and post-graduate students implementing perspective scientific studies in the areas prioritized for Russian economic modernization». 17. The Decree of President of Russian Federation on 09.02.2009 No. 146 «Concerning measures to strengthen state support for young Russian scientists, possessing a degree in science and philosophy». 18. V. GD on 17.12.2010 No. 1050 «About selected activities implementation under the State Program « Provision of affordable and comfortable accommodation and utilities for Russian Federation citizens». 19. V. Government RF decision on 27.04.2005 No. 260 «Concerning State support measures for young Russian scientists, possessing a degree in science and philosophy and leading scientific schools of Russian federation».

47 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

20. Were defined by art.11. The main goals and principles of State Scientific Policy, of Federal Act on 23.08.1996 No. 127-FL «Concerning science and state scientific policy» – authors remarks.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Knyazkova, E.A., Bereza, N.A. & Kvitkovskaya, A.A. (2019) The Main Directions of State Support of Young Scientists in Modern Russia, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 42–48. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-42-48 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Knyazkova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Candidate of Political Sciences Associate Professor of the Department of Social Pedagogy and Organization of Work with Youth Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Bereza Nataliya Aleksandrovna Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences Associate Professor of the Department of Social Pedagogy and Organization of Work with Youth Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Kvitkovskaya Angelina Anatol’yevna Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences Associate Professor of the Department of Social Pedagogy and Organization of Work with Youth Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

48 SOCIOLOGY

Aksenova V.V., Leading Operator of the Department for Monitoring Violations in the Housing Sector, Company «New Management Technologies», Moscow; Postgraduate Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6346-8466 Frolova E.V., Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Management and Managerial Administration, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 55511159600 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8958-4561 UDC 316.42; 351 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-49-58 Improvement of the Urban Environment of the Megapolis: The Main Trends and Estimates of the Population

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 18.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: the article is devoted to issues of urban improvement of megacities and its impact on the comfortable living of citizens. The article discusses the factors affecting the image of the city. On the example of the city of Moscow, the authors consider modern technologies for involving Muscovites in the process of improvement. In addition, the article provides statistical data on the participation of the population in the process of creating a comfortable urban environment. Three projects of the Moscow Mayor were examined: the Our City portal, the Active Citizen portal and Crowdsourcing projects. An analysis of urban Internet portals revealed some problems with the use of electronic platforms when making managerial decisions in the field of improvement. Key words: megalopolis, city, beautification, comfortable urban environment, Muscovites, population, image of the city, public control, Our City portal, Active Citizen portal, crowdsourcing-projects, yard territory, problem, comfort, power. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction Beautification of the city is the focus of many scientific studies, as it covers various spheres of human life. The city, as a sociocultural space, is developing in order to ensure comfortable living conditions for all its residents. Each social subject should be able to find its place within

49 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK the given space, effectively interacting with others. The development of social, economic, political, spiritual and other areas within the public spaces of the city will ensure the realization of the needs of the individual. The analysis of the expectations, needs and interests of various social groups of people on the improvement of the urban environment is of particular relevance within the framework of such a scientific direction as management sociology. A metropolis is a concentration of financial, scientific, cultural resources, innovations and infrastructure facilities. A favorable urban environment is needed for population development. The metropolis has a significant impact on the mental life of people [5]. If the negative image of the city prevails, then it will be considered as the basis for the occurrence of crime and other types of deviation. With a positive image, the city is considered as a place of concentration of education and culture. The city contributes to the creation of value guidelines and attitudes, forming certain communications between residents. In this regard, the city authorities have a priority to organize comfortable living conditions for all residents of the city, minimize conflict risks in the process of interaction of various social groups. Literature review. Often, the improvement of the city is perceived as a technical component of the comfortable living conditions of the townspeople. But besides this, beautification affects the formation of the image and image of the city [8]. The image of the city differs from its image in that the image is a specially formed image of the city, and the image is the individual perception of the city by the subject [9]. So, the image of the city can change and it can be controlled. The image of the city can be viewed with the help of mental maps proposed by the American social psychologist Milgram C. You can study the significance of streets, courtyards, parks, squares and other social objects for the population of the city. The city is perceived by residents as separate parts: stable routes, areas, courtyards, which are of particular importance to humans [10]. So, for example, it is difficult for people of age to include new objects of a megalopolis in their mental map. It is important for older people to maintain the familiar look of the city. As you know, the urban environment of a megalopolis is developing dynamically – the number of new buildings, socially significant objects, transport infrastructure, population is increasing, and the environmental situation often worsens. This causes stress in the indigenous people [7]. In addition, the image of the city also depends on subjective factors: accessibility to urban amenities, standard of living, district of residence, professional orientation, personal characteristics. The density of buildings also has an effect on the well-being of citizens. Some residents feel a sense of isolation, which leads to stress. Residents of the metropolis are always in an artificial environment, receive new information, observe the dynamic pace of life from which, irritability and fatigue accumulate, but not from work, but from discomfort [4]. Urban lifestyle leads to various social problems. So, according to the American sociologist L. Wirth, in the city, in contrast to the countryside, the relations of secondary groups, which are based on formal and personal ties, predominate. In the process of communication in this context, the individual is primarily interested in the social status of another individual, while the personality and its characteristics in the communication process go by the wayside. Such interaction leads to increased crime, alcoholism, divorce, and other negative consequences. The opponent is G. Gans, having developed a theory that the urban environment has not a small effect on an individual, but is not a determining factor. Human behavior is determined by the following factors: class, age, level of education, etc. Problems in the city arise during the formation of certain demographic deformations. The city itself, its environment do not have characteristics that contribute to the deterioration of the criminal situation or divorce [13]. Jacobs D. in his work “Death and the Life of Big Cities” described the influence of the urban environment on society. He wrote that the population is the main component in the development of the metropolis. According to him, in the space of a metropolis there are all the necessary conditions for various fields of activity: places of public catering, cultural and educational

50 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 facilities, shopping and entertainment centers, etc. The rational use and management of these facilities contributes to the development of the city [17]. M. Weber considered the city as a society, united not only by territory, but also by type of activity. The city is not a natural habitat, but created by the townspeople in accordance with their needs [2]. Urban environment is understood as an environment that contains landscaping facilities built by citizens, as well as natural components that meet social and environmental requirements. The balance of relationships between residents is a well-organized urban environment. Therefore, in modern urban governance, much attention is paid to urban planning [6]. l spaces: recreational space, sports, entertainment and others [21]. The comfort level of the urban environment is determined by the ratio of social, economic, environmental and physical factors. A comfortable urban environment should be safe, ensure the proximity of socially significant objects, aesthetic, give the opportunity to identify a person with a place. Accomplishment is a key issue in the field of urban development. The main objective of improvement is the creation of comfortable living conditions for people [16]. The activities of residents have an impact on the environment, therefore, this issue cannot be done without the participation of the residents themselves. The process of city improvement should be carried out taking into account natural and social factors. Land improvement includes a number of measures aimed at sanitary cleaning of the territory, transport services for residents, equipping with the necessary equipment, providing lighting, greening the territory, etc. [1]. When considering the term “beautification” from the point of view of sociology, it is necessary to mention the definition given in L.A. Velikhova. In his opinion, beautification primarily means the satisfaction of social, material and spiritual needs. City improvement is a set of conditions created by the city economy that satisfy the needs of city residents [11]. You can determine the level of quality of life in a particular urban area by the following criteria: 1) the level of well-being of the population; 2) public health; 3) level of education; 4) housing conditions; 5) the quality of products and services; 6) ecological state of the environment; 7) security, including legal; 8) spirituality [6]. All these criteria are somehow connected with the improvement of the territory. There are three groups of urban spaces. The first group includes public urban spaces. The spaces visited by the population are the center of citywide significance: schools, theaters, parks, etc. The second group includes residential areas. The third group includes recreational areas – parks, squares, recreation areas, etc. The improvement of each group is carried out in accordance with established specific requirements. But there is one thing in common – it’s landscaping. Landscaping allows you to create a harmonious view of the territory and helps to improve the environmental situation in the city. The objects of urban amenities include: 1) playgrounds, sports grounds, recreation areas, dog walking grounds, utility grounds and container grounds; 2) road facilities; 3) parking spaces; 4) house territory; 5) and others. Objects of urban improvement include the elements: 1) elements of landscaping;

51 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

2) coatings (asphalt, rubber, tile) 3) fencing; 4) gaming and sports equipment; 5) small architectural forms (maf) and urban furniture; 6) lighting elements; 7) means of advertising and information; 8) etc. [12]. A comfortable urban environment of the capital is impossible without public spaces. Today, the number of pedestrians has doubled. Due to the repaired streets, the turnover in cafes and shops increased. In addition to pedestrian zones, for the comfortable environment of the metropolis, much attention is paid to city parks. Now in Moscow there are 732 parks. In 2019 alone, improvement work was carried out in 159 parks. This number also includes small district ones with an area of five hectares. This list includes the estate Lyublino, Victory Park in Zelenograd and others. During the improvement of Moscow city parks, more than 44 thousand trees and about 779 thousand shrubs were planted, more than 3 million square meters of paths and paths were landscaped, more than 2 thousand sports and playgrounds were built. Many central city objects have a new look. But the main objects in need of improvement are not located in the city center. We are talking about residential areas of the city. As part of a comprehensive improvement, the My Area program was developed. The goal of this project is to create a comfortable environment for all Muscovites, regardless of what part of the city they live in. As part of this program, public spaces were created in urban areas, not inferior in quality to central ones [19]. Yard areas play an important role in transforming the urban environment. The yard is a continuation of the living space, which means it takes priority in the process of improvement. Land improvement should meet such requirements as safety, accessibility, aesthetics and convenience. The city shows the level of well-being of its residents. Creating a safe and comfortable urban environment that will meet the requirements of its residents is a priority area of urban governance. In 2017, a priority national project for the development of the urban environment was launched in Russia. This project is aimed at creating a modern urban environment and involves the participation of residents in the development and implementation of projects in the field of urban improvement [18]. Methodology With the development of information technology, electronic participation of residents in government and public affairs is becoming increasingly popular. In Moscow, portals related to landscaping are very popular. The most famous among them turned out to be the portal “Our City”, “Active Citizen”, “Crowdsourcing”. In the process of working on the article, statistical data were studied characterizing the participation of the population of the city of Moscow in the projects “Our City”, “Active Citizen” and “Crowdsourcing”. Of particular interest is the statistics illustrating the dynamics of incoming calls to the portal “Our City”, the age structure of participants in the project “Active Citizen”. Results To implement public participation in the improvement of Moscow, the Moscow Government created special projects. One of the most popular is the portal “Our city”. This portal was created in 2011 so that every Muscovite could have a dialogue with the executive authorities of Moscow. Thanks to the portal, a resident of Moscow can receive information about the work done by authorities in the field of improvement and monitor the quality and timeliness of work, report a violation and evaluate the work of executive authorities. The essence of the portal is that the user can get information about more than 130 thousand city objects and report on the inappropriate content of elements of the urban environment. Processing messages from Muscovites is carried out within 24 hours. All messages that have

52 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 passed moderation are considered by the executive authorities of Moscow. Within eight working days, prepares a response to the resident’s appeal [20]. Each problematic topic is assigned a responsible executive body. The portal user can refute or confirm the resolution of the problem. Each resident who leaves an appeal to the portal receives points and in accordance with these points, a rating of active users is kept. What increases the motivation of residents. So, for example, 50 points are awarded for the first published appeal, 5 points are awarded for each subsequent appeal, 10 points are awarded for each problem recognized by the authority, 50 points are awarded for using the “share on social networks” option. In addition to the rating of users of the portal “Our City”, a rating of courtyards and houses is being conducted. These ratings are based on the number of complaints left, how many problems were identified and how many were resolved. Currently, 1 510 021 Muscovites are registered on the portal and 3 840 667 problems in the field of urban improvement have been solved [14]. The next important area of the Moscow Government is “Active Citizen”. This project was created to conduct electronic surveys in 2014. All polls are divided into topics: citywide, industry, and district. For participation in the vote, the resident receives points that can be exchanged for remuneration. This project is considered as an instrument of democracy, giving an opportunity to participate in the development of Moscow. The essence of the portal’s work is to put up for voting issues that are within the competence of the executive branch of Moscow. Over the five years of the portal’s existence, 116 889 808 opinions have been collected. During this time, more than 2000 domestic territories were landscaped and 833 530 trees and shrubs planted [15]. The third project of the Government of Moscow, created to attract the population to the development of the city, is crowdsourcing. This project allows you to gather interested people and offer your ideas on a given topic. The implementation of the idea is carried out in five steps. The first step is that an indifferent resident sends an idea to the site that promotes the development of Moscow. In the second step, experts select the best ideas. In the third step, the Muscovites discuss the selected ideas. The fourth step is to vote. Residents vote for the idea that, in their opinion, is worthy of implementation. The fifth step is to implement the best ideas of the city authorities. Currently, 20 projects have been implemented. For all the time, 98 000 ideas were proposed, of which more than 3500 were selected for further work. For example, work on the Electronic House project lasted from September 10, 2019 – September 20, 2019. The aim of the project was to get ideas from Muscovites, ideas aimed at creating a tool for managing apartment buildings. Residents of Moscow proposed 2000 ideas in 4 areas: 1) The functionality of the project; 2) Life situations. House; 3) Life situations. Apartment; 4) Life situations. The yard. During the implementation of the project, Muscovites discussed: 1) so that they would like to see on the website and in the Electronic House application; 2) how this project could simplify the solution of issues arising in apartment buildings; 3) management of an apartment building using digital technology; 4) foreign experience in the management of apartment buildings; 5) how do they see the apartment building of the future. During the implementation of the Electronic House project, 11 358 people took part. They proposed 1994 ideas, of which 433 were selected by experts, 342 ideas were included in the implementation plan [22]. The portal “Our City” was created to improve the quality of life of Muscovites and the appearance of Moscow through the participation of citizens. Thanks to the portal, residents monitor the state of urban infrastructure, local areas, road facilities and other issues to resolve

53 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK them within the prescribed time. It should be noted that the interest of citizens in public control is increasing every year (see figure 1).

215670 213176

160414 152597

119687

88298

2014YEAR 2015YEAR 2016YEAR 2017YEAR 2018YEARR 2019YEAR

Figure 1.Dynamics of incoming calls to the portal “Our city” Figure 2 shows the growth of the Active Citizen portal participants. There has also been an increase in interested residents. In 2019 in Moscow, there are 12 630 289 [3] people. Of these, only 18% of Moscow residents actively participate in the project. This figure is quite low.

2238000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

1000 MAY2014 NOVEMBER2014 MARCH2015 FEBRUARY2017 JANUARY2018MAY25,2019

Figure 2. Growth of users of the Active Citizen portal Figure 3 shows that 34% of registered users are young people between the ages of 25 and 34. Muscovites over 45 years old make up only 17% (see fig. 3). Statistics show that mainly young people under 34 take part in the vote.

54 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

34,11%

22,82%

17,64% 16%

9,51%

18 YEARS 18 24 YEARS OLD 25 34 YEARS OLD 35 44 YEARS OLD 45+ YEARS  Ͳ   Ͳ   Ͳ    Figure 3. Age structure of participants in the Active Citizen project

Most of the polls on the portal are occupied by problems related to the improvement of the territory of 56% (see Figure 4). In second place are issues related to the organization of leisure, recreation and sporting events, 22%. In third place is the assessment of work performed by authorities or the implementation of projects, which is 7%.

56%

22%

7% 6% 3% 3%

Figure 4. Voting topics of the Active Citizen portal

Analysis of the implementation of the crowdsourcing project “Electronic House” is presented in Figure 5.

55 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

13% 12% 12% 12% 11% 10% 10%

7% 7%

2% 1% 3%

Figure 5. Statistics of the participants of the Electronic House project by districts of Moscow

These statistics illustrate the wide territorial coverage of the participation of Muscovites in this project, the leaders are residents of the Southern Administrative District. The least activity was shown by the residents of Trinity Administrative District. Discussion Moscow is one of the largest megacities in the world. The economic, political, social, digital and cultural forces of the Russian Federation are concentrated here. Moscow is a megalopolis of great opportunities. The city authorities were able to successfully implement a number of improvement programs. In 2019, Moscow was awarded two awards in the field of urbanism: Word Travel Awards and entered the top ten largest cities according to the Resonance Consultancy agency, ahead of Dubai and Singapore. The participation of the population in the improvement of the urban environment is a factor contributing to the creation of living conditions that would meet the interests and needs of various social groups. According to the results of research, the improvement takes priority place in the polls conducted by the authorities on the Active Citizen portal. Nevertheless, the narrowed range of issues significantly limits the involvement of the population in an active dialogue with the authorities. Despite the steady dynamics of Muscovites’ interest in electronic interaction platforms, the share of participants does not exceed 20% of the total number of residents of the metropolis. The gender and age composition of the participants tends to shift toward young people; the representation of older Muscovites is extremely small. It should be noted that in the implementation of the Electronic House project, the involvement of residents is extremely low. Of the total population of the city, the number of project participants is less than one percent. These indicators may indicate a low awareness of Muscovites or an insufficient level of interest. Conclusions City improvement should meet the requirements of all social groups living in the metropolis. Active participation of the population in the formation of a comfortable urban environment is a factor in the effectiveness of this process. Involving the population in an active dialogue with the authorities is a priority in the urban planning policy of Moscow. In the capital, digital tools have been created for the participation of citizens in the formation of favorable living conditions. These include such projects of the Moscow Government: the portal “Our City”, the portal “Active Citizen” and crowdsourcing projects.

56 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

An analysis of the data of Internet portals showed that platforms for dialogue between the population and the authorities show their positive results. However, for more efficient operation of the Moscow Government portals, it is necessary to solve a number of identified problems: 1) low involvement of Muscovites in the mechanisms of public participation on the formation of a comfortable urban environment; 2) a narrow range of issues submitted for discussion to Muscovites; 3) insufficient representation of older age groups in the practice of Internet interaction with the government. The solution of the problems identified will increase the efficiency of online platforms for interaction between Muscovites and authorities. Modern technologies of urban management can be considered as a driver for the modernization of public spaces of a metropolis, provided that the population is involved in the improvement of the urban environment, taking into account the views of various social groups.

References 1. Antonova N.E. “The spirit of the place” as a subject of protection // ACADEMIA. 2015. No. 1. P. 30–38. 2. Bikmaeva A.V. Technology for assessing the influence of factors on the development of the urban environment // Economics, Sociology and Law. 2015. No. 1. P. 36–40. 3. Crowdsourcing portal. URL: https://crowd.mos.ru/. 4. Demurina Yu.L. Typology of public pedestrian spaces in the urban environment // Bulletin of SASAC. Urban planning and architecture. 2011. No. 3. P. 12–1 cities. M.: New Publishing House, 2011. 460 p. 5. Durkheim E. Sociology. Her subject, method, purpose / trans. A. Hoffman. M.: Terra, 2008. 6. Fedotov E.S. The social role of improving the urban environment of a metropolis // Social policy and sociology. 2013. No. 2-1 (92). P. 272–284. 7. Jackson J.A. Migration // Cambridge University Press. 03.03.2010. Vol. 2. 8. Krylov M.P. Regional identity of the population of European Russia // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Vol. 79. M., 2009. P. 266–277. 9. Lynch K. The image of the city. M.: Stroyizdat, 1982. 10. Milgram S. An experiment in social psychology. SPb.: Peter, 2000. 11. Mishchenko V.V., Koroleva E.N. On the definition of the term “improvement” in modern conditions // Bulletin of the Altai State University. 2012. No. 2. URL: http://izvestia.asu. ru/2012/2-1/econ/12.ru.html. 12. Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation of December 27, 2011 No. 613 “On approval of the Methodological Recommendations for the development of norms and rules for the improvement of the territories of municipalities”. 13. Parsons T. System of modern societies / ed. M.S. Kovaleva; trans. from eng. L.A. Sedova and A.D. Kovaleva. M.: Aspect Press, 1997. 270 p. 14. Portal of Moscow Mayor Sobyanin C.S. “Our city”. URL: https://gorod.mos.ru/ (date of access: 27.12.2019). 15. Portal of Moscow Mayor Sobyanin C.S. “Active Citizen”. URL: https://ag.mos.ru/ (date of access: 27.12.2019). 16. Romanenko V.Yu., Cherkasova V.Yu. A prosperous city as the basis for the formation of municipal policy // Scientific and Information Electronic Journal of Students and Young Scientists “EGO: Economics. State. Society”. Vol. 3. 2012. No. 3. URL: http://ego.uapa.ru/ issue/2012/03/03/ (date of access: 10.12.2019). 17. Shibakov V.G., Kotlyar L.V., Shibakova I.A. City as a complex ecological and social system // Fundamental Research. 2004. No. 5. P. 71–79. 18. The annual message of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin to the Federal Assembly dated 01.12.2016 // Russian newspaper. Capital issue. 2016. No. 7142 (274). 19. The official website of the Mayor of Moscow. URL: https://www.mos.ru/news/item/66388073/. 20. The procedure for processing and publishing information in the state information system of Moscow “Our city. Moscow Development Program”. 21. Weber M. City / Transl. by M. Levin. M.: Strelka Press, 2017. 252 p. 22. Website of the Federal State Statistics Service. URL: https://www.gks.ru/.

57 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Aksenova, V.V. & Frolova, E.V. (2019) Improvement of the Urban Environment of the Megapolis: The Main Trends and Estimates of the Population, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 49–58. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-49-58 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Aksenova Veronika Valerevna Leading Operator of the Department for Monitoring Violations in the Housing Sector Company «New Management Technologies» Timur Frunze street, 11, build 1, 119021, Moscow, Russian Federation Postgraduate Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Frolova Elena Viktorovna Doctor of Sociological Sciences Professor of the Department of Management and Managerial Administration Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

58 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Chernikova A.A., Senior Researcher of Institute of Socio-Political Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow; Postgraduate Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8125-7566 UDC 316 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-59-68 Student Mobility in the Member-Countries of Eurasian Economic Union

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 03.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: the article gives a review on educational mobility as one of the significant drivers for the integration development of the Eurasian Economic Union, substantiates the significance for the integration development of the participant countries in the field of education as one of the most important conditions and the moving forces for economic integration. There are also given recommendations on the deepening and development of scientific and educational cooperation in the EAEU. Key words: educational mobility, EAEU, cooperation, social development, socio-political dimension, social space, socio-economic potential, scientific integration, scientific cooperation, post-Soviet space, youth, living activities, types of social interactions, , types of organization of social life, society. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is a dynamically developing integration association of the following countries – the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and the Russian Federation. The signing of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) have passed five years in 2019. This event was preceded by a difficult and long path of disintegration of economic ties in the post-Soviet space, two economic crises: a deep civilization crisis of the 90s and the global financial crisis of 2008, the consequences of which were not overcome by the EAEU member states by 2014. The decision on integration demonstrated the understanding by leaders of states of the need to find new resources for economic development, realize the potential of economic ties within the region, modernize national economies and create conditions for accessing global markets. Each of the union member countries has its own history, tradition and culture. Obviously, they are significantly different in scale, economic and resource potential, industry, development, but they have a common goal – improving the effectiveness of socio-economic policies in order to ensure the growth of life quality and population’s well-being. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of scientific development and comprehensive practical application of the foundations and principles of socio-political realism in solving the most important problems of strengthening and developing the state and society in modern Russia, as well as the implementation of the processes of Eurasian integration. One of the significant drivers for the integration development of the Eurasian Economic Union is the sphere of education and science. The common language and scientific-educational space

59 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK contribute to the process of union integration most effectively. The relevance of the systemic interaction between educational organizations was confirmed at a meeting of state heads executive authorities of the EAEU member states in the field of higher education and science, which took place on the Moscow International Education Salon (IMSO) on April 13, 2016 [4]. Methods Table 1 provides statistics on the number of students in educational institutions of vocational education of state and non-state forms of ownership. The number of students includes citizens of the EAEU member states and foreign states, as well as stateless persons who entered both under general admission conditions and in accordance with international treaties and established quotas.

Table 1 The number of students in educational institutions of primary vocational, secondary vocational and higher professional education (at the beginning of the school year; person) 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 Primary vocational education Armenia 7448 7295 6874 6251 6500 Belarus 74 559 72 823 72 242 70 268 66 892 Kazakhstan ххххх Kyrgyzstan 29 393 28 515 28 845 30 492 31 738 Russia 774 195 727 289 686 120 562 974 557 006 EAEU 885 595 835 922 794 081 669 985 662 136 Secondary vocational education Armenia 30 534 28 911 24 734 23 584 23 444 Belarus 138 382 128 975 121 314 117 818 114 051 Kazakhstan 561 184 532 910 498 965 488 926 489 337 Kyrgyzstan 91 623 92 550 89 605 90 585 91 877 Russia 1 987 781 2 109 432 2 186 015 2 306 469 2 388 093 EAEU 2 809 504 2 892 778 2 920 633 3 027 382 3 106 802 Higher Professional Education Armenia 104 774 98 028 100 614 96 634 94 709 Belarus 402 820 371 762 346 600 325 022 299 295 Kazakhstan 559 176 509 914 489 251 509 967 530 818 Kyrgyzstan 223 241 214 410 199 505 175 430 162 165 Russia 5 683 375 5 243 359 4 798 822 4 431 653 4 277 034 EAEU 6 973 386 6 437 473 5 934 792 5 538 706 5 364 021 * Information is provided from the statistics portal of the Eurasian Economic Commission.

In comparison with EAEU, data are presented for undergraduate, specialty and master’s programs. In Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Russia, these programs are related to higher professional education programs. Undergraduate programs relate to higher professional education programs, and master’s programs corespond to postgraduate education programs in Kazakhstan. There has been an increase in the number of students in primary vocational education from 2013/14 to 2015/16, and then there is a sharp decline in all the member countries of the union [2]. As for the number of secondary vocational education, there is a decline, with the exception of Kyrgyzstan and Russia, where the dynamics are floating. According to the dynamics of the 60 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 students number in higher vocational education programs, there is a steady decline in all countries participating in the union.

Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.3. * Information is provided from the statistics portal of the Eurasian Economic Commission. Figure 1. The number of educational organizations of primary vocational, secondary vocational and higher professional education (at the beginning of the school year; units)

61 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Figures 1.1, 1.2., 1.3 show statistics on the number of educational organizations of primary vocational, secondary vocational and higher professional education, according to which the dynamics are manifested not in intensive growth, but in stable moderate development in all EAEU member states [3]. For the successful development and implementation of effective and integrated social projects, the scientific study of methodology and the practical improvement of social design technology are of particular importance. Eurasian integration project and aims to embody in itself as fundamental changes research methodologies and the development of new technologies. We would like to highlight the particularly significant role of education and culture in the modern development model. From social point of view, education is not a special segment of the market that creates a certain product, but a public good (like air or solar energy) that ensures the reproduction of society and the formation of a socially and morally responsible person as the main foundations of social development. In addition, accessible, free and high- quality education is the main resource (in an economy based on knowledge) of building a post- industrial society, since forms the creative qualities of the employee [6, p. 102]. The development of academic mobility is reflected in the EAEU joint agreements and in the regulatory frameworks of the countries themselves. For example, in the “Concept for the export of educational services of the Russian Federation for the period 2011–2020”, the priorities included “improving the competitiveness of the Russian education system in the world”, “increasing the income from the export of educational services”, “attracting qualified personnel to the country” etc. [7, p. 100]. In the Concept of Long-Term Socio-Economic Development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020, one of the target areas is called “increasing the share of foreign students in Russian educational institutions to 5% of the total number of students” [5, p. 33]. The joint “Agreement on cooperation between the Member States of the Eurasian Economic Community in the field of education” presents the tasks of “expanding cooperation in the field of education”, “supporting the development of relations between educational institutions”, “developing academic mobility”, etc. The number of students of educational institutions of higher professional education, who arrived from the EAEU member countries, from the 2011/12 to the 2015/16 academic year increased by 1.4 times. Moreover, the dynamics across countries is different. Thus, in Kazakhstan this indicator increased by 2.4 times, and in Belarus decreased by 2.1 times. The dynamics are unstable in Armenia and Russia. The high level of academic migration of students between the EAEU countries is due to the same conditions for admission to universities for their own citizens and citizens of the countries members of the integration association. On January 18, 2018, president of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin noted in his speech the advisability of cooperation in the social and humanitarian sphere, in particular, the importance of assisting higher education institutions of the EAEU countries in establishing inter- university relations, implementing joint projects and programs, expanding student exchanges and increasing academic mobility. The inclusion of new directions in the Eurasian integration, including in the humanitarian and social fields, is one of the priorities of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of international integration and economic cooperation. The development of educational cooperation in the EAEU space is designed to help achieve the key goals of the National Education Project, including increasing competitiveness and export development of Russian education, introducing new teaching practices and methods, supporting talented youth, developing vocational education and life-learn education [8]. Results The great number of the EAEU citizens in national universities and the annual increase in the number of students from EAEU countries are due to the influence of the following key factors: agreements on mutual recognition and equivalence of educational documents, academic degrees and academic ranks in the Eurasian Economic Community, ensuring equal rights to

62 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 education and its accessibility for all persons residing in the territory of the EAEU countries, common language space, visa-free travel for citizens of the partner country, joint universities, such as the Russian-Armenian (Slavic) University (Yerevan) was opened in 1999, the Belarusian- Russian University (Mogilev), founded in 2003, opening and functioning of branches of Russian state and non-state universities in the EAEU countries; higher rates of Russian universities in the top 100 world rankings compared to national universities of the EAEU (with the exception of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University and the Al-Farabi Kazakh National University).

Figure 2.1. The number of students in educational institutions of higher professional education of the EAEU member states who arrived from other EAEU member states (at the beginning of the school year; in person) This figure shows the dynamics of educational migration to Armenia, where Russia is the leader in the number of students, which leaves more than a thousand students annually (1,165 Russian students studied in Armenia in the academic year 2015–2016, 1211 students were enrolled in the academic year 2016/2017. We observe a recession in 2017/2018, when 1127 Russian students arrived, which is 0.5% less than last year, but students from Kyrgyzstan over the past 5 years have not been enrolled in Armenian universities.

Figure 2.2. The number of foreigners in Kazakh universities was actively increasing in 2013–2017, reaching its peak in the 2016/2017 academic year. The liberalization of the labor market within the EAEU has had a noticeable impact on the socio-economic situation in Kazakhstan. The

63 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK number of citizens of the republic employed in other countries of the Union grew 2.5 times in 2012–2017. Almost 90% of them work in Russia, which led to an increase in remittances from $ 443 million in 2011 to 709 million in 2017 in the Russian Federation. 2019 is declared the year of youth in Kazakhstan. The initiatives taken are aimed at expanding social projects, building hostels, supporting young talents, increasing educational preferences and grants, as well as digitalizing and modernizing the medical and scientific field [9; 10].

Figure 2.3. This figure shows the dynamics of the foreign student’s movement in Kyrgyzstan from the EAEU member countries. Students from Armenia and Belarus are not recorded in the country, which indicates the lack of demand for friendly diploma from that partner countries.

* Information is provided from the statistics portal of the Eurasian Economic Commission. Figure 2.4. Kazakhstan has been the undisputed leader in the number of students studying in Russian universities for many years. In Russia there were 66,821 students from Kazakhstan in the 2015–2016 academic year. 67,403 students were enrolled in the 2016/2017 academic year. We can trace the growth trend in the number of Kazakh students, but 65,700 students came in 2017/2018, which is 2% less than last year’s statistics. In second place is Belarus (where 10,792 students were trained in the 2017/2018 academic year), and students from Kyrgyzstan, who sent 7,247 students to study at Russian universities over the past year [1].

64 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Conclusion In order to emphasize the significance of the integration development of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries as one of the most important conditions and the moving forces of economic integration in the field of education, it is necessary to take into account the external factors and the reasons for refusing to include education as a subject of the EAEU Treaty of 2014. Education, training, scientific research, expert and analytical support, regular information exchange are key factors in the development of all EAEU member countries. But educational cooperation in the EAEU space is not yet a sphere of supranational regulation and it remains in the sphere of national competence of member countries. The idea of a common Eurasian educational space, which Russia has repeatedly advocated, does not yet find support among all countries of the Union. At the same time, cooperation in the educational sphere in the EAEU space is gradually evolving and becoming more diverse in formats, including the formation of international associations and consortia of universities, international bilateral educational cooperation, online educational formats, educational programs on Eurasian integration and its individual areas at the undergraduate, graduate, postgraduate level; the development of educational and teaching materials, the publication of specialized periodicals on Eurasian topics; short-term scientific and educational activities, including educational schools and models of the EAEU, as well as joint research activities. Cooperation in the field of education in the EAEU space goes beyond the formal political framework of integration. Thus, the Eurasian Association of Universities, which unites more than 100 universities of the CIS countries, seeks to maintain a unified educational space and ensure equivalence of university degrees, as well as the development of university cooperation. The possibility of implementing educational programs in a network form has several advantages: improving the quality of education, accumulating the best practices of international experience, updating educational programs, as well as developing personal and professional competencies and motivation of students. The most active educational cooperation in the Eurasian space is developing bilaterally. Most Russian universities consider universities from neighboring countries, including those from the EAEU countries, as priority international partners, and students from these countries dominate the total proportion of foreign students. Such bilateral cooperation includes joint educational programs, double diploma programs, the organization of joint centers on the universities base. A good example of bilateral cooperation, which also crosses across the political borders of the EAEU, can be considered joint (Slavic) universities, which are created on the basis of bilateral agreements in Armenia, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In total, about 20 thousand students study in Russian educational programs and in Russian. Network forms of educational cooperation are the most optimal organizational way of implementing integration in the educational sphere. The EAEU is not a source of exceptions: the Eurasian Network University is an association of member state universities led by Tomsk State University and Moscow State University and St. Petersburg State University of Economics. The Eurasian Network Financial Institute is an association of six educational institutions of the EAEU member states, was created to organize cooperation in the field of education and science in the field of finance in order to provide human and scientific support for the effective interfacing of national financial systems in the EAEU. This consortium undoubtedly enhances the competitiveness of the Union countries and provides an opportunity for a wide range of citizens to use mass open courses. Moreover, it establishes educational and cultural exchanges not only between participating countries, but also with foreign countries, and makes it possible to invite highly motivated students and scientific and pedagogical personnel. The inclusion of the “Eurasian dimension” (by analogy with the “European dimension” within the framework of the Bologna process) in higher education curricula is also a clear manifestation of the evolution of educational cooperation in the EAEU. Specialized undergraduate and

65 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK graduate programs on Eurasian integration have been developed. Currently, the format of continuing professional education has not yet gained sufficient popularity with the projected high demand for such programs, since there is an objective need to raise awareness of Eurasian integration among officials and representatives of business, the academic community and the general public of the EAEU member countries. Many educational and scientific organizations conduct research on processes in the EAEU, thereby forming centers of competence for Eurasian integration, fulfilling the tasks of training and popularizing Eurasian subjects, informing professional communities, authorities and the public about the integration processes taking place in the EAEU. At the same time, despite the growing variety of formats for cooperation in the field of education, one of the solutions in the framework of integration in the field of education could be the creation of a single Eurasian educational space (EAP). It was Russia that repeatedly put forward this idea and justified the feasibility of creating a Eurasian educational space, considering it one of the key tasks of Eurasian integration. Most often, these ideas were aimed primarily at integration in the field of higher education (the most sensitive from the point of view of national interests and the most difficult to integrate due to differences in educational standards, approaches to assessing quality, etc.), and also associated with the objectives of the promotion of Russian interests, the spread of the . In addition, the four EAEU countries are included in the wider framework of international educational integration, while remaining participants in the Bologna process, which is also a deterrent to the formation of a single Eurasian higher education space. As a result, the need for unique educational space is relevant today, because the existing requirements for specialists of the 21st century are fully integrated into the global economy. The internationalization of education in the EAEU member countries involves the unification of efforts to develop and implement certain measures to create common scientific bases. In addition, among all EAEU countries, Russia objectively remains the most attractive for citizens of neighboring countries to receive education, which inevitably determines the asymmetry of education integration. Insufficient harmonization of national legislation and regulatory practices in the field of education, including in the field of assessment and mutual recognition of learning outcomes, teacher training requirements, as well as cross- country inequalities in financing education, the development of educational infrastructure, and educational levels. The digitization of education and language difficulties remain for educational integration in the strict sense of the word. In addition, when discussing Eurasian cooperation in the field of education, less attention is paid to school education, as well as postgraduate education and adult education. At the same time, it is at these educational levels that the cooperation of the EAEU countries can be significantly strengthened and important integration effects can be achieved, since the future of the integration association directly depends on its human resources, citizens of the EAEU countries, participation in the Eurasian idea, their participation in the development of specific Eurasian projects. Recommendations for deepening and developing cooperation in the EAEU sphere are following. – Establishment of close contacts between educational institutions of the Union countries, including between pedagogical universities, including the expansion of student exchanges, the creation of specialized networked educational structures. – The formation of common approaches to assessing the quality of school and adult education, as well as the implementation of joint projects and initiatives to ensure the quality of education based on the best practices of cross-country comparative studies of learning outcomes. – The formation of a single space in the field of vocational education and training in order to ensure continuing education.

66 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

– The introduction of a system of Eurasian grants to support the most talented students and faculty. – Expanding the range of continuing education programs in the field of Eurasian integration processes, aimed at representatives of government, business, academia, and the population as well. – Development of research and information infrastructure and the formation of a comfortable environment. – Assistance in providing scientific, educational, methodological, reference, spiritual, moral and fiction literature, including audio and video materials. – Formation specialized structures in the authorities of the Union countries which are responsible for humanitarian and technological cooperation, scientific and educational integration, cultural and scientific and technical activities within the framework of the Eurasian project. A consistent increase in efforts to harmonize cooperation in the field of education can provide impetus to the development of integration processes in the post-Soviet space. Thus, one of the main factors in the realization of the economic, social and political potential of the EAEU is the development of international educational cooperation and academic mobility.

References 1. Chernikova A.A., Osadchaya G.I., Kireev E.Y. Educational Mobility in the Member-Countries of Eurasian Economic Union: Dynamics of Indicators // Economic and Social Development (Book of Proceedings), 45th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development – XIX International Social Congress (ISC 2019). 2. Immigration of International Students to the EU European Migration Network Study 2012. URL: http://www.emn.lv/wp-content/uploads/Immigration_of_ International_Students_ to_the_EU_SR_11April2013_FINAL.pdf. 3. Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students. URL: http://uis.unesco.org/ en/uis-student-flow. 4. Memorandum of Understanding on the establishment of the Eurasian Network University. Eurasian Association of Universities. URL: http://www.eau-msu.ru/ckfinder/userfiles/files/ Меморандум%20текст%20о%20создании%20ЕСУ.pdf. 5. On the Concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020: Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 17, 2008, No. 1662-r (as amended on February 10, 2017). URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/ cons_doc_LAW_82134 / 28c7f9e359e8af 09d7244d 8033c 66928fa27e527/. 6. Osadchaya G.I. The processes of Eurasian integration: socio-political dimension: monograph. M.: BIBLIO-GLOBUS, 2018. 7. The concept of educational services export of the Russian Federation for the period 2011– 2020 // Bulletin of international organizations. 2010. No. 1 (27). P. 96–106. 8. The Eurasian Economic Union in numbers: stat. yearbook 2016. URL: http://www. eurasiancommission.org/en/act/integr_i_makroec/dep_stat/econstat/Documents/Stat_ Yearbook_2016.pdf (date of access: 28.06.2018). 9. URL: https://asiaplustj.info/ru/news/centralasia/20190228/10-naibolee-vazhnih-sobitii- v-tsentralnoi-azii-v-2019-godu. 10. URL: https://knoema.ru/atlas.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Chernikova, A.A. (2019) Student Mobility in the Member-Countries of Eurasian Economic Union, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 59–68. DOI 10.17922/2412- 5466-2019-5-4-59-68 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Chernikova Anna Andreevna Senior Researcher of Institute of Socio-Political Research Russian Academy of Sciences Fotievov str., 6/1

67 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

127083 Moscow, Russian Federation Postgraduate Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

68 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Karisova G.K., Senior Manager for Work with Foreign Partners, Company «Neftetransservis», Moscow; Master Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3109-046X UDC 316.72 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-69-73 Research of Food Culture of Russians (By Results of Applied Sociological Research)

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 12.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: the article discusses the results of a study of the food culture of Russians, during which the role of national traditional dishes was established, as well as the impact of globalization on food. According to the results of the survey, it was possible to establish that in Russia the national food culture remains important. At the same time, the fast food industry, eastern and western food cultures also have a significant impact. Key words: food, food culture, food sociology, Russians, national dishes, globalization. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction In the sociology of food, the process of food consumption is considered as a derivative of several social factors. Firstly, the entire process of production, preparation and consumption of food is a form of social activity, within the framework of which the tastes and procedure of nutrition are also determined by social settings. Secondly, the process of eating is an important element of the unity of the group, since this is the formation of social group identity. Thirdly, nutrition acts as a symbolic activity, where the products themselves and everything that surrounds them appear as something endowed with a special meaning depending on the social context [15]. Issues of studying the impact of globalization on the nutrition process, the study of the concept of traditional and global cuisine are addressed in the works of A.A. Lupacheva [8], N.L. Vigel [16], Yu.V. Veselov [15], N.N. Zarubina [17]. Among foreign authors who studied the problem of globalization of nutrition, J. Ritzer should be singled out [10]. Studying the process of “Mcdonaldization”, the author considers it as a system of principles that change not only food intake, but social institutions. In domestic science, one can distinguish an article by Z.R. Sazonova describing the practice of penetrating fast food into the Russian food market [11]. Today, the sociological approach to the study of food can affect a variety of aspects of this process. In particular, we can talk about the characteristics of daily nutrition practices, gender and age differences, the impact on public nutrition practices of new opinions and new media, etc. [14]. As noted by the American researcher R. Slocum, while studying the influence of the racial issue in the history of food, the development trends of the sociology of nutrition are set, among other things, by the current political agenda, and not just by the scientific interests of researchers [13].

69 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Based on the theoretical approaches of Western European scientists who considered the structure of a food culture consisting of three components – the content of food (what do we eat?), the social context (where? With whom?) and the feeding time (when?) – a group of Russian researchers from St. Petersburg studied the schedule of nutrition, eating habits among Petersburgers and came to the conclusion that many features of Russian cuisine are preserved in the nutrition of Russians [3]. The processes of globalization also affect all components of the food culture, but, as a rule, first of all, in big cities – the diet of consumers includes salads, yoghurts and snacks. Another important aspect of the formation of food culture is the consumer’s belonging to any nationality. As a rule, different regions of Russia have their own peculiarities, caused by the presence of traditions of local cuisine, which has been formed for a long time under the influence of religion, culture and other factors. According to the researchers, despite the active development of fast food and supermarkets, a significant part of the country is outside the active zone of influence of global culture and adheres to local traditional culinary traditions [4]. K. Levy-Strauss, who studied the role of nutrition in society as an example of the tribes of South America, came to the conclusion that differences in the culture of nutrition of the tribes were a consequence of the need to use them as markers in the “friend or foe” system [7]. The methods of food consumption, fixed through myths, on the one hand introduced a system of prohibitions on dangerous methods of food for the body (cannibalism, the consumption of strong alcoholic drinks by children, etc.). On the other hand, they aimed to preserve the unique customs of the tribes (chewing food in silence or on the contrary, defiantly loud) [9]. Separately, the author dwells on the nutritional culture of women and girls, indicating that concern for the woman to maintain her childbearing function led to the fact that different tribes developed similar systems of prohibitions on certain foods in certain woman’s life cycles. R. Barth develops this theme, defining food as “a communication system, a collection of images, a set of customs, situations and actions” [1]. Food as a communication contains many meanings, starting from the process of its preparation. The choice of the cooking method, the names for individual elements of the dish or the options for its preparation, the ways of serving the table – all this creates a rich background for discussion, which allows us to draw a conclusion about the social group, the method of self-determination and self-affirmation. As you can see, it is in modern culture, with its thirst for describing everything and everyone, the popularization of food in the form of television programs, cookbooks, blogs and posts on social networks that opens up great scope for a symbolic analysis of modern food culture [5]. Continues the theme of the study of the evolution of nutrition as an object of sociology and N. Elias [2]. Recognizing, like G. Simmel, the importance of a joint meal and its role in structuring communication, he believes that in some cases, not communication, but food, comes first. Not only the structure of the food is important, but also its absence [12]. In many cases, the food process can go haphazardly when people just want to satisfy their hunger. The main thing is not communication, but the very form of behavior at the table, which interests the sociologist. Thus, even the replacement of the structured process of eating food from fast food, which does not require serving and collective absorption, is also evidence of changes in society. Methods We will support the conclusions presented by Petersburg researchers by the results of a sociological study that we conducted in November 2019 during a mass online survey (N = 312, sample stratified by gender and age). Results Analyzing the peculiarities of eating Russians, we note that a significant portion (43%) of respondents adhere to three meals a day. In general, a number of respondents eat 2 times a day (14%), 4 times a day – 22%, 5 times a day – 16%. These are the most numerous answers. Thus, it turns out that in our society the number of meals varies from 2 to 5.

70 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Representatives of various ethnic groups (Armenians, Kazakhs, Turkmens, Russians, Ossetians, Germans, Tajiks) participated in our study, which made it possible to establish national preferences in cuisine and in cooking methods. So, respondents called such national traditional dishes as a mantle cooker, a cauldron, a samovar, pakhtagul, and bowls. Among the national traditional, regularly consumed dishes, manti, dolma, shturle, shurpa, borsch, Ossetian pies, shulum, kharcho, khinkal, chak-chak, peramyachya, vareniki and several others were named. A mixture of national traditions and cultures, as well as the influence of Soviet traditions, is evident when the feast involved the preparation of dishes such as salad “Herring under a fur coat”, olivier, crab salad, French meat, liver cake, and chicken in the oven. These options were also presented in the answers of the respondents. Most of the respondents have such traditions in family festive feasts and dishes. Thus, the presence of traditional dishes in their families was recognized by 53% of respondents. The reasons for gathering a family at the festive table were 65% of respondents named New Year, birthdays of family members, March 8, February 23, in some families Christmas and Easter, Uraza Bayram, Kurban Bayram. That is, not only family and state holidays were indicated, but also religious – Christian and Muslim. The respondents’ national preferences can be estimated by the following rating of dishes.

Figure 1. Rating of preferences of national dishes of Russians (in %) According to Figure 1, the most popular are such national dishes as borsch (52%), shashlik (43%), pilaf (41%), pizza (30%), rolls (28%). Eclecticism, a mixture of dishes of different national cultures, is already evident from this list. So, borsch is a Ukrainian dish, shashlik, by etymology, the Tatar word, but, of course, a dish that has long taken root in Russia. Pilaf is of eastern origin. Further, the birthplace of pizza is Italy, and the rolls belong to Japanese cuisine. The presence in the everyday cuisine of Russians of a variety of dishes of different origin is clearly evident. Well, the category “other” made it possible to fix a number of national dishes, such as Ossetian pies, khinkal, manti. 71 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Discussion Consequently, we can conclude that national characteristics are present in the nutrition structure of Russians. Since among the respondents there are representatives of different ethnic groups, this explains the presence of traditional ethnic dishes in the diet. Explaining this phenomenon, we turn to the interpretations of the combination of national and global in nutrition, proposed by S.A. Kravchenko [6]. So, he notes that the presence of traditional dishes in the food of people maintains stability, confidence, a sense of security and the reality of what is happening. Whereas artificially created products, for example, fresh vegetables and fruits all year round, regardless of their environmental friendliness, destroy the old food culture – scientists are trying to eliminate the technological vulnerabilities in the consumption of such products, but others also appear, for example, minimizing interactions between employees of fast food companies and customers, as opposed to fast food, the “slow food” movement appears. Сonclusion Thus, exploring the structure of nutrition as a sociocultural phenomenon, special attention should be paid to the cultural component, in which we compare the ratio of elements of national and foreign (global) cuisine. For our country, this seems relevant, since fast food as food of the globalization era is represented on our market mainly by Western products, while domestic dishes and food products are only included in this structure. Considering the emergence of new forms of nutrition as a result of the symbiosis of national and global as an objective process, it should be understood that this process does not imply a mechanical return to the old forms of traditional products, but they should include the nutritional traditions of all generations of people, as well as the latest technologies with a humane orientation, which creates a new ethical imperative in the modern world [6, p. 47–48].

References 1. Burlachuk V. Meal as a subject of sociological research // Sociology: theory, methods, marketing. 2010. No. 4. P. 179–186. 2. Elias N. On the process of civilization. Sociogenetic and psychogenetic studies. Vol. 1. Changes in the behavior of the upper stratum of the laity in Western countries. M.; SPb.: University Book, 2001. P. 150–168. 3. Ganscau E.Yu., Minina V.N., Semenova G.I., Gronov Yu.E. Daily nutrition practices of residents of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region // Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology. 2014. No. 17 (1). 4. Gladkiy Yu.N., Kornekova S.Yu. Geographic features of the evolution of gastronomic cultures of Russia // Scientific Notes of ZabGU. Series: Biological Sciences. 2015. No. 1 (60). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/geograficheskie-osobennosti-evolyutsii- gastronomicheskih-kultur-rossii (date of access: 08.10.2019). 5. Karpova D.N. Food: transformation in electronic network communities // Bulletin of MGIMO University. 2014. No. 4 (37). P. 274–277. 6. Kravchenko S.A. Non-Linear Knowledge of Food: Effect of “Arrow of Time” // Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 4. 2018. No. 3 (15). P. 41–48. 7. Levy-Stros K. Mythology. Vol. 3. The origin of table customs. M.; SPb.: University Book, 2000. P. 379–384. 8. Lupacheva A.A. The problematic nature of transformations of the subject in the context of a nutrition culture of a consumer society // Historical, philosophical, political and legal sciences, cultural studies and art history. Questions of theory and practice. 2017. No. 12-1 (86). P. 120–122. 9. Pronosa A.V. Modern verbal communication practices that accompany eating as an object of promising interdisciplinary research. Statement of the problem // Actual problems of socio- humanitarian and scientific and technical knowledge. 2017. No. 2 (11). P. 40–44. 10. Ritzer J. McDonaldization of society. M.: Praxis, 2011. 592 p. 11. Sazonova Z.R. Modern features of the development of public catering // Bulletin of the Russian State Pedagogical University by A.I. Herzen. 2007. No. 39. URL: https://cyberleninka.

72 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

ru/article/n/sovremennye-osobennosti-razvitiya-obschestvennogo-pitaniya (date of access: 10.06.2019). 12. Simmel G. Sociology of the meal. URL: http://ecsocman.hse.ru/ data/2012/09/25/1251346728/2010_4-010.pdf (date of access: 05.12.2018). 13. Slocum R. Race in the study of food // Progress in Human Geography. 2010. No. 35 (3). P. 303–327. 14. Usova M.T., Ivashchenko Ya.S. The main aspects of food culture in domestic and foreign scientific thought // Scientific and practical research. 2018. No. 4 (13). P. 144–147. 15. Veselov Yu.V. Modern social nutrition system // Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology. 2015. No. 18 (1). P. 68–82. 16. Vigel N.L. Personalized nutrition as a phenomenon of food culture // Humanitarian research. 2015. No. 12. URL: http://human.snauka.ru/2015/12/13573 (date of access: 26.03.2019). 17. Zarubina N.N. Transformations of nutrition practices in modern Russia: determinants // Vestnik MGIMO University. 2014. No. 6 (39). P. 199–208.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Karisova, G.K. (2019) Research of Food Culture of Russians (By Results of Applied Sociological Research), Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 69–73. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-69-73 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Karisova Galiya Kuanyshevna Senior Manager for Work with Foreign Partners Company «Neftetransservis» Varshavskoe str., 9, build. 1B 117105 Moscow, Russian Federation Master Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

73 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Karpunina A.V., Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Social Work, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 57207888450 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8302-0749 UDC 316; 364.42/44 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-74-79 Problems of Social Contracts with Dysfunctional Families

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 20.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: the article is devoted to social contracts in social work with dysfunctional families. Author defines social contracts as mutual obligations of the client and social institution. Dysfunctional families are the main recipient of state help via social contracts. History of development of social contracts technology in Russian Federation is analyzed in the article. Author identifies the most successful regions in Russia and analyzes their data. Author concludes that the most successful regions provide mainly cash assistance to rural families. Amount of assistance is from 250 to 900 euros. All regions have subsidies from the federal budget. Author describes a technology of social work, which includes the stages of diagnosis, receiving payments, social services, final report. Particular attention is paid to the problem of dysfunctional families, who have a low level of social responsibility and are dependents. Author concludes that the lack of motivation for positive social changes in dysfunctional families is an important factor in reducing the effectiveness of social contracts. Key words: social contracts, dysfunctional families, social work. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction Social contract is an official agreement between a poor man and a social institution to provide him and his family social help from the state during set period (3–12 months). It could be cash payments, social services or essential goods (fuel, food, clothing, shoes, and medicines) [11]. In addition, families get psychological and legal assistance, places for children in schools and kindergartens. In exchange, a citizen is obliged to do something socially useful: to find a paid job, start to study (main or additional education), or change his behavior from deviant to socially responsible [7, Article 1]. The main principles of social contracts are:  voluntary participation;  obligation to fulfill the terms of agreement;  individual approach [5]. Social contracts are always unique, they do never repeat each one exactly, word to word. Social contracts are especial social work technology with poor people, but mostly – with dysfunctional families. “Dysfunctional families” is very wide term, and we can’t find its strong definition in Russian law. In social contracts context, dysfunctional families are families where:  are children under 18 years old;

74 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

 parents (parent) have no income (paid jobs) and don’t study;  is deviation: criminal or anti-social behavior;  parents (parent) live in this way for many years and think it is normal. Obviously, expected result of social contracts is improving the level and quality of life of dysfunctional families. However, state also hopes to realize labor potential of clients, to provide social rehabilitation of members of dysfunctional families, especially children, to facilitate social responsibility of clients, reducing the dependent motive of their behavior. In a simple words, the purpose of social contracts is to make people live in a socially approved way. History Social contract technology launched at the beginning of the 2000s in a few Russian regions. In 2012 it got status of a federal project of help poor families in 17 regions of Russia [3]. The poverty rate in Russia in 2012 was 10.8% [8]. Contracts were concluded between social protection bodies and people in difficult life situation. These people should have an income below the regional subsistence level (for example, in Moscow – 1679 rubles (250 euro), 2019) and Russian citizenship. Сontracts concluded for a period of up to six months. Basically, it was one-time payment, less often – monthly benefits. First, these social contracts were supposed for large and single-parent families, as well as families with children with disabilities. The main purpose of a social contracts was social adaptation. The average amount of payments was from 30 000 to 35 000 rubles (500 euro). The amount depended on region, because each region independently determined the maximum amount of payment. Means, money came from regional budgets. In 2017 the average amount of assistance increased to 38 200 rubles (550 euro). Duration of help increased to 12 months. Totally 62 600 families (over 240 000 persons) sighed social contracts during 5 years. Clients mostly asked help to pay the bills, repairs, buy necessary equipment, less often – to get help with employment and with kindergarten. And first statistic came: 41.7% of clients got out of poverty. But 58.3% kept their way of living. The poverty rate in Russia in 2017 was 13.2%, or 19.3 million people (increased on 2.5%) [8]. And only 22% of them receive social support. So discussion about effectiveness of this technology was opened. In 2019 President V. Putin, in his annual address to the Federal Assembly, spoke about social contracts as an example of supporting people in difficult life situations. He noted that some regions decreased poverty level: Tomsk, Kaluga, Ulyanovsk, Vologda and Nizhny Novgorod regions. Special discussion “Innovative technologies for the implementation of social contracts” was held during the third Forum of Regional Social Innovations (2019 June 20), and experiences of regions were discussed [12]. It was decided that the experience of above regions will be put into practice of other regions in 2020, but the money will be provided from the federal budget to support regional budgets. Money from the federal budget will be allocated only to 13 regions: Tatarstan, Kabardino- Balkaria, Tuva, Komi, Primorsky, Altai, Perm, Ivanovo, Lipetsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Novgorod, Tomsk, Kurgan [2]. It is assumed that since 2020 from 40% to 50% of clients should get help with job search and employment, from 10% to 20% – with education, from 5% to 15% – with entrepreneurship. And another 15–20% will get some other help for overcoming a difficult life situation. This specified proportion in the distribution of money means that job and education are main factors in overcoming a difficult life situation. Also clients should pass medical tests and vaccinations. By the way, not only unemployed people will get help with job, but also those who have a job but earn not so much money, because they have a chance to find a better paid place. In some cases,

75 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK they will be asked to move to another city or region, where they will be offered a new higher paid job. During the year after employment, person will get monthly benefit equal to the regional cost of living. Putin said that 9 million people would receive support through social contracts in a next five years (6.5% of Russia’s population) [1]. Level of poverty should decreased to 6.6% [10]. In 2024 discussion about effectiveness will start again. Best regional practices Due to Putin report, Tomsk, Kaluga, Ulyanovsk, Vologda and Nizhny Novgorod regions are the most successful in social contracts. According to the methodology of evaluating of effectiveness of a social contract there are 3 criteria [6]:  number of social contracts;  active actions of clients to overcome their difficult life situations (forms of a program of social adaptation;  changing in income of the family at the end of the social contract. There are no data on 2nd and 3rd criteria, but we can analyze data on contracts’ number and expenses in above regions in year 2018 in the table 1.

Table 1 Region Number Average size Expenses from regional of contracts of benefit (rubles1) budget (rubles) Kaluga 67 65 000 3.5 million Vologda 3500 17 000 40 million Nizhny Novgorod 4200 40 000 6 million Tomsk 5486 20 000 13 million Ulyanovsk 6200 30 000 47 million

We can see how different numbers in Russia’s regions are. This difference is due to regional specifics and due to amount of federal subsidy. Here are some common elements. Average efficiency of overcoming poverty after social contracts in all regions – 35%. Comparing, in Tomsk, Kaluga, Ulyanovsk and Nizhny Novgorod – 55%, in Vologda – 95%. The size of benefit was defined as the difference between the subsistence level in the region and the average income of the family concluded a social contract. 60% of social contracts were concluded with families with children under 16. Most of them – families from countryside. All clients choose money help (see Table 2).

Table 2 Region Monthly payment One-time payment In-kind assistance Kaluga 1.7 98.3 0 Vologda 43.6 56.4 0 Nizhny Novgorod 46.6 53.4 0 Tomsk 0 100 0 Ulyanovsk 30.9 69.1 0

Compared with the data of all Russia, in general, 11% of customers received monthly payments, 65% – one-time payments, 24% – in-kind assistance.

1 1 euro  70 rubles. 76 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Families of above regions need money to start their own household business – private farming like milk, hay, meat production. They spend state money to motoblocks, stationary greenhouses, refrigerators. Families also buy cows, chickens, piglets, goats. Only 10% used money for education. Does it mean that fast (season) results (buy, grow, sell and earn) are preferable for state? As we can see from the goals of 2019 education and regular jobs are very important for state, but not for poor people. Interestingly, these regions put to contracts conditions about help in treatment for alcohol (drug) addiction. Organization First of all, social protection authorities check whether the family is low-income. Identification of needs occurs in 2 ways: revealing and declarative. In the first case, employee of a state institution (police, medical service, schools, etc.) learns about the needs of a citizen, informs him about social contracts and forward him to the social service. In the second case, citizen himself comes to social service. In the social service, a citizen writes an application for assistance, which should contains signatures of all family members (adults). Applicant should fill questionnaire on marital and material status, draw up a business development and profit plan. During the first visit social workers fill out an “Interview Sheet”, which, according to the applicant, includes information about the family’s problems and their opportunities to overcome a difficult life situation. Then social workers are obliged to verify the information provided by applicant. It usually can be confirmed by household inspection (checking the housing). After inspection social workers in 15 working days compose a family social adaptation program. The program is submitted to the commission (“concilium”), and the commission decides whether to conclude a contract with this applicant or not. Finally, applicant becomes a client. In 25 working days, money comes to his account. Size of benefit does not depend on family size. Client can choose – to get all money once or monthly. During 6–12 months social workers support the family and monitor the implementation of social adaptation program, evaluate the effectiveness of the measures. Families do not need to return the money in case of zero effectiveness – in fact, this is a benefit. Upon expiration of the contract, the recipient will be required to make a report of expends. Dysfunctional families The idea of social contracts as a form of gratuitous assistance to poor families that can be spent for family profit and which does not need to be returned – is good in itself. The client is not required to succeed; the possibility of failure is taken into account. But this form was recognized by dysfunctional families as an easy money that can be spent on their own needs, not always socially useful. Alcohol, drugs, petty trash – dysfunctional families think that they can buy a lot of things that they don’t have. They do not think about the consequences, they do not think about responsibility. Social contracts are perceived as a freebie without its social background. Dysfunctional families do not intend to change their lives. Unfortunately, there are no official statistics on dysfunctional families, but if we take into account the average efficiency of social contracts (2018 – 35%), we can assume that the remaining 65% is the dysfunctional families who initially did not want or are not able to overcome poverty. Discussion Since social contracts appeared, there has been criticism of this technology. Many people think that poverty must be overcome at the state level by raising the minimum salary. Now it is 11,280 rubles (75 euro) [4]. Alexander Safonov, Vice-Rector of the Academy of Labor and Social Relations, says: “Since 2012, social contract exists in our legislation, and so far this procedure has not shown particularly its effectiveness. Many families would be happy to get a job – the question is, where are the jobs?” [9].

77 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

In rural areas it is not so easy to find a job, especially for large families. There are no kindergartens, no infrastructure, no colleges and universities – all of this is located in a big cities. Moreover, if ordinary families try to migrate to large cities, the dysfunctional families understand that they will not be able to move. Then, the question arises – why make efforts to get an education? Why look for a job? You can get money and spend it all at once, especially since there is no responsibility for it. Average payout of 500 euro is also not enough to overcome the poverty. In many regions, this is not a reason for action. Social contracts are financial support, but not the first step towards developing your own business. And so, the great idea of social contracts faced, firstly, Russian reality, and secondly, the philosophy of dysfunctional families. Obviously, state should finalizing the concept of social contract, providing additional responsibility for inappropriate spending of money and greater emphasis on activating the potential of families. Contract should clear algorithm of actions and obligations of the parties. This will achieve the maximum result and the most efficient use of the allocated funds. However, the indicator of 35% inspires optimism – in 2018 every third family overcomes difficult life situation. This means that this indicator may become higher after finalizing the concept. Social contracts could have a positive impact on adults and children from dysfunctional families, involving them in the life of society and the community.

References 1. Akhmerov V. Chance of prosperity: In Russia will develop social contracts // Russian Newspaper. 2019. Federal Issue. No. 42 (7800). URL: https://rg.ru/2019/02/25/v-rossii- budut-razvivat-socialnye-kontrakty.html. 2. Gusenko M. Subsidies for social contracts will be given to regions // Russian Newspaper. 2019. Federal Issue. No. 147 (7905). URL: https://rg.ru/2019/07/08/reg-pfo/regionam- dadut-subsidii-na-socialnye-kontrakty.html. 3. Kalashnikov S. Comparative analysis of social contracts in the regions of Russian Federation // Issues of state and municipal government. 2017. Vol. 3. P. 92–111. 4. Minimum wage / Federal State Statistics Service. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/law/ref/ mrot/2019/. 5. Nagralyan A. Social contract as a way to increase the effectiveness of the social protection system in modern Russia. Rostov, 2010. 6. On approval of methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the provision of state social assistance on the basis of a social contract: Order of the Ministry of Labor of Russia and Rosstat dated September 30, 2013, No. 506н/389 // Legal reference system. URL: http:// www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_153423/. 7. On State Social Assistance: Federal Law dated 17.07.1999 No. 178-FL // Legal reference system. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_23735/. 8. Poverty rate / Federal State Statistics Service. URL: https://www.gks.ru/folder/13397. 9. Social contract: how does it work in practice? Reflection of the week, February 24, 2019. URL: https://otr-online.ru/programmy/novosti-otrazhenie-nedeli/socialnyy-kontrakt-kak-eto- rabotaet-na-praktike-35838.html. 10. Starostina J. Golikova announced the modernization of the social contract for poor Russians // Economy. May 20. 2019. URL: https://www.rbc.ru/economics/20/05/2019/5ce2 6dab9a79470c9e401a38. 11. Tatarintsev V. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of state social assistance on the basis of a social contract // Investments and innovations. 2016. No. 10. P. 189–192. 12. III Forum of Social Innovation of Regions. URL: https://social-forum.ru/business.html.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Karpunina, A.V. (2019) Problems of Social Contracts with Dysfunctional Families, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 74–79. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-74- 79 (International bibliographic description).

78 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

CONTACT INFORMATION: Karpunina Anastasia Vladimirovna Candidate of Sociological Sciences Associate Professor of the Department of Social Work Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

79 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Leontyeva T.V., Postgraduate Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1257-2896 UDC 316.4 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-80-86 Animated Cartoon As a Tool for Forming Family Models in Children of Different Ages1

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 04.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: the article presents the results of sociological research of animated films in terms of their influence on the formation of family models in children of different ages using the method of deep expert interview. Expert assessments revealed that the most vulnerable, in terms of the impact of certain images in animated films on a child, is about 3–4 years old to 9–10 years old. It is at this age, with a number of other factors, that the influence of the image of the family that the cartoon creates may prove significant. All experts agreed that in cartoons it is necessary to show the family as the basic life value, although for each age the role of parents may differ, but the basic trust between the child and the parent, supporting function of the family should be shown more often. Key words: animated film, media influence, family image, family models, children. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction The family, as the basic institution of reproduction of human generations, their primary socialization, has a huge influence on the formation of each person, but in the information age the broadcasting of family values, ideas about the family, its structure, functions, is carried out not only by the parental family, but also is designed through the influence of the media, and in particular by cartoon films [12]. Watching cartoons begins to play a major role in building relationships with other people: adults and peers, and they also have a huge impact on the child’s value orientations. The cartoon hero is a significant figure for children with whom they identify themselves, copy behavior and manners. However, modern animation studies show that there is a substitution of products of children’s culture with products of mass “adult culture”, with scenes of violence, cruelty, priority of power, as well as demonstration of behaviors that can be dangerous for the life and health of the child, awaken aggression and form negative character traits. A large number of works as Russian researchers (O.V. Kovrigina, T.A. Eliseeva, A.V. Fedorova, V.K. Sergeeva [25], K.A. Tarasova, M.A. Shishkina, G.I. Shcherbakova [18], A.V. Mozolin), as well as foreign ones (Bryant D. [6] and Thompson S. [22], McLuhan M. [13], Briggs A. and Cobley P. [5]) are devoted to the study of the impact media on the public consciousness and on the motives of individuals. A.G. Kogatko, A.Yu. Drozdova, V.P. Trufanova [23], V.S. Sobkin, I.V. Shchekotikhina [16], T.V. Yakovleva [24], Yu.N. Usov, Ch.A. Shakeeva, L.S. Scholnik studied the role of television in the life of Russian children. Animated films were analyzed by L. Gritsay [9], O.V. Kazachenko,

1 The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 19-311-90036. 80 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

E.A. Kartushina [10], E. Kuznetsova [11], A. Burukhina [7], O.A. Nemova [14], E.A. Saykin [15], S.P. Storozheva, U.A. Mokronosova [20], N.V. Suvorova [21], A.V. Sharikov, V.P. Chudinova [ 17], V.N. Shatskova, L.I. Abbasova [1], N.I. Aleshkin [2], S. Asenin [4], N.V. Kuzina [8]. However, in modern Russian sociological science there are not enough highly specialized works and studies devoted to the study of animated films as a tool for forming family models in children of different ages. Methodology The study of animated films as a tool for forming family models in children of different ages was carried out in november-december 2019 using the method of deep expert interview. A 30 of experts were interviewed who work in psychological and pedagogical assistance centres and work with different age groups of children at least 5 years old and live in different regions of Russia. The method of expert in-depth interviews allows you to obtain unique facts from experts, opinions, subjective information that sociologists cannot find out using sociological methods and the subject field. The method of expert in-depth interviews allows to identify the most important aspects of the problem under study, increases the reliability, reliability and validity of information, conclusions and practical recommendations through the use of expert knowledge and experience. Interview guide included an introduction, introductory questions, questions about the possibilities of an animated film as a tool for forming family models in children of different ages, highlighting the following age groups: infant age – from birth to 1 year; preschool age – from 1 year to 3 years; younger preschool age – from 3 to 7 years; primary school age – from 7 to 11–12 years; secondary school age (teenage) – from 12 to 15 years; senior school age (youthful) – from 15 to 18 years. Also, experts answered questions about whether there were cases in their practice when a child gave examples of desirable or negative family relationships from cartoons. In conclusion, the experts made recommendations on what kind of animation content (in duration, in purport) can be shown to children of different ages to form a positive image of the family. Results According to the results of expert interviews, it was revealed that some psychologists use the capabilities of animated films in their work – give examples from the content of cartoons or draw characters and discuss their behavior. Cartoons can be used in fairy tales or as examples of socially approved behavior, with a certain educational function. Children themselves rarely, but can give examples of a desired or negative image of the family from animated films. Experts who have met in their practice with examples cited by children from cartoons say that it is important that the cartoon shows a way out of a difficult situation. Experts have a positive attitude towards cartoons. Through to the animated movie, children replenish their vocabulary, learn to solve difficult situations. Psychologists and socio- pedagogical workers note that it is very important that the cartoons show the family, that the parents are portrayed involved in solving children’s issues. However, I must say that parents should be responsible for the content of those cartoons that children watch, and the amount of time they devote to this. Experts agreed that in infancy (from 0 to a year) the image of the family in the cartoon will not be able to influence further construction of family ties. A child at this age does not yet understand what a family is, for him the main object is a mother. On the other hand, the child does not yet perceive images on the TV screen, he has only formed an “opportunity to perceive the world”. At this age, only “emotional development”, tactile interaction with the world, is important. For an infant child, the cartoon is perceived as a set of changing pictures. From the age of 1 year to 3 years, the basic need of the child is trust in the world, which is formed primarily through the family. Psychologically, the child begins to separate from the mother, “I myself” appears, the child actively studies and develops the space surrounding him.

81 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

At this age, the influence of cartoons on how the child will perceive family relationships now and in the future is not ruled out. In animated films, the child sees the main characters, understands that they are mom or dad, brother or sister, but they still cannot understand how the interaction between family members is built. The age of 3 to 7 years is already a conscious age, the age of knowledge and curiosity. At this age, children themselves are able to choose which cartoons they watch. The child is able to understand what kind of interaction can be (negative or constructive), that in the family all members have certain functions. At this stage of development, the influence of family images in animated films on a child is high if the child spends a lot of time watching them. Accordingly, the image of the family that makes the animated film, under a number of other conditions, can affect the child’s further vision of his future family. Unlike adults, children at this age are not critical, children of this age unknowingly remember everything they see, so the content of the cartoons can further affect what roles children will choose in their own pro-recreational family. At the age of 3 to 7 years, children can see everything that they see in cartoons in their own present or future behavior models. At primary school age (7–12 years), children already have criticality, but not enough to be able to analyze. At this age, children like to watch cartoons in which the main characters are people. Further, interest in cartoons begins to decline – children begin to watch videos on YouTube, various life hacks. Based on the films, videos or cartoons watched, the child can give feedback to their parents. At this age, the child expands the circle of communication, and it becomes important how to build relationships with peers and siblings. By this age, the child already has an image of the family based on his parent, cartoons can only make some adjustments, and if parents did not give any social norms to the child, then he can clarify these norms through the cartoon. The average school age (12–15 years) is characterized by the fact that the child enters the adolescent period, when he demonstrates himself as an adult personality in every way, so the consumption of cartoons at this age decreases, as well as their impact on the child. The focus is on the self-determination of the child, so it is more interesting for teenagers to look at living, real people than at cartoon characters. On the other hand, experts note that children aged 12–15 are easily influenced by people of importance to them, they are very sensational. So cartoons can have an impact if they can hold the child ‘s attention. The criticality of a child at this age reaches the maximum, perceptions of his family may not suit the child, he will look for more positive models from his point of view. As a rule, a teenager, by virtue of his criticality, wants to build some completely different model in his own family, and the cartoon may perhaps push them to this decision. The content of the cartoons is unlikely to affect the child‘s attitudes regarding the image of the family, but the joint viewing of the cartoons and the subsequent discussion is significant for the child. Some experts note that the topic of the family at this age reduces its relevance, as other age- related tasks appear. In addition, the image of family and family relations has already developed, so what the child sees on the screen is unlikely to influence his current behavior, but can lay the foundations of some future relations. But, unlike previous age stages, here the child can already consciously select those patterns of behavior that are close to his previous experience and his own ideas. Youthful age (15–18) is the age of different subcultures, children at this age do not watch cartoons at all, they are more focused on music, watching videos and communicating with friends. But an important factor is the willingness of the child to perceive information, try to understand the reasons for the behavior of parents. At a young age, children already understand

82 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 what is wrong with their family, parents are depreciating, and cartoons (or films) can give the child good role models in the future. Experts note that now there are few Russian cartoons in which the image of the family is presented, while the image of an adult controlling and correcting the behavior of the child remains, but this will not necessarily be the parent. In modern Russian cartoons, the emphasis is on family relations between children – brothers or sisters or their friends. For some constructive models, in particular, the positive model of the family, to be fixed in the consciousness of the child, it is necessary to talk to him, to discuss what he saw in the cartoon. Children see some behavior in a cartoon film, but very often do not understand the motives, emotions, internal experiences of the hero, the context of his behavior, and just an adult is needed to interpret what he saw on the TV screen. The perception of an incomplete family as a social norm, the dominant type of family interaction in cartoon films – pseudo-cooperation, antagonism – can negatively affect the construction of family relations in the future. According to some participants of the study, cartoons reflect the social reality in which we live. The social roles of men and women are changing – and this is reflected in modern Russian cartoons. Some experts note that now men become femine, it will be good if in cartoons they will act in a masquerading role. However, as experts noted, it is better to show a woman softer after all. In Russian cartoons, the girl appears independent, bold, heroic, while earlier there was an image of a modest, quiet, diligent girl. The image of a strong cartoon character can have both a positive effect on the child and a negative one. In the positive case, he will strive to imitate and cultivate some strong qualities in himself, in the negative case, the child may develop an inferiority complex. Nevertheless, experts say that just a cartoon is absolutely not enough for the negative image of the family to become entrenched in the consciousness of the child. This requires the imposition of various factors. In order for the style of family relations seen in the cartoon to become an attitude to the future and the style of further behavior, many years of influence of various factors, primarily negative parental behavior and immature style of family relations, are needed. Only an animated film is not able to create an attitude for future life, however, with other factors, it can already affect the further construction of its own family model. Experts believe that under the age of one year you do not need to watch animated films, which is also confirmed by various studies, WHO recommendations and so on. At this stage, the visual and auditory analyzers are not sufficiently developed, so watching cartoons can lead to hyper excitation. Under the age of one year, tactile and emotional contact with the mother is much more important, and it is better if the mother does not try to replace communication with herself by watching cartoons. If you show animated films to children under the age of one year, then they should be short, they should have some kind of close-up, a pleasant sound should be used, male and female voices. At the age of 1 to 3 years in the cartoon should be shown a complete family: mom, dad, brothers, sisters. According to one of the experts, it is better if images of animals appear in the cartoon – they are better perceived. In addition, such cartoons must have musical accompaniment. As content, it would be possible to fill the cartoon with some difficult situations for this age, and give competent advice on how parents help and support children in these situations. It is important that cartoons designed for this age show the child how parents love children and are ready to support them in any situation, even when the child is to blame for something. And the children should see that instead of the expected punishment, mom and dad are ready to support their child and explain to him what to do in this or that situation so that nothing bad happens in the future. As one of the experts pointed out, cartoons for this age should be “unifying” in order to show the way of spending time together. At the age of 4 to 7 years, the emphasis should be on family support, as well as to show situations in which parents do not criticize the child’s actions and do not punish, namely,

83 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK support and explain. In cartoons, it is necessary to broadcast the idea that the child in the family also has its own roles, some responsibilities. In pre-school age, children have questions about gender-role identity, which is why cartoon content begins to be divided into cartoons for boys and girls. Reflections of such questions as are important: what should be a girl, a woman and a boy, a man. Junior school age from 7 to 12. Experts note that the modern trend is such that family members began to communicate little with children, so it is desirable to show cartoons in which there is a complete prosperous family, in which parents and children communicate a lot with each other. It is important to show how common family traditions are created in the family. It is necessary to devote time to the display of family relations, according to experts, to show conflicts and how they in a prosperous family are solved. Teenagers between the ages of 12 and 15 try to show their “Self”, their adulthood, independence. And the task of the cartoon is to show how constructively you can interact with an adult child, how a parent can become a friend and support a child during some difficult situations. Children at this age have popular cartoons and TV series, where children themselves become heroes, for example, conduct adult investigations, because a teenager wants to prove to himself and others that I “can”. At the age of 15–18, cartoons are unlikely to be needed. In adolescence it becomes very difficult for children to perceive control from parents, the authority of parents at some point weakens, the reference group becomes peers, so it is necessary to image the parent not as a dominant figure, but as a partner, a friend, to show how to build relations with an adult child. Of the topics that can be addressed in such a cartoon, this relationship with the opposite sex and the role of parents at this stage; or self-determination, choice of profession, and how parents can support and assist in this matter. Discussion In sociological science, there are two opposing views on the problem of the state and functioning of a modern family: the so-called modernization paradigm and the family crisis paradigm. Among scholars in European countries, the modernization paradigm now prevails, in which all negative changes in the modern family are seen as temporary against the background of its constant positive development, and society is evolving towards universal well-being. From this perspective, changes in the institution of the modern family are a private manifestation of the progressive development of society as a whole. Family or demographic policies are reduced in this sense to birth planning at the family level. All measures to strengthen the family are aimed at increasing the adaptability of individual families to rapid social changes, that is, at reducing the role of the family as a social institution as an obstacle to the “progressive” process of modernization of society. At the same time, the possibility of complete disintegration of both the family and society as a whole is hardly seriously considered. In this regard, the diversity of family forms in modern society is interpreted as a timely response to changes in the social environment, but not as a sign of the disintegration of the family, much less of society as a whole. Thus, the diversity of modern forms of the family is an indicator of its progressive development, but not its decline. This highlights the equality of all adaptive forms of modern family, including homosexual unions. An alternative to the modernization paradigm is the family crisis paradigm. Within the framework of this paradigm, changes in the modern family are interpreted as manifestations of its global systemic crisis generated by modern society itself, by modern industrial and post- industrial civilization. The weakening of the social and normative regulation of family life, the transformation of cultural symbols and patterns, the decline in the value of marriage, the unity of all family generations are sociocultural processes that reveal the essence of the family crisis. A fairly widespread among Russian researchers of the family received a similar point of view, to which the authors of this article adhere. Many studies confirm the negative impact of cartoon content on children.

84 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

In the Russian science to problems of decline in quality and efficiency of realization the institution of the family of reproductive function and also mass disorganization of the intra family relations which was expressed in increase in number of stains of incomplete families, defects of education of younger generation devoted A.G. Harchev, A.I. Antonov [3], M.S. Matskovsky, V.A. Borisov, L.E. Darsky, A.B. Sinelnikov’s works [19]. Conclusions According to the results of expert evaluations, it was revealed that the most vulnerable, from the point of view of the impact of certain images in animated films on a child, is from 3–4 years to 9–10 years old. It is at this age that, with a number of other factors, the influence of the image of the family that the cartoon creates can be significant. Factors contributing to the consolidation of negative family models seen in cartoons. 1. The lack of trust in the family between the parent and the child and, as a result, the child’s rare or insufficient communication with mom and dad. 2. Unconstructive, conflicting relationships between spouses. 3. A child spending a lot of time watching cartoons and videos on the Youtube channel without censorship by adults. 4. Lack of interpretation, analysis of negative situations on the part of parents, when the child does not understand what is shown in the cartoon incorrectly, and considers this the norm of family relations. Those negative trends (decrease in family value, antagonism, confrontation in the family, hypertrophied images of heroes, etc.) that were identified as a result of a study of the visual range of modern animated films can indeed have a negative impact on children and those attitudes that will accompany the person when creating their own family model. All experts agreed that in cartoons it is necessary to show the family as the main life value, although the role of parents may vary for each age, but the basic trust between the child and the parent, supporting the family function should be shown more often.

References 1. Abbasova L.I. The value of animated films in the emotional development of preschool children // Modern Education: Sat. scientific works. Penza: ICS Science and Education, 2018. Р. 86–89. 2. Aleshkin N.I. The effect of animated films of aggressive content on the behavior of schoolchildren // Siberian Psychological Journal. 2002. No. 16. P. 56–61. 3. Antonov A.I. Microsociology of the family: a methodology for the study of structures and processes. M.: Nota Bene, 1998. 357 p. 4. Asenin S. Wizards of the screen. Aesthetic problems of modern animation. M.: Art, 1974. 289 p. 5. Briggs A., Cobley A. Media. Introduction: textbook for high schools. M.: Unity-Dana, 2005. 550 p. 6. Bryant D., Thompson S. Fundamentals of the impact of the media. M.: Williams, 2004. 432 p. 7. Burukhina A.F. Attention! Cartoon! A book for parents and teachers: the methodology of using cartoons for the education and training of preschool children. Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinsk Press House, 2011. 89 p. 8. Cousin N.V. To the question of the methods of transmission and transformation of artistic tradition in animated films for children // Bulletin of science and practice. 2016. No. 9. P. 219–226. 9. Gritsay L.A. The phenomena of family and family education in domestic media texts (on the example of animation) // MediaAlmanac. 2013. No. 3 (56). P. 56–63. 10. Kazachenko O.V., Kartushina E.A. Verbal and non-verbal means of explicating the value of the image “mother and motherhood” in animated films // Bulletin of the Volgograd State Pedagogical University. 2018. No. 1 (124). P. 108–115. 11. Kuznetsova E.V. Modern foreign and domestic animated films as a factor in the formation of children’s consciousness // Russian science and education today: problems and prospects. 2017. No. 2 (15). P. 32–34.

85 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

12. Leontyeva T.V. Family values in the animated content of internet space // Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. 2019. No. 1 (17). P. 76–83. 13. Makljuen M. Understanding the media: external extensions of a person. M.: Kuchkovo field, 2007. 464 p. 14. Nemova O.A., Burukhina A.F. Cartoon films as a means of forming family spiritual and moral values // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 18: Sociology and Political Science. 2014. No. 1. P. 152–173. 15. Saykin E.A., Kryukova V.V., Novoselova V.G. Social roles: animation and imitation in virtual interaction // Social ontology of Russia. Novosibirsk: NSTU, 2011. P. 194–202. 16. Schekotikhina I.V. The influence of modern television on the formation of moral values оf younger students // Herzen readings. Elementary education. Vol. 8. 2017. No. 1. P. 79–83. 17. Sharikov A.V., Chudinova V.P. Children’s television. The opinion of a sociologist // Children and Culture. M.: KomKniga, 2007. P. 58–85. 18. Shcherbakova G.I. Youth environment. Conflicts and the role of the media in overcoming and resolving them. Saratov: College, 2000. 83 p. 19. Sinelnikov A.B. Transformation of the family and the development of society: study guide. M.: KDU, 2008. 320 p. 20. Storozheva S.P., Mokronosova U.A. The formation of family values: assessment of the possibilities of animation // Society, Politics, Finance. 2018. P. 53–58. 21. Suvorova N.V. Animation as a way of influencing the formation of a child’s sociocultural identity // Young scientist. 2014. No. 8. P. 740–742. 22. Thompson P. Life history and analysis of social changes // Questions of Sociology. 1993. No. 1-2. P. 129–138. 23. Trufanova V.P. The influence of the media on the development of a child’s personality // Humanity. Science: Sat Art. by mat. XVII int. Stud. scientific-practical conf. Novosibirsk: SibAK, 2014. No. 2 (17). P. 209–217. 24. Yakovleva T.V. The relationship of aggressiveness with watching feature films in older teens // Uchen. app. University of Lesgaft. 2010. No. 6 (64). P. 123–127. 25. Youth culture and mass media / scientific editor V.K. Sergeev. M.: Silver threads, 2002. 200 p.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Leontyeva, T.V. (2019) Animated Cartoon As a Tool for Forming Family Models in Children of Different Ages, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 80–86. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-80-86 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Leontyeva Taisiya Viktorovna Postgraduate Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

86 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Pereverzeva M.V., Doctor of Art Science, Associate Professor of the Department of Sociology and Philosophy of Culture, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 57201882586 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-2738 UDC 316; 304; 308 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-87-93 Family Policy in USA at the 21st Century As a Reflection of Sociocultural Values of Modern American Society

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 11.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: at the beginning of 21st century there were great changes in the family and marriage relationships of Americans. These changes require scientific judgment and finding solutions of the USA family and marriage institution’s problem. In the article there are considered the principles of American family policy developed at the beginning of 21st century, such as treatment a family as separate cell, providing equal possibilities of men and women in marriage и equivalence of family and work. Common American families are dominated by spousal parity, which allows women to achieve high results not only in the household or upbringing of children, but also in careers, science, and profession. New family policy of USA reflects sociocultural values of modern American society, in which a family performs democratic function in society (but not childbearing, as it was before and defined a sense of traditional family) and at the same time remains important and irreplaceable social institute. Key words: USA, family policy, modern society, social values, 21st century, family cell, gender roles, equal possibilities of men and women, marriage culture. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction The American generation of the beginning of the 21th century has faced a paradox situation: the declared formal equality between men and women clashed with fulfilling the traditional gender roles, which prescribed to follow the opposite and sometimes contradictory purposes, where contradictions were either in the norms themselves or between the declared values and reality as well. The changes of family’s structure could not but affect the American society. The decline in marriages, the growing number of divorces and couples living separately, raising number of cohabiting unmarried couples, increasing number of children born out of wedlock, increasing number of single parent families managed by women, a reduction in fertility and family size; changes in the distribution of family responsibilities due to the increasing involvement of women in the labor force, participation of both parents in the upbringing of a child have had an impact on the formation of a new field of science. As it is known, family “changes and develops together with society, staying the most stabile and conservative element of it, and being owner moral, cultural and social values” [16, p. 65]. At the same time “leading socio-cultural principles of USA were the independence and freedom of the individual, also influenced the art of the United States, which in many ways developed along the path of independence and freedom from the traditions of the past” [13, p. 841]. Ideas

87 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK of independence and freedom found reflection at the family policy of United States. “The USA state system, social mores, religious beliefs, art, literature, and philosophy are specific. The problems of freedom, democracy, social justice and human rights have been and remain one of the main issues for the American nation” [1, p. 1903]. The same problems were considered и resolved at the family policy of the USA. However, times have changed and society faced with new challenges to which the US government has responded, including a number of crucial legislation relating to family and marriage. Methodology and methods Changing situation with regard to families and children, which began in the 1960s in the United States, caught many researchers by surprise. Presently, having different assessment of social impact, scientists from various ideological sectors view this change as an important and deep one. This area of science, brought to life mainly due to changes in the family, considered as social problem, has received a “family policy” name. A point that the state is characterized by the extreme individualism and moderate feminism [7] has also been taken into consideration that leads to the tolerance between the genders, including relation between spouses and members of a family. Principles of the USA family policy become obvious in process of analysis of legislation of American government and systematization of results of sociological and demographical data and researching of the scientists. This analysis became basic method of researching. Demographic and sociological studies show that the existing definitions, which evolved from the statutory definition of family in the second half of the 20th century, are no longer valid. In recent years, the term “family” was used in such a vague sense that the explanation of its particular importance. There are at least 10 formal English-language definitions for the definition of “family”, so development of this term has great important in context of considering problem. While the traditional definition of “family” imply a mandatory blood relationship, adoption, marriage, the official concept of “family” includes also other forms of interaction within a family, based on a mutual housekeeping and income distribution. Thus, the “family” can be regarded as a mutual socio-economic structure, equally important in a civil society and a free market. Hence, the policy, that impacts family formation and its welfare, is rather widespread and diverse. Under the “family policy” many American researchers imply “any government action in response to problems or needs of the family” [11, p. 425]. They believe that the “family policy” in the USA appeared after the Second World War. Indeed, the USA Congress has been consistently dealing with issue of the family policy since the middle of the 20th century. Since 1945, a family law was adopted in each state. In the period from 1945 to 2005 the State formulated and proposed to consider more than 5000 various bills aimed at maintaining the family [3, p. 67]. Three general question-arguments that continue to influence the family policy in the U.S. were revealed during the struggle for a definition of the “family” for the development of legislation. They are the following: Is there only one real type of family structure? Can nontraditional families create the same kind of social stability, which is implied by the traditional family structure and values? Should the family be a dynamic structure reflecting the real social, economic, and demographic changes, or must the family be a static structure? What are the appropriate gender roles and places of men and women in a family and at a workplace? May the State avoid defining these roles in the creation of family and employment policies? [19, p. 39] Results In the process of creating family policy, there were debates and ideological battles about the values of modern society. As a result, by the 21st century there was such a picture of family- marriage relations, which reflects the modern state of American society and the value-legal culture of the country.

88 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

The most popular traditional shape of the family in the United States consists of cohabitants – the family cell, headed by married partners of opposite sexes having under- aged children. The male spouse assumes the role of primary breadwinner; a typical reason for his leaving family is death. In the most rigorous interpretation of this arrangement, women are not supposed to be involved in work. Despite the predominance of this approach, the concept of “cohabiting family cell” as a normative family structure in the United States mostly belongs to the time of the industrial period of American history. Since the 1930th families have become the standard unit of analysis for economic and social policy, and both families and employers of the private sector have become inseparably tied. The State and industry encouraged people to create and support such families. Sociologist М. Hill noted, that prerequisite for the formation of such a social policy was the desire to «shield families from economic hardship by protecting the main breadwinner from serious complications in the labour market or by guaranteeing the income of young children or elderly women to death who lost their main breadwinner» [6, p. 37]. Looking at the concept of the «family» in a context of changing historical perspectives, it could be noted, that the family public policies have been based so far on several major postulates while making political decisions [14, p. 6]. Firstly, a «family» was defined as the «cell» consisting of a husband, wife and minors during the New Deal era. Secondly, a husband / father, as expected, was a main breadwinner, while a female spouse did not work outside home, especially before minors reached the school age. Thirdly, the most likely cause of loss of the male breadwinner was death. Fourthly, only cohabiting persons were considered to be parties of the family dell. Finally, the fifth, the family members unite and share the socio-economic resources. Whatever a problem was chosen as a central one for the family policy for consideration, it is important that policymaking has contributed to pragmatic adjustments based on the new reality of American families instead of sticking to the old normative ideal of the cohabiting family cell. If a pragmatic approach does not lead to a change in the policy, so the family policy itself would be ineffective and possibly harmful. The traditional definition of family as a «cohabiting union» was re-emphasized by the United States Congress in acts of 1993 and 1996. The Family Medical and Leave Act, passed by Congress in 1993 [5], established that employers grant employees leave from work for illness or to care for a sick family member, or newborn child. Employers were obliged to keep a workplace for an employee who went on leave. In this law, Congress approved the concept of family as a community that includes a spouse, son, daughter or parent, but did not define them as cohabiting. In 1996, The Defense of Marriage Act [4] defined the term «spouse», taking into account the State’s position on same-sex marriage. The law stated that a spouse is defined as a husband or wife, but of the opposite sex from his or her partner. However, cohabitation again was not a sign of family relationships. In addition to changes in marriage and fertility, there have been substantial changes in the nature of cohabitation. Mates, which probably are not «family members» in the traditional «cell» sense, can function as a family structure for the social and economic purposes. These families may include same-sex partners, unmarried heterosexual partners or members of an extended family. A new sociological and demographic analysis concludes that the family, as a mutual socio-economic construct, is a dynamic phenomenon whose definition must change to correspond the needs of contemporary American citizens and civil society. The normative definition of the family in the early of 21st century is not relevant in America. Expanded family cells in the United States significantly changed in the 1990s. While traditional families continued to be the family’s normative ideal, an increase in divorce rates, changes in female home ownership rates and an increase in extramarital fertility began to alter the validity of family life and the adequacy of existing family policy in US.

89 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Together, these changes create a challenge to making policy decisions about the family: most of the US social and family policies were based on waiting for the state’s supporting for single mothers after the death of their spouse, who was the main breadwinner in the family as cell of cohabiting spouses. The failure of this approach became evident during development and implementation of The aid to families with dependent children program and The temporary assistance to need families program [14, p. 8–9]. In fact, today the loss of the main breadwinner as a result of divorce is a more frequent situation as a death of breadwinner. And a more effective family policy seems to be one that implies support for cherished family members in case of loss of the main breadwinner for various reasons (divorce, death, inability to provide for the family). In addition to changes in marriage, fertility and legislation, the nature of cohabitation has also changed. Cohabitants may function not as family members but as family structure for social and economic purposes. Such families may consist of same-sex or unmarried cohabitants. According to US Census data obtained in 2007, up to 20% of citizens lived with someone who is not their family member. Industrialized countries (USA, France, , Italia, Canada, etc.) now allow the person’s possibility to claim the benefit in case of illness or death of their partner, who is not a relative or family member. The level of State involvement in defining gender roles in the family and at work determines the content of family policy in American society. Thanks to the feminist movement, social and family policies were developed mostly because of awareness of the broader functions of women than mothers and wives. The US government legitimized the American women possibility to become the main breadwinner in the family. This was initiated by post-war socio-economic factors that forced legislation to change regarding gender responsibilities in the family. While working women were 31% in the 1950s, by the 2000s their proportion had increased to 75%. According to the 2007 United States Census, only 15% women were fully employed in the household, while half a century ago the housewives were about 70%. According to research by P. Burstein, M. Bricher, and R. Eimvoher [3] concerning US laws regarding the family’s and society’s state, American family policy in the 20th century was based on three principles: the treatment a family as separate cell, providing equal possibilities of men and women in marriage и equivalence of family and work. The first principle reflects the definition of the family as a separate unit and the notion that women do not have to enter the public sphere of paid work and pursue careers. The principle of family as a separate cell restricted the access of American women to the labour market and allowed for inequality in wage levels. At the same time, it retained the traditional concept of family, which remained important in American society to this day. The development of the country’s economy and feminist movement in the second half of the 20th century led to a revision of this principle and led to the formation of a State concept of equal opportunities. It implies the right of women to the same vacancies and pay levels available to men at the legislative level. Traditional gender roles in American families began to change gradually [9, p. 49]. As a result of the strengthening of the social and labor role of women in American society, the rate of marriage has begun to decline. Factors contributing to this trend are the postponement of marriage for the sake of career and financial stability, the increase in the divorces number related to the increase in the number of working women and the strengthening of women’s confidence in their ability to support the family. The improvement of women’s economic status has also led to the independence of children’s fertility from family position (marriage and dependence from husband). By comparison, in the middle of the 20th century, only 6% of children were born by unmarried women, compared to 32% of children by the late 1990s (according to Smith [17; 18]). The proportion of adults who are unmarried and without children is also rising in the United States during three decades (from 16% in the 1970s to 33% in the 2000s). And this trend is evident among both the white and colored population of the United States: modern Afro- and Latinoamerican women also

90 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 prefer to be independent and have children later than they did it 20–30 years ago [8]. The same tendency appears in Russian society [20]. As a result of the equation of the sexes’ rights, a third principle of equality of family and work was formed. It implies the existence of rules that should regulate employers in such way that workers with family responsibilities, whether male or female, are able to take care of their children if necessary. This principle has established the right of both sexes to care for family members: today in the United States fathers raise and care for children equally with mothers, and men receive sick leave or care leave on an equal basis with women, and after divorce both spouses can assume the duties of main breadwinner. In the middle of the 20th century, the principle of the family as a separate cell was reflected only in the 15% of legislative acts, while the 23% of laws was aimed at supporting the sphere of equivalence of family and work and 59% was connected with equal opportunities of men and women. The last two principles have been strengthened in the last three decades. The industrialization of society eliminated the need for an extended family and participation in joint work. Women, having received rights in society, were ready to work and achieve successes equal to men, first of all to solve problems of marriage (upbringing of children, provision of family, divorce, etc.). Priorities had been shifted to equal opportunities, and by 1990s some 30 State acts had been issued to ensure gender equality in the family. In the 1980s, the concept of a family and work equivalence received political support. During this period, family subsidy programs were implemented and two important laws were adopted; they required employers to be gender neutral with regard to child benefit, dismissal, etc., as well as to guarantee leave to care for a sick child to any parent, father or mother [2]. Gender equality led to such situation as about a third of doctoral theses being defended by women in America in the 2000s (there were about 10% of them in the 1970s), 22% of married couples had higher education levels for wives than their husbands (whereas 30 years ago there were fewer than 11% of such families), with nearly 30% of American women earning more than their husbands (compared to 12% of them three decades earlier, according to the Wirpool Foundation). Therefore, modern Americans build interaction in the family not by norms of mutual guardianship, assistance and control, but by principle of self-realization, individualization, purposeful development of the personality of each family member, including the child, as well as the development of the ability to independently make responsible decisions and find solutions in difficult life situations [15]. The family today guarantees a person stability in the rapidly changing conditions of the surrounding world, oriented to the individuality of each person [12]. Conclusion Thus it is important to note that for the last decades the American society has been facing with the new challenges of the marriage and family structure originated by the influence of external and internal factors. A special form of the family, the traditional family cell, is on the verge of extinction. Families look more and more often like a business partnership between two adults. Today, a marriage is understood as the path to self-actualization. Self-actualization if a person requires the presence of another, and a partner in a marriage is chosen, mainly to be a personal companion. In other words, the function of the moral and psychological support of an individual takes the first place among the family functions, rather than birth and upbringing of children, joint household management as it was during the previous decades. In the United States, the family has been and remains the most important institution for the individual socialization, and is therefore considered one of the highest national values determinating the American way of life. That is why most Americans seek to maintain a reputation as a good citizen and family person, subjecting their life, behavior, interests to this goal. However, US family policy has serious changes caused by the evolution of life itself. Women’s rights to make their own decisions have had an impact on the US family structure:

91 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

American women have gained access to economic resources, and women’s viability goes for the benefit of the family and the entire American society. Today parity relations between spouses dominated in common American families, that allows women to achieve high results not only in the household or upbringing of children, but also in career, science and profession. The new US family policy reflects the sociocultural values of modern American society, in which the family performs a democratic function in society (rather than a child-parent function as previously meaning in a traditional family) and remains an essential and indispensable social institution. Today, marriage in America is perceived as a means to self-realization of the individual, and the partner is chosen as a companion. Moral and psychological support for the person, not the birth of children or joint household, comes first among family functions. The family become a business partnership between two adults. Hence the increase in the number of marriage contracts, financial independence of spouses, later birth of children, residence of spouses in different apartments, etc. The women’s movement ensured gender equality in the family and the real independence of women. And in the United States, moving away from the principle of the traditional family as an independent unit in favor of the principles of the equal opportunities of men and women and the equivalence of the family and work is considered as progress in the development of society and the sociocultural value of modernity, and gender equality is considered as a sign of civilized society. In doing so, the family becomes a place of universal agreement among all members for the benefit of each of them.

References 1. Anufrieva N.I., Anufriev E.A., Kazakova I.S., Pereverzeva M.V. National socio-cultural values of the USA and its reflection in musical culture // Opcion. Vol. 34. 2018. Special Issue 18. P. 1902–1928. 2. Bibbs T.D. Care dialogues: shifting family engagement from risk to rights in the USA // International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy. Vol. 12. 2018. Issue 1. Article 16. 3. Burstein P., Bricher M., Eimvoher R. Policy alternatives and political change: work, family, and gender on the congressional agenda, 1945–1990 // American Sociological Review. 1995. No. 60 (1). P. 67–83. 4. Defense of Marriage Act. URL: https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/house- bill/3396 (date of access: 12.09.2019). 5. Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993. URL: https://www.congress.gov/bill/103rd-congress/ house-resolution/71 (date of access: 12.09.2019). 6. Hill M. When is a family a family? Evidence from survey data and implications for family policy // Journal of Family and Economic Issue. 1995. No. 16 (1). P. 35–64. 7. Hofsted G. Differences and danger: features of national cultures and restriction in tolerance // Higher Educarion in Europe. Vol. XXI. 1997. No. 2. 8. Loomis L.S., Landale N.S. Cohabitation and childbearing among black and white american women // Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1994. No. 56. P. 949–962. 9. Mason K.O., Lu Y.-H. Attitudes toward U.S. women’s familial roles, 1977–1985 // Gender and Society. 1988. No. 2. P. 39–57. 10. Michael R.T. Why did the U.S. divorce rate double within the decade? // Research in Population Economic. 1988. No. 6. P. 367–399. 11. Monroe P. Family policy advocacy. Putting knowledge to work // Family Relations. No. 44 (4). P. 425–437. 12. Osnes G., Hök L., Yanli Hou O., Grady V., Grady J.D. Strategic plurality in intergenerational hand-over: Incubation and succession strategies in family ownership // Journal of Family Business Management. 2019. No. 9 (2). P. 149–174. 13. Pereverzeva M., Anufrieva N., Shcherbakova A., Anufriev E. USA music as a reflection of the national sociocultural values // International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development. M.: Russian State Social University, 2018. P. 840–846. 14. Rayman P., Bookman A. Creating a research and public policy agenda for work, family, and community // The evolving world of work and family: new stakeholders, new voices. Annals of the American Academy of political and social science. 1999. 211 p.

92 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

15. Reppond H.A., Bullock H.E. Reclaiming “good motherhood”: US mothers’ critical resistance in family homeless shelters // Feminism and Psychology. 2019. URL: https://doi. org/10.1177/0959353519870220. 16. Shvedova D.V. Development of American family relations in historical and sociocultural context of the end of 20th and beginning of 21st century // Vestnik MGUKI. 2011. No. 5 (43). P. 65–70. 17. Smith T.W. American Sexual Behavior: Trends, Socio-Demographic Differences, and Risk Behavior // National opinion research center. GSS Topical Report. No. 25. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1998. 18. Smith T.W. The emerging 21st century American family // National opinion research center. GSS Topical Report. No. 42. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1999. 19. Tankersley H. What of “family”? Defining the terms of the U.S. welfare state // The American Family: Understanding Its Changing Dynamics and Place in Society / Ed. by D. Wiseman. Charles Thomas Publisher, 2008. P. 21–37. 20. Tarasova E.O., Stegniy V.N., Kurbatova L.N., Okonskaya N.K., Getashvili M.A. A study of the relation between work and family life of Russian and American flight attendants // Astra Salvensis. Vol. 6. 2018. Issue 12. P. 221–232.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Pereverzeva, M.V. (2019) Family Policy in USA at the 21st Century As a Reflection of Sociocultural Values of Modern American Society, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 87–93. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-87-93 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Pereverzeva Marina Viktorovna Doctor of Art Science Associate Professor of the Department of Sociology and Philosophy of Culture Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

93 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Rogach O.V., Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Managerial Administration, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 57191411110 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-4575 Fedyakin E.A., Master Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected]

UDC 316; 352.07 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-94-101 Analysis of Tourist Attractiveness of the City District of Mytishchi

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 19.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: the article presents the results of the analysis of the tourist attractiveness of the city district of Mytishchi. The study was conducted in two stages. The first stage of the study included a survey of the population. The sample consisted of 50 people, including 39 local residents and 11 visitors. At the second stage, in order to clarify the problematic aspects of the formation of tourist attractiveness of the City district of Mytishchi, a sociological survey was conducted among employees of the district Administration and municipal cultural institutions (N=30). According to the results of the study, it was found that the tourist potential of the city district of Mytishchi according to residents has medium-low ratings. At the same time, the administration of the city district is experiencing a lack of financial and human resources to develop the tourist attractiveness of the territory. The involvement of local residents (investment and business activity) is also estimated by respondents at a low level. To date, the compensator of these dysfunctions is the activity of local authorities to promote local thematic festivals and competitions. The authors suggest the need to support this practice with social technologies for the development of tourist attractiveness of the municipality, including: technology of inter-municipal cooperation, technologies of public-private partnership, etc. Key words: municipal formation, municipal power, municipal authorities, tourist attraction, tourist potential, tourism. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction Globalization and Informatization lead to the fact that every year business, cultural and scientific ties between regions and countries become more intense 5; 8. Therefore, various types of tourism – from resort to business-are becoming increasingly popular in the world today 1. In modern conditions it is impossible to imagine the development of the national economy without the progressive development of tourism 11. Therefore, our country has a Strategy for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 6 and the Concept of the Federal target program « Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation for 2019–2025 7. Russian tourism is an important area of innovative development, which covers a wide range of tasks: from the resort pastime of the population and

94 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 ending with business issues in the field of migration and movement of people associated with professional activities 3; 10. Income from tourism activities can significantly Supplement the budget of municipalities 16. However, today, despite the growing popularity of famous tourist places and territories (primarily, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Krasnodar region, the city of the «Golden ring»), in Russia, the tourist attractiveness of many other less well-known municipalities is not sufficiently developed. This is largely due to the existing problems, in particular, undeveloped transport infrastructure, inefficient marketing policy, mistakes in the promotion of tourist services, lack of initiative of local authorities, lack of necessary financial support for the preservation of historical and cultural monuments. At the same time, most of these problems can be solved at the level of municipalities, which already has a significant number of examples 2. The analysis of literature sources on the subject of the study shows that today in the scientific community often the concept of “tourist attraction” is identified with the concept of “tourist potential”. For example, V.V. Slavin, considering the tourist attractiveness of the region, defines it as a set of objective and subjective characteristics, material and non-material factors that affect the results of tourist activity and determine the position of the region for tourists and subjects of tourist activity 14. This definition largely repeats the definition of tourism potential. For example, in the works of G.N. Zakharenko, V.D. Nesterenko, M.A. Sarancha, N.V. Svyatokho, tourist potential is considered as an existing set of natural and historical and cultural objects and phenomena (in fact, the same material and non-material factors), and economic, technological, social prerequisites (in fact, the same objective and subjective characteristics) for the organization of tourist activities in this territory 16; 15; 12; 13. Thus, it can be argued that the existing scientific interpretations of the concepts of “tourist attraction” and “tourist potential” illustrate a certain identity of approaches to understanding these categories. At the same time, it is necessary to distinguish these concepts and clarify the content of the tourist attraction of the municipality. In this case, the tourist attraction is a broader concept than the tourist potential, and actually includes it as an integral part. Tourist potential should be considered as only certain prerequisites for the organization of tourist activities in the municipality, while tourist attractiveness is already the result of appropriate activities for the development and actualization of tourist potential, the formation of appropriate tourist infrastructure. If we consider the concept of tourist attractiveness of a municipality in the framework of a process approach, its development should be defined as the process of setting goals and determining how to achieve them, activities that are limited in space and time, required for the implementation of a set of management resources. From the point of view of the system approach, the content of the tourist attractiveness of the municipality should be considered as a set of tourist potential and necessary resources aimed at increasing the attractiveness of the territory. Issues of tourism development and increasing the tourist attractiveness of the territory are under the jurisdiction of the Administration of the City district of Mytishchi. Today, in the structure of the city district Administration, the Department for physical culture, sports and tourism is the division whose activities would be directly related to the development of tourism. Its tasks in the field of organization of work in the direction of “tourism” include:  planning, organization and participation in various activities in the field of tourism;  interaction with other structural divisions of the city district Administration on tourism issues;  interaction with municipal institutions of the city district on tourism issues;  accounting for the implementation of activities in the field of tourism during the reporting period, preparation of analytical information for the Head of the city district administration on tourism.

95 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

In addition, certain issues in the field of tourism activities are resolved at the level of various divisions of the city district Administration (table 1).

Table 1 Structural subdivision Activities for the development of tourism Legal department Legal support for the organization and conduct of events in the field of tourism Department of social and eco- Interaction with business entities in the field of tourism nomic development Department for regulation of Development of proposals for the regulation of business activities in tariff-price and tax policy the field of tourism Capital construction manage- Organization of repair of objects of historical and cultural heritage, ment maintaining them in good condition Department of housing and Preservation of objects of historical and cultural heritage, solution of communal services and im- problematic issues in the provision of housing and communal services provement Department of urban develop- Preservation of historical and cultural heritage ment Management of land and Preservation of land Fund and integrity of objects of historical and property relations cultural heritage Department of territorial Preservation of the territorial integrity of historical and cultural heri- policy tage sites Control Directorate Control of budget expenditures in the field of organization and con- duct of tourism activities Department of culture Interaction with youth associations and the public on the organization and conduct of tourism activities Department of transport and Interaction with municipal institutions of the district and the public road management on tourism issues, development of tourist routes, excursions, exhibi- tions, etc. Financial management Organization of activities for the development of transport infrastruc- ture, accessibility to the attractions of the city district The Department of consumer Financing of activities related to the organization and conduct of market and services various events in the field of tourism on the basis of the formed and approved budget Division of the press service Interaction with business entities in the field of tourism

Methodology The purpose of the study was to assess the tourist attractiveness of the municipality (Mytishchi urban district). The study was conducted in two stages: in August-September 2019 and in October–November 2019. The first stage of the study included a survey of the population. The sample consisted of 50 people, including 39 local residents and 11 visitors. Among the residents of the City district of Mytishchi, the survey was conducted using online methods (in the social network Vkontakte). Visitors were asked questions when visiting the City district of Mytishchi, as a key method was used questionnaire, which was supplemented by the method of observation. The second stage of the study. In order to clarify the problematic aspects of increasing the tourist attractiveness of the City district of Mytishchi, a sociological survey was conducted among employees of the district Administration and municipal cultural institutions. A total of 30 people participated in the survey. The survey was conducted in the form of a conversation, including during cultural events and festivals. 96 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Results The survey showed that the city district of Mytishchi has a fairly high tourist potential. During the survey, it was allowed to specify several components of the tourist potential Of the city district of Mytishchi. Respondents were more likely to appreciate the advantages of the natural environment and recreational resources of the territory under consideration (84% of respondents). 78% of respondents indicated the attractiveness of visiting historical monuments, cultural and religious buildings. Cultural events held in the territory under consideration and folk crafts were identified by 74% of the respondents. The goodwill of local residents was highly appreciated, which contributes to the tourist attractiveness of the territory and the desire to visit it again (68% of respondents). Components such as tourism infrastructure and information support for tourism activities received the lowest rating. They were noted by only 30% and 24% of respondents, respectively. Among the main problems of developing the tourist potential of the territory, local residents pointed to the insufficient development of tourism infrastructure. Among the interviewed visitors, the prevailing opinion was that there was insufficient information support from local authorities and commercial structures in the implementation of the tourist product-tourists simply did not know about many places of display. In addition, the respondents referred to the insufficiently developed tourism infrastructure – a limited number of catering and accommodation facilities, low level of service, problems of transport accessibility of display facilities (this was indicated by unorganized tourists visiting Mytishchi independently, not as part of organized groups). According to the majority of respondents from the number of employees of the Administration, the main problem of the development of tourist attractiveness Of the city district of Mytishchi is insufficient funding from budget sources (93% of respondents). Another important aspect is the lack of marketing and advertising activities to promote the tourist attractiveness of the territory. This was indicated by 73% of respondents. Lack of professional staff in the field of tourism was noted by 63% of respondents. The situation of competition for the attention of tourists when being near the City district of Mytishchi other territories that have a high tourist potential and traditional interest from visitors, especially Moscow, looks quite complicated. In addition, the city district of Mytishchi is bordered by other territorial entities of the Moscow region, which have a comparable tourist potential, primarily in the field of natural and recreational resources, the presence of historical, cultural and religious monuments, and the development of transport infrastructure. Such territories include , , and Krasnogorsk city districts located in the immediate vicinity of the territory under consideration and adjacent to Moscow. 90% of respondents pointed to a rather difficult competitive situation in the field of attracting tourists. At the same time, the low attractiveness of tourist display objects for the youth of the country is particularly difficult (37% of respondents). Insufficient business activity of local residents was noted by more than 50% of respondents as one of the problems of development of tourist attractiveness Of the city district of Mytishchi. The most acute issue, according to 67% of respondents, is the issue of sponsorship, investment and business activities of local residents. This position is correlated with a number of studies in which local residents point to the limitation of their importance in solving issues of local importance to the role of “donor to the government”. This approach to the interpretation of the contribution of local residents to the solution of territorial development issues becomes a barrier to the establishment of a constructive dialogue between the authorities and representatives of local communities in order to develop the tourist attractiveness of the city district of Mytishchi. The results of the study showed that 73% of respondents highly appreciate the work of the Administration to promote national traditions in the provision of tourist services. Every year since 2011, carried out ethnic-cultural festival “Tea drinking in Mytishchi”, which summarizes,

97 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK discusses good practices and problematic issues in the development of the tourism activities in Mytishchi, a dialogue between the representatives of the local authorities (Administration and Council of deputies), the public (Commission for preservation of national values, development of tourism and culture of the Public chamber) and the business community. To activate the activities of organizations working in the field of tourism, since 2015, the festival has held a competition “Leader of the Mytishchi tourism industry” in the categories:  Best Manager of reception and accommodation of guests;  Best travel agent;  Best maid. In addition, within the framework of the festival “tea Party in Mytishchi”, a competition of thematic cuisines is held among public catering enterprises. Within the framework of the festival, various competitions are organized for the public as well. For example, in 2016 it was the “Brand of the district”, in 2017 – “Over a Cup of tea” and “Tales of the land of Mytishchi”. In 2018, a competition of virtual excursions “Meet: Mytishchi district”was held. Its purpose was as follows:  identifying interesting ideas and directions for the development of domestic tourism in Mytishchi district;  creating an attractive image and promoting the district in the field of tourism at the regional and Federal levels;  civil-patriotic education through local history and research activities;  create virtual tours of local topics to increase the tourist appeal in social networks. The competition was held from February 1 to June 30. Everyone could take part in it, without age restriction. The choice of theme is free. Each author chose excursion objects independently. A virtual tour lasting up to 10 minutes was supposed to be a complete story about the tourist route. Competition Commission, composed of representatives of district administration, local historians, journalists were evaluated on the following criteria: relevance of the topic and the extent of its disclosure, creative approach, originality of ideas, choice of excursion sites, the accuracy of the material, the logical structure of the tour, the language features of the text, level of complexity of the means used for presentation. The winners of the contest were recognized as the authors of “Legends and was the Mytishchi water” and “the Road to the Church of the Nativity village Ostashkovo”. Special awards were awarded to the authors of the works “a Little about Perlovka”, “Green light cities”, “Virtual journey through the city of Mytishchi”. Also, in addition to the festival “tea Party in Mytishchi” in the city district, on the initiative and support of local authorities, other major events of cultural and ethnographic orientation are periodically held, such as the international festival of puppet theaters “tea Party in Mytishchi” and the international theater festival “Moscow evenings”. Analysis of internal documents and reports of the Administration of the city district of Mytishchi showed that there are a number of problems and dysfunctions in the activities of its structural divisions for the development of tourist attractiveness of the territory. 1. Low annual rate of increase in the influx of tourists. According to the Administration of the city district of Mytishchi in 2017, the territory was visited by 262 thousand people. in 2018, the figure was 263.5 thousand people, an increase of 0.5%. In 2019, the growth of tourist traffic was 0.6%, reaching 265 thousand people. Thus, during 2017–2019, there is a positive dynamics of increase in tourist traffic, but the growth indicators are insignificant, at the level of statistical error. This situation indicates that the tourist potential of the destination and the effectiveness of its use in the tourism industry changes slightly over several years, which is seen as shortcomings of local authorities. 2. Lack of coordination activities of the Department for physical culture, sports and tourism for the development of technologies for the development of tourist attractiveness of the municipality. To date, the implementation of functions for the development of tourist attractiveness of the

98 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 territory is dispersed across several structural divisions of the Administration of the city district of Mytishchi. At the same time, each structural unit performs its tasks, often without coordinating it with other units. 3. Insufficiently developed mechanisms for measuring the achievement of planned indicators of tourism development. The main indicator is the tourist flow, which is recorded by the Department of physical culture, sports and tourism on the basis of data on organized tours, reports of municipal cultural institutions on visitors to events. At the same time, it is difficult to account for single tourists who travel outside of organized groups. 4. The goal is to achieve economic performance indicators that do not allow us to assess the long-term prospects of tourist attractiveness. The administration of the city district of Mytishchi annually analyzes the volume of commercial services rendered in the field of tourism by municipal cultural institutions and commercial structures (boarding houses, sanatoriums, recreation centers). But this does not take into account the possibility of strategic development of tourist infrastructure, which imply long-term investments and only a gradual return, but contribute to a progressive increase in tourist flow. Discussion The effectiveness of the formation of tourist attractiveness of a municipality is determined by economic factors, which include financial resources, private investment, and, most importantly, the level of development of tourist infrastructure. To solve the problems of increasing the tourist attractiveness of the city district of Mytishchi and the development of various types of tourism can be, in particular, by increasing investment in tourism infrastructure by attracting funds on the basis of concession agreements, public-private and municipal-private partnerships, life cycle contracts and special investment contracts, improving measures to support small and medium-sized businesses in the field of tourism, development of the information environment. At the same time, it should be assumed that the activities of local authorities to develop the tourist attractiveness of municipalities should be systematic. Conclusions Under the tourist attractiveness of a municipality, it is necessary to consider a complex characteristic that reflects the level of demand for territorial tourist services and the corresponding level of satisfaction of tourist needs. The existing heterogeneity of natural resources, the high level of differentiation of Russian regions and municipalities in terms of tourist infrastructure development and budget profitability, make it necessary to consolidate various resources of municipalities in order to develop tourist attractiveness. The success of this process is largely determined by the activities of local authorities. The analysis shows that today in Russian municipalities there are systemic problems and limiting factors that affect the success of management of the development of tourist attractiveness of territories. On the example of the city district of Mytishchi, we can conclude that this territory has a high tourist potential, which is determined by the rich natural and recreational resources, the presence of historical and cultural monuments. It should be recognized that the importance of tourism for the development of Mytishchi city district is difficult to overestimate: this is due to the potential for active promotion of the territory on the tourist market in the hope of attracting Russian and foreign tourists. Issues of tourism development and increasing the tourist attractiveness of the territory are under the jurisdiction of the Administration of the City district of Mytishchi. Today, in the structure of the city district Administration, the Department for physical culture, sports and tourism is the division whose activities would be directly related to the development of tourism. In addition, certain issues in the field of tourism activities are resolved at the level of various divisions of the city district Administration. At the same time, the survey showed that the main problems of the development of the tourist potential of the territory should include:

99 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

1) insufficient development of tourism infrastructure (limited number of catering and accommodation facilities, low level of service, problems of transport accessibility of tourist display facilities); 2) insufficient information support from local authorities and commercial structures in the implementation of the tourist product. In addition, a survey conducted among employees of the Administration of the city district of Mytishchi and municipal cultural institutions showed that the problems of developing the tourist attractiveness of the territory in question are: insufficient funding for tourism development from budget sources; insufficient marketing and advertising activities to promote the tourist attractiveness of the territory; lack of professional staff in the field of tourism; high competition with other nearby territories for the attention of tourists, primarily with Moscow; insufficient business activity of local residents in the field of tourism; lack of modern information developments to attract tourists, etc. Also in the Administration of the city district of Mytishchi in the development of tourism attractiveness of the area and identified a number of systemic problems: insufficient mechanisms to measure the achievement of planned targets of development of tourism; focus on achieving economic performance indicators to evaluate the long-term prospects of tourist attraction. The presence of these problems requires a targeted approach to the development of tourist attractiveness of the city district of Mytishchi through the use of technologies of inter-municipal cooperation, as well as technologies to enhance the investment climate of the territory.

References 1. Frolova E.V., Kabanova E.E., Medvedeva N.V. The development of inner tourism: problems and prospects under the modern Russian conditions // Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism. Vol. 7. 2016. No. 1 (13). P. 126–132. 2. Frolova E.V., Rogach O.V., Kabanova E.E., Medvedeva N.V., Shimanskaya I.Y. Tendencies and Prospects of tourism industry in Russia: sociological analysis of stereotypes among population during tourism trips // European Research Studies Journal. Vol. 20. 2017. No. 2B. P. 308–320. 3. Frolova E.V., Ryabova TM., Rogach O.V. Training as a factor in the development of the tourism industry in the Russian Federation // Prospects of science and education. 2019. No. 5 (41). P. 503–516. 4. Gordon A. What to see and how to see it: tourists, residents, and the beginnings of the walking tour in nineteenth-century Quebec City // Journal of Tourism History. Vol. 6. 2013. No. 1. Р. 74–90. 5. Kabanova E.E., Frolova E.V., Medvedeva N.V., Vinichenko M.V., Shimanskaya I.Y. Cultural and educational tourism in the Russian Federation: Basic problems and development resources // International Review of Management and Marketing. Vol. 6. 2016. Special Issue (S5). P. 206– 210. 6. Order Of the government of the Russian Federation of 31.05.2014 No. 941-R (ed. of 21.03.2019) “On approval of the strategy for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020”. 7. Order of the government of the Russian Federation of 05.05.2018 No. 872-R (ed. of 11.07.2019) “On approval of the Concept of the Federal target program “Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation (2019–2025)””. 8. Pearce P.L., Wu Mao-Ying. Soft infrastructure at tourism sites: identifying key issues for Asian tourism from case studies // Tourism Recreation Research. Vol. 40. 2015. No. 1. Р. 120–132. 9. Rodriguez-Giron, S., & Vanneste, D. Social capital at the tourist destination level: Determining the dimensions to assess and improve collective action in tourism // Tourist Studies. 2019. No. 19 (1). P. 23–42. 10. Rogach O.V. Analysis of factors of formation of tourist attractiveness of municipalities // Urbanistics. 2019. No. 1. P. 102–110. 11. Rogach O.V., Frolova E.V. Methodological approaches to the analysis of the development of tourist attractiveness of municipalities in modern socio-economic conditions // Social policy and sociology. Vol. 18. 2019. No. 2 (131). P. 117–124.

100 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

12. Sarancha M.A. From reflections on the development of tourist systems // Bulletin of the Association of universities of tourism and service. Vol. 8. 2014. No. 3. P. 103–110. 13. Svyatokho N.V. Conceptual bases of research of tourist potential of the region // Theory and practice of management. 2007. No. 2. P. 30–35. 14. Slavin V.V. Tourist attractiveness of the region: concept, content, basic principles of formation // Questions of management. 2013. Vol. 1 (22). 15. Nesterenko V.D. The Essence and structure of the tourist and recreational potential of the territory // Service in Russia and abroad. Vol. 13. 2019. No. 2 (84). P. 8–15. 16. Zakharenko G.N. Tourist potential of a regional destination and the effectiveness of its use in the tourism industry (on the example of the Perm region): autoref. dis. SPb., 2011. 23 p.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Rogach, O.V. & Fedyakin, E.A. (2019) Analysis of Tourist Attractiveness of the City District of Mytishchi, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 94–101. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-94-101 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Rogach Olga Vladimirovna Candidate of Sociological Sciences Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Managerial Administration Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Fedyakin Yevgeny Alexandrovich Master Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

101 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Rogach O.V., Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Managerial Administration, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 57191411110 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3031-4575 Frolova E.V., Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Management and Managerial Administration, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 55511159600 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8958-4561 UDC 316.42 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-102-108 Resocialization of Citizens Discharged from Military Service: Key Problems and New Prospects

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 06.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: the article presents the results of the annual sociological survey of servicemen and citizens discharged from military service in the reserve, in terms of the analysis of modern Russian practice of implementing programs of resocialization of this social group (for 2018). Questionnaire survey was chosen as the key research method. The sample included 865 respondents with the status of “military pensioner”. The monitoring illustrates the heterogeneity of the implementation of measures to re-socialize citizens discharged from military service in the regional context. Estimates of the level of satisfaction of citizens discharged from military service in the direction of socio-psychological support illustrate a fairly low level of effectiveness of measures. Such results are also characteristic for assessing the completeness and quality of the implementation of regional programs of re-socialization of citizens in the field of professional development and retraining. Medical care of this social category, according to the results of monitoring, is at a satisfactory level in comparison with other areas of resocialization. The respondents identified the following as the most popular areas of re-socialization: early career guidance work during military service; comprehensive measures for the development of self-employment and the development of remote forms of employment in the regions; the creation of a single information resource in the subjects of the Russian Federation, etc. Key words: military pensioner, military service, retired, resocialization, social policy, social security. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction The pension system of citizens is the most important sphere of social and economic policy of the modern state. The relevance of this issue is associated with a number of socio-economic trends characteristic of most developed and developing countries: the change in the ratio of the economically employed and disabled population, the increase in the proportion of older people in the population, the transformation of the retirement age into a long stage of life development. The social structure of modern pensioners is very heterogeneous. A special category consists of citizens engaged in early retirement due to the specifics of professional activity. This category

102 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 includes military pensioners. The re-socialization of servicemen discharged into the reserve in the conditions of civil society is a process and result of achieving a new socio-economic status and mastering a new profession in the civil sphere of life, adaptation to other environmental conditions, norms and behavioral models 4; 5. The change of residence, employment, and, consequently, the change in living conditions, the change of roles that husbands and wives have to perform, the emergence of a new circle of persons included in the relationship, the expansion of the range of issues solved at the family level and the need to make appropriate decisions, causes a high level of anxiety, stress and apathy, which requires a focused approach to solving these problems 8. Retired military personnel are mostly able-bodied people who, due to changes in environmental conditions, transformation of social and professional role, acquire the status of a social risk group. Retirement often leads to the risk of impaired psychological health of the individual, emotional depression and high levels of anxiety 12. Of particular importance here is the type of transition to post-labor relations, assessment of the perception of this process in the categories of voluntariness or coercion 3. Dissatisfaction with the conditions of retirement, mismatch pension expectations of the real situation after the dismissal of the soldier, becomes a factor in the growth of social tension, the formation of protest moods 10. Therefore, an integrated approach (combining economic and psychological practices) to the strategies of re-socialization of citizens discharged from military service as a social group characterized by early and unexpected retirement is important 11. At the same time, there is a certain contradiction between the need to confirm their demand in the labor sphere, social significance, and real opportunities, which are characterized by a decrease in the level of solvency and the restriction of social contacts 6. This circumstance actualizes the need for pension planning, the creation of favorable employment conditions after retirement, providing positive reinforcement of pension expectations 9. Of interest is the study of financial security, targeted activities of public authorities to equalize the socio-economic situation of different categories of citizens 8. The effectiveness of resocialization strategies of military pensioners is determined by the achievement of a certain level and quality of life of this category of citizens 10, reducing the proportion of military retirees living in poverty 14. The Central component of the re-socialization programs are measures to ensure sustainable employment of citizens discharged from military service, their retraining for specialties in demand in civilian life 13. The results of modern research illustrate the fact that in order to prevent discrimination of military pensioners in the labor market, it is necessary to develop a targeted approach to the information support of pre-retirement planning, to the organization of career guidance activities and Advisory support for this category of citizens 15; 16. A number of studies demonstrate a close relationship between the processes of resocialization and the quality of medical care for military pensioners 2. The focus of attention is aimed at maintaining physical activity, providing a full package of health insurance 4. The analysis of modern publications on this subject allows to center research interest on the issues of complex support of the processes of re-socialization of citizens discharged from military service. Of particular relevance is the diagnosis of satisfaction of military pensioners with the program measures of state support in terms of medical care, training and / or retraining in today’s popular specialties, subsequent employment. Methodology The information base includes the results of a sociological study conducted by the author’s team in the framework of the annual monitoring of the socio-economic and legal status of citizens discharged from military service, and members of their families (research No. 18- K-11-090 (1381-05/18) from 04.06.2018). The study was conducted in June-September 2018. The sample included 865 respondents with the status of “military pensioner”. Signs of

103 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK representation – age, region of residence. Questionnaire survey was chosen as the key research method. The questionnaire was posted on the Google platform. In order to prevent the bias of the sample on the territorial basis, an additional mailing was made through public organizations of military pensioners. Results The situation on the labor market is developing for this category of citizens, as a rule, unfavorably, since most of the dismissed servicemen either do not have a civil specialty, or during the service they have lost knowledge and skills on it. It is especially difficult to employ former officers of command and humanitarian profiles. According to the survey, 41.5% of military pensioners do not work and live only on retirement. At the same time, almost half of the citizens discharged from military service noted that the level of well-being of their family is in the medium – low range – “there is enough money for life, but you have to save for essential purchases” (48.9%) – with a downward trend. In this regard, the vast majority of military personnel discharged into the reserve needs active professional guidance and information and advice at the stage of service.

Table 1 Answer choice % Lack of jobs 14,3 Lack of conditions (opportunities) for work in the specialty 12,3 I study in an educational institution 6,5 My pension (allowance) is enough for me) 20,8 No desire to work 14,3 Family circumstances (raising a child, illness of one of the family members) 31,9

Special attention should be paid to the category of soldiers who took part in hostilities or served in a state of emergency, injured, concussion (injury). This group of citizens is in dire need of social, medical and psychological rehabilitation; special medical, dispensary and Spa services. The results of the study illustrate the need to optimize a number of key aspects of the social and legal situation of citizens discharged from military service and members of their families (table 2).

Table 2 Answer choice % Not fully satisfied 25,4 Overall not satisfied 41,9 Completely satisfied 4,7 Overall satisfied 28,0

Despite the dominant share of low ratings («completely dissatisfied», «generally dissatisfied») of the quality of implementation of measures of state support of regional authorities in the field of social security of citizens discharged from military service, combatants and their families, most of the citizens discharged from military service in the reserve, in assessing the activities of the authorities to provide veterans of military service, disabled military trauma, combatants, widows and children of dead servicemen with benefits and social guarantees adhere to the range of – «satisfactorily». Special attention should be paid to the need for interaction of military commissariats with the centers of social rehabilitation and adaptation, on the provision of citizens discharged from

104 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 military service with social, psychological and professional adaptation services. The results of monitoring, in the implementation of programs of psychological and professional adaptation, a significant part of the citizens discharged from military service in the reserve, appreciated the activities of Federal authorities in the mid-low range: satisfactory» (25,1%), «unsatisfactory» (20,3%). With almost half discharged from military service (45,5%) found it difficult to assess the activities of military commissariats, which can serve as an illustration of the failure of the work of the military commissariats in this direction. The results of the study confirm the findings. The majority of citizens discharged from military service (63.3%) do not know about the existence of regional programs of re-socialization. Thus, two-thirds of modern servicemen discharged from military service are not included in the re-socialization programs. One in five ex-servicemen is aware of the availability of programs, but is not a recipient of assistance (benefits), which also indirectly indicates the presence of dysfunctions of information provision on the issues of receiving assistance. The results of the study indicate the insufficient level of use of Internet resources for posting information on the socialization and integration of citizens discharged from military service under the contract with the right to pension: relevant regulations, coordinates of educational institutions and retraining centers, vacancies for retired military personnel, best practices and other useful information for the purpose of information and analytical support of the system of re-socialization and integration of citizens discharged from military service under the contract with the right to pension, legal advice. Despite this fact, the effectiveness of re-socialization programs in terms of employment and retraining is quite low. More than half of the citizens dismissed from military service, negatively estimated completeness and quality of implementation of regional programs of re- socialization of the dismissed military personnel in the sphere of employment (28,2% – «aren’t satisfied» and 29,7% – «rather aren’t satisfied»). It should be noted that more than one in five respondents found it difficult to choose an answer. These results may indicate the lack of complete information for citizens discharged from military service in the sphere of support for their employment. Such results are also characteristic for assessing the completeness and quality of the implementation of regional programs of re-socialization of citizens in the field of professional development and retraining. On this issue, the level of dissatisfaction of citizens dismissed from military service is slightly higher, and the number of those who found it difficult to answer reached 1/3. At the same time, regional programs of re-socialization do not ensure the formation of an adequate level of psychological support for the processes of social integration of dismissed servicemen into new conditions and spheres of civil activity. This circumstance increases the negative impact of personal and psychological factors of social adaptation and social integration of citizens discharged from military service, prevents the process of their unification with the new social environment. It should be noted that, according to the results of the study, psychological support and social adaptation of unemployed citizens from among the former servicemen in the labor market is the most important direction in the framework of comprehensive re-socialization programs. Almost half of the respondents (44.1%) assigned this item the highest level of demand. Estimates of the level of satisfaction of citizens discharged from military service in the direction of socio-psychological support illustrate a fairly low level of effectiveness of measures in this direction. The vast majority of respondents gave negative ratings (22.7% «rather dissatisfied», 31% «not satisfied»), every third (33.4% found it difficult to answer). During the study, respondents were asked to note the measures implemented in their region in the framework of programs of re-socialization of citizens discharged from military service. The most widespread in the regions were such measures as:

105 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

 organization of interaction with public organizations engaged in social support of military personnel (12,9%);  availability of medical care in military medical institutions (20,3%);  the availability of preferential SANATORNO-resort treatment (19,9%);  the support of public organizations of veterans of military service (11,5%). Among the measures that have not been widely adopted in the regions according to the respondents ‘ answers are the following:  assistance promotion of self-employment of unemployed citizens from among citizens discharged from military service (1,2%);  psychological support and social adaptation of unemployed ex-servicemen in the labour market (0.9%);  support for small and medium-sized enterprises (0.9%);  development of remote forms of employment (1.2%). The monitoring illustrates the heterogeneity of the implementation of measures to re- socialize citizens discharged from military service in the regional context. Discussion. Based on the results of the monitoring, the following were identified as key areas of work to ensure comprehensive re-socialization of citizens discharged from military service, who have a high level of demand among this social group: – Training, advanced training, retraining (early career guidance) during military service; priority right to higher education in a civilian specialty; retraining and retraining in demand in the labor market specialties); – Employment (organization of thematic job fairs for dismissed servicemen and citizens dismissed from military service; organization of temporary employment of citizens dismissed from military service within the framework of temporary employment of unemployed citizens; development of remote forms of employment; support in the implementation of small and medium- sized businesses, including the creation of peasant (farm) farms; promotion of self-employment of unemployed citizens from among citizens dismissed from military service); – Medical services (availability of medical care in military medical institutions; availability of preferential sanatorium treatment; psychological support and social adaptation of unemployed citizens from among former servicemen in the labor market; availability of institutions specializing in the rehabilitation of disabled military trauma); – Informational support (information support of citizens dismissed from military service for employment, training, health, social and other services; publishing and distribution of informative literature on issues of professional training and employment, social and psychological adaptation; use Internet resources for information on benefits citizens, coordinate training institutions and retraining centres, jobs for retired). Conclusions According to the results of monitoring, medical care of citizens discharged from military service, participants of military operations and members of their families, veterans of military service, invalids of military trauma is at a satisfactory level in comparison with other areas of life support of these categories of citizens. At the same time, within the framework of the study to ensure the comprehensive resocialization of these citizens in the field of medical care, the most popular ones included: the availability of preferential Spa treatment and the availability of medical care in military medical institutions. It can be concluded that to date the level of medical care and Spa treatment in specialized institutions under the jurisdiction of military units remains at a level higher than in similar civilian. According to the results of the monitoring, among the main directions of complex re-socialization in the sphere of information support of citizens discharged from military service, the process of their entry into the conditions of civil life, the following were identified:

106 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

– providing information support to citizens discharged from military service on employment, training, medical, social and other services; – use of Internet resources to create a single information resource for posting information on benefits, rights, coordinates of educational institutions and retraining centers, vacancies for the dismissed in the reserve. Thus, as the most promising (popular) areas of work to ensure comprehensive re-socialization of citizens discharged from military service, the possibilities of their development in order to improve the efficiency of social integration of this category of population in modern society can be identified: 1) early professional work during the period of military service; 2) implementation of complex measures for the development of self-employment of these categories of citizens and the development of remote forms of employment in the regions; 3) maintenance at the proper level of sanatorium treatment and provision of medical care in military medical institutions to citizens discharged from military service and members of their families; 4) creation of a single information resource in the subjects of the Russian Federation for placing information on benefits, rights, coordinates of educational institutions and retraining centers, vacancies for those dismissed in the reserve.

References 1. Bergman J.D., James A. The Crisis in Retiree Health Benefits // Journal of Aging & Social Policy. 2008. P. 153–168. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J031v02n03_12. 2. Burkert C., Hochfellner D. Employment Trajectories Beyond Retirement // Journal of Aging & Social Policy. 22 Jul. 2016. P. 1–25. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2016.12130 92. 3. Calvo E., Haverstick K., Sass S.A. Gradual Retirement, Sense of Control, and Retirees Happiness // Research on Aging. 2009. No. 31 (1). P. 112–135. URL: http://journals.sagepub. com/doi/abs/10.1177/016402750832470. 4. Depp C.A., Jeste D.V. Definitions and predictors of successful aging: A comprehensive review of larger quantitative studies // American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2006. No. 14. P. 6–20. 5. Foster L. Towards a new political economy of pensions? The implications for women // Critical Social Policy. 2010. No. 30 (1). P. 27–47. URL: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/ abs/10.1177/0261018309350807. 6. Gonzales E., Nowell W.B. Social Capital and Unretirementn Exploring the Bonding, Bridging, and Linking Aspects of Social Relationships // Research on Aging. 2016. URL: http://journals. sagepub.com/author/Nowell%2C+W+Benjamin. 7. Hills J. Inequality and the State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. 8. Jones I.R., Leontowitsch M., Higgs P. The Experience of Retirement in Second Modernity Generational Habitus Among Retired Senior Managers // Sociology. 2010. No. 44 (1). P. 103– 120. 9. Judy A. Siguaw, Xiaojing Sheng, Penny M. Simpson. Biopsychosocial and Retirement Factors Influencing Satisfaction with Life: New Perspectives // The International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 2017. 10. Moffatt S., Heaven B. Planning for uncertainty’: narratives on retirement transition experiences // Ageing & Society. 2016. 28 Jan. P. 1–20. 11. Noone J., O’Loughlin K., Kendig H. Australian baby boomers retiring ‘early’: Understanding the benefits of retirement preparation for involuntary and voluntary retirees // Journal of Aging Studies. 2013. No. 27 (3). P. 207–217. 12. Siu-man Ng., Lingli Leng, Qi Wang. Active Interest Mentorship for Soon-to-Retire People. A Self-Sustaining Retirement Preparation Program // Journal of Applied Gerontology. 2017. 13. Storms. R. Benefits That Save Retirement // Compensation & Benefits Review. Vol. 34. 2002. No. 1. P. 33–37. 14. Thane P. Old Age in English History, Past Experiences, Present Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

107 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

15. Van den Heuvel W.J. Discrimination against older people // Reviews in Clinical Gerontology. 2012. No. 22 (4). P. 293–300. 16. Weller C. Did Retirees Save Enough to Compensate for the Increase in Individual Risk Exposure? // Journal of Aging & Social Policy. 2010. P. 152–171. URL: http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/08959421003620921. 17. Weller C.E., Wenger J.B. & Gould E. A Prescription for More Retirement Income Security: Retiree Health Insurance Coverage in an Era of Declining Access to Employer-Sponsored Insurance // Journal of Aging & Social Policy. 2008. URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/ wasp20/current.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Rogach, O.V. & Frolova, E.V. (2019) Resocialization of Citizens Discharged from Military Service: Key Problems and New Prospects, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 102–108. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-102-108 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Rogach Olga Vladimirovna Candidate of Sociological Sciences Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Managerial Administration Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Frolova Elena Viktorovna Doctor of Sociological Sciences Professor of the Department of Management and Managerial Administration Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

108 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Rudakovskaya M.G., Master Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7768-5771 Sulyagina Yu.O., Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Managerial Administration, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] UDС 316.6; 378.1 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-109-118 “What are the Reasons for the Joy and Complaint of a First-Year Student?”: Analysis of Students’ Answers to Open Questions of the Questionnaire

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 16.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: the article is concerned with the analysis of students’ answers to open questions on the questionnaire about reasons of joy and displeasure at the university, and what could increase desire to attend a university. The article presents the results of a study conducted by the author with the aim of identifying conflictogenic factors, identifying the peculiarities of the adaptation of Moscow students and their motives for visiting a university. Based on the results of the analysis of the answers, the author made conclusions about important aspects for students, and also made recommendations for resolving the identified difficulties. Key words: students, adaptation, pedagogical conflictology, educational process in high school, student life, modern student. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction What is studenthood for the younger generation at present? What motivates a student when attending a higher educational institution and what difficulties or conflicts does a first- year student encounter in the first months of his studies? Teachers [18, p. 243], sociologists [1, p. 65], conflict experts [14, p. 120], psychologists [16, p. 36] and university staff were both interested in and interested in the answers to these questions [17, p. 103; 11, p. 310]. Interest in the topic is caused by constant changes in the behavior, education, perception of students and the world around them. And despite the fact that “You can’t teach, you can learn” (V.E. Meyerhold), university professors are faced with the search for new ways of presenting material for greater involvement and interest on the part of students, which entails the need to learn about life, difficulties and motivations of modern youth. The relevance of the aforementioned questions is confirmed by statistical data and the results of studies of past years on the topic of student motivation. Based on an analysis of statistical data from 2014, it is known that every fifth student in the Russian Federation for one reason or another leaves the university in the first two courses of study [8]. In one study, students note the vital area 109 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK of “Education” (along with health, family, creativity, work, etc.) of the latter in importance in answers to questions about the most important thing in life and indicators for success [5, p. 41]. Methodology The author of this article conducted a study among first-year students in the city of Moscow in order to identify conflict factors based on the difficulties they encounter during the adaptation period to university life. As a result, we used the interrogation method of collecting information. The survey was conducted among first-year students of various areas of training (“Philosophy”, “Design”, “Clinical Psychology”, “Document Management”, “Physical Culture”, etc.) in two universities: Russian State Social University (hereinafter – the Russian State Social University) and the Russian State University for the Humanities (hereinafter – RSUH). The study involved 131 first-year students (67 – RSSU, 64 – RSUH). The author conducted a study among undergraduate students enrolled in full-time and part-time education. In order to obtain data for further analysis, the author compiled a questionnaire containing 39 questions. The structure of the questionnaire consists of three large logical blocks: adaptation to student life; Conflicts “Passport” of students. Basically, the questionnaire contains closed and half-closed questions, which are placed in the first two blocks, but in addition to them, students were asked open questions, suggesting a detailed answer. The questionnaire for the study contained three open questions on a free and generalizing the whole student life topic: 1. What do you like the most and make you happy at the university? 2. What spoils your life at the university? 3. What could contribute to increasing your desire to attend a university? Results Based on students’ answers to open questions, the authors identified the exciting and motivating aspects of the primary problems of their student life, created by the “portrait” of a modern student. Moscow, also made proposals to address the identified problems. The question of possible answers is of great interest to researchers, as is the question. Training events, university infrastructure, social relationships, extracurricular activities within the university, the general atmosphere of the university and more. “Portraits” were distributed in all directions. Such an analysis can help university staff and teachers. Changes in character are the need for operational changes in the parameters of work with young students. The peculiarity of the teachers’ increased attention towards first-year students is that freshmen are rarely fully informed and aware of both their specialty and student life in general (to the question “Have you been aware of the university, specialty and student life?” 20.9% of the students chose the answer “Nothing was known”, 23.6% – “A little”, 32.1% – “Partially” and only 23.5% – “Full”). Discussion 1. Analysis of students’ answers to the question of what they like and what brings them joy at the university. Understanding of motivation consists of both positive qualities and aspects that are consistent with the wishes of students, meet their expectations and bring satisfaction, as well as negative situations and indicators that contribute to a decrease in motivation both to the educational process and to visiting the university as a whole. After calculating the results of the answers to the question about what a freshman likes best and what pleases him at the university, it was revealed that freshmen are most satisfied with communication and relationships with participants in the educational process (Tab. 1). The student’s answer to an open question is the answer that comes to his mind after reading the question first. Almost half of the students, as shown by the results of the analysis of the

110 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Table 1 The results of the analysis and classification of students’ answers to the open question “What do you like most and are you happy at the university?” Response Group Student Response Analysis Results (ratio of the number of selected answers to the number of all students who participated in the survey) Educational activities 36,6% University Infrastructure 10,7% Social relationships 48,9% Extracurricular activities inside the university 7,6% The general atmosphere of the university 22,1% Other 6,1% answers, associate their pleasant feelings and satisfaction from the university with the people who make up their circle of friends in the educational process. The author collected the following answers to the group «social relations»: – faculty (students noted the personal qualities of teachers, or specified the teacher) (22.9% of students answered); – communication with classmates (26%). The attention of students to the personality of the teacher confirms the assumption that the teacher needs to be modern, interesting and meet the expectations of the student, as well as be a leader for students, take the initiative and discipline the student group [10, p. 58]. The fact that students give answers to a question about pleasant things that are part of the general group of answers «educational activity» demonstrates the interest of some of the students in their specialty and / or disciplines. These and the following indicators, which the author of the study combined this group, were mentioned by students most often: – learning process (generalized answer) (6.9% of the students answered); – knowledge acquisition (6.9%); – schedule (4.6%); – An interesting presentation of the material (5.3%); – interesting subjects (11.5%). In addition to the sympathy of students for knowledge enrichment and the learning process, in general, students give answers regarding educational activities as a positive aspect of life, using the word «interesting». Due to the huge flow of information outside of school and the attempts of its authors to attract attention, it is becoming more difficult to interest a student during class. In the discussion on the topic of increasing the involvement of students in the educational process, we can mention the term «gamification». Long lectures containing only a scientific text, as well as an overabundance of new and previously unfamiliar terminology, may not be perceived by students against the background of the rest of the information that surrounds him in life outside the university. The introduction of gamification into the educational process has been considered as a positive experience for several years [13, p. 68; 19, p. 283], contributing to the student’s involvement in the educational process. Among the answers about liberal moods inside the university, about students’ abilities, the diversity of all spheres of life, in the group of answers «General atmosphere of the university», students noted the following indicators to a greater extent: – the atmosphere of the university itself (6.9% of the students answered); – freedom (time and schedule) (8.4%); – solidarity of university students (2.3%); – organization of student life (2.3%); – loyal approach to students (1.5%). 111 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Most freshmen noted positive – freedom. Freedom does not always mean the possibility of skipping classes and the lack of total control that was present in the school life of students (modern electronic diary systems, access control system and tracking by parents of the student’s movement), but also changes in the mode. Classroom activities do not always begin at 8:30, unlike school lessons, which began daily on weekdays. Sometimes classes at the university begin a little later, and end much earlier than school (Official website of the RSSU). The overall cohesion of students, the atmosphere in the university and the organization of student life are indicators that are closely related, including with a group of answers about extracurricular activities. Under extracurricular activities, the author presented the events that are held at the university, but are not directly related to the educational process. 7.6% of students wrote the above activities as a positive component of their university life.

Table 2 The results of the analysis of students’ answers to the question “In your opinion, what will contribute to the reduction of conflict in the university?” Answer options Positive effect No effect (the ratio of the number (the ratio of the number of selected answers «Con- of selected answers «Will tribute» and «More likely not contribute» and «More yes» to the number of all likely not» to the number students who participated of all students who partici- in the survey) pated in the survey) Student cohesion 89,3% 10,7% Studying the course “Conflictology” 61,1% 38,9% Creation of a conflict management service 55,7% 44,3% Conducting events with the participation of 60,3% 39,7% Students and teachers Tightening discipline requirements 16,0% 84,0% Increased freedom for students 58,0% 42,0% Teacher training 72,5% 27,5% Improvement of the educational process 79,4% 20,6% organization system Raising the level of culture of parties to the 86,3% 13,7% conflict

It is worth noting that in the study conducted by the author, one of the questions for students was the question «In your opinion, what will contribute to the reduction of conflict in the university?». Students in the question were offered a list of options that needed to be evaluated on the scale presented. The results of the responses are generalized to the positive impact (students noted the option «Contribute» or «Rather yes») and the negative impact («Rather no», «Will not contribute») (Tab. 2). Most students believe that contributing to the reduction of conflict can increase student cohesion and increase the level of culture of participants in the conflict. Such a choice of answers may mean that students need a friendly atmosphere inside the university to reduce conflicts. The positive atmosphere in the team can be affected by both extracurricular activities and intragroup classroom activities. For example, if we are talking about competition, then it should be healthy, objective and reasoned, without envy, aggressive rivalry and tactless behavior. The level of culture of the participants in the conflict is directly related to the professional and conflictological competence of teachers [4, p. 97], as well as life experience and upbringing of classmates. This is also confirmed by the opinion of students who note that advanced training of

112 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 teachers, the study of the course «Conflictology» are more likely to affect the reduction of conflict than not. Not the last factor, students note the “improvement of the organization of the educational process”, as often the difficulties that students encounter relate to the schedule (time change, cancellation or reschedule of classroom activities, etc., as well as untimely informing students). 2. Analysis of students’ answers to the question about what spoils their life at the university. In most of the answers to the question “What spoils your life at the university?” Students left one word or one phrase indicating the difficulty that is most clearly expressed in his student life. The answers to this question were also generalized and classified by the author according to the meaning of the general groups (Tab. 3). Table 3 The results of the analysis and classification of students’ answers to the open question “What spoils your life at the university?” Response Group Student Response Analysis Results (ratio of the number of selected answers to the number of all students who participated in the survey) Educational activities 47,3% Infrastructure 18,3% Social relationships 13,7% Extracurricular activities inside the university 4,6% Financial component 2,3% Other 27,5%

The difficulties encountered by students during the educational process and educational activities, most affect student life, judging by the responses of students. Among the answers highlighted by the author in the group «Educational activities», students noted the following as the main negative indicators: – schedule (daily routine, breaks, classroom start and end, classes on Saturday) (26.7% of students answered); – heavy load, poor performance (3.8%); – poor organization of the educational process, lack of order (3.1%). The remaining causes of dissatisfaction were identified as follows: the «distance learning system», the excessive demands of some teachers, some subjects. In the course of summing up, an analysis of answers to questions was carried out. The reasons, according to students, are hidden in the poor organization of the educational process. Students express dissatisfaction with the audit classes on Saturday or when classes begin at 8:30 in the morning (0.8% of students say that they most dislike the lack of sleep that comes from university studies). Some of the students of the RSUU note too many classroom lectures and seminars. Students of two universities note the presence of «windows» between classes, breaks of two academic hours. All of them are interconnected by a «schedule» and «poor organization». Detailed study of the presentation is an important element in the life of both students and teachers. Despite their social statuses, their activities are not limited to the university. If difficulties arise in everyday life, in labor relations, and to varying degrees, due to disinfection by the university administration, students’ desire for university decreases, and the desire to study in favor of personal studies and extracurricular activities, on the contrary, increases. The group «Other» included answers that did not belong to the remaining categories, but were of significance for the study. 22.1% of students wrote that their life at the university does not spoil anything. 3.1% (4 people) wrote that at the university, if something spoils their life, it is their personal qualities. Personal qualities may include a reluctance to study, irresponsibility, 113 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK inability to organize one’s own time, state of health, laziness, etc. To work with similar difficulties, the authors suggested that it is possible to introduce or popularize at the university the work of a conflict management service or psychologists capable of assisting a student in solving intrapersonal problems. However, almost half of the students believe that such a service will not contribute to conflict resolution (Tab. 2). During the study, students were asked about the conflicts that arise in different areas of communication (parents, friends, classmates, university employees, etc.) and how to resolve them. Of 131 respondents, only 2 said that they solve problems with the help of a social worker at a university (psychologist, mediator). From which we can conclude that students do not resort to the help of a conflict management service, and often do not know about the existence of such a service inside the university. Confirmation that it is not customary in Russian students to talk about the need for psychological assistance, and even more so to contact the psychological service of the university, is given in the form of a detailed analysis and description of the reasons for this student behavior by another author [3, p. 90]. Communication with psychologists outside the university is more developed among freshmen of the modern generation (7.8% of students visit a personal psychologist). In addition to the psychological and emotional difficulties that freshmen face when adapting to university life, they also face household difficulties. Based on the Maslow pyramid [12, p. 28], the first-level human need is physiological: sleep, water, food, etc. If the student’s needs are satisfied at the first basic level, then the following can be considered related to safety, self- realization, etc. [7, p. 10]. If the basic need is not satisfied, it can interfere with concentration, reduce the level of involvement, and distract from the educational process in favor of solving physiological difficulties. During the study, in answers to various questions, including the open question under consideration, students described or noted the difficulties that they face in student life with regard to their basic needs (Tab. 4).

Table 4 The results of the analysis and classification of students’ answers to the categories of basic needs based on all the questions of the questionnaire related to the listed needs The need included Student Response Analysis Results in the first level of (ratio of the number of selected answers to the number of all students who needs in the pyramid participated in the survey) A. Maslow Nutrition Tasty and monotonous food in the dining room (3.1%) Expensive food in the dining room (to the question “Where do you have lunch?” 19.8% of students chose “I often don’t eat lunch anywhere, expensive”) Lack of time for lunch (to the question “Where do you have lunch?” 16% of stu- dents chose “Often nowhere, not enough time”) Unwell after eating (6.1%) Feel hungry (9.2%) Sleep Lack of sleep (0.8%) Physical state Heating (cold) (0.8%) Not satisfied with the temperature regime (6.9%) Poor lighting (2.3%) University Sanitary Health status (9.9% answered that they experience the most negative feelings Conditions and discomfort in relation to their health, 34.4% rated their level of discomfort in their health below the “neutral” option) The state of the university’s sanitary-hygienic rooms (4.6% indicated that “What spoils your life at the university?” As an answer to the question, 21.4% said that they are not satisfied with the state in the answer to the question “Do you have sanitary conditions in university?”)

114 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Students noted the poor nutrition and sanitary-hygienic condition of the university in matters where it was necessary to evaluate the indicators on a satisfaction scale, but also noted in the open question that they were not satisfied. 35.8% of students often do not have lunch anywhere because they either do not have enough time or they do not have enough financial means to pay. In addition to lack of time for lunch, students also marked the queues in the dining room, because of which they either lost lunch or were late for classes. Increasing breaks and increasing the patency of the dining room during them is a task that should be considered and solved at the administrative level if this becomes a problem and entails a decrease in the attention of students to the educational process. Difficulties in satisfying basic physiological needs entail difficulties in the state of health, which is an important component for students in the context of their training regimen. Full-time students who attend all classrooms and responsibly fulfill the tasks of teachers need the concentration and attentiveness achieved by a healthy diet, adherence to a regimen, and quality sleep [6]. 3. Analysis of students’ answers to the question of what could contribute to an increase in their desire to attend college. The student expresses an opinion based on his interests, preferences and hobbies, so the question of increasing the desire to attend a university was open, and the authors were ready for any answers (Tab. 5).

Table 5 The results of the analysis and classification of students’ answers to the open question “What could contribute to increasing your desire to visit a university?” Response Group Student Response Analysis Results (ratio of the number of selected answers to the number of all students who participated in the survey) Educational activities 50,4% Infrastructure 13% Social relationships 6,9% Extracurricular activities inside the university 2,3% Personality indicators 3,8% The general atmosphere of the university 3,1% Other 20,6%

To the group of answers «Educational activity», the author distributed such indicators of students as: – schedule rationing (22.1% of students answered); – an increase in the number of core disciplines, a decrease in the number of non-core disciplines (11.5%); – interesting disciplines (6.1%); – reducing the requirements on the part of teachers to disciplines and systems of distance education (3.1%), etc. Rationing the schedule, as the author argued in the previous section of the article, will entail an increase in students’ loyalty to the university, affect the improvement of physical condition and health, and as a result can help redirect the student’s attention from difficulties to the educational process itself. The desire to reduce non-core, general education disciplines of first-year students is due to the repetition of the information that he taught at school. Students who enter the specialty of their own free will wish to study disciplines that are interesting to them, and not those that the curriculum suggests. In addition to this assumption, some authors suggest that a student who entered the university often visited tutors for the successful completion of the Unified State Exam, 115 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

prepared for admission for more than one year and, as a result, believes that he has already done a large-scale work in the field of general subjects [2, p. 73]. The expectations of such a student do not correspond to reality, during which dissatisfaction, confrontation, and in some cases, aggression are born. Interesting disciplines and a decrease in the requirements for others by the teacher are interdependent indicators. It can be assumed that the requirements for interesting disciplines do not seem so strict and significant because of interest in the topic, and as a result, students are very enthusiastic about completing assignments in interesting disciplines. On the topic of changes and changes in the university infrastructure that students could offer in their answers to the question, the author collected answers that related to non- educational departments of the university, material and technical support of the university, sanitary and hygienic condition, etc. Several answers assigned to the Infrastructure group given by students: – new repairs (4.6% of the students answered); – changes in diet (1.5%); – modernization (including material and technical) of the university (1.5%); – shortening the path to the university (2.3%). New repairs, modernization, as well as answers such as improving lighting and improving the quality of cleaning – the student’s desire to be in a comfortable environment during the learning process. Full-time and part-time students spend a lot of time on the university territory, and also spend time on the way to the university and back. The desire for convenience is a natural desire for man. In addition, the aesthetically pleasing appearance of the university relaxes, pleases the eye, does not cause disgust and unpleasant associations. Most likely, a modern student wants to feel modern everywhere, including in a university: modern and new technology, fashionable interior design, the absence of unnecessary distracting details provoking the creation or development of information noise [15, p. 26]. In the topic of the aesthetic component, but not the appearance of the university, but extra- curricular activities inside the university, students noted an increase in activities aimed at creativity as an increase in their desire to visit the university. Such a desire can mean the students’ need for comprehensive and cultural development, in the search for and unlocking their potential [9]. Creativity helps to find atypical solutions to various situations, think extraordinary, develop imagination, etc. Conclusion Based on the results of answers to students to open questions in the questionnaire “What do you like most and make you happy at the university?”, “What spoils your life at the university?” And “What could help increase your desire to attend college?” following conclusions: – a modern student likes to learn new things, learn previously unknown information, gain knowledge, especially if new information was presented in an interesting way; – a modern student is not happy with the repetition of general education disciplines during the period of study at a higher educational institution; – freshmen are inspired and wish to develop in different directions (the phrases “I wish for diversity in the educational process”, “I want more collective and creative activities” are mentioned among the answers); – a university for a student is not only an institution for gaining knowledge, but also a place of communication, making new friends and acquaintances, as well as points of view, including the views of teachers; – an increase in interest in learning and a desire to visit a university is made up not only of the educational process itself (its organization, disciplines and teachers), but also of extracurricular activities: events and other opportunities;

116 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

– a modern student pays attention, including to the aesthetic component of his student life (the phrases “I like the look of the university”, “inside the university we have a museum” are mentioned among the answers, and “poor lighting” is indicated as negative aspects, “Unsatisfactory sanitary and hygienic condition of the university”); – the student currently appreciates both convenience and his time (the answers include the phrases “convenient location of the university”, “freedom of time and timetable”, and negative aspects include “lack of sleep”, “breaks between classroom sessions in two academic hours and more”, etc.); – “For a modern student – a modern university” – a phrase that could become the slogan of modern students on the issue of material and technical support for the university (students pay attention to the technical support of the university, want a new repair, note the media library as a positive aspect, want to see a comprehensive modernization of the university) In each university, due to the large flow of students and information, situations often arise that provoke students to express negative opinions and form a negative attitude towards the university as a whole. However, with a careful and comprehensive study of the views of students, teachers, university staff, you can find the most obvious difficulties that these or other groups of participants in the educational process encounter [21, p. 4729]. The modern development of the topic of innovation in the systems of the university, changes in the views on classical teaching, changes in the psychological and emotional states of a modern student, allows us to find solutions to existing difficulties on the basis of experiments already conducted. Among such solutions: – increasing the conflictological culture of the participants in the educational process, which will affect the creation of an educational atmosphere, with a minimum of conflict situations; – advanced training of teachers in the field of modern information media technologies, gamification and other interactive methods of teaching students; – creating a learning atmosphere and educating students in isolation from excessive information noise, including entertainment; – repair of premises and maintaining the appropriate order on the university territory by all participants in the educational process (“community work days”, students participating in repairs on their own); – extracurricular activities aimed at the cohesion of not only students, but also on the communication of teachers and students outside the classroom; – providing schoolchildren, high school graduates with the necessary information about the general structure of the university, about curricula, disciplines, etc. through open days, but through mandatory attendance.

References 1. Boronina L., Vishnevsky Y., Didkovskaya Y. Adaptation of first-year students: problems and trends // University management: practice and analysis. 2001. No. 4. P. 65–69. 2. Chernikovskaya M., Holkina O. What it is, a modern student? // Materials of IX International scientific-practical conference “Management in social and economic systems”. 2017. P. 70–76. 3. Сhirkova T. The psychological service of the higher school: illusion on strategic possibility to solve problems in professional training of students // Problems of modern education. 2011. No. 1. P. 82–93. 4. Denisova A. Tolerance of the person in a disputed situation: the points of view of specialist on disputes, the teacher and the student // Bulletin of the Russian Peoples’ Friendship University. Series: Educational issues: Languages and specialty. 2007. No. 2. P. 97–104. 5. Ermolenko N., Nizovkina E. Contemporary student: value orientation // Proceedings of the Rostov State University of Railways. 2013. No. 3. P. 40–44. 6. Fedotova D., Shichanina E. (2016). Actual problems of modern students (77th student interregional scientific and practical conference “Young scientists – health care”, Medical Internet conferences). URL: https://medconfer.com/node/6961. 7. Gluhih O., Sidorov N., Lukin-Grigoriev V. (2019). Application of the Maslow’s pyramid of needs analysis of students of higher Medical Educational Institutions and develop measures 117 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

for their correction in order to increase motivation for learning activities. Scientist (Russia), 3 (9), 10. 8. Ivanov S. Why do students leave universities? // Online magazine for those who are studying. 2014. URL: http://xn--b1aecb4bbudibdie.xn--p1ai/vne-uchyoby/pochemu-studenty-brosayut- uchyobu. 9. Kharkovskaya E., Meshkov V. The role of aesthetic education of students in the educational space of the University // The science. Art. Culture. 2014. No. 4. URL: https://cyberleninka. ru/article/n/rol-esteticheskogo-vospitaniya-studentov-v-obrazovatelno-vospitatelnom- prostranstve-vuza. 10. Kirillina A. A modern teacher in the eyes of a student. Modern education: current issues, achievements and innovations // Collection of articles of the XXVIII International Scientific and Practical Conference. 2019. P. 56–58. 11. Kochetkova I. Conflicts in student’s community: causes and prevention // Ensuring Russia’s national security in the modern world: materials of the international scientific and practical conference. 2016. P. 306–311. 12. Maslow A. Motivation and personality. 3th ed. M. [et al.]: Peter, 2013. 13. Melnichuk A., Kotova T. Gamification as a positive tool for maintaining the health of students during training // The materials of Ivanovo readings. 2016. No. 4-1 (8). P. 68–70. 14. Miller I., Konstantinova A., Chekmenev D., Chimak I. The student as a subject of conflict in higher education. Stavropol: Stavrolit Publishing House, 2014. 15. Mironov D. Information noise and the educational process // Bulletin of the State University of Culture and Arts. 2015. No. 4 (25). P. 24–30. 16. Moskvicheva N. Psychological pedagogical aspects of conflicts in a higher school // Scientific notes of the St. Petersburg State Institute of Psychology and Social work. 2009. No. 11 (1). P. 36–39. 17. Sholokhova G., Chikova I. Adaptation of the first-year students to the conditions of study at the University and its psychological and pedagogical features // Bulletin of Orenburg State University. 2014. No. 3 (164). P. 103–107. 18. Stenina T. Adaptation on first-year students to the educational environment of an institution of higher education as a period of evolutionary transformation // Knowledge. Understanding. Skill. 2016. No. 1. P. 243–253. 19. Tatarinov K. Gamification in education of students // Baltic journal of humanities. 2019. No. 1 (26). P. 281–284. 20. Timetable of RSSU students’ classes (September, 2019) // Official website of the Russian State Social University. URL: https://rgsu.net/for-students/timetable/. 21. Fomicheva T.V., Kataeva V.I., Sulyagina Ju.O., Evstratova T.A., Chardymsky M.G. Digitization of the population in Russia: technologies and levels of interaction // International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering. Vol. 8. 2019. No. 2. P. 4728–4731.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Rudakovskaya, M.G. & Sulyagina, Yu.O.(2019) “What are the Reasons for the Joy and Complaint of a First-Year Student?”: Analysis of Students’ Answers to Open Questions of the Questionnaire, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 109–118. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-109-118 (International bibliographic description). CONTACT INFORMATION: Rudakovskaya Mariya Georgievna Master Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Sulyagina Yulia Olegovna Candidate of Sociological Sciences Associate Professor of the Department of Management and Managerial Administration Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

118 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Starovojtova L.I., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Social Work, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 56669809800 UDC 316 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-119-124 System of Social Protection and Support of the Population As the Most Important Instrument of Social Policy of the State

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 09.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: this article is devoted to characteristic of the main directions of social support of the population in modern Russia, at the same time special attention in article is paid to formation of steady increase in level and quality of life, maintenance of socially acceptable way of life of citizens of the senior generation at necessary account and identification it is necessary to consider that transformation of process social forms, optimum for the concrete region, and technologies of social support of elderly people, on the basis of economic, social and historical and cultural features of development of the region. Key words: social policy, social protection, system of social support, welfare of the person, social services, system of legal, organizational and economic measures. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction Formation of a system of social protection of the population always was the most important tool of policy of the social state. In the sphere of social support in number of the major priorities of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation were and remain: decrease in scales of poverty, strengthening of targeting of social support, ensuring effective protection of socially vulnerable families which do not have potential for the independent solution of social problems, increase in efficiency of social service of the population, the solution of problems of homelessness. Today the problem of quality of life as a key social problem is especially allocated. On depth and the sequence of its decision not only the prospect of development of civilizations, societies, but also each person separately in many respects depends. At the same time the quality of life of people plays the leading role in this process. Change of the mechanism of all social development was the main reason for emergence and wide dissemination of the term “quality of life” in societies with high consumption level. At once we will note that in the main way of improvement of quality of human life, increases in duration of active social life increase in level of social economic development of society and improvement of environmental conditions is. And the solution of this task lies in the field of social policy of the state. The right for social protection is one of the main social human rights. At the same time, it means also existence of duties from the recipient of the help. It means that each person has to participate actively in the solution of own problems, and social institutes are ready to render him necessary assistance in it. The “From a Grant to Self-sufficiency” programs – 119 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK are directed to a complete solution of the problems connected with overcoming poverty and creation of social and economic conditions for transition from receiving a social benefit to economic independence of needy citizens [9]. In this context social support is understood as the system providing a potential possibility of assistance and also as the special social measures directed to maintenance of worthy living conditions of the elderly citizens feeling need in the course of satisfaction of requirements of maintenance of life support and social functioning. Social support assumes active participation of the client in the solution of own problems, use of elements of the self-help. From these positions, social support is a package of measures of the state which are implemented not only the state, but also public, charitable and commercial organizations. It represents set of social services: medico-social, social and economic, social, socially – psychological, social and pedagogical and other types of the help to the person from the government and non-state institutions in the period of its crisis state, in difficult life situations. Unlike social protection, social support has temporary or partial character, and means active participation of the person in need in the solution of objectives, use of elements of self-support. In this article we will discuss the main objectives of social policy of the Russian Federation directed to the solution of problems and measures of social support of elderly people. Discussion In the 21st century the world faced new global changes in the field of age structure of the population among which aging of the population, certainly, occupies one of the central places [5]. Becomes obvious that today questions of formation of effective social policy concerning citizens of advanced age are relevant not only on state, but also at the regional and municipal levels. Need of it was sounded by the Russian President V.V. Putin in 2014 at a meeting of presidium of the State Council concerning development of a system of social protection of elderly people: “In our society there is a request for new modern policy for people of advanced age for a long time. It has to rely on the differentiated approach, creation of the conditions providing both active longevity, and effective support to those who need really the help. Implementation of new policy will require cardinal changes in work of systems of social protection” [15]. The state social policy concerning citizens of advanced age represents the system of the purposes, the principles, tasks and priority measures of political, legal, economic, medical, social, cultural, educational, scientific, information and propaganda and personnel character aimed at providing this category of citizens of social wellbeing, conditions for active participation in life of society and longevity. The multidimensional task of creation of conditions for active longevity and effective support of citizens of advanced age is set for social policy of our state [6]. The main directions of the state social policy concerning elderly people are: – reforming and optimization of the pension system; – modernization of medical care, expansion of volumes and improvement of quality of the provided social and rehabilitation services; – creation of conditions for effective use of social and labor potential of elderly people. At once we will note that the main way of increase in life expectancy and delay of aging is increase in level of social economic development of society and improvement of environmental conditions. And the solution of this task lies in the field of social policy of the state. These approaches made “The Strategy of Actions for the Benefit of Citizens of Advanced Age Till 2025” base, the Russian Federation developed following the results of a meeting of presidium of the State Council “About development of a system of social protection of citizens of advanced age” on August 5, 2014. The main goal of Strategy is an ensuring worthy level and quality of life of elderly people with way: material security; assistance of employment, professional and personal self-realization;

120 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 medical care and provision of medicines; social service; ensuring availability of educational, cultural and leisure services, services in the sphere of physical culture and sport; formations of the comfortable consumer environment [14; 8; 11] that demands as consolidation of efforts of the state and civil society. And also aging of the population demands formation of the special social infrastructure focused is realization requirements more increasing than number of citizens of advanced age. Social support of elderly citizens is implemented as at the federal, and regional levels. The important result defining efficiency of social support is achievement of a certain welfare of the person which gives it the chance for favorable individual development and is expressed in steady wellbeing of the personality capable to realize the creative opportunities. Development of a system of social support allows to fix the problems arising in the social sphere concerning socially vulnerable groups, to reduce social tension in society. Priorities of state policy in the sphere of social support of citizens are defined by the State program of the Russian Federation “Social support of citizens” approved by the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 15, 2014, No. 296 [13]. Differentiation of measures of support of citizens is carried out taking into account features of the contingent of recipients now and provides the following forms of social support: – monetary form: in the form of the monthly monetary payments (MMP), annual monetary payments, the maternity (family) capital (MOSCOW TIME), social and professional monthly surcharges to pension, compensation payments, the lump monetary sums dated for significant dates, social subsidies for payment of housing and utilities, social benefits, the address help in cash, etc.; – to a form of services: a wide range to the citizens who are in a difficult life situation by provision of services of social service to elderly people. To disabled people, persons of no fixed abode and occupations, to refugees and displaced persons, families with children, neglected and street children, and also by the organization of rest and improvement of children of preschool and school age; – to a natural form: providing provision of housing at the expense of budgetary funds and providing the enrollment of social services including providing with necessary medicines according to recipes of the doctor, providing the permit to sanatorium treatment, providing travel documents for free pass on city passenger and suburban railway transport, and also on intercity transport to the place of treatment and back, etc.; – to a form of the privileges providing payment of 50% of the occupied total area of premises and utilities, and also out-of-competition reception on training at the expense of means of the corresponding budgets of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation in the educational institutions of an average and higher education having the state accreditation, extraordinary service by institutions and communication, cultural and educational and sports institutions, the enterprises of retail trade and consumer services, extraordinary inclusion in institutions of social service, advantage at the accession to housing, building, garage cooperatives, gardening, market-gardening and country noncommercial associations of citizens, extraordinary installation of phone, etc. Also the state defined measures of social support of elderly citizens. According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, elderly citizens are the citizens who reached the age established by the Russian legislation for award of pension on an old age. The Federal Law of 03.10.2018 No. 350 “About Introduction of Amendments to Separate Acts of the Russian Federation concerning Appointment and Payment of Pensions” [2] since January 1, 2019 is provided stage-by-stage raising the retirement age on which achievement the insurance old-age pension is granted. Increase in a retirement age will be smooth: the transition period from 2019 to 2023 upon termination of which the retirement age will be 60 and 65 years is provided (women and men respectively).

121 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Measures of social support of elderly citizens are established to Federal Law-442 of December 28, 2013 “About bases of social service of citizens in the Russian Federation” [1], the Decree of the Russian President of December 26, 2006 “About compensation payments to persons, carrying-out care of disabled citizens” [10], by the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 4, 2007 No. 343 “About implementation of monthly compensation payments to the unemployed able-bodied persons who are carrying out care of the disabled person of 1 group (except for disabled from childhood of 1 group), and also behind aged, needing according to the conclusion of medical institution permanent foreign care or reached age of 80 years” [12], other normative legal acts at the federal level include: – indexation of insurance pensions (it is carried out as a measure of compensation of inflationary expenses to unemployed pensioners); – social surcharge to pension (it is provided in such size that the total amount of material security of the pensioner was the size of a living wage of the pensioner established in this territorial subject of the Russian Federation); – a social old-age pension (is established on dostizhenii65 years and 6 months and 60 years and 6 months (the man, the woman), to the citizens who are constantly living in the territory of the Russian Federation; – increase in provision of pensions after achievement of 80 years (it is provided for the citizens receiving an insurance old-age pension); – tax benefits to pensioners (are provided by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation concerning property and land taxes; – social service at home citizens of advanced age (Federal Law-442 of December 28, 2013 “About bases of social service of citizens in the Russian Federation” is regulated) [1]. At the regional level side benefits to the pensioners who are not belonging to the preferential categories which are financed by regional budgets are established. In particular, in regions pensioners are granted the right for acquisition of the discount monthly ticket for journey in all types of public land passenger transport (except the taxi and the share taxi), and also other privileges. In the conditions of a modern social and economic situation in Russia development of the volunteer movement for the aid to employees of institutions of social service is perspective [3; 4]. Implementation of the various technologies focused on improvement of quality of social service of citizens of advanced age optimization of their social adaptation in the course of social service allows to improve a material and psychoemotional condition of elderly people. In conclusion it is necessary to tell the following. The main directions of the state support of citizens of advanced age provide the system of legal, organizational and economic measures, and are aimed at providing the worthy standard of living, availability of social services, the medical and special geriatric care, provision of medicines, various services, including, information and communication, equal access to the main and additional educational programs, feasible labor employment, guarantees regarding conditions and compensation, prevention at employment of discrimination on the basis of age, creation of conditions for cultural and leisure and sports activity. Answering calls of modern time, the Russian society looks for optimum ways of the social development. As the main direction of transformations the strategy of sustainable development based on a concept of worthy quality of life is defined. International experience demonstrates that effective development of a system of social protection is impossible without direct participation of the state in financing and the organization of process of social protection and support. Besides, the cultural tradition of Russia is connected with development of the social sphere under patronage of the state. But the state should not bear this burden alone. In recent years the increasing importance is gained by new technologies of social partnership which develop and enrich the idea of formation of a modern system of social protection and

122 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 support, the branched mechanism of social responsibility and regulation of social processes. This mechanism allows to realize the following directions: – interterritorial, interdepartmental, intersectoral interaction in the solution of problems of social protection of the population; – stimulation and assistance to public initiatives from the state institutes and business – structures; – public examination of the state forms and methods of social protection; – attraction of additional financial resources, formation of multichannel financing of the directions of social protection; – introduction in practice of the new resource technologies directed to self-sufficiency, self- realization, self-development. Thus, formation of a modern and comfortable system of social protection, the solution of tasks of improvement of quality of life of the population are directly connected with increase in efficiency of social policy. All this assumes implementation of system and purposeful work, need of statement of long-term goals and definitions of priorities of social development.

References 1. Federal law “About Bases of Social Service of Citizens in the Russian Federation” of 28.12.2013 No. 442-FL (latest revision). URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_ doc_LAW_156558/ (date of access: 17.12.2019). 2. Federal law of 03.10.2018 No. 350 “About Introduction of Amendments to Separate Acts of the Russian Federation concerning Appointment and Payment of Pensions”. URL: http:// www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_308156// (date of access: 17.12.2019). 3. Gorlova N.I. Formation and development of institute of volunteering in Russia: history and present. M.: Ying t Nasliediya, 2019. 289 p. 4. Gorlova N.I., Troska Z.A., Skripchenkova E.V., Starovojtova L.I., Khairutdinova. R.R. The Regulatory Framework for Volunteering in the Russian Federation // Opción, Año 35, Especial No. 20 (2019): 1092–1107. 5. Kozlovskaya S.N., Starovojtova L.I. The quality of life of older people as a social problem // The Third International Congress on Social Sciences and Humanities: Proceedings of the Congress. 2014. P. 8–14. 6. Laskin A.A. Domestic and foreign experience of institutions of social service in aspect of implementation of the concept of active longevity // Young scientist. 2019. No. 6. P. 168– 171. URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/244/56461/ (date of access: 17.12.2019). 7. Nyukhayev D.V. Public-private partnership in the social. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/ article/n/gosudarstvenno-chastnoe-partnerstvo-v-sotsialnoy-sfere (date of access: 17.12.2019). 8. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of 29.11.2016 No. 2539-r “About the approval of the plan of measures for 2016–2020 on realization of the first stage of Strategy of actions for the benefit of citizens of the senior generation in the Russian Federation till 2025”. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_208189/ (date of access: 17.12.2019). 9. Starovoytova L.I. The system of social protection of the population as the mechanism of social policy of the Russian Federation in the present // Current problems of the theory, history and practice of social work: Collection of scientific articles of students and teachers of department of the theory and methodology of social work / under ed. L.I. Starovoytova. M., 2014. P. 6–9. 10. The decree of the Russian President of 26.12.2006 No. 1455 (an edition of 31.12.2014) “About compensation payments to the persons which are carrying out care of disabled citizens”. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_64919/ (date of access: 17.12.2019). 11. The list of instructions following the results of a meeting of presidium of the State Council about development of a system of social protection of citizens of advanced age. URL: http:// www.kremlin.ru/acts/assignments/orders/46594 (date of access: 17.12.2019). 12. The resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of 04.06.2007 No. 343 (an edition of 30.10.2018) “About implementation of monthly compensation payments to the unemployed able-bodied persons who are carrying out care of the disabled person of the

123 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

I group (except for disabled people since the childhood of the I group) and also for aged, needing according to the conclusion of medical institution permanent foreign care or reached age of 80 years”. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_34017/ (date of access: 17.12.2019). 13. The resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 15, 2014 No. 296 “About the approval of the state program of the Russian Federation “Social support of citizens””. URL: http://base.garant.ru/70644062/#ixzz68MZzUI67/ (date of access: 17.12.2019). 14. The strategy of actions for the benefit of citizens of the senior generation in the Russian Federation till 2025. URL: https://docviewer.yandex.ru/view/0. 15. The verbatim record about a meeting of presidium of the State Council “About development of a system of social protection of citizens of advanced age”. URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/ events/president/news/46397 (date of access: 24.12.2018). 16. Vasyutina E.S., Matrayeva L.V. Quality of providing public services as the indicator of efficiency of the state system // Development of economy of Russia in the conditions of geopolitical calls. Kursk, 2019. P. 19–23.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Starovojtova, L.I. (2019) System of Social Protection and Support of the Population As the Most Important Instrument of Social Policy of the State, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 119–124. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-119-124 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Starovojtova Larisa Ivanovna Doctor of Historical Sciences Professor of the Department of Social Work Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

124 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Ulrih I.V., Deputy Director of the Municipal Educational Institution “Snegirevskaya Secondary School”, Snegiri Urban Settlement, Istrinsky District, Moscow Region; Postgraduate Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 56584712500 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6531-9958 UDC 316.4 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-125-131 Theoretical and Methodological Background for Sociological Analysis of Patriotic Attitudes

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 04.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: this article discusses the theoretical and methodological capabilities of the sociological analysis of patriotism and patriotic attitudes. The historical transformation of the content of the concept of “patriotism” is briefly traced. The axiological, constructivist, sociocultural approaches to the study of patriotism are considered. The conceptual construct of the topic is analyzed, the theoretical categories are considered: patriotism, patriotic attitudes, fatherland, digital society. Differences in the content of the concepts of patriotism and patriotic attitudes are determined. The features of patriotic attitudes in the digital society are determined. Key words: patriotism, patriotic attitudes, patriotic education, theory, methodology. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction The Russian society needs a patriotic ideology as an integrating factor for its citizens, and especially for the younger generation. In a digital society, the patriotic attitudes of young people are mostly blurred, distorted or completely absent, the phenomena of pseudo-patriotism and anti-patriotism can be traced, demonstration of cosmopolism is increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on the features of patriotism and Patriotic attitudes in modern digital society. To do this, it is necessary to trace the history of the transformation of the concept of patriotism, to define the concept of patriotism and Patriotic in modern society. Methodology The research is based on the analysis of the content of the concept of patriotism in different historical periods, using methods of comparison of concepts and conceptual approaches to the study of patriotism. Results Patriotism in the Russian state throughout the history of its development has been the basis for the unification of the people and their opposition to external threats. Patriotism in the process of historical development of the Russian state was transformed in its content and expression. Thus, during the settlement of the territory of future Russia, Slavic tribes lived in family-clan communities. In such communities, the land on which they lived and worked took special importance for the Slavs, the land was a kind of “mother-nurse”. The land

125 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

was literally revered, respected and protected. Since state associations did not yet exist, for a separate family or clan the land on which they were born, grew up, worked, grew old and died, was their native, that is, their Motherland. And therefore, this attitude to the land of direct living can be called the initial form of patriotism or a demonstration of patriotism in the early centuries of the formation of the future Russian state. Further, with the transition from a clan community to a neighboring one, and then to tribal one, their territory was considered to be a more extensive territory – a land on which there was no longer one family or clan, but several clans adjacent to each other. The land of not one clan, but the land of the tribe was protected. Neighbors and those who live nearby are perceived by a person as born on the same land as oneself, and close in spirit and territory of birth. In the course of further historical development of the forms of coexistence of the population of the future Russian state, the content of the modern concept of “patriotism” changes. Already in the Ancient Russia, the word “fatherland” refers to all the native lands and the people living there. The adoption of Christianity in Russia in the tenth century gave a deeper and broader meaning to the concepts of “Fatherland” or “Motherland”. According to Orthodox teaching, all people are brothers and sisters to each other, especially people who speak the same language. Therefore, all the inhabitants of Russia are close to each other, and the land on which they live is sacred. During the heyday of the Moscow state, patriotism was given the highest, one can say supranational and supranational meaning. Residents and the territory of the state, as understood by both the citizens themselves and the rulers, had a special mission. Having survived in the past the terrible burden of raids, civil wars, having finally adopted Orthodoxy, the Russian people acutely felt the need to protect their state and compatriots, the strength of the greatness of their state, the strength of the spirit of their people and their faith. Such messianic patriotism further, in the era of the emergence of the Russian Empire, also acquired features of the military greatness. That is, not only and not so much the strength of the spirit of the people and faith, but also the military greatness of the State was brought up and chanted. As the Soviet power came, its leaders again turned their main attention to the messianic significance of the Russian, already Soviet people, as the people who built a socialist welfare state. Although in the era of the Great Patriotic War, it can be assumed that the patriotism of the Soviet people in its essence was more similar to the essence of patriotism in the Moscow state. In post-Soviet society, a major turning point in patriotic ideology occurred in the era of “perestroika” and expressed itself as the mass emigration of certain social groups from the country, a further breakdown of patriotic attitudes occurred in 2000–2010 in connection with the world aggressive policy towards the Russian Federation, the spread of Western traditions and values especially among Russian youth. Russia, trying to actively enter all spheres of the globalizing world, is gradually losing its national and cultural values. Often national values are replaced by global values, the differences between the interests of different countries and peoples are blurred. At the same time, in Russia, and in other countries, as opposed to globalization, nationalist movements and parties start to appear. But there are several alarming factors in this phenomenon. Some nationalist movements actively proclaim and defend the rights of their people, at the same time aggressively reacting to any other peoples and countries that the form of these movements looks more like modern fascism. Other nationalist parties are actively using the words “patriotism”, “Fatherland”, “Motherland”, they position themselves only on the upside, but this is a kind of screen to attract the younger generation, the most of whom do not understand the differences in the content and form. In the digital era of “warped and blurry, distorted” values, the state needs patriotic youth with patriotic attitudes, and a reduction in the phenomena of pseudo-and anti-patriotism.

126 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

«Patriotism is usually remembered in an era of serious tests of the spiritual and moral forces of the people» [11]. The works of O.I. Karpukhin, V.F. Levicheva, V.T. Lisovsky, Yu.A. Zubok, E.L. Omelchenko, A.V. Petrov, M.V. Tsiulina, G.Ja. Grevceva, N.V. Ippolitova, H.I. Malsagovа and others were devoted to the issues of socialization of youth, value orientations of young Russians. V.A. Koltsov, A.V. Kuznetsov, V.K. Levashov, V.V. Makarov paid attention to the definition of the essence and significance of patriotism and its role in society [2, р. 7; 4; 5; 8, p. 335; 9; 10, p. 508; 19, p. 665; 12; 15]. Other authors have touched on the problem of patriotism in the study of such important processes as integration, migration, culture and activity of the population [13; 14; 17; 18; 20]. Modern research is devoted to the cultivation of patriotic feelings, but there is no research with an analysis of the existing patriotic attitudes and their further formation among the younger generation. A typology of patriotic attitudes is needed, which will make it possible to trace their quality, content, vector and orientation, taking into account the change in values and ideological attitudes. Speaking about the background of a sociological analysis of patriotic attitudes, it is necessary to consider the existing approaches to the analysis of patriotic attitudes and the concept of patriotic attitudes. In modern science, patriotism is interdisciplinary in nature, the phenomenon of patriotism is studied by sociologists, historians, philosophers and political scientists. The axiological approach to the study of patriotism became the most common in sociology. In this approach, the individual’s value attitude to the Motherland, which is the basis of the very existence and life of society, expressed itself [16]. Khaliy I.A. noted that “patriotism, regardless of its perception and interpretation in various periods of the Russian history, continues to be preserved as a value traditional for the Russian sociocultural world and Russian mentality” [6, p. 69]. But as Kulikov S.P. wrote: “at the same time, filling this value from the point of view of its perception by society and attitude to patriotism is dynamic, which is observed when comparing the patriotic attitudes of young and older generations of the Russians” [7, p. 38]. The axiological approach to the concept of “patriotism”, based on the prevailing value and ideological attitudes of an individual, is used to teach young people the values of universal human culture and to correctly assess current events (table 1).

Table 1 The main approaches to the study of patriotism No. Name Description of approach 1 Axiological It is based on the prevailing value and ideological attitudes of an individ- approach ual; it is used to teach young people the values of universal human culture and to correctly assess current events 2 Constructivist Associated with a product of artificial construction of reality based on the approach activities of various actors, that are political parties and social institutions in Russia 3 Sociocultural Allows to consider patriotism in cultural diversity. It has a certain universal- approach ism, which provides an opportunity to study the cultural and social condi- tions that influence the formation of patriotism

The constructivist approach to the study of patriotism, which is associated with a product of artificial construction of reality based on the activities of various actors, that are political parties and social institutions in Russia.

127 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

The sociocultural approach allows to consider patriotism in cultural diversity. In addition, this approach has a certain universalism, which provides an opportunity to study the cultural and social conditions that influence the formation of patriotism. Having analyzed the main approaches to sociological analysis, we will define the concept of patriotic attitudes. The sequence of examination in the article was not broken, and we have chosen this strategy, since, highlighting the main approaches to the analysis of the phenomenon, we found the pattern that patriotism or patriotic education itself was analyzed. Comprehensive studies on the analysis of patriotic attitudes have not yet been found in the literature. Let us consider the differences existing, in our opinion, in the definition of patriotism and patriotic attitudes. At the same time, we note that almost every author involved in the study of patriotism offers his/her own interpretation of the concept. According to Chaadaev P.Ya., patriotism is a product of individual consciousness – instinctive and conscious (table 2). Bespalova T.V. considers patriotism as «a way of self- determination of a personality in the framework of spiritual experience and national-cultural unity of the people» [3, p. 50]. According to Chuikov O.E. patriotism is a sociocultural phenomenon, a qualitative characteristic of a social subject, which indicates its acceptance of the values of its state and people. Therewith, these values determine the focus of the activities of a subject.

Table 2 “Patriotism” definitions No. Author “Patriotism” definition 1 Chaadaev P.Ya. it is a product of individual consciousness – instinctive and conscious 2 Bespalova T.V. a way of self-determination of a personality in the framework of spiri- tual experience and national-cultural unity of the people 3 Chuikov O.E. it is a sociocultural phenomenon, a qualitative characteristic of a social subject, which testifies to its acceptance of the values of its state and people. Therewith, these values determine the focus of the activities of a subject 4 Ustryalov N.V. the key concept is “Motherland” as an aesthetic category 5 “The concept of pa- love for the Motherland, devotion to one’s Fatherland, desire to serve its triotic education of interests and readiness, up to self-sacrifice, to defend it citizens of the Russian Federation”

The object of patriotism in all studies is the Motherland as a set of elements of the natural and social environment of a given society, and the subject are social formations. Therewith, very often the goal of patriotism is defined as “the education of citizens with positive values and qualities capable of demonstrating them in the creative process in the interests of the Fatherland, strengthening the state, ensuring its vital interests and sustainable development” [1, p. 22]. Thus, patriotism is often defined as a personality characteristic that affects its actions, and the goal of patriotism is set equal to the cultivation of patriotism. Let us try to define the concept of patriotic attitudes and its difference from the concept of patriotism. Attitude is the willingness to act in a certain way, it is a psychological predisposition to a certain activity in a certain situation. In this case, the concept of “patriotic attitudes” can be defined as the social and psychological readiness of a subject to act in order to realize and protect the values of one’s state and people, based on past experience.

128 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

In this definition, patriotism and patriotic attitudes are very similar, we may say identical. But the concept of “attitude” has an essential characteristic that is readiness for action is based on past experience! That is, the difference between the concept of patriotism and the concept of patriotic attitudes is based on the fact that, unlike patriotism, patriotic attitudes are readiness to protect and realize the values of one’s state and people, based on past experience. That is, it is not just readiness, it is a qualitative characteristic of a person (society, nation, class), which has already been reflected in the actions of the subject. Studying, classifying and developing proposals for the formation of patriotic attitudes, we should focus not only on the upbringing of values and qualities that could demonstrate themselves in a certain situation (to protect the interests of the Motherland, for example), but first of all on the identification of facts, certain actions in past experience of the subject, which would be a confirmation of one’s patriotic feelings, and based on these facts, analyze and form patriotic attitudes, that is, psychological and social readiness to protect and realize their Motherland’s values, based on the experience of the subject. And all people have this experience, even in childhood or youth (even such an insignificant action as throwing garbage into a bin when walking along the street can be attributed to this experience, in this action respect for the land of your state is generally demonstrated). Thus, it can be summarized that in modern science there are approaches to the concept of patriotism and the sociological study of patriotism, the goals of patriotism and patriotic education are equated, but there are no studies on the analysis of patriotic attitudes. At present, it is necessary to conduct research to analyze patriotic attitudes themselves, since patriotic attitudes are not just a predisposition to actions to protect or realize the values and interests of the people and state, but a predisposition that has already been confirmed in the certain actions of a subject. Therefore, in the modern globalizing world, in the world of blurred values, it is important to identify the patriotic attitudes of young people, classify them, and develop measures for the implementation of patriotic attitudes in the future actions of the young generation. In the course of conducting a sociological analysis of patriotic attitudes, in our opinion, researchers need to analyze according to the following algorithm of actions: – to consider and clarify the concepts of “patriotism in a digital society”, “patriotic attitudes in a digital society”; – to clarify the concept of “youth” taking into account the realities of a digital society; – to conduct a study (analysis) of the patriotic attitudes of the Russian youth in a digital society; – to typologize patriotic attitudes of the Russian youth in a modern society; – to identify the problems of analysis, formation and adjustment of patriotic attitudes of the Russian youth at the present stage; – to develop recommendations for the formation of patriotic attitudes of youth, taking into account the developed typology in the digital society; – to develop a model of the integrated formation of patriotic attitudes of youth with the participation of institutions of the family, society, school, universities in the future development of a digital society. In this article, we examined above the concepts of patriotism and patriotic attitudes, in order to formulate the concept of “patriotic attitudes in a digital society”, it is necessary to highlight the signs and characteristics of a digital society. The digital society is based on the interaction of computer networks, where molecules are combined into clusters, and clusters, in turn, are combined into network structures to create wealth. In such a society, each organizational structure – in business, social institutions, politics – acts more efficiently by reducing the vertical hierarchy, saving financial resources

129 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK and time, in such a society, everyone can join the action of economic and social institutions. The difference between such a society is now seen by almost every person, for example, in Russia it is possible for a citizen to appeal directly to the Ministry, Department, Tax Service, etc. by submitting an application, request and a set of documents through an electronic personal account, and receive a response and a result also through an electronic platform. Such interaction significantly reduces time and bureaucracy. In a new digital society, a special information environment arises as a result of the convergence of the spheres of communication, computer technology and information content. In a new society, information takes on a digital form, huge amounts of data are compressed and sent at the speed of light. Due to the conversion of information from an analogue to a digital form, physical objects are replaced by objects of a virtual nature. Types of institutions and relationships are becoming different. There is another understanding of a digital society. Digital society is a global project which goal is to build a new slave-owning society, managed through the use of information and communication technologies based on the use of microelectronics, local and global computer networks that collect, process, generate and distribute information through global telecommunication networks. Therefore, the digital society, in essence, is a network information society. This approach to understanding digital society is already raising humanistic, social and political problems. Such an understanding already directly links the process of globalization and digitalization, which leads to the loss of national identity. If we examine the definition in detail, it becomes clear that the processes of digitalization and globalization are really going on simultaneously, the spread of supranational global values is going mostly through information and communication channels: the Internet, world channels, and digital mass media. Therefore, the approach to the methods of analysis and cultivation of patriotism, the adjustment of patriotic attitudes must take into account the characteristics of a digital society. In this case, the concept of “patriotic attitudes in a digital society” can be defined as a qualitative characteristic of a person that has already been reflected in the actions of the subject, the social and psychological readiness of the subject to act in order to implement, protect the values of own state and people, including in the information environment, through the use of information and communication technologies, in order to oppose the implementation of the global project for the reconstruction of the world and the blurring of the values and borders of own state and people. Discussion This article examined the change in the content of the concept of “patriotism” in the course of historical development and approaches to the study of the concept of patriotism. The difference between the concepts of “patriotism” and “patriotic attitudes” was established. In the course of the study, the concept of “patriotic attitudes” was proposed, and it was revealed that the processes of globalization and digitalization of society are inextricably connected, so it is necessary to study and consider patriotic attitudes in a digital society. The content of the concept “Patriotic attitudes in a digital society” was revealed. Conclusion The results of the research conducted in this article can be used for further deeper research of Patriotic attitudes in modern society, using the concepts proposed in this article, you can explore the Patriotic attitudes of young people in a digital society and carry out their typologization.

References 1. Barienikova E.E. Theoretical-methodological background of the study of the patriotic education of young people // Bulletin of sports history. 2016. No. 2 (4).

130 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

2. Baynova M.S., Evstratova T.A., Petrov A.V., Sulyagina Yu.O., Zhaoxia Ye. Modern social problems of labor migration in Russia // Espacios. Vol. 38. 2017. No. 46. 3. Besalova T.V. Patriotism as a form of sociocultural identification in the conflict conditions of the Russian transitional society: autoreferat thesis of the candidate of sociological sciences. SPb., 2011. 4. Grevceva G.Ja., Ippolitova N.V. Education of youth citizenship and patriotism: historical aspect // Bulletin of the Chelyabinsk state pedagogical University. 2015. Р. 30–33. 5. Ippolitova N.V. Patriotic education: a manual for special courses for students of pedagogical institutes. Shadrinsk, 2005. P. 84–86. 6. Khaliy I.A. Patriotism in Russia: Experience of typology // Sociological researches. 2017. No. 2. 7. Kulikov S.P. Patriotism in Russian society: generational specificity, regeneration strategy and risks of imitation: autoreferat thesis of the candidate of sociological sciences. Rostov on/D, 2016. 8. Kuznetsov V.N. Sociology of youth. 2015. 9. Levashov V.K. Socio-Political dynamics of Russian society: 2000–2006. M., 2007. P. 400–402. 10. Lisovsky V.T. Spiritual world and value orientations of youth in Russia // Studies. benefit. 2000. 11. Lubsky A.V. Civil patriotism: on the compatibility of patriotism and citizenship in Russian society // Humanitarian Southern Russia. Vol. 23. 2017. No. 1. P. 42–59. 12. Malsagovа H.I. Patriotic self-determination of young people in the context of the formation of solidarity activity: autoreferat thesis of the candidate of sociological sciences. Maikop, 2018. P. 41–54. 13. Tanatova D.K. Internet As a Culture and Culture on the Internet // Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 2. 2016. No. 3 (7). P. 99–105. 14. Tanatova D.K., Nevskaya M.V. European Society: Integration or Disintegration // Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 3. 2017. No. 3 (11). P. 129–134. 15. Tsiulina M.V. Patriotic education of schoolchildren: the opportunities socio-educational environment // Public Education. 2013. No. 1. P. 250–260. 16. Tsvetkova I.V. Generational differences in the dynamics of patriotic values (on the example of the city of Togliatti) // Sociological studies. 2014. No. 3. 17. Volkov Yu.G. Solidarity activity in Russian society: creative practices // Sociological studies. 2017. No. 2. P. 41–48. 18. Yudina T.N., Osadchaya G.I., Leskova I.V., Dolgorukova I.V., Kireev E.Y. The Eurasian Econo Micunion: Migration Risks // Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 6. 2015. Issue 4. 1 July. P. 451–457. 19. Zubok Yu.A. Sociology of youth // Encyclopedic dictionary. 2018. 20. Zubok Yu.A., Chuprov V.I. Self-regulation of meaning-life values in the cultural space of youth // Bulletin of the Institute of sociology. 2019. No. 31. Р. 164–186.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Ulrih, I.V. (2019) Theoretical and Methodological Background for Sociological Analysis of Patriotic Attitudes, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 125–131. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-125-131 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Ulrih Irina Vladimirovna Deputy Director of the Municipal Educational Institution “Snegirevskaya Secondary School” Snegiri Urban Settlement Kirova str., 10-a 143590 Moscow Region, Istrinsky District, Russian Federation Postgraduate Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

131 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Zaporozhskiy I.I., Master Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1014-4898

UDC 316; 327.83 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-132-137 Globalization As Oligohegemony

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 12.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: this article explores the impact of the hotly debated process of globalization on the equal rights of participants in international relations, as well as the potential negative effects that may be caused by it. The risks of the irrational distribution and use of world resources, including obtaining benefits from the latter by a limited number of participants, as well as the instability of the socio-cultural and political system that can be created as a result of this process, are assessed. Key words: globalization, national sovereignty, participatory governance, global governance, supranational institutions, transnational corporations, strategic balance, energy advantage, international conflict, oligohegemony. JEL classification: А140.

Introduction The rapid scientific and technological revolution is changing the idea of the future of mankind and forms a huge demand for science-intensive and creative human activity, instead of mechanical labor, because over the past 20 years, the use of gadgets and information networks has grown significantly. They have become more intuitive, more convenient and compact. They have gone from bulky computers to electronic watches, glasses virtual reality and self-vehicle c using the technology of LIDAR. The increased production of RFID tags, sensors, and sensors, coupled with the use of wireless networks, has made possible the increasingly popular concept of the Internet of Things – Internet of Things (IoT). This progress is irreversible, moreover, it is gaining momentum significantly. In 1982, Godfrey Reggio’s iconic documentary KOYAANISQATSI saw the light of the day, the name of which from the language of the Indian Hopi tribe means “life out of balance” or “life dictating new living conditions”. The film ended with a metaphorical comparison of megacities with the motherboards of computers, where the finale is a rocket exploding after launch, which has not had time to leave the atmosphere. The sharply increasing rates of scientific and technological development and the emergence of a free information and social ecosystem have become the reasons for discussing the process of so-called globalization, in which modern independent states can renounce sovereignty in favor of global regulation. Attempts are being made to create a multilateral dialogue in which the opinion and position of all parties must be taken into account in order to find a compromise on international issues, maintain peace, and the universal fight against terrorism, poverty, environmental pollution and climate change. World economic crises have also placed world governments in the need to jointly prevent shocks in the financial system by jointly regulating it.

132 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

In this regard, the emergence of supranational antitrusts such as the UN, IMF, and WTO can be considered the most significant events. The Institute of Worldwide Centralized Supranational Management is the strongest international innovation, the goal of which is to increase, simplify and accelerate the processes of globalization, eradicate world political disparities, proclaim the supremacy of human rights – all that in general can be called “Global Governance” – meaning “global regulation”, which, in contrast to the generally accepted “global governance” does not mean a mandatory vertical control impact. “Global Governance” includes analysis of the problem, assessment of its importance and severity, distribution of control rights and determination of the decision-making procedure on the nature of the management action, on resource mobilization and on the desired state of affairs as a result of this action. From the conceptual point of view of the “unification of humanity”, the globalization process has several advantages. But a closer look reveals a combination of shortcomings, as well as serious risks that are worth considering. Globalization as OligoHegemony If we talk about globalization as a global integration, it is necessary to study in more detail the possibilities of equality in such a union. It is an indisputable fact that certain states have a completely different level of technological development, as well as political and cultural influence. In chemical solutions, the characteristics of the overall resulting compound are obtained similar to the substance whose concentration in the solution is greater, or whose reaction effects are stronger. In genetics, you can give an example of a dominant gene. Extrapolating this picture to globalization, it is worth asking the question under whose leadership it will pass, as well as the characteristics of which nation the resulting system will possess to a greater extent? What political and economic model of functioning will it take as a basis? What culture will dominate it, or be the most acceptable? Looking ahead, it can be argued that these are more likely to be the parameters of the current world leaders, on which everyone is equal. For such states, this would be very beneficial, because naturally, even the most remote, both geographically and culturally, countries would become loyal partners and led through the consistent interpenetration of culture, mutual migration and trade. In this case, there would be a loss of their own cultural, political, economic uniqueness, their replacement with the values of a landmark state. The resulting system can be called oligohegemony, which will be nominally a single whole, but in fact the union of cultures with the highest concentration of dominant parameters from leading states. In addition, the more developed members of the association do not have incentives and a sufficient amount of resources to raise the level of improvement of their followers free of charge. Moreover, an integrated infrastructure may suffer damage as a result of the acceleration of internal social interactions that appear in it. In this regard, a contradictory picture is emerging, in particular because of various cultural and religious differences between the states of the West and the East. On a regular basis, confessional conflicts arise with mass incidents. Even without taking into account conflicts, the current situation in Europe, due to a sharp increase in migrants, is seriously changing the familiar look and image for centuries of a developing culture. The streets of Brussels resemble market ranks in the Middle East. The US President is implementing a project to build a “protective barrier” against migrants from Mexico, threatens a regular 5% increase in duties, which is quite indicative. Fees per se are also a major moderator of global economic growth. Here it is worth noting another negative effect of globalization – economic and financial integration. The financial system of the world has become very sensitive to shocks, problems in one large economy, as a rule, drag the whole world, crises happen. At the moment, there remains any kind of global diversification in the form of various specialization of countries due to the geographical location and specifics of the market, as well as the division into developed, developing, lagging economies. This allows institutional and private investors from all over the world to move assets

133 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK around the world as the potential of certain economies, sectors, companies changes. In the case of an increased market connection, even an insignificant and, at the moment, incident that does not have a connection between the countries incident can cause the collapse of the entire global financial system and the subsequent long uneven recovery. The basis for this development of events can serve as some trends in the modern development of the global financial market. Disintermediation – a decrease in the role of credit organizations in the mediation of the loan capital market in favor of the direct, direct issue, distribution and sale of securities by issuers. Decentralization is the process of dispersing economic entities throughout the world and moving them away from control centers. Of particular importance is the massive introduction of distributed registry technology. Securitization – the increasing role of financing through securities, as a way of attracting capital to the organization. It also occurs due to upgrades in existing financial instruments and the emergence of new forms of participation in capital. Under such conditions, oligohegemony is strengthened, and maintained by presenting it as globalization as a new step in development. The need to conduct military operations to seize the resources of another state is no longer necessary, because the distribution of our own corporate networks around the world as strategic control points and maintaining their competitiveness can become an alternative to armed conflict. There is an opportunity through various concessions to gain access to the resources of another state for the purposes of production activities. And raising capital through financial instruments is possible through public offerings on international exchanges. Moreover, the loyalty to them of the follower countries as partners with much less influence and rights will play a large role in increasing the influence of leaders. This is of particular importance when it comes to energy resources unevenly distributed on the world surface that affect the strategic balance. Producers of energy and food resources, regardless of the country, understand their exceptional strategic position. In such circumstances, national states and transnational corporations seek to gain an advantage in the form of access to energy resources, as well as their sources. To have a privileged position, it is enough to at least have rights to the territory, which could potentially be used to obtain energy resources, because if necessary, those interested in it will have to redeem it. For a century the world population will increase significantly, which will cause rapid demand on energy and food. Even at the turn of 40 years, renewable energy sources (RES), such as wind and solar power plants, will not be able to provide energy to all of humanity. Given the concomitant increase in the number of cars and various materials, classic hydrocarbon fuels and petrochemical products will be in great demand. In addition, a significant growth in the agricultural industry will be accompanied by the growth of the chemical industry, in particular, nitrogen, potassium, phosphate fertilizers for the agricultural sector. It is noteworthy that agricultural products are included in the export basket of the Russian Federation, as are nitrogen fertilizers used in its production, and which are also products of the oil and gas sector. Superiority in technological and information resources will allow several hegemons to influence public consciousness through the Internet and the media sphere, putting information on a social display in the light in which it will be beneficial for them. Instead of an open conflict, one can supplant a competitor by launching a compromising media company or even an information war against him . The Internet made it possible to relatively safely invade the information space of another state and collect data. There are a lot of ways. Indicative was the sensational revelation of Edward Snowden, the whole world declassified the global surveillance of the US National Security Agency. Consider this problem of globalization on a domestic example. Against Russia, as one of the main threats to globalization under the auspices of the West, information warfare methods and

134 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019 the spread of Russophobia are also used. In the western cinema of the o- and gambling industry, Russia is shown to be eternally snowy and technologically backward, using images acceptable for the 80–90s of the last century. There was a scandal when in the internationally known computer game «Battlefield V», dedicated to the Second World War, there was no mention of the participation of the USSR, as well as the fact of the sole victory over the fascists in the person of the USA and their allies that was shown in it. There are also attempts to eliminate information on the achievements of the Russian Federation in various fields. For example, the massive removal and blocking of YouTube channels, which contained videos about the victories of the Olympic Russian athletes, including the Russian national hockey team, while they played without the national flag anyway. The same measures are applied against many states whose interests do not coincide with the political course of leaders. The above events often prompt the actions of international cyber criminals. In general, globalization and blurring of borders also increase the level of global crime. It has become a response to new challenges that the new century has posed with the advent of digital technology. In the past five years, hacker attacks on financial and government organizations have become so frequent, powerful and unexpected that the financial system is losing tens and hundreds of billions of dollars a year. In connection with these events, financial and state organizations of the world spend billions of dollars on protection against information terrorism, but not all measures produce a lasting effect. Hackers not only commit destructive actions, steal data and money, they also develop and use more and more new hacking methods. For example, being aware of strong information security systems, hackers crack software companies and components of future systems even at the stage of their creation, so that later on at a convenient time they can launch an attack remotely. The TNC will have a particularly destructive effect from such actions. As world banks increasingly use digital information systems and high technology, the danger of hacker groups is extremely high. Many in such conditions advocate the creation of international communication systems using encryption. But anonymity in transactions encourages the financing of terrorism and criminal transactions in this system. At the moment, discussions of this topic, which is extremely relevant for our time, remain open, but what is undeniable is the great opportunities that globalization gives to international criminal groups. The mathematician and financier Nassim Taleb in the book «The Black Swan. Under the sign of unpredictability», investigated the impact of pseudo-random events on the global economy and financial markets. Under certain assumptions, his conclusions can be extrapolated to the sphere of international politics in the context of globalization. Of particular influence are events that, before their immediate onset, could potentially be predicted on the basis of input data, but this could not be done due to the unpredictability and hidden nature of such factors. In this case, insider information has a special role in the meaning of data that is known to a narrow circle of people and obtained through some research, which may also be illegal, as well as information that a person or group of persons can use to obtain their own benefit to the detriment of others. The actions of leading analytical rating agencies that provoked the global financial crisis by overestimating the ratings of mortgage bonds and structural financial products, which for a long time gave an easy and stable guaranteed income, while knowing their real low and unstable value, can be considered indicative. This caused a further multilevel collapse of the built-up model of interconnected structural products and a financial catastrophe, as a result of which the oldest banks went bankrupt, and the capitalization of world market sites fell dramatically, hundreds of thousands of people were unemployed and lost their homes. The greater the relationship between the individual components of a particular system, the stronger the negative effect in the case of deterioration of at least one of the components. There are also optimistic factors. The influence of state bodies in developed countries is increasingly limited by the principle of separation of powers within the country, as well as by

135 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK supranational governing bodies from the outside, while the trends in the pursuit of universal equality, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom in one’s personal positioning are all made by the first person of the state primarily a defender of the interests of these freedoms and values. Threats to the authority of oligohegemonistic influence are social networks, media hosting, forums, which are also its source. Since 2005, not too much time has passed before the rapidly gaining popularity of media persons gained significant political and social significance. From a psychological point of view, their sharply increased influence is due to the subconscious desire of the masses to be convinced of their positions on any issue. For this reason, bloggers, analysts and critics are in great demand if they can guess public interests and moods and speculate on the desire of people to hear their position on this or that occasion. It turns out that the fact remains for the most part subjective until it has been subject to evaluation, but if the opinion is confirmed by a famous person from a well-known channel, then by virtue of credibility it is considered a confirmed truth. On television, this is difficult because of censorship and a large abundance of state channels in which the hidden message of any idea that they are trying to convey to the viewer is immediately understood. In such conditions, the extreme option may be an extremely influential group of interacting Internet persons, capable of forming and changing the opinion of the masses of people, as well as encouraging them to take action. In this case, there is no need in itself to seize the attributes of influence or overthrow the existing legitimate authority, since the latter will simply automatically fade into the background by adopting a decorative function. In such circumstances, opposition movements are especially strong. While in some countries lagging behind in development it is enough for leaders to use intimidation, the heads of the most developed states, being public figures, depend on their image and suffer most from the loss of authority and the depreciation of their political goodwill. The network is full of video comparisons of the first persons of the states, and more often it’s not their political achievements that are compared, but their lifestyle, relaxation, pungency, attitude to sports and one of the most important indicators for users is proximity to the people. Conclusion Globalization, as in the process of development of the forehead we call civilization, there are many risks. Its unevenness, increased differentiation in the level of development between rich and poor countries, individual sectors. In fact, there is a stratification of the world’s population into those who can benefit from the fruits of globalization and those to whom they are not available. Centers arise where intellectual forces are concentrated and where financial capital is attracted – and, in contrast to them, criminalized areas with a low level of education and life are formed. Transparency of borders, economic interdependence leads to the fact that it becomes more difficult for state structures to control political, economic, social processes within countries. It is becoming increasingly difficult for states to confront possible financial crises, information terrorism, etc. Transformation of organized crime from national to international, the emergence of drug trafficking problems, illegal migration. The growing threat from international terrorism. Globalization leads to a serious increase in dependence, to the expansion and complication of the intensity of economic, cultural, financial ties throughout the world. Moreover, these processes occur unevenly, not always for the benefit of individual states or regions, but often for the benefit of several leading countries, which is why there is every reason to call this process oligohegemony.

References 1. Cabrera A. The Internet has turned leadership upside down // The Washington Post. 2011. URL: http://views.washingtonpost.com/leadership/panelists/2011/02/the-internet-has- turned-leadership-upside-down.html.

136 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

2. Chereshnev M. Digital Barriers – 2018: what problems the digital economy faced // Forbes. 2019. URL: https://www.forbes.ru/tehnologii/371057-cifrovye-barery-2018-s-kakimi- problemami-stolknulas-cifrovaya-ekonomika. 3. Christensen K. The dilemma of the innovator. How powerful companies die because of new technologies / transl. by T. Ovsenev. M.: Alpina Publisher, 2018. 4. Collins D. From Good to Great. Why do some companies make a breakthrough, while others do not... / transl. from eng. by P. Pavlovsky; ed. V. Dermanova. 15th ed. М.: Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2014. 5. Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime – The Budapest Agreement. URL: https://www. coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/185. 6. Desyatnik A. Digitized future. A smart economy is changing approaches to business // Forbes. 2018. URL: https://www.forbes.ru/biznes/361403-ocifrovannoe-budushchee-umnaya- ekonomika-menyaet-podhody-k-biznesu. 7. Finklea K. Cybercrime: Conceptual Issues for Congress and U.S. Law Enforcement. 2012. 8. Grigoriev L. M. Textbook “World Economy at the Beginning of the XXI Century”. M.: DirectMEDIA, 2013. P. 15–18. 9. Kinyakina E. Digital resistance: Roskomnadzor blocks the entire Internet in the fight against Durov // Forbes. 2018. URL: https://www.forbes.ru/tehnologii/360301-cifrovoe- soprotivlenie-roskomnadzor-blokiruet-ves-internet-v-borbe-s-durovym. 10. Kinyakina E. Roskomnadzor does not give up: why in Russia they introduce “white lists” of IP addresses? // Forbes. 2018. URL: https://www.forbes.ru/tehnologii/360997-roskomnadzor- ne-sdaetsya-zachem-v-rossii-vvodyat-belye-spiski-ip-adresov. 11. Kshetri N. Pattern of Global Cyber War and Crime: A Conceptual Framework // Journal of International Management. 2005. No. 11. P. 541–562. 12. Malcolm J. Multi-Stakeholder Public Policy Governance and its Application to the Internet Governance Forum. Terminus Press, 2008. 13. Maurer N. Digitalization – a threat to democracy?! // VestiFinance. 2018. URL: https://www. vestifinance.ru/articles/101921. 14. Medvedovsky I. The world is in danger: who can protect the data of Internet users // Forbes. 2018. URL: https://www.forbes.ru/tehnologii/359781-mir-v-opasnosti-kto-smozhet- zashchitit-dannye-polzovateley-interneta. 15. Starkin S.V. The influence of the geopolitical environment on the transformation of the counterintelligence paradigm of the US special services // Bulletin of the Bryansk State University. 2011. No. 2. P. 130–134. 16. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. 06.13.1996. No. 63-FL. Ed. dated 27.12.2018, as amended. and add., entry. effective from 01.08.2019. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/ document/cons_doc_LAW_10699.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Zaporozhskiy, I.I. (2019) Globalization As Oligohegemony, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 132–137. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-132-137 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Zaporozhskiy Ilya Igorevich Master Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

137 PSYCHOLOGY

Mishina A.O., Master Student, Russian State Social University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9920-6532 UDC 159.96 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-138-146 Suicide Risk Assessment Representatives of Creative Professions Engaged in Business

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 06.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: the article contains the results of an empirical study of personal risk factors for suicide in young writers and graphic artists – representatives of creative professions engaged in business. It is claimed that, in comparison with representatives of “non-creative” professions (meteorologists, laboratory assistants of medical centers, dental technicians, security guards, etc.), they have a higher level of suicidal risk and at the same time – a lower level of vitality, but they are characterized by a more pronounced anti-suicidal barrier. Key words: young writers and artists doing business; suicidal risk, anti-suicidal barrier. JEL classification: А130, А230.

Introduction The problem of suicide is international. And, despite the fact that it has long been actively developed in Russia [1; 2; 8; 9; 28], and abroad [10; 25], does not lose its relevance. According to the world Health Organization’s forecast for 2020, approximately 1.53 million people on the planet will commit suicide, and even more people (10–20 times more) will attempt suicide. This is an average of one death every 20 seconds and suicide attempts made every 2 seconds. These data reflect both the huge scale of the problem of autoaggressive behavior and its severity. The acceleration of the pace of social development, changes in the political situation and economic conditions on the territory of the Russian Federation (as well as in other countries) give rise to new factors that put the meaning of the continuation of life of individual representatives of the Russian population in doubt. Cases of suicide among Russians occur in different professional communities [5; 6; 13; 20; 28], at different ages [14; 17; 23; 26; 28] and in various circumstances [2; 8; 9; 18]. Suicides in Russia are considered as a socio-economic burden [17], although the country does not lead the world in terms of the severity of this problem. Suicidal behavior is caused by a number of factors – biological, social, cultural, ethnic. The reasons for this phenomenon, according to research by sociologists and psychologists,

138 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

are different: poverty, relationships in the family and with peers, alcohol and drugs, trouble with school, unrequited love, childhood violence, social isolation, incurable diseases, mental disorders, including depression and schizophrenia, and others. Researchers note age-related features of suicidal behavior (schoolchildren, students, young professionals, the elderly, etc.), professional, gender, and others [8; 9]. Representatives of creative professions (writers and artists) are among those individuals who are not only creative, but also particularly sensitive to social changes, changes in the atmosphere of social development, threats to the realization of the meaning of their own lives [3; 6; 7; 11–15; 19; 22; 24]. Attempts to combine their subtle mental organization with the strict requirements of business do not always and not all of them lead to a new level of social and psychological adaptation. However, with a variety of external factors in relation to creative individuals, intrapersonal factors, in particular, factors of suicidal risk, as well as the anti- suicidal barrier as a global factor of life continuation in any conditions, play an important role in the success of their life activity [9; 27]. Analysis of modern scientific publications has shown that mental States that contribute to the strengthening of suicidal behavior (anxiety, frustration, aggressiveness, rigidity), can be leveled by such an integrative characteristic of the person as vitality [4; 8; 20; 21; 23]. However, we did not find such developments among young writers and artists engaged in business. In this regard, the study of personal risk factors for suicide and anti-suicidal barrier in representatives of creative professions (beginning writers and graphic artists), engaged in business, is relevant. In 2018–2019, we conducted an empirical study in which 100 people participated. From them: 60 people have identified themselves as “creative professionals” (writers and artists) and “small and medium business”, 40 persons were provisionally referred by us to a group of representatives “creative” professions, because their professional work is much more demanded strict observance of sequence of actions than creativity, resourcefulness and enterprise (meteorologists, technicians, medical centres, dental technicians, security guards and some others). The age of the study participants is from 18 to 32 years. As a base for the study of writers, the electronic resource “Samizdat” was used; the base for graphic artists – the electronic resource Deviantart; the base for other (“non-creative” professions) – representatives of different professions on the basis of the psychological center of the Russian state social University, Moscow. Methodology The theoretical and methodological basis of this empirical study was the psychological concept of suicidal behavior, which assigns the main role in the “voluntary” withdrawal from life to psychological factors (from the “Thanatos” of Z. Freud to modern scientific ideas about socio-psychological maladaptation and resilience). The study was based on the assumption that young writers and graphic artists have an increased level of suicidal risk and a low level of resilience, while they have a relatively weak anti-suicidal barrier. During test this hypothesis we used the following methods and techniques: 1) test the risk of suicide tn. Razuvaeva that contains 9 scales – demonstrative, the affectivity, uniqueness, inconsistency, social pessimism, breaking the cultural barriers, perfectionism, time perspective, antisuicidal factor and allowing to identify, in addition to the tendency of the individual to suicidal behavior, also his individual style and content of suicidal intent; 2) methods of diagnostics of mental States G. Eysenck, contributing to the intensification of suicidal behavior (anxiety, frustration, aggressiveness, rigidity); 3) the method of determining the level of resilience S.R. Maddi [20] in the adaptation of D.A. Leontiev, contains 3 scales – inclusion, control, risk taking and allowing to assess the overall level of human resilience. High indicators on a scale of “involvement” means that the individual tries to actively participate in processes directly relevant to his life; he was sure that even in unpleasant and difficult situations, better

139 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK to stay involved – be aware of events in contact with other people, devote the maximum of their efforts, time, attention to what is happening, to participate in the events. The opposite of involvement is alienation. The control scale reflects a person’s belief that it is always possible and necessary to influence the outcome of events in their life. If the situation is fundamentally not amenable to any influence, then a person with a high installation of control will accept the situation as it is, that is, change their attitude to it, overestimate what is happening. The opposite of control is helplessness. Risk-taking is the belief that stress and change are a natural part of life, that any situation is at least a valuable experience that will help you develop yourself and deepen your understanding of life. The alternative to risk-taking is a sense of threat [16]. Mathematical and statistical data processing was carried out using the computer program SPSS, version 13. The analysis of the reliability of differences in the indicators of the two groups was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-criterion. Correlation analysis was carried out using the student’s method. Results 1. Results of assessment of suicidal risk and anti-suicidal factor in representatives of creative and “non-creative” professions.

Table 1 Indicators of suicidal risk and anti-suicidal factor in representatives of creative professions (group 1) and “non-creative” professions (group 2) Compared groups The measured parameters Group 1 (representatives of Group 2 (representatives of creative professions) “non-creative” professions) 1. Demonstrative 31, 0 21, 0 2. Affectivity 54,4 35,6 3. Uniqueness 36, 0 17, 0 4. Insolvency 49.3 30, 0 5. Social pessimism 51,6 49.6 6. Scrapping cultural barriers 27.5 36.3 7. Maximalism 33.3 35, 0 8. Time perspective 35.8 19.7 9. Antisuicidal factor 55.8 50, 0

19,7 Temporary prospect 35,8 35,0 Maximalism 33,3 36,3 Demolition of cultural barriers 27,5 49,6 Social pessimism 51,6 30,0 Insolvency 49,3 17,0 Uniqueness 36,0 35,6 Affectivity 54,4 21,0 Demonstrativeness 31,0 50,0 Anti-suicide factor 55,8

0 102030405060

Group 1 Group 2

Figure 1. Results of assessment of suicidal risk and anti-suicidal factor in representatives of creative and “non-creative” professions 140 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Table 1 and figure 1 show that the group of representatives of creative professions exceeds the group of representatives of “non-creative” professions in terms of parameters: time perspective, social pessimism, insolvency, uniqueness, affectivity, demonstrativeness. That is, young writers and graphic artists have a significantly higher level of suicide risk compared to the 2nd group in almost all parameters measured by the test of T.N. Razuvaeva. The exception is two parameters – “maximalism” and “breaking down cultural barriers”. But at the same time, representatives of creative professions have a higher level of anti-suicidal factor, the indicator of which peaks in this group, and in the group of representatives of “non-creative” professions competes with the parameter “social pessimism”. 2. Results of assessment of mental States in representatives of creative and “non-creative” professions.

Table 2 Indicators of mental States in representatives of creative professions (group 1) and “non-creative” professions (group 2) Compared groups The measured parameters Group 1 (representatives Group 2 (representatives of creative professions) of “non-creative” professions) 1. Anxiety 9,5 5,5 2. Frustration 9,9 4,7 3. Aggressiveness 8,4 7,9 4. Rigidity 10,9 9, 0

Rigidity 9,0 10,9

7,9 Aggression 8,4

4,7 Frustration 9,9

5,5 Uneasiness 9,5

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Group 1 Group 2

Figure 2. Results of assessment of mental States of representatives of creative and “non-creative” professions

Table 2 and figure 2 show that the group of young writers and graphic artists in two measured parameters (frustration and anxiety) has significantly higher rates compared to the 2nd group. 3. Results of diagnostics of vitality and its structural components in representatives of creative and “non-creative” professions. Table 3 and figure 3 show that a group of young writers and graphic artists in all measured parameters of vitality (control, risk-taking, involvement), as well as its overall level has lower indicators compared to the group of representatives of “non-creative” professions. The results obtained using three methods of psychological diagnostics are summarized in table 4 and presented below. 141 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Table 3 Indicators of the General level of vitality and its structural components in representatives of creative professions (group 1) and “non-creative” professions (group 2) Compared groups The measured parameters Group 1 (representatives Group 2 (representatives of creative professions) of “non-creative” professions) Overall level of life resistance 59,3 8 7.0 1. Involvement 23,2 38,2 2. Risk taking 15,1 1 8.0 3. Control 21.0 30.8

30,8 Control 21,0

18,0 Adoption of risk 15,1

38,2 Involvement 23,2

General level of resilience 87,0 59,3

020406080 100

Group 1 Group 2

Figure 3. Results of assessment of vitality in representatives of creative and “non-creative” professions

Table 4 Summary table of the results of the study of personal characteristics of a group of representatives of creative professions (young writers and graphic artists) engaged in business, and a group of representatives of “non-creative” professions (the average values for the two groups) Compared groups The measured parameters Group 1 (representatives of Group 2 (representatives of creative professions) “non-creative” professions) 1. Suicide risk: – demonstrativeness 31, 0 21, 0 – affectivity 54,4 35,6 – uniqueness 36, 0 17, 0 – insolvency 49.3 30, 0 – social pessimism 51,6 49.6 – breaking down cultural barriers 27.5 36.3 – maximalism 33.3 35, 0 – time perspective 35.8 19.7 Antisuicidal factor 55.8 50, 0 2. Mental state: – anxiety 9,5 5,5 – frustration 9,9 4,7 – aggressiveness 8,4 7,9 – rigidity 10,9 9, 0 3. Life-resistance: – involvement 23,2 38,2 – risk taking 15,1 1 8.0 – control 21.0 30.8 Overall level of life resistance 59,3 8 7.0

142 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

In the course of an equal analysis of the data obtained by the Mann-Whitney criterion, a number of significant differences were revealed (at p  0.01). It is established that: – suicidal risk is significantly higher in representatives of creative professions (young writers and graphic artists engaged in business) compared to representatives of “non-creative” professions in such parameters as: demonstrativeness, affectivity, uniqueness, insolvency, temporary perspective; – suicidal risk is significantly lower for representatives of creative professions (young writers and artists engaged in business) compared to representatives of “non-creative” professions in the parameter “breaking down cultural barriers”; – negative mental States-anxiety and frustration significantly higher in the group of representatives of creative professions; – the overall level of vitality is significantly higher in the group of representatives of “non- creative” professions. In particular, its structural components such as “engagement” and “control” are higher. It turns out that the assumption put forward by us at the beginning of the study that novice writers and artists are characterized by a relatively high level of suicidal risk and a reduced level of vitality, has been confirmed. However, the group of surveyed young writers and graphic artists – representatives of creative professions has a much lower level of breaking down cultural barriers than the group of representatives of “non-creative” professions. This means that they are less prone to the cult of suicide, the search for cultural values and norms that justify suicidal behavior, borrowing suicidal behaviors from literature and movies. They are mostly life-affirming people. As for the antisuicidal factor, table 1 shows its dominance in the group of young writers and artists. Checking these data for the validity of the differences showed that they are statistically significant. Correlation analysis revealed a number of close coordination of the studied parameters. Demonstrativeness as a particular parameter of suicidal risk correlates with situational anxiety (r = 0.426 at p = 0.001) and frustration (r = 0.535 at p = 0.000). That is, young graphic artists and writers who are prone to demonstrativeness are characterized by increased situational anxiety, they are characterized by experiencing a state of frustration. Affectivity, uniqueness, failure, time perspective and antisuitial factor in General positively correlate with three parameters: “situational anxiety” – “frustration” – “rigidity” (for r from 0.351 to 0.626 and p  0.006). This means that the more pronounced the state of situational anxiety, frustration and rigidity is among the representatives of creative professions, the higher their private and General indicators of suicidal risk. In addition, “failure” as a particular parameter of suicidal risk is negatively consistent with risk acceptance as a structural parameter of resilience (r = – 0.375 at p = 0.003). That is, the feeling of failure is higher for those representatives of creative professions who are not inclined to take risks. The parameter “Social pessimism” correlates with situational anxiety (r = 0.407 at p = 0.001) and frustration (r = 0.437 at p = 0.001). That is, the higher the situational anxiety and frustration of the surveyed representatives of creative professions, the more acute their experiences of social pessimism. The “Breaking down cultural barriers” parameter is negatively correlated with risk-taking (r = – 0.338 at p = 0.008), while maximalism is positively correlated with situational anxiety (r = 0.355 at p = 0.005), as well as with such a structural parameter of resilience as “Engagement” (r = 0.354 at p = 0.005). In other words, maximalism as a factor of suicidal risk is inherent in representatives of creative professions with high situational anxiety and a high level of involvement in events.

143 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Frustration (r = – 0.367 at p = 0.004) and rigidity (r = – 0.386 at p = 0.002) are negatively correlated with risk acceptance. That is, the more developed young writers and graphic artists private parameter of resilience “risk Taking”, the lower the level of their frustration and rigidity. Discussion The data of an empirical study showed a high significance of the anti-suicidal barrier. “Anti-suicidal barrier” is a term denoting the same thing as an anti-suicidal factor. It refers to personal formations that inhibit the formation and / or development of suicidal behavior and the Commission of suicidal acts. The presence of an anti-suicidal barrier means that even with a high severity of all suicidal factors, it neutralizes the global suicide risk. Research shows that it is formed from the following factors [1; 2; 8; 28]: – expressed emotional attachment; – kinship duties; – sense of duty, concept of honor; – dependence on public opinion (if social norms do not allow suicide); – having plans that define a goal in life; – attention to your own health; – representation of unused opportunities; – presence of aesthetic criteria of thinking; – existential understanding of the conflict; – faith. The anti-suicidal factors listed above are more or less characteristic of the surveyed young writers and graphic artists engaged in business than of the surveyed representatives of “non- creative” professions. However, it is worth paying attention to the fact that they have the least developed parameter of resilience, as “risk Taking”, although its importance for the success of business is obvious. Vitality is “existential courage”, according To p. Tillich and M. Heidegger-the readiness of the individual to “act in spite of” ontological anxiety, loss of meaning, a sense of “abandonment”; to endure the unknown and uncertainty, to accept the immutability of the past. And it is also a system of human beliefs about themselves, others, the world around them, which allows them to withstand and successfully overcome life’s difficulties. Being strongly correlated with suicidal risk factors such as depression and hopelessness, resilience is a powerful anti-suicidal factor that strengthens the anti-suicidal barrier of the individual. Its presence means the readiness of the individual to act in a situation of immutability of the past and uncertainty of the future, to make a choice in favor of life under any circumstances [4]. It is obvious that resilience and its particular parameter “risk-Taking” can be considered as the most promising targets of corrective and preventive work with young writers and artists who have an increased level of suicidal risk. Conclusions Summing up the empirical study, we will note the main thing that we were able to identify: members of the professions, in comparison with the “non-creative” professions have a significantly higher level antisuicidal barrier. This means that our hypothesis was partially untenable: although young writers and artists are characterized by a relatively high level of suicidal risk and reduced vitality, but have a relatively stronger anti-suicidal barrier. From this it follows that the main attention in the work with this category of the Russian population is more appropriate to pay to improving resilience, and to a greater extent on the parameter “risk- Taking”. The data obtained by us can find practical application, as it allows us to develop a program of social and psychological support for young representatives of creative professions. In it, in our opinion, it is advisable to provide the following areas of activity of a practical social psychologist:

144 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

1) increase the level of risk-taking, inclusion and control through the organization of resilience training. The experience of S.R. Maddi and his colleagues can be taken as a basis [18]; 2) correction of suicidal risk factors (demonstrativeness, affectivity, uniqueness, insolvency, time perspective) by methods of active social and psychological training; 3) assessment and strengthening of the anti-suicidal barrier in a group environment social and psychological work.

References 1. Ambrumovа А.G., Каlashnikovа О.Е. Individual Psychological Aspects of Suicidal Behavior // Current Problems of Suicidal Science. 1978. P. 44–58. 2. Ambrumovа А.G., Тikhonenkо V.А., Bergelson L.L. Socio-psychological personality disadaptation and suicide prevention // Psychology questions. 1981. No. 4. P. 91–102. 3. Arnaudov М. Psychology of literary creativity. М.: Progress, 2005. 211 p. 4. Borisov I.V., Gladyshevа А.G., Lyubov Е.B. Ontological view: suicidal behavior and the phenomenon of vitality // Suicidology. 2013. No. 2 (11). P. 35–44. 5. Chernyhkova M.P. Tsvetkova N.A., Lodacheva L.P., Debolsky M.G., Dikopoltsev D.E. Suicides among the suspects, indicted and convicts: an analytical review // Suicidology. 2017. No. 3 (28). P. 62–70. 6. Chkhartishvili G. Writers and suicide. М.: New literary review, 2006. 464 p. 7. Drukker A.S. Power of art creativity // Person. 2008. No. 5. P. 65–73. 8. Erdyneevа К.G., Filippovа V.P. Suicidal behaviour: entities, factors and principles (cross- cultural analysis) [Еlectronic resource] / Аcademy of natural sciences. 2010. URL: https:// monographies.ru/ru /book/view?id=110 (date of the address 28.12.2019). 9. Govorin N.V., Sakharov А.V. Suicidal behaviour: typology and factor conditionality. Chitа: Publishing house «Ivan Fedorov», 2008. 178 p. 10. Grollman E. Suicide: prevention, intervention, potentia // Suicidology: past and present: The problem of suicide in the works of philosophers, sociologists, psychotherapists and in artistic texts. М.: Коgitо-Tsentr, 2001. P. 270–352. 11. Iljin Е.P. Psychology of creativity, creativity, endowments. SPb.: Piter, 2009. 126 p. 12. Krivtsun О. Creative consciousness of the artist. М.: Monuments to a historical thought, 2008. 376 s. 13. Kulakova S.V. Tsvetkova N.A. Suicidal behavior among criminal executive system personal as an actual problem // Suicidology. 2017. No. 4 (29). P. 91–98. 14. Kuleshevskaya Е. Psychological portrait of the suicidal student of the College of Arts [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://oldconf.neasmo.org.ua /node/1347 (data obrascheniya 28.12.2019). 15. Kuznetsovа М.А. Creativity as exceeding the possible over the actual // Bulletin of Chelyabinsk state university. 2010. No. 31 (212). P. 25–30. 16. Leontyev D.А., Rasskazovа Е.I. Тest of resilience. Methodological guide on new method of psychological diagnostics with wide field of application. М.: Smysl, 2006. 63 p. 17. Lyubov Е.B., Моrev М.V., Fаlаlееvа О.I. Suitsidy: Socio-economic burden in Russia [Еlectronic resource] // Medical psychology in Russia: online scientific magazine. 2013. No. 2 (19). URL: http: //medpsy.ru (date of the address: 28.12.2019). 18. Maddi S.R. Hardiness: An operacionalisation of existential courage // Journal of humanistic psychology. Vol. 44. No. 3. 2004. Р. 279–298. 19. Maksimovа S.V. Creativity: consciousness or destruction? M.: Academic project, 2006. 224 p. 20. Mamchenko A.М., Tsvetkova N.A., Krotova D.V., Rydakova A.I. Suicide Risk Among Suspects And Defendants In Detention Center // European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences. 2018. Vol. L (50). P. 1226–1231. No. 150. URL: https://www.futureacademy.org. uk/publication/EpSBS/RPTSS 2018/. 21. Mamchenkо А.М. Existential meaning of vitality and suicide // Introduction of results of innovative developments: problems and prospects: Collection of articles of the International Scientific Practical Conference (Ekaterinburg, 18 nov. 2016 g.). Ufа: ОMEGA SAJNS, 2016. P. 229–233. 22. Psychology of artistic creation: chrestomy / sost. Selchenok К.V. Мinsk: Kharverst, 2003. 752 p. 23. Sagalakovа О.А., Тruevtsev D.V. Resilience and Dynamics of Suicidal Behavior of Young People // Journal of Psychology and Pedagogy of Altay State University 2017. No. 1. P. 49–56.

145 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

24. Shuvalov А.V. The Mad Fringes of Talent: The Encyclopedia of Pathographs. М.: АST, 2004. 1212 p. 25. Stnejdman Q. Ten traits suicide and its significance for psychotherapy // Аnthology of a suicidology. Kiev: А.L.D., 1996. P. 177–182. 26. Taranenkо О.N., Idrisovа Y.А. Suicidal attitude of young people as a social and psychological problem of society // Young scientist. 2016. No. 6 (110). P. 710–713. 27. Tokarevа А. Killer archetype: suicide or creativity? [Еlectronic resource]. URL: http://www. kafedramtai.ru/120-almanac-issue-10/849-anna-tokareva-arkhetip-ubijtsy-suitsid-ili- tvorchestvo (date of the access: 28.12.2019). 28. Tsvetkovа N.А., Коlesnikovа N.Е. Intervention, potentia and prevention of suicidal conditions in adults. Pskov: PUI FSIN Russia, 2011. 116 p.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Mishina, A.O. (2019) Suicide Risk Assessment Representatives of Creative Professions Engaged in Business, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 138–146. DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-138-146 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Mishina Anastasia Olegovna Master Student Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

146 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

Polyakova O.B., Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Social, General and Clinical Psychology, Russian State Social University, Moscow; Associate Professor of the Chair of Pedagogy and Psychology, Open Humanitarian and Economic University, Moscow. E-mail: [email protected] Scopus Author ID: 57205426592 ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2581-5516 UDC 159.923 DOI 10.17922/2412-5466-2019-5-4-147-153 Features of the Image of Social Workers with Professional Deformations

Receiving date: Preprint date: Taking to print date: 10.09.2019 27.11.2019 27.12.2019

Annotation: social workers with professional deformations (high emotional exhaustion; increased depersonalization, personal estrangement, reduction of personal achievements and professional motivation; average psycho-emotional exhaustion) revealed the following image features: high overloads in the performance of their professional duties; dominance of a behavioral activity strategy in stress situations of type A; low need for tracking your impression and desire to please; average severity of barriers in managerial activity with relative variability of behavior, demonstration of weakness or supplication in difficult production situations, information culture, conflict when interacting with colleagues and clients, uncertainty of further professional development, exemplary strategy of self-presentation, stress tolerance; Frequent use of intimidation and self-promotion strategies. Key words: depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, image, professional deformations, reduction of personal achievements, social workers. JEL classification: А130, А230.

Introduction In modern psychological science, the question of forming the image of representatives of socionomic professions (social workers, psychologists, teachers, doctors and others) and the influence of professional deformations of specialists on it [4]. Image is an impression that is made on the people around you, a characteristic of group, individual and mass consciousness, a multidimensional complex of images (cognitive, figurative and semiotic), the medium of which has external visual characteristics, communication skills, cultural level, leadership qualities, professional knowledge and skills [15]. The positive image is due to: the specialist’s activity and focus on positioning himself, subjective formations (verbal concepts, visual and auditory images, moral components, feelings, feelings), the effectiveness of the organization as a whole. Among the most important socio-psychological characteristics of social workers are indicated: risk appetite, diplomacy, concern for social reputation, internality, sociability, motivation for success, focus on society, organizational abilities, orientation on interpersonal relations in an organization, orientation on the social significance of work, meaningfulness of life, practicality, self-esteem, social maturity, stress tolerance, satisfaction with professional activities, clear life plans and goals and others. 147 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

An examination of the activities of social workers from the standpoint of stress psychology suggests that the intensity of work, the inadequacy of the functional role influence and the emotional tension of interpersonal communication are the psychological prerequisites for the occurrence of professional deformations. At the same time, depersonalization, personal estrangement, psychoemotional exhaustion, reduction of personal achievements, reduction of professional motivation, emotional and / or physical exhaustion are analyzed as components of professional deformations that negatively affect the main components of the image of a social worker, namely cognitive, behavioral, self- evaluating, self-presenting, managerial and emotional components. Organization and methodology Of the sample of 3106 social workers, 418 social workers with severe professional deformations were selected. All diagnostic procedures were divided into two blocks: The block of techniques for identifying features of professional deformations: 1) Maslach burnout inventory (MBI), the authors: C. Maslach & S. Jackson [14]; the author of the adapted version of the questionnaire is N.E. Vodopyanova [7]; the author of the modification of the interpretation of the results is O.B. Polyakova (table 1); 2) modification Maslach burnout inventory (mod MBI), the authors: C. Maslach & S. Jackson [14]; the authors of the modification of the questionnaire are teachers of the Department of Psychology of Professional Activities of St. Petersburg State University [22]; the author of the modification of the interpretation of the results is O.B. Polyakova (table 1); 3) The definition of mental burnout (DMB), author – B.A. Farber [5]; the author of the adapted version is A.A. Rukavishnikov [6]; the author of the modification of the interpretation of the results is O.B. Polyakova (table 1).

Table 1 Level scales for identifying professional deformations of social workers Names of diagnostic procedures Low Below Average Above High and indicators / Levels of severity average average Maslach burnout Emotional exhaustion (EE) 0-11 12-22 23-31 32-42 43-54 inventory (MBI) Depersonalization (D) 0-6 7-12 13-17 18-23 24-30 modification Reduction of personal 0-10 11-19 20-28 29-37 38-48 Maslach burn- achievements (RPA) out inventory The total value of the se- 0-27 28-53 54-78 79-104 105-132 (mod MBI) verity of professional defor- mations (PD) The definition Psycho-emotional exhaus- 0-9 10-20 21-39 40-49 50-75 of mental burn- tion (PEE) out (DMB) Personal estrangement (PE) 0-9 10-16 17-31 32-40 41-72 Reduction of professional 0-7 8-12 13-24 25-31 32-69 motivation (RPM) The total value of the se- 0-31 32-51 52-92 93-112 113-216 verity of professional defor- mations (PD)

The block of methods for identifying the image (cognitive, behavioral, self-evaluating, self- presenting, managerial and emotional components): 1) Information Culture Level (ICL), author – E.I. Rogov [17; 20]; the author of the modification of the interpretation of the results is O.B. Polyakova (table 2); 2) Diagnosing stressful behavioral strategies (DSBS), authors: N.P. Fetiskin, V.V. Kozlov, G.M. Manuylov [6]; 148 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

3) The study of personality self-esteem (SPSE), author – T.A. Ratanova [6]; the author of the data processing modification and interpretation of the results is O.B. Polyakova: conversion: very often – 0 points, often – 1 point, sometimes – 2 points, rarely – 3 points, never – 4 points; levels of self-esteem (table 2); 4) Self-presentation strategies (SPS), authors: E. Jones & T. Pittman [16], [18]; the author of the modification of the interpretation of the results is O.B. Polyakova (table 2); 5) Express diagnostics of barriers in management (EDBM), authors: N.P. Fetiskin, V.V. Kozlov, G.M. Manuylov [6]; the author of the modification of the interpretation of the results is O.B. Polyakova (table 2); 6) Boston stress test (Life style analysis) (BST-LSA), authors – researchers at the University of Boston Medical Center [12]; the author of the data processing modification and interpretation of the results is O.B. Polyakova: conversion: always 5 points, often 4 points, sometimes 3 points, almost always 2 points, never 1 point, then subtract 20 points from the amount; stress tolerance levels (table 2).

Table 2 Level scales for determining the components of the image of social workers Names of diagnostic procedures Low Below Average Above High and indicators / Levels of severity average average Information Culture Level (ICL) 0-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 The study of personality self-esteem (SPSE) 0-25 26-51 52-77 78-103 104-128 Self-presentation strategies Components of self- 0-2 3-6 7-9 10-13 14-16 (SPS) presentation The amount of self- 0-22 23-44 45-67 68-89 90-112 presentation Express diagnostics of barri- Separate barriers in 3-5 6-7 8-10 11-12 13-15 ers in management (EDBM) management The amount of barri- 12-20 21-28 29-40 41-48 49-60 ers to management Boston stress test (Life style analysis) (BST-LSA) 0-16 17-32 33-48 49-64 65-80

Results The main features of professional deformations of social workers are: a high level of emotional exhaustion (44.2); higher than average level of depersonalization (22.3), personal estrangement (38.5), professional deformations in general (100.0 and 112.2), psycho-emotional exhaustion (40.8), reduction of personal achievements (33.5), reduction of professional motivation (32.9). The main features of the image of social workers with professional deformations are: type a strategies for behavioral activity in stressful conditions (170.3); a high level of overload in the process of fulfilling their duties (14.1) and self-esteem (106.7); higher than the average level of barriers in managerial activity (41.1), bullying (11.9) and self-promotion (12.3); average level of barriers in relations with management (8.4), variability of behavior (7.5), demonstration of weakness or supplication (8.1), information culture (42.3), conflicting work environment (9.7), uncertainty of position in the organization (8.9), exemplary (8.0), self-presentation strategies (57.2) and stress resistance (36.3); below average tracking level of the made impression (4.1) and desire to like (5.3). The presence or absence of a linear relationship between the components of professional deformations and the components of the image of social workers was determined using the correlation criterion of K. Pearson (table 3), taking into account the Cheddock table, an accurate assessment of the strength of the correlation (less than 0.3 – weak tightness (strength) of the correlation; from 0.3 to 0.5 – moderate tightness (strength) of the correlation; from 0.5 to 0.7 – 149 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK noticeable tightness (strength) of the correlation; from 0.7 to 0.9 – high tightness (strength) of the correlation ; more than 0.9 – very high tightness (forces a) correlation).

Table 3 The results of the correlation of the components of professional deformations and the components of the image of social workers Diagnostic Procedures Maslach burnout inventory (MBI) The definition of mental burnout & modification Maslach burnout (DMB) inventory (mod MBI) PD) PD)   (D) Emotional tion (RPM) Personal es- Personal ments (RPA) Reduction of The total value The total value professional de- professional de- exhaustion (EE) trangement (PE) fessional motiva- Reduction of pro- personal achieve- of the severity of the severity exhaustion (PEE) formations ( formations ( Psycho-emotional Psycho-emotional Depersonalization Information Culture Level 0.38 0.29 0.33 0.33 0.40 0.28 0.31 0.33 (ICL) Diagnosing stressful behav- 0.83 0.58 0.56 0.66 0.67 0.61 0.58 0.62 ioral strategies (DSBS) The study of personality self- 0.75 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.56 0.64 0.70 0.63 esteem (SPSE) Self- Desire to like (DL) 0.17 0.24 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.22 0.15 0.19 presen- Self promotion (SP) 0.87 0.57 0.56 0.67 0.59 0.59 0.61 0.60 tation Approximation (Ap) 0.31 0.27 0.32 0.30 0.30 0.28 0.31 0.30 strate- Intimidation (In) 0.89 0.70 0.64 0.74 0.68 0.68 0.69 0.68 gies Demonstration of 0.49 0.48 0.39 0.45 0.45 0.50 0.37 0.44 (SPS) weakness or suppli- cation (DWS) Tracking Your Im- 0.19 0.24 0.21 0.21 0.17 0.23 0.20 0.20 pression (TYI) Behavioral variation 0.28 0.30 0.36 0.31 0.27 0.28 0.34 0.30 (BV) Self-Impression 0.46 0.40 0.38 0.41 0.39 0.40 0.38 0.39 Strategies (SIS) Express Conflict in the work 0.49 0.46 0.39 0.45 0.50 0.44 0.37 0.44 diagnos- environment (CWE) tics of Overload in the 0.89 0.67 0.69 0.75 0.69 0.64 0.67 0.67 barriers course of perform- in man- ing their duties agement (OCPTD) (EDBM) Uncertainty in the 0.45 0.37 0.34 0.39 0.41 0.39 0.36 0.39 organization (UO) Management Re- 0.47 0.49 0.31 0.42 0.48 0.46 0.34 0.43 lationship Barriers (MRB) Management Barri- 0.58 0.50 0.43 0.50 0.52 0.48 0.44 0.48 ers (MB) Boston stress test (Life style 0.42 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.46 0.31 0.39 0.39 analysis) (BST-LSA)

The following correlations between the components of professional deformations and the components of the image were identified among social workers (table 3):

150 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

1) the high tightness (strength) of the correlation between: professional deformations in general and intimidation and overload in the process of fulfilling their duties; emotional exhaustion and intimidation, overload in the process of fulfilling one’s duties, self-esteem (professional, in particular, as psychological defense), self-promotion, and type a strategies for behavioral activity under stressful conditions (table 3); 2) a noticeable tightness (strength) of the correlation between: depersonalization (personal estrangement) / professional deformations in general / psychoemotional exhaustion / reduction of personal achievements (professional motivation) and intimidation, overload in the process of fulfilling one’s duties, self-esteem (professional, in particular, as psychological defense), self-promotion and type a strategies for behavioral activity under stressful conditions (table 3); 3) moderate tightness (strength) of the correlation between: depersonalization (personal estrangement) / professional deformations in general / psychoemotional (emotional) exhaustion / reduction of personal achievements (professional motivation) and barriers in managerial activity in general, barriers to relationships with leadership, variability of behavior, demonstration weakness or entreaty, intimidation, information culture, conflicting work environment, uncertainty in the organization, overload in the process all fulfillment of one’s duties, exemplary, self-esteem (professional in particular, as psychological defense), self- promotion, self-presentation strategies in general, stress resistance and type a strategies for behavioral activity in stressful conditions (table 3); 4) weak tightness (strength) of the correlation between: depersonalization (personal estrangement) / professional deformations in general / psycho-emotional (emotional) exhaustion / reduction of personal achievements (professional motivation) and tracking the impression made and the desire to please (table 3). Discussion In modern psychology, the problem of the relationship between professional deformations and individual psychological characteristics of the personality of social workers is solved through: 1) identifying the characteristics of overcoming and preventing professional deformation of social work specialists [10]; 2) identifying factors of formation and manifestation of professional deformations of social work specialists [19]; 3) a description of the methodological aspects of assessing the reduction of personal achievements in the social sphere [21]; 4) a description of the causes of occurrence, manifestations, prevention and psychocorrection syndrome of “emotional burning” of specialists of social services [13]; 5) coverage of historical and theoretical aspects of the professional deformation of social workers [11]; 6) disclosing the role of comprehensive assistance and support in the prevention and treatment of burnout of social workers [2]; 7) consideration of the professional competence of a social worker as a condition for the prevention of professional deformation [1]; 8) establishing the specifics of the professional deformation of the personality of a social worker [8]; 9) the statement of professional deformation as a natural phase of professional growth of social work specialists [9]; 10) the formation of professional and personal competence of a social worker as a condition for overcoming professional deformation of a person [3]; 11) a description of the risks and challenges of the professional activities of specialists in the social sphere [23].

151 CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL WORK

Conclusion Thus, social workers with professional deformations (high emotional exhaustion; increased depersonalization, personal estrangement, reduction of personal achievements and professional motivation; average psycho-emotional exhaustion) revealed such image features as: high overload in the performance of their professional duties; the dominance of a behavioral activity strategy in stress situations of type A; low need for tracking your impression and desire to please; average severity of barriers in managerial activity with relative variability of behavior, demonstration of weakness or entreaty in difficult production situations, information culture, conflict when interacting with colleagues and clients, uncertainty of further professional development, exemplary, self-presentation strategy, stress resistance; frequent use of intimidation and self-promotion strategies. The high tightness (strength) of the correlation relationship between: professional deformations in general and intimidation and overloads in the process of fulfilling their duties has been established; emotional exhaustion and intimidation, overload in the process of fulfilling one’s duties, self-esteem (professional, in particular, as psychological defense), self- promotion and type A strategies for behavioral activity in stressful conditions. Thanks to all social workers who agreed to participate in the study.

References 1. Alieva B.Sh., Akhmedova N.A., Rashidova A.Kh. The professional competence of a social worker as a condition for the prevention of professional deformation // World of science, culture, education. 2019. No. 3 (76). P. 218–219. 2. Arkhipova O.V. The role of comprehensive assistance and support in the prevention and treatment of burnout among social workers // Psychology of maturity and aging. 2013. No. 4 (64). P. 96–108. 3. Bessonova L.A. The formation of the professional and personal competence of a social worker as a condition for overcoming professional personality deformation (question theory and research results) // Domestic Journal of Social Work. 2017. No. 3. P. 166–182. 4. Elshansky S.P., Anufriev A.F., Polyakova O.B., Semenov D.V. Positive personal qualities and depression editors // Prensa Medica Argentina. 2018. Vol. 104. No. 6. 5. Farber B.A. Introduction: A critical perspective on burnout // Stress and burnout in the human service professions. N.Y.: Pergamon Press, 1983. P. 1–20. 6. Fetiskin N.P., Kozlov V.V., Manuylov G.M. Socio-psychological diagnosis of the development of personality and small groups. M.: Institute of Psychotherapy, 2002. 490 p. 7. Ilyin E.P. Emotions and feelings. SPb.: Peter, 2001. 752 p. 8. Kupriyanov R.V., Valeeva N.Sh., Bykovskaya N.V. Professional deformation of the personality of a social worker // Acmeology. 2014. No. 3 (51). P. 66–74. 9. Kurbanova L.U., Davtaeva H.S.-A. Professional deformation as a natural phase of professional growth among specialists in social work // Bulletin of modern studies. 2018. No. 10.5 (25). P. 59–62. 10. Kuzmina Yu.M. Overcoming and preventing professional deformation among social work specialists. Kazan: Kazan National Research Technological University, 2015. 100 p. 11. Levokhina M.N. Professional deformation of social workers: historical and theoretical aspects // Bulletin of the magistracy. 2019. No. 9-2 (96). P. 35–37. 12. Life style analysis (Boston stress test): questionnaire. URL: http://www.no-stress.ru/testy/ stress.html (date of access: 17.01.2020). 13. Lotova I.P. “Emotional combustion” syndrome among specialists of social service institutions: causes of occurrence, manifestation, prevention and psychocorrection // Domestic Journal of Social Work. 2018. No. 1. P. 188–197. 14. Maslach C., Jackson S. MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory; research edition. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1981. P. 13–15. 15. Polyakova O.B., Petrova E.A., Mironova O.I., Semenov D.V. Specificity of psychosomatization of psychologist-leaders with professional deformations // Prensa Medica Argentina. 2019. Vol. 105. No. 1. 16. Psychology of personality / ed. P.N. Ermakova, V.A. Labunskoy. M.: Eksmo, 2007. 653 p.

152 VOLUME 5, No. 4 (20), 2019

17. Rogov E.I. Handbook of the practical psychologist: In 2 b. M.: Vlados, 1999. B. 2: Psychologist’s work with adults. Corrective techniques and exercises. 480 p. 18. Self-presentation strategies: questionnaire. URL: http://lib.exdat.com/docs/1448/ index-6692.html (date of access: 17.01.2020). 19. Tegentsev M., Sverkunova T. Factors of formation and manifestation of professional deformations in social work // News of scientific achievements. 2019. No. 5. P. 50–55. 20. The level of information culture: questionnaire. URL: http://www.gurutestov.ru/ test/375 (date of access: 17.01.2020). 21. Voronina A.V., Solovieva N.D. Methodological aspects of assessing the reduction of personal achievements in the social sphere // Transactions of Rostov State Transport University. 2015. No. 3. P. 32–36. 22. Workshop on the psychology of professional activity. SPb.: St. Petersburg State University, 2000. 304 p. 23. Zaglodina T.A. Risks and challenges of the professional activities of social specialists // Kazan Science. 2015. No. 10. P. 358–360.

REFERENCE TO ARTICLE Polyakova, O.B. (2019) Features of the Image of Social Workers with Professional Deformations, Contemporary Problems of Social Work. Vol. 5. No. 4 (20). P. 147–153. DOI 10.17922/2412- 5466-2019-5-4-147-153 (International bibliographic description).

CONTACT INFORMATION: Polyakova Olga Borisovna Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor Associate Professor of the Department of Social, General and Clinical Psychology Russian State Social University Wilhelm Pieck str., 4, build. 1 129226 Moscow, Russian Federation Associate Professor of the Chair of Pedagogy and Psychology Open Humanitarian and Economic University Taganskaya street, house 31/22, room № 27 109147 Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

153 The certificate of registration of mass media in the Federal service on supervision of legislation observance in sphere of mass communications and cultural heritage protection PE №FS-77-61246 from 03.04.2015.

Sent for the press 27.12.2019 Demy printing paper 70х100 1/16. Typeface “Magazine”. Conventionally printed sheets 12, Circulation 2000 exemp.

Publishing house of Russian State Social University. 129226, Moscow, Wilhelm Pieck street, 4, building 2 Phone: 8 (495) 255-67-67, extension line (30-06) www.rgsu.net

Printed by the Russian State Social University. 129226, Moscow, Wilhelm Pieck street, 4, building 2 Phone: 8 (495) 255-67-67, extension line (30-40) Order № 20-4