1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE · 4129 I do not know about the State of Arkansas, Chairman BARDEN. Well, we have brought that we regard ourselves as still equal to but the State of North Carolina has been about this condition, have we not? that challenge. bled pretty nearly white and we have every Mr. HAYS. Yes. For that reason I hope that the committee form of taxation that anybody could think of Chairman BARDEN. And we are going to Will defend what it does and will feel that and at the present moment the legislature further aggravate it this year because we it is something that 1s historic. is wrestling with the problem of trying to are Just going right along and everybody is Chairman BARDEN. That 1s a very fine raise about $26 million additional revenue. requesting a bigger budget and a bigger ap­ statement and I think we can meet the Now, to these folks that just go along and propriation and here comes the foreign bill challenge, but here 1s the problem: It 1s vote for every big appropriation on the that will take all the rest of it and create much easier for us to cast a. ballot than it 1s theory that we can spend ourselves rich, a bigger overdraft. for folks down there to dig up some more then they had better turn their light on But we still wrestle with it. I say we money. That is what disturbe me. We their own backyards and the States and see are going to have to do something with the passed a resolution out of this committee where we are going to wind up. schools. unanimously that went to the floor of the Your State has not any more loose reve­ Mr. HAYS. May I make one comment on House and was passed by the House and nue running around in it than mine. The that? You have been very patient. then went to the Senate and for some rea­ Federal Government took out of the State Chairman BARDEN. Yes, sir. son it died a slow death, requiring this Fed­ of Arkansas last year the modest little sum Mr. HAYS. I feel that sometime, Mr. Chair­ eral Government to have some central point of $148 million in income tax alone. man, we tend to deplore this centralization whereby we could find what this Federal So I do not know. I join with you in hop­ in Washington because it is 1n sharp con­ Government is spending in the field of edu­ ing that we can put a limitation on this bill trast to the old Jeffersonian patterns. We cation, and yet, no, apparently somebody has for a certain number of years, but we have say the Government is away from the people not the nerve to even look at the picture the solution of this problem right here in. and we are incapable of making these de­ because the best investigation this com­ the Congress, and we have the problem right cisions as responsible servants because of mittee could make from the best research in our laps. its hugeness. that we put on it, we found that this Fed­ But instead of helping solve it by giving I think maybe we underestimate our ca­ eral Government in the field of education the States some consideration, we talk about, is spending more money that it cost to run well, we do not want any Federal control pacity to meet these changes in our society. But you and I are as close to the people the entire public-school system of the United over the State. States. No, I don't want any; we have too much down there in our townships as the governor as it is now. in the State capitol used to be. That is an appalling fact, yet we appar­ But let me tell you this: When you are We can act with as much. sensitivity to ently have not the nerve to just look at taking all the money from the State that the local needs as the State government. My the result of our acts. State needs to run its government, some­ feeling is that when a bill is brought out, So I get very much confused when I see body eventually will have to take over and and I trust that this committee will recom­ apparently the carelessness with which we run it because the State will not have the mend some form of aid, there is going to continue to invade the State sources of sources of revenue. be glory in it for all of us, but I actually revenue, and I know and you know they are I just felt like saying that and that is the wish I could be a member of this committee on their knees so far as sources of revenue sermon I preach often without the slightest to look back on what is going to be one of are concerned. provocation. the significant events of 1955. I do hope It disturbs me greatly. Thank you so Mr. HAYS. I always profit by hearing you that as it is dot.e we can say that we have much. issue a warning because I know how you not done it with indifference to the dangers Mr. HAYS. I appreciate your patience with feel. that the chairman wisely mentioned, but me.

MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE this year, in this session of the Congress, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES A message from the Senate, by Mr. we have had the finest group of pages I have known in my entire service in this THURSDAY, MARCH 31,. 1955 Ast, one of its clerks, announced that the Senate had passed without amend­ body. They have been courteous, help­ ful, and friendly. They are a wonderful The House met at 12 o'clock noon. ment bills and a concurrent r~solution of the House of the following titles: group of youngsters who genuinely are Rev. Harold A. Wisner, First Presby­ trying to assist us in every way they can. terian Church, Galesville, Wis., offered H. R. 4941. An act to amend the Foreign I feel we should pay tribute to them for the following prayer: Service Act of 1946, as amended, and for other purposes; their helpfulness and, of course, I include Eternal Father, sometimes Thou doth H. R. 4951. An act directing a redetermina­ the very fine work of Turner N. Robert­ speak in moments of quiet; at other tion of the national marketing quota for son, our chief page, who directs their times Thou dost speak through the work burley tobacco for the 1955-56 marketing activities, and without whom I do. not of men's minds and actions. Speak this year, and for other purposes; and know how this great deliberative body H. Con. Res. 103. Concurrent resolution would function. day, individually, through both these establishing that when the two Houses methods. Increase, in the spirits of adjourn Monday, April 4, 1955, they stand these now bowed before Thee, a keen adjourned until Wednesday, April 13, 1955. sense of their responsibility to 160 mil­ PARCEL POST lion Americans and over 2 billion human The message also announced that the Mr. JONES of Missouri. Mr. Speaker, beings with divine rights. Senate had passed a bill of the following I ask unanimous consent to address the Continue building, O God, some of the title, in which the concurrence of the House for 1 minute and to revise and ex­ old wastes, and continue repairing some House is requested: tend my remarks. of the desolations of other generations S. 1436. An act to preserve the tobacco The SPEAKER. Is there objection to acreage history of farms which voluntarily the request of the gentleman from that this land may be made glad with withdraw from the production of tobacco, Thy laws. Establish every work done and to provide that the benefits of future Missouri? here that is established on truth and increases 1n tobacco acreage allotments shall There was no objection. equity so that the hopes and desires of first be extended to farms on which there Mr. JONES of Missouri. Mr. Speaker, people may be fulfilled. have been decreases in such allotments. last week I inserted in the CONGRESSIONAL This day. be pleased to direct and RECORD, on page 3062, a letter from a con­ prosper the consultations of this august stituent of mine in which he called at­ body. THE CAPITOL PAGES tention to some of the silly regulations Forgive, O God, those national sins Mr. SIKES. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ which have been prevailing for the last which do so easily beset us and which imous consent to-address the House for 2 years relative to the mailing of parcel­ issue because of the human element. 1 minute. post packages. That incident brought forth many comments from many sec­ Inspire now these representatives of The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the gentleman from tions of the country. From one of my the people who have a noble task to do postmasters, he mentions: on this day. Florida? - Through Jesus Christ our Lord. There was no objection. The elimination of the burdensome law Mr. Mr. which restricts acceptance of parcel-post Amen. SIKES. Speaker, I take these matter for first-class offices will be appre.­ few moments to lay emphasis on a mat­ ciated, I am sure; by all of your constit­ The Journal of the proceedings of ter which, I know, has not escaped the uents. Every day we have to turn pack­ yesterday was read and approved. attention of my colleagues. I believe ages down. Also our local factory in order 4130 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 31 to get around the law, mails 3 to 5 parcels to June 30, 1956, and to make available LITI'LE HOMES on the same day to the 1 address where $150 million for this period of time. The Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, they could mail only 1. · bill also increases the class of veterans I ask unanimous consent to address the I have also received the following let­ eligible for direct loans and increases House for 1 minute. ter from the Southern Hosiery Manu­ the class of loans which can be made The SPEAKER. Is there objection to facturers' Association of Charlotte, N. C., under this provision. the request of the gentleman from dated March 29, 1955: The direct loan program, which ex­ Illinois? 30, 1955, SOUTHERN HOSIERY pires June provides only that There was no objection. MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, the funds can be used to make a loan Mr. O'HARA of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, Charlotte, N. C., March 29, 1955. to an eligible veteran for two purposes: I wish to acknowledge my debt to Grace DEAR CONGRESSMAN JONES: An article ap­ First, the purchase or construction of a. Bassett, a staff reporter for the Wash­ pearing · in the Charlotte Observer this dwelling to be owned and occupied by ington Post and Times Herald. As a morning concerning your remarks about the him as a home; second, to finance the member of the Banking and Currency postal law which limits the size of packages construction or improvement of a farm­ shipped from certain post offices was quite Committee, I have always wondered why amusing, but it touched only one phase of house. it was so difficult to get a program provid- this ridiculous situation. · The Committee on Veterans' Affairs . ing decent housing for families in the In the hosiery industry all that has re­ has reported H. R. 5106, which places low-income bracket. Perhaps Miss Bas­ sulted from this law is the requirement that the guaranteed farm loans on a parity sett has let in the light. In a recent hosiery mills must now prepare 2 or 3 pack­ with city loans. This bill which I am article in the Washington Post and Times ages for a single shipment where formerly introducing follows that same line and 1 was sufficient. This simply nieans that Herald Miss Bassett states that a gentle­ places the farm veteran on a parity with man living in a restricted zone of $30,000 there is an additional expense in packaging the nonf arm veteran in the remote areas materials, the cost of additional labor and homes has said that he is ready to fight more bookkeeping since labels, receipt forms, where other financing is not available. in Congress and in the courts to pre­ and shipping information must be multi­ This bill provides that the Administra­ vent the erection in that zone of $22,000 plied by 2 or 3 for many of the shipments. tor or Veterans' Affairs may make direct two-family homes. She quotes the gen­ It also requires the handling of 2 or 3 pack­ loans to eligible veterans for the follow­ tleman as saying that these $22,000 ages by every postal employee from the ing purposes: homes would work a grievous injury on shipping point to the destination, as well as (A) to purchase or construct a dwe111ng to the receiving clerk at the other end. We as good a residential area as you will be owned and occupied by him as a home; find and someone else might erect what understand that the Post Office Department (B) to purchase a farm on which there admits that this additional cost amounts is a farm residence to be occupied by the the gentleman describes as a shed. I to more than $50 million a year, and we can­ veteran as his home; know nothing of the facts of this con­ not understand why the law is not repealed ( C) to construct on land owned by the troversy, which I would think that the outright or at least amended so that it will veteran of a farm residence to be occupied gentleman would submit to the courts be more practical and sensible. by him as his home; or in the usual way. Why carry the fight Perhaps one of the worst results of the (D) to repair, alter, or improve a farm law is the fact that mills (hosiery as well as to the Congress? The gentleman who residence or other dwelling owned by the does not relish little houses in his own many others) located in cities or towns veteran and occupied by him as his home; which have first-class post offices are placed if the Administrator finds that in the area neighborhood is the legal consultant for at a competitive disadvantage with those in which the dwelling, farm, or farm resi­ the Republican policy committee. located in towns with second- or third-class dence is located or is to be constructed, pri­ post offices. There · are many situations vate capital is not available for the financing where mills manufacture the exact type of of the purchase or construction of dwellings, RURAL MAIL ROUTES IN IOWA goods and sell to the same class of trade the purchase of farms with farm residences, Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I ask but many of them are placed at ciisadvan­ or the construction, repair, alteration, or taae over others because of the additional improvement of farm residences, as the case unanimous consent to extend my re­ expense in shipping. An outstanding exam­ may be, .by veterans under this title. In marks at this point in the RECORD and ple of this kind of situation is the city of case there is an indebtedness which is se­ include a resolution by the House of Burlington, N. C., which has a first-class cured by a lien against land owned by the Representatives of the State of Iowa post office. Burlington is surrounded by veteran, the proceeds of a loan made under small towns, such as Graham, Haw River, concerning the extension of the rural this section for the construction of a dwell­ carrier service. Alamance, Glen Raven, and a number of ing or farm residence on such land may be others in the same county, all or most of expended also to liquidate such lien, but The SPEAKER. Is there objection to which have second- or third-class post of­ only if the reasonable value of the land is the request of the gentleman from fices. It is unnecessary to point out how equal to or in excess of the amount of the Iowa? ridiculous such a situation is particularly There was no objection. since the mills located in the town of Bur­ lien. lington are not permitted to ship their It will be seen that not only will this Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, I desire to goods from the post offices of the surround­ bill enable a veteran in a remote area include the following resolution adopted ing towns. to obtain a loan to build a home, but also by the House of Representatives of the We are quite hopeful that enough of our State of Iowa: Representatives in the Congress will join it will permit an eligible farm veteran you in doing something about it. to obtain a loan to build a home on his House Resolution 12 Respectfully yours, farm or to buy a farm and build a home. Whereas the present rural mail routes in T. R. DURHAM, The other provisions of the existing Iowa were established, in the majority of Pr esi dent. law under the direct-loan program will cases, many years ago, when the railroads were established; and I hope the Post Office Department will remain substantially as they are today. Whereas in those years the mail was main­ see if they cannot bring about a change Mr. Speaker, there has been a dras­ ly delivered to the post office by the railroads in these regulations. tic decline in the number of farm loans and to the rural mailbox by horse and buggy; made to veterans under the provisions and of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, Whereas the mail in most instances is now DIRECT LOANS FOR FARM as amended. Since 1947 the VA-guar­ delivered to the post office by star routes and VETERANS anteed farm loans have declined from highway post offices and to the rural mailbox 19,862 1947 1,432 by auto; and Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I loans in to only loans Whereas a reorganization of rural delivery ask unanimous consent to address the in 1954. From the initiatfon of the loan­ would be more efficient than the present sys­ House for 1 minute and to revise and guaranty program through December 25, tem; and extend my remarks. 1954, the total farm loans clos.!d was Whereas in order that rural delivery will The SPEAKER. Is there objection to only 66,957 as compared to 3,607,000 be an act u ality to all reasonably located the request of the gentleman from home loans. This bill tends to check the homes: Now, therefore, be it Oklahoma.? mass departure of veterans from the Resolved bl/ the House of_Representat i ves There was no objection. farms and to open the way for and in­ of tlte 56th General Assembly of. the Stat_e of Iowa, That necessary action be taken by Con­ Mr. EDMONDSON. Mr. Speaker, I duce the return of veterans to the farm gress to bring about the necessary reorga.ni­ have today introduced a bill to amend and at the same time enable the veteran za.tion of present rural mail routes, in order sections 51Z and 513 of the Servicemen's that has stayed on the farm to have that rural delivery become an actuality to Readjusunent Act of 1944 to extend the equal rights with the city veteran under au reasonably located rural homes in Iowa; direct loan pcogram from June 30, 19lili, the provisions of this act. be it further 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4131 Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be instruments after tests now being con­ of the Nation to detect the presence of forwarded to the Honorable Arthur E. Sum­ ducted by the Bureau of Standards. dangerous radioactive fallout and to take merfield, Postmaster General of the United No one believes that the mere purchase the proper defensive measures against States; the Honorable Sena.tor Bourke B. Hickenlooper; the Honorable Senator Thomas of instruments to detect fallout and the this hazard. E. Martin; and the Honorable Congressman scattering of these instruments around It is not anticipated that this au­ H. R. Gross, member of the Postal Commit­ the country is the answer to a program thority will replace or eliminate the pur­ tee. , for effective radiological defense. It chase by the States of radiological de­ should be readily apparent that a na­ tection devices within their present tionwide radiological defense and mon­ AMENDMENT OF SUBSECTION 201 OF civil-defense programs under the con­ itoring system is essential to an effective tributions authority of subsection 201 (i) THE FEDERAL CIVIL DEFENSE ACT civil defense. A program of radiological of the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950, OF 1950 defense must be established and operated as amended. The proposed amendment Mr. OSTERTAG. Mr. Speaker, I ask under the guidance and coordination of to subsection 201 (h) is intended to ac­ unanimous consent to address the House the Federal Civil Defense Administration celerate the training program on the for 1 minute and to revise and extend in order to attain maximum efficiency. State and local level in order that an my remarks. Such a program should consist of the immediate program may be undertaken The SPEAKER. Is there objection to following elements: to develop an operational capability on the request of the gentleman from New First. Maximum use should be made the part of the local communities to York? of the current capability within the Fed­ detect and protect against radiological There was no objection. eral Government to develop standards fallout. The proposed amendment will Mr. OSTERTAG. Mr. Speaker, I am for detection and methods of the detec­ permit this immediate acceleration. It today introducing a bill to amend the tion of radiological fallout, and the re­ is expected that funds appropriated un­ Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 to au­ lated prediction problems connected with der s11bsection 201 (h) for tlie purchase thorize the Federal Civil Defense Admin­ these standards. of radiological instruments, as requested istration to procure radiological instru­ Second. An intensified training pro­ in FCDA's fiscal year 1956 budget re­ ments and detection devices and distrib­ gram for the detection and reporting in quest, will be utilized for this training ute the same by loan or grant to the operational terms of the presence of program, together with existing stock­ States for educational and training pur­ radioactive fallout and its appropriate piles of roughly some 3,000 instruments poses. relationship to the civil defense of the either on hand or to be delivered shortly. Mr. Speaker, the problem of detecting Nation should be undertaken. The de­ It is anticipated that additional funds and measuring radioactive fallout from velopment of course content and the in­ will be made available for Federal con­ nuclear explosions has become a major terpretation of technical data in terms tributions for organizational equipment concern in the civil defense of this Na­ that the operator of a detection device to aid the States in the buildup of their tion. In approaching a solution to it, it may understand should be done through operational capability within the radi­ is evident that there must be full coordi­ the combined efforts of the A::1:C, Depart­ ological defense fields under the author­ nation of our civil defense resources at ment of Defense, Weather Bureau, the ity of subsection 201 (i). all levels of government. Certain tasks Public Health Service, and any other can and must be done by the Federal Federa;l agency or public body having a Civil Defense Administration. Others capability within the field. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY must be carried out at State and local Third. The training courses as they levels. become available should be placed in the Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, I ask The Federal Government has some ca­ hands of the states with instruments .unanimous consent to address the House pability today to predict and detect pat­ upon which to train. The courses should for 1 minute and to revise and extend my terns and intensity of radiological fall­ consist of the actual instruments to be remarks. out. Current Federal capabilities are be­ used, course materials, audio-visual aids, The SPEAKER. Is there objection to ing tested and improved daily through teacher outlines, and any other device the request of the gentleman from New the efforts of the Department of De­ which would accelerate the training at York? fense, the Atomic Energy Commission, the local level. The courses should be There was no objection. the Weather Bureau, and other branches graduated on several levels of instruc­ Mr. KEATING. Mr. Speaker, one of of the Federal Government. The Fed­ tion, geared to the student capability the most serious problems facing our eral Civil Defense Administration has of the patriotic citizen volunteering spare country today is that of juvenile delin­ sponsored the development of the basic time for the training to assimilate the quency. It is a matter in which many of types of detection instruments required training. us have been greatly interested and one for civil defense operations. These ef­ The Federal Civil Defense Adminis­ which we have been studying for a long forts must be properly related and co­ tration should be granted the authority time. ordinated. at this time to· distribute or donate to I rise at this time to call the attention The Federal Civil Defense Administra­ State and local civil-defense organiza­ of the membership to the fact that on tion is working out an arrangement of tions the radiological detection devices next Sunday afternoon from 4: 30 to 5 delegating to the Department of Com­ for such a program. These instruments the CBS network program entitled ''The merce-Weather Bureau-certain re­ should be distributed as a part of a well­ Search," that may be seen in Washing­ sponsibilities in the field of radiological planned training program, such as that ton over channel 9, will present a worth­ defense which would include the predict­ outlined herein, which takes advantage while study on the subject of juvenile ing of prevalent wind patterns at differ­ of presently established and easily con­ delinquency. It does not attempt to ent heights, and the probability of di­ trolled Federal channels. solve this problem, but it is an interest­ rection and intensity of radioactive fall­ In order to accomplish this, I am in­ ing analysis that explains the type or out under given conditions. troducing for the consideration of the youngsters who have to be dealt with and Under FCDA delegation No. 1, the De­ Congress a bill to amend subsection partment of Health, Education, and Wel­ 201 (h) of the Federal Civil Defense Act the problem as it affects both them and fare will assume the responsibility for of 1950, as amended (64 Stat. 249). their elders. radiological defense training and other The purpose of the amendment is to I am sure this will be of interest to all related aspects of a program designed to permit the Administrator of the Federal Members, and I highly recommend it minimize the radiological effects of mili­ Civil Defense Administration, under such to them. tary weapons. terms and conditions as he may pre- The Federal Civil Defense Administra­ scribe, to distribute or donate instru- MILITARY JETS AT WILLOW RUN tion now has available some 2,000 radio­ ments procured under the authority of AIRPORT, THE NATION'S SIXTH logical detection instruments for train­ subsection 201 _(h) to the States and ing purposes. An additional 1,000 in­ local political subdivisions for civil- BUSIEST struments for the detection of radio­ defense purposes. This distribution Mr. MEADER. Mr. Speaker, I ask active fallout will be available under the would take place as a part of a well- unanimous consent to address the House authority of subsection 201 (h) of Pub­ planned training program to develop · for 1 minute, to revise and extend my lic Law 920.: upon the acceptance-of. the the capability-of the ·Civilian populace :remarks. and include extraneous matter: 4132 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 31 The SPEAKER. Is there objection to request on the ground that when the air­ cause an overall shortage of available re­ the request of the gentleman from lines transferred to Wayne Major, that search space, which will be alleviated by ac­ Michigan? airport would be overcrowded. He sug­ quisition of the Packard Building. The building would house research activities for There was no objection. gested to the Navy that they base their the Air Force, and the large hangar area Mr. MEADER. Mr. Speaker, I desire jet operations at Willow Run Airport. would be used in particular for a war '?;ame to call the attention of the Congress to Included in the Willow Run Airport area for project Michigan, a tri-service i1pon­ a situation which is of particular interest is a 23-acre area on which there is a sored-contract administered by the United to the area I represent but involves ques­ moderate-sized hangar known as the States Army Signal Corps. · tions of national policy. I refer to the Packard property. This area was ex­ (c) Date possession will be required, and threat that a military jet squadron will cepted from the quitclaim deed from the the estimated period of occupancy: The uni­ be stationed at Willow Run Airport, the Federal Government to the University versity desires possession of the property at air terminal for Detroit, Mich. The of Michigan because at the time of that the earliest possible date, and would con­ tinue occupancy as long as Willow Run Re­ Willow Run terminal building is located transfer the Packard area was being uti­ search Center is maintained as an Air Force in the Second District of Michigan, lized by the Packard Motor Car Co. for research facility. which I have the honor to represent. experimental work. That work has (d) Modification required to adopt build­ Willow Run Airport was constructed since been discontinued and the area is ing to your needs, including a marked set of during the war in conjunction with the now vacant. On July 19, 1954, the Uni­ plans: No structural modification will be re­ Willow Run bomber plant operated by versity of Michigan requested that the quired to adapt the building to university the Ford Motor Co. in the production so-called Packard area be transferred to use. The construction of the war-gaine area of B-24 bombers. The terminal build­ the university, being sorely needed for in the hangar space will be of a temporary ings, as well as the so-called bomber the performance of 11 separate contracts nature and will require no structural modi­ plant, now owned by General Motors and with the Department of Defense, cover­ fications. ( e) Efforts to obtain facilities elsewhere: used for the production of hydromatic ing research and development, aggre­ No other facilities are available in the area. transmissions, are both located in Wash­ gating approximately $4 million per year. (f) Reasons for not financing with private tenaw County in the Second District. I I insert a copy of the university's letter, funds: The university has for a number of am informed that this airfield is one of written by its vice president, W. K. Pier­ years performed research for the Air Force the finest and most modern in the entire pont, to the commanding general of the and the Army on a cost reimbursement basis United States. Air Materiel Command, dated July 19, without fee, and the university, as a State When it became surplus at the end of 1954, at this point in my remarks: institution, has no private funds available or World War II, Willow Run Airport was in prospect to provide capital expenditures UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, for its research facilities. transferred by the Federal Government July 19 1954. by quitclaim deed to the University of (g) .Proposed terms:· Since the building is COMMANDING GENERAL, AIR MATERIAL needed to perform work for the Air Force and Michigan, located at Ann Arbor, Mich., COMMAND, the Army on a straight cost reimbursement my hometown. There were provisions Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio basis, it is requested that the building be for recapture by the Federal Govern­ (Attention: Col. Frederick W. Toomey) made available rent free for the duration of ment in the event of another military DEAR COLONEL TOOMEY: The regents of the such use. emergency and also reservations for use University of Michigan hereby request that Willow Run Airport, which was originally without charge by the Government. AF plant No. 31 (Packard Building), Willow an Air Force facility, was given to the uni­ The University of Michigan conducts ex­ Run, Mich., be made available to it for use versity by a quitclaim deed from the War in connection with the performance of cost Assets Administrator for the purposes of perimental research and development reimbursement contracts covering research work in a part of the facilities at Willow maintaining a public airport, and of provid­ and development !or the Air Force and the ing a research facility at the university. This Run and has entered into lease arrange­ Army, which are being performed by the parcel was omitted from the deed in the first ments with the Airlines National Termi­ applicant at Willow Run Airport. instance only because Packard Motor Car Co. nal Service Co., Inc., a corporation In 1946, the university established the was still conducting research on the site for formed by the airlines, to operate the Willow Run Research Center primarily to the Air Force. Since the property is entirely Willow Run terminal and the airfield. conduct research for the Air Force, and it is surrounded by university property which was presently performing 11 separate contracts received from the Government, it is hoped At the present time 7 scheduled air­ for the Department of Defense, covering re­ lines are using Willow Run at a total that ultimately this parcel might be given search and development which have a com­ to the university for the purposes stipulated rate of 320 scheduled operations per day. bined dollar expenditure of approximately in the original conveyance of Willow Run It handles the sixth largest volume of $4 million per year. The space presently Airport. passengers in the United States and is available at Willow Run is inadequate for the Very truly yours, work in process, and the Packard Building, one of the busiest airports in the United W. K. PIERPONT, States. which is immediately adjacent to the Willow Some 5 air-miles from Willow Run- Run Research Center and completely sur­ Mr. Speaker, no reply to the univer­ rounded by land owned by the applicant, is sity's request was received. However, 10 miles by road-is located the Wayne ideally suited to immediately supply the County major airport. This airport is urgent need for additional 'space. early this month the university received operated by the Wayne County Road In support of this application, as requested notice from the Detroit distri-ct engineer Commission. At present only 1 scheduled in your letter of July 13, 1954, the university that an air reserve flying squadron airline, Pan-American, operates fr-om re.presents as follows: would be based on the so-called Pack­ Wayne County Airport, having 3 sched­ (a) Location and adequate description of ard property. The letter of the Engi­ uled flights a week. It is also used for the property-the legal description of the neers to the regents of the University property is as follows: of Michigan, dated March 3, 1955, is air freight by two airlines whose opera­ "Commencing at the southeast corner of tions are principally at night. In addi­ section 8, Van Buren Township, Wayne inserted at this point in my remarks: tion, the Michigan Air National Guard County, Mich.; thence west along the section CORPS OF ENGINEERS, has a squadron of jet fighting planes line between sections 8 and 17, 1,340.99 feet UNITED STATES ARMY, based at Wayne County Airport. for a place of beginning; thence 35 feet; OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT ENGINEER, The chairman of the Wayne County thence west parallel with the section line DETROIT DISTRICT, Road Commission, Leroy Smith, has for 1,458 feet; thence north 705 feet; thence east Detroit, Mich., March 3, 1955. many years conducted a campaign to parallel with the section line 1,458 feet; The REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, thence south 670 feet to the place of begin­ Ann Arbor, M i ch. persuade the scheduled airlines to move ning, being a part of sections 8 and 17, Van from Willow Run to Wayne County Air­ GENTLEMEN: Land area, consisting of Buren Township, Wayne County, Mich., con­ 23.593 acres, presently utilized by the Con­ port. '!'his they have consistently re­ sisting of 23 .593 acres." tinental Air Command, is being assigned to fused to do, although the Wayne County Located on this property is a brick build­ Headquarters, 10th Air Force, to be utilized Airport is a few miles nearer the city ing commonly referred to as the Packard by an air reserve flying squadron of the of Detroit, where the great bulk of the Building, which was used continuously for above numbered air force. traffic originates. research purposes for approximately 10 years The air reserve flying squaqron will be and is ideally suited to the needs of this utilizing the flying strip of Willow Run A few weeks ago the Navy desired to applicant. transfer jet flying operations from its Airport. This operation will be a weekend (b) Proposed use and justification there­ training activity. The number of aircraft present inadequate base at Grosse Ile for: The university ple.ns to consolidate clas­ to be based and operated from this location to Wayne County Airport. Mr. Smith sified research activities on the east side of is 10 of the F-80 type. The ultimate num­ was reported in the press as denying the Willow Run Airport. This consolidation will ber wm be a complete squadron. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4133 This is to ad vise the use of . the airport the Headquarters 10th Air Force . wish . to. sixth largest volume of passengers in the was reserved by the Government under· quit­ place an Air Reserve Flying Squadron at wn~ country. claim deed, dated January 19, 1947. Tht low Run Airport. The operation will be a We shall await with interest the result proposed operation will be effective in July weekend long activity. The number of air­ of your dis.cussion with Secretary Talbott on 1955. craft to be based and operated from this the matter. It is requested that the additional copies location ls 10 of the F-80 type. The ultimate Sincerely, of this letter be acknowledged by the regents number will be a complete squadron which ROBERT E. MILLER, of the University of Michigan and the Civil we understand to be 25 jet planes. President. Aeronautics Administration and same re­ We are very much concerned and dis­ turned for the files of this office. turbed by this proposed activity because of Mr. Speaker, subsequently, I received Very truly yours, the interference it will cause to some 320 from Mr. E. A. Cummiskey, attorney for EARL C. ANDRUS, scheduled airline operations per day. our the University of Michigan, a letter Chief, Acquisition Branch, concern is twofold: first, the safety factor to dated March 15, 1955, a copy of which I Real Estate Division the commercial airlines and passengers; and transmitted to Secretary Talbott on (For the District Engineer) • second, because of the severe crowding of March 23, 1955. I insert a copy of Mr. Mr. Speaker, shortly thereafter the available air space for the jet operation. Cummiskey's letter at this point in my The Michigan Air National Guard, a squad~ representatives of the University of ron equipped with jet planes, is and has remarks: Michigan and the Airlines Terminal Co. been operating for the past several years UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, got in touch with me by telephone and at Wayne-Major Airport 10 miles nearer De­ Ann Arbor, Mich., March 15, 1955. urged me to interest myself in this pro­ troit and 10 miles nearer the homes of most Hon. GEORGE MEADER, posed threat to commercial operations at of the Air Reserve pilots who would be prac­ Member of Congress, House Office Willow Run Airport. I immediately ticing with these F-80 jets. That airport Building, Washington, D. C. does not have but one scheduled airline oper­ DEAR GEORGE: In accordance with our tele­ brought the matter to the attention of phone conversation of this morning, I en­ Air Force Secretary Talbott by telephone ating from the airport and at present that airline operates only three schedules a week. close herewith copy of the university appli­ and followed it with a letter dated-March They do have 2 or 3 scheduled cargo carriers cation dated July 19, 1954, for the Packard 16, 1955, which I insert at this point in but they have the bulk of their operation at Building for use in Government research. my remarks: night. I also enclose copy of letter of March 3, 1955, MARCH 16, 1955. The Federal Government has put a large from the district engineer in Detroit advis­ Hon. HAROLD E. TALBOTT, amount of money into Wayne Major Airport ing that the Packard Building is being as.:. Secretary, Department of the Air Force, and the State of Michigan has spent over signed to Headquarters, 10th Air Force, and that the Air Reserve Flying Squadron will Washington, D. C. $2 million 1 for the Air National Guard in­ DEAR SECRETARY TALBOTT: Pursuant to my stallation there and is presently spending be utilizing the flying strip at Willow Run telephone conversation with you this morn­ an additional $629,000 for the construction Airport. ing, I enclose herewith a copy of a letter I of a hangar. It would certainly seem logical This letter of March 3 is the only notifi­ received from Col. Robert E. Miller, president for the Department of Defense to concen­ cation that the university's application has of the Airlines National Terminal Service trate the jet plane operations at Wayne been turned down. We had been advised Co., Inc., and manager of the Willow Run unofficially that several different agencies Major and not at Willow Run with the ter­ wanted to get the building, including the Airport at Ypsilanti, Mich. rific conflict it would cause to commercial I previously heard from representatives of 30th Air Division of the Continental Air air travel. Command, Cook Electric Co., and the 10th the University of Michigan, to whom the Wil­ Just as an example of the way this would low Run Airport was transferred-with re­ Air Reserve. At one time we were advised operate-we had a military plane alert our unofficially that the building would be as­ capture provisions, after World War II, and tower about 2 weeks ago because the pilot I have also been in contact with officials of signed to the Cook Electric Co., but the could not get his nose landing gear in proper next word we received is the enclosed letter the Ypsilanti township who are in the be­ position. The tower cleared the air for his ginning stages of the development of 5,000 of March 3, 1955. landing and he made three passes at the Civilian airline traffic is very heavy at permanent homes at Willow Village · in the field-an operation which took 20 to 25 min­ vicinity of Willow' Run Airport; Mr. Wendell Willow Run at the present time, and we are utes, finally landing safely (fortunately) at fearful that the use of the field by mm-· Edwards, the Federal Housing Administrator Selfridge Field. of the Detroit regional area; officials of the tary jets will endanger lives of people, par­ city of Ypsilanti, and officials of the Ypsilanti As you know, where jets are operating they ticularly on weekends when we understand Chamber of Commerce. object to the runways being sanded because the Reserve is very active. The airlines are There is a tremendous boom in residential of sand being sucked up into the engine very much concerned about the use of the dwellings in the entire area surrounding Wil­ intake and causing trouble. In Minneapolis field by jets, and Mr. Miller advised me that low Run Airport-for instance, one subdi­ recently they had glare ice on the runways, he would write you a letter today stating vision will comprise 1,500 new dwellings in the airport management could not sand the the airlines' position. addition to the 5,000 which will be built at runways and a couple of planes slid off into It appears to us that this is all a part of Willow Village. a snowbank, tying up one of the planes for a pattern to force the airlines to move to I am assured that there is no present or 4 or 5 weeks until it could be put back into Wayne Major Airport. As you know, the contemplated residential housing develop­ service. Wayne County Road Commission has been ment in the area of Wayne Major Airport. We have no disposition to in any way in­ campaigning for 10 years to get the . airlines It would seem wiser to concentrate the terfere with the well-designed plans of the to move to Wayne Major but has never been military operations at Wayne Major Airport Defense Department and the Air Force. But able to interest them in the move. They where the Michigan Air National Guard is we cannot understand why they should pick have recently persuaded Mayor Cobo to come already based, than to attempt to mingle out Willow Run for their base of operations out with a public statement advocating the military jet operations with commercial op­ when a field practically unused for commer­ move of the airlines, and we do not believe erations at an extremely busy terminal. cial airlines is available 10 miles closer to that that alone would have any effect, but I would appreciate your looking into this Detroit by road and approximately 5 to 6 in addition they are refusing to take the situation and advising me. air miles away. Naval Reserve Force, which has to move from Sincerely, It will be very much appreciated, Con­ Grosse Ile, and are giving statements to the GEORGE MEADER. gressman MEADER, if you will bring this to paper that the Navy should move to Willow the attention of Secretary Talbott, for we Run and the airline move to Wayne Major. Mr. Speaker, I enclosed with my letter feel a severe injustice is being done to Willow Since the Air National Guard is based at to Secretary Talbott a copy of a letter Run by this proposed activity. Willow Run Wayne Major and has a big investment (sev­ dated March 15, 1955, I received from has been maintained and operated for the eral million dollars) in hangars and equip­ Col. Robert E. Miller, president of the past 7 years without tax money and with ment, it seems to us logical that the 10th Airlines National Terminal Service Co., practically no subsidy from the Federal Gov­ Air Reserve Squadron should be based there Inc., the manager of the Willow Run ernment with the exception of a few thou­ also as well as the Naval Reserve. sand dollars spent on high-intensity lights Willow Run Airport is one of the finest and Airport, a copy of which letter I insert best equipped airfields in the country, and at this point in my remarks: fo~ the ILS runway and $30,000 spent in ramp extension. It ha.s been maintained at, the sch~duled airlines are very happy in the AIRLINES NATIONAL TERMINAL therefore, practically no cost to the Govern­ use of the field, and we are confident that SERVICE Co., INC., ment and yet available at a moment's notice they cannot be persuaded to move to Wayne Ypsilanti, Mich., March 15, 1955. Major unless they are driven out by military Hon. GEORGE MEADER, in the event of an emergency for major Air use of the field. We are also advised that Member of Congress, Force operations. Until the emergency is General Motors is very much opposed to use House of Representatives Office declared, it seems unreasonable and unfair of the field by jets, as it interferes with their Building, Washington, D. c. to superimpose the burden of a Jet opera­ operations at the Detroit Transmission DEAR CONGRESSMAN MEADER: The regents of tion on a commercial airport carrying the Division. the University of Michigan ~ave been advised As I advised you by telephone, we are hav­ by the Corps of Engineers, Detroit office, that 1 Probably Federal funds. ing a luncheon at the airport on Monday, ·4134: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- HOUSE March 31 .March 21, which will bi:: attended by the research and devel-0pment contracts for the and I insert these letters at this point in mayors and presidents of the Chamber of Department of Defense, and a copy of a my remarks: -Commerce of Ann· Arbor and Ypsilanti, the letter from the Corps of Engineers dated .supervisor of Ypsilanti Township, and Ed March 3, 1955. These letters are enclosed UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Kaegi, general manager of the Detroit Trans­ herewith. Ann Arbor, Mich., March 25, 1955. mission Di vision of General Motors Corp. It appears that there are 2 Defense Depart­ The Honorable GEORGE MEADER, We hope to lay out a plan of action to see ment programs in conflict in the situation House Office Building, if we cannot preserve Willow Run as a which has developed at Willow Run. The Washington, D. C.· civilian airport. I will advise you after the research and development program would DEAR REPRESENTATIVE MEADER: I am enclos­ meeting what the plans are. In the mean­ seem to indicate that the 23 acres of the ing a copy .of a letter I have sent to the Corps ·time, I think it would be a very good idea s~-called Packard property should be used of Engineers concerning the use of Willow if you would talk with Mr. Talbot and a by the university in connection with the Run Airport by the Air Reserve for the use representative of the FHA, as you suggested important research and development work of jet aircraft. on the telephone. they are doing for the Air Force and the We are very pleased and gratified with your Very truly yours, Army, but this use is being prevented by the active interest in this recent development E. A. CUMMISKEY. determination to use this property for the at the Willow Run Airport, and I would like jet flying squadron of the Air Reserve. to assure you that if at any time you need Mr. Speaker, shortly thereafter I re­ I thought this point might be of interest further information, we will be glad to ob­ ceived from Secretary Talbott a letter to you in the consideration you are giving tain it for you. dated March 24, 1955, indicating that no this question. I have also written Assistant We still have a need for the area under final decision had been made to base Secretary of Defense Quarles and am enclos­ consideration for Reserve flying as an addi­ ing a copy of my letter to him. tional facility for our research center at military jet planes at Willow Run, which Willow Run. It appears to us that the Air I insert at this point in my remarks: Sincerely, Force should give serious consideration at GEORGE MEADER. DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE, this time to the relative advantages of pro­ OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, Mr. Speaker, concurrently I spoke on viding this additional space to the university Washington, March 24, 1955. the telephone with the Honorable Don­ for its research projects for the military Hon. GEORGE MEADER, ald A. Quarles, Assistant Secretary of services rather than to continue in its an­ House of Representatives. nounced intention of using the area for jet DEAR MR. MEADER: I refer to your recent Defense for Research and Development, aircraft. inquiry in behalf of Mr. Robert E. Miller, and called his attention to the apparent Sincerely yours, president of the Airlines National Terminal conflict of programs within the Depart­ W. K. PIERPONT . • Service Co., Inc., relative to the possibility ment of Defense and the possible ad­ of the Air Force establishing a flying Reserve verse effect of the use of the Packard UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, activity at the Willow Run Airport. property for jet Reserve flying rather Ann Arbor, Mich., March 25, 1955. The Air Force has been surveying various than for research work, and invited his CORPS OF ENGINEERS, sites throughout the United States to es­ interest in this situation. Office of the District Engineer, Detroit tablish additional Reserve activities in con­ District, Detroit, Mich. nection with our plans for a long-range Re­ I followed this conversation by a letter (Attention: Mr. Earl C. Andrus, Chief, serve training program. Under this pro­ to Secretary Quarles dated March 25, a Acquisition Branch, Real Estate gram, there is a requirement to establish a copy of which I insert at this point in Division.) flying Reserve activity in the Detroit area my remarks: DEAR MR. ANDRUS: This will acknowledge and the Willow Run Airport has been con­ MARCH 25, 1955. receipt of your letter of March 3, 1955, advis­ sidered. Hon. DoNALD A. QUARLES, ing that the Air Reserv~ Flying Squadron At the present time, however, our plans Assistant Secretary of Defense for will be utilizing the flying strip at Willow have not progressed to a point where it has Research and Development, Run Airport for a weekend training activity been definitely decided that the Willow Run Department of Defense, using F-80 type aircraft. . facility will be utilized since there may be Washington; D. C. · Although we are aware of the reservation other sites in the Detroit area which will DEAR MR. QUARLES: Pursuant to my tele­ by the Government under the quitclaim deed meet our requirements. phone conversation with you this after­ dated January 19, 1947, to which you refer, · When a final decision has been reached noon, I am enclosing copies of correspond­ we regret the decision of the Government concerning this matter, the Air Force shall ence which raised the question o.f whether to use Willow Run for military jet planes be glad to further inform you. or not the proposed use of Willow Run Air­ because of the interference such use will Sincerely yours, port for the Air Force Reserve squadron of necessarily create for airline traffic. As you HAROLD E. TALBOTT. jet fighters will interfere with research and know, Willow Run Airport is the Detroit development work being done by the Uni­ terminal for the commercial airlines. · Upon Mr. Speaker, it was brought to my at­ versity of Michigan at Willow Run for the receipt of your letter of March 3, 1955, we tention that the failure of the University Air Force and the Army. submitted a copy to Robert E. Miller, Presi­ of Michigan to be able to -use the so­ As I told you over the telephone, some of dent of Airlines National Terminal Service called Packard property might impede the newspapers have indicated there are Co., Inc., which is the representative of the progress on the very important research two Defense Department programs in con­ airlines at Willow Run Airport, to get their and development work the university is flict here. I would appreciate your looking comments on your proposal. In his reply into the matter and ascertaining whether Mr. Miller stated in part as follows: doing for the Department of Defense. "We are very much concerned and dis­ Accordingly, I wrote Secretary Talbott or not the proposal to use the so-called Packard property for jet flying will impair turbed by this proposed activity because on March 25, 1955, enclosing copies of the progress of research and development of the interference it will cause to some 320 relevant correspondence and raising the work being done by the University of Mich­ scheduled airline operations per day. Our question of possible conflict of programs igan at Willow Run. concern is twofold: first, the safety factor within the Defense Department. I insert I have discussed this matter with Air to the commercial airlines and passengers; a copy of my letter of March 25 to Secre­ Force Secretary Talbott both on the tele­ and second, because ·of the severe crowding tary Talbott at this point in my remarks: phone and in correspondence and am en­ of available air space for the jet operation. closing a copy of my last letter to him. "The Michigan Air National Guard, a MARCH 25, 1955. Sincerely, squadron equipped with jet planes, is and Hon. HAROLD E. TALBOTT, has been operating for the past several years GEORGE MEADER. Secretary of the Air Force, at Wayne-Major Airport 10 miles nearer De­ Department of the Air Force, Mr. Speaker, subsequently I received troit and 10 miles nearer the homes of most Washington, D. C. from Mr. W. K. Pierpont, vice president of the Air Reserve pilots who would be prac­ DEAR SECRETARY TALB(?TT: Thank you for of the University of Michigan, a letter ticing with these F-80 jets. That airport your letter of March 24 regarding the pos­ does not have but one schedule airline op­ sibility of establishing a flying Reserve dated March 25, 1955, reaffirming the erating from the airport and at present that activity at Willow Run Airport. university's present need f.or the Pack­ airline operates only three schedules -a week. I wrote you further on this subject on ard property and enclosing· a copy of the They do have 2 or 3 'Scheduled cargo carriers March 23 and enclosed a copy of a letter letter dated March 25. 1955, from the but they have the bulk' of their operation -at dated March 15 from E. A. Cummiskey, at­ university to the Corps of Engineers with night." · · - · - torney for the University of Michigan. How­ reference to the Packard ·property. It would seem to us wiser foxvthe· Air Re- · ever·, I neglected to include a copy of the Copies of both letters were furnished serve Flying Squadron to tise WaJne Major university's letter of July 19, 1954 to the Airport where there are already jets in use Commanding General of the Air Materiel Q<>th to Air Secretary Talbott and Assist:­ by the Air National Guard and the possibility Command requesting the so-called Packard ant Defense Secretary Quarles for their of interference between military a:trd civilian property for use in performing 11 separate information in studying this problem, aircraft would be greatly lessened. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD - HOUSE 4135 We were further disappointed upon receipt Yet, not too long ago, Wayne County Road airlines term1n·a1 nearer to the city. One of of your letter as we had hoped that the Manager LeRoy Smith denied Naval Reserve the weaknesses of t~eir position is that they Packard Building, which is located on the units, currently at Grosse Ile, permission are trying to move the airlines from Willow 23,593 acres on the east side of Willow Run to base at Wayne Major. Instead, he asked Run as a temporary thing; they hope to have Airport, would be turned over to the uni­ the Navy to investigate the possib1lity of another big city airport later north of the versity to provide needed space for research operating from Willow Run. metropolis. When that day comes and as­ for the Department of Defense. We had Detroit newspapers said Mr. Smith gave suming that the airlines then would move made formal application for the building to as his reason the fact. that naval flights there from Willow Run, it is problematical the Air Materiel Command on July 19, 195f, would overcrowd Wayne Major when the whether they would consider a "split opera­ and have not as yet been formally notified airlines moved from Willow Run to the tion" using both airports. In any event, that that our application was denied. We are Wayne County Airport. is something at least a few years in the hopeful still that the decision to use Willow Smith knows that only the airlines can future. Run for military aircraft will be reviewed bail him out of debt at Wayne Major and Complicating the situation further is a , and that the area will be made available to is using every means at his command to see proposal by the 10th Air Force to base F-80 the university for its research programs. that they are forced out of Willow Run. jet planes at Willow Run. This may· have The principal objectives of the conveyance And worse yet, he is attempting to use the been due to a misunderstanding over the , of Willow Run Airport to the university Navy and the Air Force as pawns in his game. chance of moving airlines facilities to Wayne were to provide space that the university Sincerely, Major Airport. Congressman GEORGE MEADER needed for research and to maintain the air­ GEORGE MEADER. has objected to the military plan, follow- port so it would be available to the Govern­ , ing the protests of Willow Run officials that ment in the event of an emergency. The [From the Ann Arbor {Mich.) News of · it would not be wise to base jets at an air­ field where there are 320 scheduled airline university assumed the obligation of main­ March 19, 1955] taining the airport as a public airport and operations a day. They logically suggested has been able to fulfill that obligation only DETROIT PRESENTS WEAK CASE IN BID FOR that the jets be based at Wayne Major where because it served the needs of the airlines AIRLINES CHANGE there already is a unit of the Air National for a terminal in southeastern Michigan. The city of Detroit is getting just about Guard. The university is able to fulfill this obligation as much support as it deserves in the cam­ Detroit-unlike Chicago, which at least to maintain the airport from revenues de­ paign to move the airlines from Willow through the Chicago Tribune, claims as · rived from the airlines. If military use of Run to the Wayne Major Airport. The peo­ Chicagoland everything within a couple the airport seriously interferes with civilian ple of Detroit don't appear to have gotten hundred miles-probably finds it difficult to use, the university may not be able to con­ very excited about the issue, and the air­ claim Willow Run as its major airlines termi­ tinue to fulfill its obligation, and the airport lines themselves are not jumping at the nal because of the fact that while the field will revert to the Government under the bait of promised huge expenditures for fa­ is in Wayne County the airport buildings are .terms of the quitclaim deed. cilities at Wayne Major. in Washtenaw. We note the statement in the last para­ The airlines know a good thing when they While Willow Run meets most of the func­ graph of your le:tter that you desire a copy see it, and they see it at Willow Run. They tional requirements of a major ai.· terminal, of the letter acknowledged by the Civil Aero­ ne,t only have a mutually advantageous there have been complaints that its facili­ nautics Administration. We suggest that agreement with the University of Michigan, ties are not in line with those of other big such request be sent to the CAA directly. which has the airport on a lease from the fields in metropolitan areas. That is true, Sincerely yours, Federal Government, but they have a rec­ of course, and the reason is that it is a W. K. PIERPONT. ord of safety in their landings and takeoffs conversion job. It was not built with beauty at Willow Run which stamps it as one of and comforts in mind, but those factors have Mr. Speaker, I would also like at. this the best air terminals in the United States been considered in remodeling efforts and point in my remarks to insert a -copy from that standpoint. it may be expected that something further of my n~wsletter to . my constituents Detroit's big argument is that Willow Run along that l:ne will be done. The distance dated March 18, 1955, and a copy of an is too far from the city to be considered from Detroit can't be changed, except pos­ editorial from the Ann Arbor News, Ann Detroit's major airfield. It is argued that it sibly by the discussed shorter route, but the shouldn't take half as long to get from the facilities and comforts of the airport could Arbor, Mich., of March 19, 1955, on this be increased with the expenditure of some subject: airport home or to a hotel as it does to make the actual flight from another point. money. It certainly wouldn't cost anywhere CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, That, of course, is true, but it is not a situ­ near the $10 million suggested expenditure HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, ation that Detroit faces alone. An airport to make Wayne Major Airport suitable for Washington, D. C., March 18, 1955. can't be placed in the center of a city and use as a substitute for Willow Run. DEAR FRIEND: I asked Air Force Secretary when it is put far enough out to avoid The university, board of supervisors, Talbott this week to look into a proposal danger of collision with high objects in the Ypsilanti city and township officials, and to base a jet-fighter squadron of the 10th area, transportation and time to and from the Ann Arbor Chamber of Commerce all Air Force at Willow Run Airport at Ypsilanti. the airport become a problem. have been concerned by Detroit's efforts to Representatives of seven scheduled airlines Were the Wayne Major Airport to be sub­ lure the airlines away from Willow Run. using Willow Run, officials of the University stituted for Willow Run, it has been esti­ Detroit appears to hold the losing hand at of Michigan, Ypsilanti Township, the city mated a saving of 11 to 14 minutes' time the moment because the airlines like their of Ypsilanti, and the Ypsilanti Board of would result for the airlines patron coming present arrangement with the university, Commerce are worried about a military jet to or going from the center of Detroit. This the only such setup in the country. It prob­ operation at Willow Run. ably would be wise, however, for the various would be reduced somewhat by a proposed groups concerned with keeping Willow Run Reasons for their concern: new road running southeast from the air in business, to make a real effort to elimi­ There are 320 scheduled airline opera­ terminal to join the expressway, eliminating nate any justified complaints against Willow tions daily at Willow Run which handles the present roundabout way in which De­ Run as a passenger terminal. the sixth largest volume of air passengers troit-bound airport traffic must go west from Ann Arbor, with the university and medi­ in the country. The area adjacent to Willow the field before proceeding south and then cal center, and Ypsilanti have many resi­ Run is rapidly being developed as a resi­ east. dents who use the airlines regufarly. Many dential area, 1,500 homes in 1 subdivision From the standpoint of miles distance from businessme:1. and vacationers also use them. alone, in addition to the projected · 5,000 the center of the largest nearby city, Willow It would be a distinct loss to the whole coun­ homes at Willow Village. Run is the fartherest of the major airports ty were the airlines to move. The scheduled A military jet operation at Willow Run of the country. On the basis of minutes, conference of university and civic officials will interfere with commercial operations, and airport officials insist that is the more on the matter then is important. Detroit place in jeopardy Willow Run's perfect safety important measurement, Willow Run is in a has no strong argument ·ror moving the air­ record, and impair the desirability of the better position than several others. Opening port at this time, but airlines and university surrounding area for residential purposes. of the Detroit city sections of the Lodge and officials should have all the available sup­ I asked Mr. Talbott to consider the fact Ford expressways has in a sense brought port in rejecting such an unreasonable that Detroit Wayne Major Airport, 10 miles Willow Run closer to the heart of Detroit. request. nearer Detroit, already is the headquarters Detroit must be conceded a big· stake in for some units of the Michigan Air National Willow Run; a survey a few years ago showed Mr. Speaker, because of the interest Guard, presently-_operating 20 jets with 30 88 .percent of the airport's traffic from or to of the Civil Aeronautics Administration more to be added this summer. Pan Detroit and only 12 percent outstate. De­ in the safe operation of airports, I ar­ American-World Airways· is the lone sched- troit ts engulfed at the moment in a surge ranged for a conference between repre.;. uled air carrier based there with but three of civic pride with talk of new hotels, bank sentatives of the University of Michigan, scheduled passenger flights weekly. Several buildings, parking structures, and express­ air-freight lines also operate from Detroit ways and some notable progress on its :new the airport, ·and myself with Mr. F. B. Wayne Major along with the aviation sec­ river-front civic center. Some city and Lee, Administrator of the CAA. Yester­ tion of the Ford Mo~or Co. The airport county officials apparently feel that such day that conference was held, and we ls far from overcrowded. dynamic progress is meaningless without an were assured that the CAA would take 4136 CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-. HOUSE March 31 an interest not alone in the proposal to ;cial airport where there are currently -tabulation ·reveals that Wayne Major base jet aircraft at Willow Run but in · no military jet operations. Airport has received 52 percent of all the 29 or 30 other centers in the United The Congress will have an opportunity ,Federal aid airport funds granted to the States where the Air Force is contem. to consider national policy in 'situations . State of Michigan since 1947, whereas plating establishing new jet reserve fly:. · of this character in connection with the Willow Run Airport has received less ing operations. · · Defense Department appropriation bill than 2 percent of such funds. It is very apparent to me that Leroy on which I understand .hearings are < Although \Vayne Major in 8 years has Smith, as a part of his campaign either nearly completed by the Defense Appro·· · received $4,035,858 in Federal funds it to cajole or to force scheduled commer• -priations Subcommittee. In this coli· · denied the Navy the use of its facilities. cial airlines from Willow Run to Wayne nection it would be appropriate to con. · Citizens of Michigan familiar with the Major Airport, is taking advantage of sider not only the dislocation to commer- history of Federal airport aid to their every conceivable opportunity. It would cial air operations and the inconvenience State will have little difficulty connect· be far more logical to permit the Navy to : to the community and rapid residential ing Wayne Major Airport's lion's share transfer its jet flying operations from expansion in the vicinity of Willow Run, -of airport aid funds with the powerful Grosse Ile to Wayne Major, where there . but also the amount of Federal funds influence of Detroit's John P. McElroy as is already a jet operation of-the Michigan which have been invested in the respec- a member of the Michigan Aeronautics Air National Guard, and to station the tive airports. · Commission. 10th Air Force jet reserve squadron at I have obtained·from the CAA a tabu. At this point in my remarks I insert Wayne Major than to force those mili· ·1ation showing Federal airport aid to the _the tabulation of · Federal-aid airport tary jet operations into _a busy commer· State of Michigan since the war. This funds for Michigan: Federal-aid airport program, State of Michigan, fiscal years 1947-55

1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1955 Total 1--~---1----,----1----,----1----,-----1------1---...,.---1-----,---1------l Federal City fundsob- Alloca- Final Alloca- Final Alloca- Final Alloca- Final Alloca- Final Alloca- Final Alloca- Final Allora- Re- ligated or tion cost tion cost tion cost tion cost tion cost tion cost tion cost tion vised allocated ------,------I ------Adrian ______$19,500 $18,133 ______------· - · __ -----• ------______$18,133 Alma ______------______------______------1 $9, 500 $8,990 ------J ---- ·------______. 8,990 f~~or-_-__::::::: ~ 23, 11~ :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::: ::::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: ::::::: ::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :::::::: :: ·::::: :::::::: :::::::: O t~Battle Creek______:i, ______$40,000 $19 805 ______------______·· ______~: ~~~ Bay City ______82, 750 50,000 ------______------______------______50, 000 ![~r~:::::( Jffl _ir~ ;:;;~~ :;::t =ti: ~~11111 i=~====I 11\t mi ill \!((t ~mm 1;/1~ \t )i~=i ====/ ;mr ·11; ~ 0 1 44 g:g~Jt;uri;-R-llll: :::::::: :::::::: -~~~~ !~~~~=~ =~~~~~~~ :~~~~~~= !:~~~~ ~~=~~ !.'~:~ ~~~~1~~~~~ !~~~~~~~ !~~~~~~~ V~~; ggg $ ro;-g~f t~: gg8 !-:: gg& 1~~; ~~ IEili{lt =;ill==~~~ }S /i~ }f: }~: (~=till ~~)r imm !!~: tm= i?m tt ~:mm it~;~~;~ ,~:ij Grand Rapids ______------______100,000 110,931 --~------______102,000 85,354 210,000 222, 796 75, 000 a 88,000 190,000 3165, 000 '672,081

1 1 1 :·11 iiitii! !!!~!~ 1:11~ ::;111 !iii !!!ii ;:;;;:;: ::1:~: ;:~~ :::im :1:1:'. :::::::: . :~::i~ 3 3 3 Ill~!!!!!! 3 4 Lan~ing______:~~______iiii75,000 3143, 731 20,000 20,000 75,000 86,900 75,000 52,261 70,000 70,000 70,-000 70,000 · 100;000 -:i"55;oc5o ~~508: 892 1 ~\1?1111-~;--:i~ j~ imit ~1((11111 =::~iii~: ::;;~;~; Jim imim imm= imi==( itm imim i~ti n: ~ ____ ;;t~______J J~70,000 70,000 70,000 115,017 ______20,000 20,000 2i, 530 65, 530 '270,547 M_uskegon ______------3 0

Total. ______------.------______7,761,064

1 Addition during year. a Project active. 2 Canceled. ' Portion still active. Mr. Speaker, furthermore, it should be · I urge my colleagues and the executive .g-ram I received this morning from the borne in mind that preparation of Wayne departments concerned to give careful Ypsilanti Junior Chamber Commerce: Major Airport for the accommodation of _thought not alone to the community in­ ANN ARBOR, MICH., March 31, 1955. scheduled commercial airline traffic :Representative GEORGE MEADER, would require an additional expenditure terests and the safety of' air travel, but to · Washington, D. C.: of at least $10 million. the expenditure of Fed~ral funds before Public sentiments in Ypsilanti area rapidly If the University of Michigan is denied growing in opposition to ap_parent plan to a movement of far-reaching conse. base military aircraft at WiUow Run, Mich. the use of the Packard property for re-: quences is initiated. search purposes, there is a distinct possi­ 'Based on present information we, of the As further evidence of the overwhelm• 'Ypsilanti Junior' Chamber of Commerce are bility that alternate facilities will have to strongly opposed to·such plans-and respect:. be constructed at an estimated expense ing interest in' this problem -in my home fully request the reasons for selecting Willow of $4 million. community I include at this point a tele· Run in place of nearby Detroit-Wayne Ma- 1955· CONGRESSIONAI; .RECORD~ HOUSE· 4137 jor Airport with its ·currently. used .and ade-­ lems in international affairs might well: civilian sanctuaries of a ·few years ago quate military facilities. · · · have been averted.had we not disarmed, THE Yl!SILANTI JUNIOR CHAMBER OF ' have become the military targets of to­ COMMERCE, Ypsilanti, Mich. . &s rapidly as -we did following World : day. We must be just as concerned (Joint message sent to President Eisen-' War II. about the defense of the civilian popu­ hower, Secretary Talbott, Secretary Wilson, . However, recent public releases of in-· lations of our great industrial and com­ Senator Potter, Senator McNamara.) formation concerning the mass destruc­ mercial centers today as we have been tive capabilities of the latest atomic­ about the defense of our military bases hydrogen weapons and other instru­ and installations in the past. SPEC½_L ORDER GRA_NTED ments of modern warfare have shocked: · It is not only necessary that there be Mr. COLE of New York asked and was the people of this Nation into giving a greater· concentration of authority at given permission to address the House more thought to our civil defense. The the Federal level, but it is also necessary· for 1 hour today, following any special present civil-defense program, estab­ for the Federal Government to shoulder orders heretofore entered, to revise and lished pursuant. to the Federal Civil De­ the principal financial burden. Every . extend his remarks and include an. fense Act of 1950-approved. January 12,. American citizen is entitled to an equal address. 1951-is a loose confederation of indi­ minimum share of protection afforded by· v.idual State programs. While much· civil defense measures should a war be progress has been made, both at the A PROPOSAL TO CREATE A D:EPAR+-· brought into our · back yards. The­ State level and by the Federal Civil De­ problem, therefore, is a national one. MENT OF CIVIL DEFENSE IN THE f.ense Administration-particularly with DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE The responsibility of our national regard to negotiation of interstate mu­ Government to the people can be carried Mr. RIEHLMAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask tual-aid compacts-the basic system it­ out only by an intelligent program de­ unanimous consent to address the House self has proved to be wholly inadequate. veloped and operated from a central for 1 minute and to revise and extend The Federal Civil Defense Adminis­ point. However, assumption of this my remarks. tration, as presently constituted, is pri­ primary responsibility by the Federal The SPEAKER. Is there objection to­ marily an information coordinating_ Government for a minimum national the request of the gentleman from New headquarters which must depend upon civil defense program would not neces-, York? the voluntary efforts of each State in sarily preclude continued State or mu­ There was no objection. the Union to develop the kind of indi­ nicipal civil defense programs in those Mr. RIEHLMAN. Mr. Speakerrrecent vidual civil-defense operations which cases where indivic!ual States or munici­ public disclosures by the Atomic Energy each State can afford. The limit of palities have the fiscal capabilities to Commission of. the horrifying facts about each State's plan is dependent upon the·. provide for their citizens-more adequate the radioactive fallout resulting ·from amount of State money available for this civil defense measures over and above detonation of the new atomic-hydrogen· activity. Even where the people of the the necessary minimum measures pro­ weapons, recent news releases by the Air individual States are made conscious of vided by the Federal Government. Force concerning the almost unbeliev­ the great necessity for their State's civil-. · Although substantially increased ap­ able capabilities of supersonic guided defense program, and even where ade-. propriations are being requested for the missiles, and news of other startling de­ quate State funds could be made avail­ Federal Civil Defense Administration velopments in the field of modern war­ able for civil defense, the process of tpis year, it is no secret that the agency fare, serve only to reaffirm my conviction· translating this concern into a coordi­ has long been a stepchild in the executive that our civil-defense program as pres­ nated national civil-defense program is· branch of the Government. The Con­ ently constituted, is grossly inadequate: bound to be a slow one. . gress has repeatedly made drastic cuts to cope with the problems that would im-. Can we as a nation, at thi.s period of fn the appropriation requests of that· mediately arise in the event of any at­ rapid technological development in the agency since its inception. Whether the tack on the United States. techniques of modern warfare, afford the, cuts were made as a result of a lack of Even before the disclosure of this most luxury of such a system? I do not be.: confidence on the part of the Congress in· recent information, I had been convinced iieve that we can. Although I have op­ the program being proposed, or whether for some time that our civil-defense pro­ posed in the past, and shall continue to these cu~ were a necessary economy gram is dangerously outmoded. Last oppose . in the future, the shifting of measure is almost beside the point. The­ year I introduced House Concurrent Res­ many legitimate State functions to the · people of the United States have never olution 233 expressing the sense of the Federal Government, it would seem ob­ refused to face up to a problem involv­ Congress that, in accordance with the vious today that civil defense, as well ing our national safety merely because Reorganization Act of 1949, the President as military defense, is a proper responsi­ of the monetary costs involved. should prepare and submit to the Con­ bility of the National Government. We can no longer depend upon the gress a reorganization plan to establish This is not a radical idea by any dual system of charging the Department within the Department of Defense a :tneans. It long ago became apparent of Defense with the responsibility of a civilian Department of Civil Defense and that State militias were an outmoded military defense of our people from transfer all functions of the existing Fed­ form of military organization for the enemy action on the one hand, and. eral Civil Defense Administration to such United States. State militias had to be charging the Federal Civil Defense Ad­ new Department. No hearings were disbanded in favor of a more ·integrated· J;Ilinistration, through a ldose confedera­ held on this bill prior to adjoui·nment ·of approach through the National Guard tion of State civil-defense agencies, with the 83d Congress. program, operated under the Depart­ the responsibility for passive civil de­ Today, I am reintroducing this bill in ment of Defense. Independent State fense of our citizens in the event of mili­ substantially its same form, with only civil-defense organizations are, today tary attack upon our homeland. minor changes of a technical nature. I as outmoded as independent State mili­ . While I realize that this approach is hope that this bill, and other similar pro-; tary organizations. radically different from any civil-defense. posals for a more adequate civil-defense One fact which has become apparent program previously . adopted in the program, will be g-iven early and serious is that civil defense is no longer a pro­ United States, the time has come to face consideration during the 84th Congress; gram which we can afford to relegate to the fact that military defense and civil Our country has made extensive pla~ a subordinate position in our govern­ defense cannot be separated. We must and expended· unprece<;lented sums of mental structure. Th~ task of civil de­ develop an entirely new concept of civil money to build and maintain a modern fense cannot be entirely separated from military-defense force. I fully concur the main effort of our national-defense defense. with the administration's efforts and its progr-am. This means that the Federal ·. Voluntary participation in civil de­ policies in building such a strong retali­ Government must . assume a greater fense is, like voluntary armies, largely a atory military force. Our best hopes share. of any responsibilities now borne phenomenon of the past. We are being Ior preservation of the free world lie jointly with the several States. The faced with. the realities of total war. in our continued ability to carry on in­ present division of civil-defense func~ Civil defense now requires an effective ternational negotiations from a posi­ tions between the ·Federal Government corps of trained personnel. In terms of tion of strength. Although it is now a and the States is wholly unrealistic in importance, it is no longer possible to matter of hindsight, it is generally view of the destructive characteristics of distinguish this type of service from agreed that many of our current prop- modem instruments of warfare. J,'he purely military service. cr-260 4138 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 31 There is no satisfactory partial solu.;. much of which would be usable in the preventing the annihilation of our own tion to the inadequacies of our present civil-defense program. State and mu­ cities and people. civil-defense program. Indeed, it is no nicipal civil-defense organizations, at Our homes, our cities, our families, our longer a question of whether our civil­ present, are not even eligible to partici­ skilled industrial workers, are just as defense officials have succeeded or failed pate in the Federal donable surplus prop­ much a part of the total national defense in their assigned tasks, or whether this erty program. Inclusion of the new potential as our uniformed military person or that party was responsible for Department of Civil Defense within the forces. It would be disastrous to con­ the success or failure. It is, rather, a Department of Defense would make tinue to ignore this simple truth. matter of lifting our conception of civil available to civil-defense activities much defense out of the framework of pre­ of the surplus military property now atomic-hydrogen days. It is a matter of being sold, and a considerable portion of AGRICULTURE carefully examining the realities of de­ such property could be trans!erred from Mrs. PFOST. Mr. Speaker, I ask fense requirements in a completely new the military departments without reim­ unanimous consent to extend my re­ and modern setting. It is a matter of bursement. marks at this point in the REcoRn. considering, in the light of new realities, As to manpower requirements, it is The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the problem of constructing a rational suggested that the President's reorgan­ the request of the gentleman from national program for civil defense. ization plan request legislation to permit Idaho? While the experience accumulated by an allotment of personnel to be made to There was no objection. the Federal Civil Defense Administra­ the new Department of Civil Defense Mrs. PFOST. Mr. Speaker, I have to­ tion will, naturally, be of great impor­ through the machinery of the existing day introduced a bill to amend the Sugar tance in developing a new civil-defense Selective Service System from the num­ Act of 1948. This amendment would program, a study of the problem itself bers of men who cannot meet their obli­ increase the domestic sugar-beet quota should be much broader; it should be gations in the national military service 85,000 tons, bringing the total quota al­ dealt with on a level encompassing our for reasons of conscientious objection, lotment up to 1,885,000 tons. It would entire national-defense program. Civil physical disqualifications, or for any also increase the mainland cane quota defense must be considered as a part of other reason. It is not intended to imply 80,000 tons, and the quotas for Puerto .our total military-defense planning by that the manpower requirements for this Rico and the Virgin Islands by 20,000 the Joint Chiefs of Staff and by the Na­ Department shall be supplied solely and 3,000 tons, respectively. tional Security Council. It cannot mere­ from the pool of those who are rejected The amendment applies the so-called ly be coordinated with the military plans for or exempt from military service. It growth formula to all increases above being developed at that level. When is my belief, furthermore, that this civil­ the Department of Agriculture's initial civil defense is developed along lines of defense program, within the Defense sugar consumption estimate for 1955. mere coordination or cooperation with Establishment, might be studied to de­ It would restore our country's historical these basic military policy-planning termine the possibilities for including it basis by providing that 55 percent of the groups, civil defense becomes a second­ in the plans for any future universal annual increase in sugar consumption go class program, regardless of the sin-. military training program. to the domestic producers and 45 percent cerity of-both-the military and the civil­ This new Department would be of that increase go to -foreign suppliers. defense officials. charged with the primary responsibility The formula was adjusted on a tem- Because of these considerations, I am for preparing a comprehensive program . porary basis in 1948 to help Cuba make ·reintroducing· the concurrent resolution, of civil defense geared to the age of mod­ a postwar economic comeback. Cuba ·expressing the sense of Congress that the ern warfare. It would be able to exert has now had time to make such an ad­ President, in accordance with the Reor­ leadership in the development and op­ justment, and it is not fair to continue ganization Act of 1949, as amended, eration of a positive and effective na­ to penalize the domestic sugar industry. should prepare and submit to the Con­ tional civil defense system. Unless the law is changed, all of the gress such a positive program. One argument is frequently advanced growth in United States sugar consump­ The program outlined in this resolu­ against giving undue prominence to de­ tion will be allotted to foreign suppliers, tion provides for the abolition of the fensive measures such as civil defense with 96 percent of it going to Cuba. Federal Civil Defense Administration and the Air Defense Command. It is The 'dom·estic sugar-beet industry is and for the creation of a Department of argued that our best defense is a strong not only ready and willing to handle an Civil Defense. This newly created De­ offensive power, and that programs em­ expanded share of sugar production­ partment would be established within phasizing defense rather than offense but needs that production if it is to con­ the Department of Defense, and would are isolationist in character, seeking to tinue as a stable and healthy segment of be headed by, a Secretary with a status hide America behind some mysterious our economy. Improved farming meth­ equivalent to that of the Secretaries of wall of impenetrable defense without ods and research have greatly increased the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force. entangling international responsibilities. the yield per acre. The domestic sugar­ The Secretary of Civil Defense would be As part of this same line of reasoning, it beet industry will have an excess of ap­ assisted by a civilian Chief of Staff who is argued that the men, money, and ma­ proximately 3 million bags of sugar this would become a member of the Joint terials necessary for such defensive year. It will go into storage-and have Chiefs of Staff. measures would result in a dangerous to come out sometime. The new Department of Civil Defense drain upon our offensive capabilities. In view of these large inventories, would be similar to the military depart­ These viewpoints deserve full and seri­ further drastic cuts in sugar-beet acre­ ments in many respects. Its functions ous consideration, of course, but I can­ age are both impractical and unfair. would be carried out under the direction, not agree that they preclude much more In my own State of Idaho, for exam­ authority, and control of the Secretary ambitious defensive measures than we ple, 1955 sugar-beet acreage has been of Defense, and its recommendations for have yet undertaken. The problem can­ cut from 93,000 acres to 79,715 acres. further legislation would be submitted· not be phrased in terms of alternative This is approximately a 14 percent cut. through the Secretary of Defense, who is choices. The simple fact is that we must A further cut would obviously create a a member of the National Security achieve a stronger defense without weak­ great hardship. Council. ening or subordinating our offensive Sugar beets have been used for crop · An incidental advantage which would power. Adequate defensive measures rotation in Idaho for many years. As a accrue as the result of incorporating the supplement to hay and grain the beet civil-defense program within the Depart­ coupled with powerful offensive capabil­ refinery byproduct has also been used to ment of Defense is the possibility for ities do not add up to either isolationism feed livestock. The sugar-beet industry more intensive utilization of surplus mil­ or bankruptcy. has therefore greatly assisted the im­ itary property. Large quantities of The leadership of the United States portant livestock industry in my State. surplus military property are now being would be strengthened by the world One group which has been particu­ o:ff ered for sale to the public. Under the knowledge that we are prepared to repel larly hard hit by the fact that domestic military surplus property program, as as well as to invade. In the event of sugar-beet acreages have been either presently constituted, the Federal Civil war, there would be scant hope for the fixed at the same level or reduced each Defense Administration has no priority survival of the free world if we were able year has been the veteran who is home­ in claiming excess military property, to destroy the enemy but incapable of steading on new ·reclamation and irri- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4139 gation projects. These acreages are par­ election as President of the United States House adjourns today it adjourn to meet ticularly suited to sugar-beet · produc­ in 1920; vice chairman of the United on Monday next. tion. The GI boys almo"st have to have States delegation to the World Economic The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. AL­ some beet acreage to succeed. Under Conference at London in 1933, and Presi­ BERT). Is there objection to the request the quotas in the present law~ they are dent of its Monetary Commission; de­ of the gentle~n from Massachusetts? completely shut out. clined appointment to the United States Mr. MARTIN. Mr. Speaker, reserv­ Mr. Speaker, the adjustments which Senate by Gov. Frank Lausche in 1946; ing the right to object, will the gentle­ this amendment will make in our sugar­ retired from political life and continued man from Massachusetts kindly tell us beet legislation are long past due. We in the publishing business; resides at what we might expect in the way of a Members who are joining in sponsorship Trailsend, Dayton, Ohio. · program when. we return from the - of the amendment hope the House will The Governor, as he is affectionately recess? pass it at an early date. known and called by all his friends and Mr. McCORMACK. I will be happy associates, is still today a hard-working to. publisher, watching the details of his JAMES MIDDLETON COX Of course, on Monday there will be many and various newspapers every day. no legislative business · of any kind. Mr. SCHENCK. Mr. Speaker, I ask He owns and operates, among others, unanimous consent to address the House Whether there are going to be any · re­ the Daily News in Miami, Fla.; the Jour­ mark:s, I do not know, but there will be and to revise and extend my remarks. nal in Atlanta, Ga.; the Daily News and no business. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the Daily Sun in Springfield, Ohio; the the request of the gentleman from Journal-Herald and Dayton Daily News We meet on April 13, and on that date Ohio? in Dayton, Ohio. He also owns and op­ the State, Justice, and Judiciary appro­ There was no objection. erates a number· of radio and television priation bill will come up. I am unable Mr. SCHENCK. Mr. Speaker, the stations. He is a hard taskmaster and to state now what the period of general Third District of Ohio, which district debate will be, but in any event the he expects his associates and employees leadership on both sides have entered I have the great honor and privilege to to ·be on their toes at all times, but at represent here in the House of Repre­ the same time his associates and em­ into an agreement that if the considera­ sentatives of the Unite4 states, has been ployees have no more loyal and true tion of that bill should conclude on .... noted for many reasons. It has been friend than the Governor, who is always April 13 and if there are any rollcalls and is the center of the manufacture of ready with a helping hand and under­ in connection with amendments or on many products which require personnel the passage of the ·bill requested, the standing heart when needed. Instead rollcalls will take place on the following of unusua1 high degrees· of ability and of now taking a well-earned rest, his day, April 14. expertness and Whose products are greatest joy comes in being on the job known and used worldwide. Many of every day and he is being ably assisted For the remainder of the week there the worid's greatest scientific achieve­ by his son, James M. Cox, Jr. will be no legislative program. ments stem from this great area. I can­ Mr. Speaker, Governor Cox is 85 years · Mr. MARTIN. I thank the gentle­ not take the time here now to name all young today. He has hosts of friends man. of them, but, just as some examples, it not only in his wide-flung business en­ The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there. is the birthplace. and. cradle of avia­ terprises, but also in the political and objection to the request of the gentle­ tion; the birthplace of many outstand­ public field throughout the Nation. It man from Massachusetts?. ing advancements in the automotive is a great privilege and honor for me There was no objection. field, including the automobile electric here today on the floor of the House of starter, electric-battery ignition system, Representatives to e~press my most sin­ ethyl gasoline, and a host of others. cere appreciation to the Governor for AUTHORITY TO PERFORM CER­ All achievements, however, stem from his many accomplishments and for his TAIN OFFICIAL ACTS DURING the minds, hearts, and abilities of peo­ friendship. I also want to express my ADJOURNMENT OF THE HOUSE ple. The real richness and accomplish-· heartiest congratulations to the Gover­ ments ·of our great Third :Oistrict of nor and the hope that he will have many Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I Ohio, therefore, lie in the personal abili­ more happy an:i healthful birthday ask unanimous consent that notwith­ ties of an impressive number of really celebrations. standing any adjournment of the House great and able people. Mr. RAYBURN. Mr. Speaker, will until April 13, 1955, the Clerk be author­ The Third District of Ohio has not the gentleman yield? ized to receive messages from the Senate only made significant contributions to Mr. SCHENCK. I will be happy to. and that the Speaker be authorized to the scientific, production, and business Mr. RAYBURN. Mr. Speaker, I do sign any enrolled bills and joint resolu­ growth of our. Nation, but our district not feel that I would do myself justice tions duly passed by the two Houses and has· also contributed outstandingly in if I did not take this opportunity to say found truly enrolled. the fields of the public life of our State a word about Gov. James M. Cox. For The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there of Ohio and the Nation. many, many years he and I have been objection to the request of the gentle­ One of our most illustrious citizens is warm, personal and, I might say, politi­ man from Massachusetts? the Honorable James M. Cox, who today cal friends. I think Jim Cox is one of There was no objection. celebrates the 85th anniversary of his the greatest Americans that it has ever birth. been my privilege to know. He is a pa­ The Honorable. James Middleton Cox, triot first; he is a party man next; and DISPENSING WITH CALENDAR a former Representative from Ohio, was for years and years to come in political born near Jacksonburg, Butler County, life, in his public life, and in his various WEDNESDAY Ohio, March 31, 1870. He attended manifold enterprises he will go down as Mr. McCOMACK. Mr. Speaker, I country schools and Amanda (Ohio) one of the men of this generation who ask unanimous consent that the business High School; engaged in teaching; has been helpful to all classes and all in order on Calendar Wednesday, April worked on a farm and also· in the me­ kinds of people. I want to congratulate 13, 1955, be dispensed with. chanical and editorial departments of a him on his 85th birthday, and I wish for The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there· daily newspaper; became owner and him that his useful and wonderful and objection to the request of the gentle­ publisher of the Dayton Daily News in serviceable life may be extended many, man from Massachusetts? 1898, of the Springfield Daily News in many years to come. · There was no objection. 1903, of the Miami Metropolis in 1923, Mr. SCHENCK. I thank the distin­ and of the Atlanta Journal in 1939. He guished Speaker, the gentleman from was elected as a Democrat to the 61st Texas. SPECIAL ORDER GRANTED and 62d Congresses and served from March 4, 1909, until January 12, 1913, Mr. ANFUSO le basis stipulate :tacts, ~ereby providing shortcuts deal with a real, existing, widespread, un­ for consideration and action in that respect? to the resolution of legal issues, but it is fair. and unjust trade ])l'actice that ought at It ls ,suggested that the duly elected repre­ quite another thing when the parties are in once to be prohibited insofar as it .is within sentatives of the people make a. full-fledged disagree.ment and contest each fact and each the power of Congress to deal with the ,sub­ investigation ·of trade practices about which issue even to the authenticity of each docu­ ject. .This we think 1s accomplished by sec­ question has been raised concerning their ment involved. tion 2 of th1s bill:" leg.al status and from ,such investigation the Between 1890 and 1914 it was found that During the course of the debates, Sena.tor Congress determine whether any or all of the Sherman Act was inadequate to serve Walsh, of Montana, in referring to the Clay­ such practices are in accord with or contrary fully the purposes of our national antitrust ton bill, said: "The purpose of the 1egislation to the expressed national public policy for public policy. Monopoly grew apace. With of w.hich the pending bill -forms a part 1s to a free competitive enterprise system. We the rule of reason a part of the Sherman preserV:e competition where it exists, to re­ should have more of what is good and less Act • "" •. store it where it is destroyed, and to permit it of what is in fact found to be bad. Between 1890 und 1914 it was found that to spring up in new fields/ ' . It is my firm belief that it can be deter­ the Sherman Act was inadequate to serve In the course of congressional investiga­ mined best what trade practices should be fully the purpose of our national antitrust tions during 1935, Congress found that dis­ prohibited as contrary to our antitrust pub­ public policy. Monopoly grew apace. With criminations practiced to favor mass buyers lic policy and what trade practices should the rule oi reason~ part of the Sherman Act. presented such a threat to the continuation be permitted as promoting that J>Olicy by a it was considered to have become insufficient of free competition that a number of -pro­ congressional ex1Uninmon of ·fact ual evi­ to deal with the m-onopoly problem as posals were introduced for strengthening the dence of the acts and practices in question. Congress saw it in the period from 1912 to antitrust law.s against price discriminations. It is quite important to study firsthand the l914. Therefore, Congress in its considera­ Mr. Utterbach, in ~reporting for the House effects of a practice before concluding Uon of the trade problems enact ed the Clay­ Committee on the Judiciary, on one of the whether the ·practice should or .should not ton and the Federal Trade Acts in 1914. In proposals which was finally enacted into law, be legalized. Often victims of a practice so moving, the Congress acted only because stated: are able to present more evidence of its ef­ public policy ielt the necessity to preventmo:­ "The purpose of this proposed legislation fects than others who are not victimized. nopolistic pricing-indeed, to prev.ent pric­ is to restore, so far as possible, equali'~ y of 1t is suggested that it would prove helpful ing practices of individuals such as discrim­ opportunity in business by strengthening if the Congress should study and resolve any inations whicb were felt would enhance the antitrust laws and by protecting trade and questions we have regarding that aspect of growth of monopolistic conditions. At that commerce against unfair trade practices and this problem. By that method, the· Con­ time it was widely recognized not only by unlawful price discrimination, and also gress would be enabled to determine what Congress but by President Wilson, and so against restraint and monopoly for the bet­ practices ue used and what are their ef­ stated by him in a message to the 63d Con­ ter protection of consumers, workers, and fects. My faith in the Congress leads me gress, that tb,e public need demanded the independent producers, manufacturers, mer­ to believe that once it should make those de­ Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clay­ chants, and other businessmen. • • • terminations, 1t would legislate to pl'Qhibit ton Act to prohibit discriminations and other "Your .committee is of the opinion that those acts and practices which injure compe­ specific trade practices. He said~ "We are the evidence is overwhelming that price dis­ tition and to permit those which in fact sufficiently iamiliar with the actual processes crimination ·practices exist to such an e:xtient promote competition. -rt is my belief that and methods of monopoly and of the many that the survival of independent merf an 'Ultimate conclusion -0f what changes ton Antitrust Act. 'The report between -pages needs little argument to sustain the wisdom should be made in our antimonopoly laws 127 and 147, advances proposals that stand.­ of it. • • • Every concern. that engages 1n be reserved unless and until underlying Tea­ a:rds used by the United States SUpr.eme this evil practice must of necessltyTecoup its son has been examined. and found to support Court 1n determlning whether a. particular losses in the particular communities or ,aec­ -:the ultim:a.te conclusion. In other words exclusive dealing agreement is -violative or tions where their commodities are sold below we sltould examine the underlying proposl­ section 3 of the Clayton antitrust law, .not cost or without a fair profit by ra.1sing the tions concerning the nature, extent, and sig• be usens or If upon proper examination the proposttiona ent adminlstration at the Federal Trade communttles. • • • In seeking to enact :sec­ are found to be valid, then lt would appear Commission. Such proposals are advanced. tion 2 into law we are not dealing with an that legislation in. accordance with .them despite the fact that the courts only a few imaginary. evll or against ancient practices :wo.uld be .sounct. . How are we to accumulate months ago {2d C:ir~ .217 F. 2d .821) in the 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4143 Dictograph case and (7th Cir. CCH Trade ..It is admitted that Government counsel At page 177 the report of the Attorney Cases 67921) in the Anchor Serum case re­ did not offer in evidence in this case the General's committee disapproves of another pudiated the view of the present adminis­ scalps or the hides of the small-business section of the Robinson-Patman Act. That tration held at the Federal Trade Commis­ competitors of General Foods. We do not section is known as the quat;1tity-limit pro­ sion regarding cases arising under section have in evidence pounds of flesh or buckets viso. It authorizes and empowers the Fed­ 3 of the Clayton Antitrust Act. The Com­ of blood. We should not expect the type eral Trade Commission to take action mission had held and is still holding to of evidence that Salome is said to have asked against price discriminations based upon the view that it should not act until after of Herod-the head of John the Baptist on quantity discounts, but only after the Com­ the damage is done. The Attorney General's a silver platter. mission finds as a fact that the challenged report (p. 148) in discussing that point "In lieu of sanguinary evidence, let us discount system is unjustly discriminatory states: "The essence of unfairness in an review what the victims of General Foods' or promotive of monopoly. Yet the Attorney exclusive arrangement as a marketing tactic price-discrimination practices had to say General's committee in its report at page is the actual foreclosure of business • • • ." about this particular brand of competition. 177 states: "We deplore this singling out However, it is gratifying to note that one • • • We do not have here only one com­ and penalizing of the quantity-discount sys­ member of the committee, Louis B. Schwartz, petitor testifying that he has been victim­ tem." In other words, this Attorney Gen­ dissented from the "actual foreclosure test" ized by a discrimination in price, but we eral's committee, composed for the most part espoused in some portions of that chapter have substantially all of respondent's com­ of lawyers and economists who make their (p. 149). . petitors on the west coast testifying that livelihoods representing private monopolies, It is also noted that this group of pri­ they have been victimized. • • • strongly recommends against a law de­ vate lawyers and private economists that the "I believe it is obvious that the use by signed to prohibit practices unjustly dis­ Attorney General named as members of his General Foods of these deals not only re­ criminatory and promotive of monopoly. committee have made their own private de­ sulted in a reasonable probability that com­ At page 181 the report of the Attorney termination that the fair-trade laws are not petition in these Western State was injured General's committee contains the statement: in accord with public policy. (The report, but on the basis of the present record the "This committee approves the result of the pp. 149-155.) However, that group of de­ Commission could reasonably find that com­ Standard Oil decision." What is referred fenders of private monopolies apparently petition was injured in fact. • • • to there is a decision in the case of the disregards the fact that the Congress of the "The Robinson-Patman Act promotes hard, Standard Oil Company of Indiana v. Federal United States by an overwhelming vote in fair competition. For illustration, General Trade Commission (340 U. S. 231) in which both Houses decided the opposite, and did Foods, the dominant seller, encountertid a it was held that the antitrust laws should so quite recently. degree of competition on the west coast. not be construed as prohibiting the Stand­ The report at page 155 undertakes a dis­ Competition is vitalized by any one or more ard Oil Co. from practicing discriminations cussion concerning price discrimination. In of the following: (1) lowering prices; (2) promotive of monopoly when the Standard the succeeding pages it attempts to analyze raising quality; or (3) better selling meth­ Oil Co. could show that in its discrimina­ what the Federal Trade Commission and the ods. General Foods chose to use a deal of­ t ion in price it was meeting competition in courts have done in interpreting the anti­ f er which was in fact a price reduction. But good faith. Now briefly that means simply discrimination laws in each of a number of did this Goliath march bravely on the field this-the giant Standard Oil Company of the important cases which have arisen under of battle and compete with these little Da­ Indiana was thus licensed to discriminate the Robinson-Patman Act. In quite a num­ vids by making this deal available to all of in price even though it would have the effect ber of those cases, particularly the Morton its customers? That would have been a of driving out of business a small inde­ Salt case (334 U. S. 37), the United States choice by General Foods for hard and fair pendent businessman who was trying to serve Supreme Court and various appellate courts competition between General Food·s and the his customers at a low nondiscriminatory have held that price discriminations, prac­ small-business competitors. But General price. I have introduced in the House a bill, ticed under circumstances which reasonably Foods did not so choose. It chose instead to H. R. 11, and Senator KEFAUVER has intro­ could be expected to give rise to injury, pre­ have its customers in the other sections of duced in the Senate a bill, S. 11, to close up sented an adequate basis to the Federal the country, who did not enjoy the fruits the loophole in the antitrust laws which was Trade Commission for finding that the effect resulting from this competition by the small found by the Court to exist when it decided of such discriminations may be to substan­ competitors, to be charged higher prices so the Standard Oil case. We are hopeful of tially lessen competition and create a mo­ that General Foods would have a war chest favorable action on that pending legislation nopoly. However, in a decision by the Fed­ to beat down the small-business competition. at this session of Congress. However, we eral Trade Commission in Docket No. 5675 For General Foods-it was soft competition. find that this Attorney General's committee in the matter of General Foods Corp., the For the small competitors-it was unfair instead of supporting us in our fight against Commission retreated from the view which competition. • • • monopoly in that respect is actually approv­ it and the courts had expressed in other "If the dominant seller continues to sup­ ing of the loophole found in our antitrust cases. In the General Foods case the Com­ press its smaller competitors and continues laws by the Court wi1en it decided the mission, in effect, held that Government to obtain by means of price discriminations Standard Oil case. counsel supporting the complaint had the a larger and larger share of the market, the In 1936 when Congress was considering burden of producing evidence of actual in­ probable result would be a monopoly and antidiscrimination legislation it found that jury and dismissed the complaint in that then perhaps a Sherman Act case for dis­ many devices were being used by large sellers case. Many who have knowledge of the solution. • • • It is the duty of the Com­ and buyers to effect discriminations. Not all facts of record in that case contend that evi­ mission to act in the incipiency of the of those devices resulted in direct price dis­ dence of actual injury was presented to the monopolistic tendencies before the monopoly criminations. Some took the form of bogus Commission in that case. For example, matures and a dissolution suit is the only ef­ brokerage allowances. Others took the form Commissioner James M. Mead, who dissented fective remedy." of allowances for advertising and other serv­ from the decision of the Commission, wrote Despite the strong showing thus made in ices. Subsection (a) of section 2 of the a vigorous dissent, in which he made the Robinson-Patman Act was designed to pro­ following statement: that case of the need for the Federal Trade Commission to act in stopping a monopo­ hibit direct price discriminations. It was "The record in this case shows that Gen­ not tailored to challenge indirect price dis­ eral Foods increased its share of the market listic practice before it blossoms into full flower, it under the present administration criminations. Subsections (c), (d), and (e) and that the competitors of General Foods of section 2 of the Robinson-Patman Act had a decreasing share of the market • • • refused to act. Now that failure is bad enough, but the Attorney General's report were tailored to stop harmful indirect price in 1939, the year immediately prior to the discriminations. For example, we learned initiation of the deals, General Foods con­ adds insult to that injury, because at ~age 163 in reference to the Attorney General's during the course of our investigations in trolled 62.2 percent of the national market 1935 and 1936 that the Great Atlantic & in pectin. • • • General Foods' share of the committee there appears the statement: "All but a few members believe that the Federal Pacific Tea Co. had employ~d the practice market increased during the 'deal' years to of using one of its employees as a purchasing 1946, when its share was 80.5 percent of the Trade Commission's General Foods decision reflects a sound and accurate reading of the agent and in demanding that sellers from market. • • • (Robinson-Patman) act." Even while the whom it bought allow that employee a "Economists may differ as to what par­ Attorney General's report was in prepara­ brokerage fee of 5 percent on all the pur­ ticular percentage of the national market a tion, the Supreme Court of the United States chases made by the A. & P. Those demands concern may have before it may be classi­ in the case of Mead's Fine Bread v. Moore were based upon the claim of A. & P. that fied as a monopoly. A concern having 35 (348 U.S. 115) upheld the Robinson-Patman the action of its employee, the purchasing percent of the market may not be a mo­ Act and condemned price discrimination in agent, saved some of the sellers the time nopoly; but certainly when a concern begins a situation far less aggravated than the one to obtain over 50 percent of the national and trouble of looking up one of the regular market in any particular commodity, then that was before the Federal Trade Commis­ brokers to handle the transactions between such concern, because of such share, is in sion in the General Foods case. From that the seller and the buyer. Consequently, the position to exert a very significant effect set of facts it is not difficult for anyone to A. & P. claimed that its employee, its pur­ · on the market. An area price discrimination see that the report of the Attorney General's chasing agent, was rendering a service to the by a concern having 35 percent of the mar­ committee, and particularly that part of it seller and should be paid for it in the form ket may not have as great an adverse effect dealing with price discrimination, proposes of a brokerage allowance. The net result as a discrimination by a concern controlling a weakening of the sections of our antitrust was a discrimination in favor of A. & P. of 80 percent of the market. • • • laws directed against price discrimination. about 5 percent on its purchases. Hence 4144: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE March 31 ,Congress enacted section 2 { c} ·of the .Robin­ .'Supreme Court of the United States affirmed tllJ:'ely unofficially. I hope that my pres­ son-Patman Act, commonly known as the that finding of .fact. . ence 'there ~s an American and above an brokerage section. prohibiting outright the At page 377 of the report. a recommenda­ · as a member of the colored peoples of payment of brokerage und.er such circum­ tion is made for the removal of the manda­ the United states will be of some value stances. The reJ)Ort -of the Attorney Gen­ tory threefold damage provision from the .ior the peace, understanding, .and eral's Committee :at page 188 recommends antitrust la1ws. Therefore, the report rec­ that section 2 (c) of the law be .changed so ·ommends softening the penalties for viola­ . strengthening of brotherhood of our . that a seller may be permitted to pay broker­ tions of our -antitrust law.s. Also at page world. age fees to a,ny buyer when it is claimed that 350 a recommendation is made for a maxi­ This ,conference might well mark the such buyer has rendered services to the seller. mum fine of only $10JOOO for a violation of most important event of this .century. In effect the report recommends that we the antitrust law.s, which is only 20 percent Even if nothing is accomplished by their return to the dark a,ges antida,ting the Rob­ of the maximum .fine recently approved by ,comi:o.g together for the .first time in the inson-Patman Act <0.nd the nefarious prac­ the House of Representatives as the penalty history of the world, these people will tices of the A. & P. Co. of that date. Like- ..for such. violations. . wise the report commencing at page 189 While the report of the Attorney General's represent a tremendous event. undertakes a discussion of subsection {d) Committee throughout a discussion cover­ It is estimated that at least 1,000 peo- and (e) of section. 2 of the Robin.son-Patman lng 385 pages presents arguments, conclu­ .ple will attend the .conference as dele­ Aet, wh-ich discussion leads to the :statement .sions an-d recommendations for weakening gates or correspondents. This estimate on page 191 that 1 'the Committee disap­ the antitrust laws 1lS to big corporations, it is based on the expectation that each proves the present d isparity in the statutory nevertheless., on page 304, presents recom­ delegation will consist of a maximum of consequences which attach to economieaUy mendations for strengthening the antitrust 20 persons and that about 400 corre­ equivalent business practices." F-01lowing laws for use against organized labor. that the suggestion ls mad~ th.at those in­ L ikewise, I find on page 310 a recommen­ spondents will attend. direct price discrimina.tons be .made subject dation by the Attorney General's Commit­ The conference at Bandung, which is to the law in the same way as the direct tee that laws passed by the Congress to -as­ now officially call6d the Asian-African price discriminations. sist farmers and to permit them to engage Conference. instead of the Afro-Asian One of the .most dev.astating blows dealt in cooperative enterprises f-0r the market­ Conference, ·wi.ll tackle many problems to anti trust legislati.on in xecent years was ing -af their produ.cts should be strictly con­ of a comprehensive natureA As listed in a holding by the Supreme Court in the strued as exeept ions from the antitrust pro­ the joint communique issued at the-Close case brought by the Federal Trade Commis­ hibitions. In fact. th.ere it -is stated: "These of the conference at Boger, the main sion against the .Automatic Canteen Co. of stat utory exceptions should not reduce anti­ America., in which that company had been trust prohibitions to a ghostly residuum." purposes of the Asian-African Confer­ charged w ith knowingly inducing and re­ As to the b ig corporations, the recommen­ ence are: ceiving preferred treatment not aocorded 1Jo dations add up to a protection from compe­ (a) To promote g.ood will and coopera­ its competitors by sellers from whom it _pur­ tition and to a freedom from the rule of law tlon .between the nations of Asia and Africa, chased merchandise. In. that case the Trade whi ch restrains the abuse to _great .aggre- to explore and .advance their common in­ Commission had charged, proven, and found . gations of economic power. As to small busi­ terests, and to establish a nd .further frlend­ that the effect of the practice -Of the Auto­ ness. labor,. and farmers, the recommenda­ liness and neighborly relations; (b) to con­ matic Canteen Co. substantially lessened tions are to make these groups open targets sider 'Social, economl.i::, and cult ural prob­ compet ition and was promotive of monop­ .for the ;abuse of mouopoly power, and to en­ lems and re1ations of 'the countrles repre­ oly. Yet, because of a technical defect in large the antitrust laws against the or­ sented; (c) to consider problems of special the law, the United States Supreme Court ganized efforts of two of the groups, labor Interest to Asian and African peoples, for failed to affirm the .Commission's decision, and farmers. by wllich these segments of our ,example, "those affecting national sovereignty The h-olding of the Court in that case .has pop ulation have in the past sought same and of racialism and colonialism; (d) to view opened the way for huge buying combina­ measure of protection from the abuses of the the position of Asia and Africa and their tions, such as Sea:rs, Roebuck & Co., Safeway big oor:pora tions. peoples in the world of today and the con­ Star.es, Inc., the Great Atl-an.tic & Pacific tribution they can make to the promotion of ·Tea Co., and others, to engage in practices world peace .and cooperation. ·promotive of monopoly without any-one being A'SIAN-AFRICAN able to turn to a. law that can be used to CONFERENCE Section (d). abov.e, has been cited by stop them. Yet the Attorney General's com­ "The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under Prime Minister Ali Sas-troamidjojo as the mittee, in !ts report at page 196, has the previous order of the Hous

Organizations concerned with interna­ munism is the most menacing new thrust of around· with is the slogan "Let's stop tional affairs met February 25 at the colonialism, and endangers the national as­ communism.'' If communism is de­ pirations of all free peoples. Thereby it can Mayflower Hotel and issued a statement strengthen the democratic elements at the feated the West will thrive and go for­ "opposing reduction in our national conference, and limit the power of the Com­ ward. But if communism is defeated armaments and weakening of our na­ munist representatives to distort its posi­ what will happen to Asia and Africa? tional strength just as we oppose the tion and to influence the conference toward Asia and Africa will still be confronted administration failure to provide for an alinement with the Communist world. with its problems of colonialism, illiter­ adequate economic aid program to the I have before me a very fine letter acy, hunger, and disease. The main friendly peoples of Asia, Africa, and coming from 16 outstanding American problem in the eyes of the East is not Latin America." citizens. A group of leading figures communism but is strictly economic. I · Heading the respective delegations i4 in the fields of science, religion, and lit­ do not for one moment advocate that were President George Meany, of the erature, including Nobel peace prize we cast aside our fight against commu­ AFL, and President Walter P. Reuther, winner, Emily G. Balch, and Nobel prize nism. It should be pushed forward, re­ of the CIO. They were accompanied for novelist, Pearl S. Buck, has forwarded a lentlessly. But I do say, very emphati­ the CIO by Jacob Potofsky, chairman letter to Premier Ali · sastroamidjojo cally, that fighting communism and of the CIO in~rnational committee; CIO expressing the hope that the prospective :fighting communism alone is not going to Vice President Frank Rosenblum; Ar­ meeting with other Asian and African get us allies and win us friends in Asia thur J. Goldberg, CIO general counsel; leaders will f ulflll his highest expecta­ and Africa. I gravely doubt whether Victor G. Reuther, director of the CIO tions. we can continue much longer as a first­ internationa1 affairs department;· and The text of the letter is as fallows: class power without the peoples of those George L-P Weaver, assistant to CIO two vast continents on our side. Mar­ We hope your prospective meeting with secretary-treasurer, James B. Carey. other Asian and African leaders will fulfill quis Childs on March 12 wrote: For the AFL: William C. Doherty, presi­ your highest expectations. Many people in The United States lacks an adequate plan dent of the National Association of Let- · the world are in desperate need, many are to stop Red subversion by economic develop­ ter Carriers; David Dubinsky, pr_esident full of fear, many are zealous for partisan ment. Our plans for a big Asian program of the International Ladies Garment causes. Amid the pressures and perplexi­ were repudiated by Secretary of the Treasury workers; William Mcsorley, president -ties of this situation, we write to urge upon Humphrey. Our stress has been shifted to mill tary aid. of the International Union of Wood, you, not caution but fearlessness, not cal­ Wire, and Metal Lathers; Lee Minton, culation but wisdom, not effusion but, dis­ cipline, not a partisan program but the The people of Asia cannot understand president of the Glass Bottle Blowers development of universal ideals. why' Formosa, with a population of 8 Association; and Jay Lovestone, secre­ We shall be watching you, because any million got $90 million, while Indonesia tary of the AFL free trade union com­ solution you discover should help' us all. with 80 million people only got $7 mil­ mittee. The world is tired of oppression, dogma, and lion. They cannot understand why Pak­ The statement issued in the names of war. It is tired of the efforts of · various istan, with 75 million people got $70,800,- Presidents Meany and Reuther follows: governments to dominate, or to build de­ 000, while India with 356 million peo­ _fensive associations. We count upon you to ple received only $84,500,000. To many American labor is proud of its· support of develop independent solutions-to enunciate · free-·tr.ade · unions· in such colonial countries ·the principles of a new society. Members of Congress this seems per­ · as Tunisia and Morocco, whose aspirations Deeper than the need for bread among fectly logical to · help those who . are and allegiance to the ·cause of-freedom stand starving people is. the need for a new con­ standing with us. But to Asians, in the in shining contrast to the shabby coloni~list fidence in man-the confidence upon which great uncommitted countries of India, policies of French imP,erialism. . :American democratic institutions can be established, Burma; Ceylon, and Indonesia they are labor has consistently supported the concept the confidence upon which liberating phi­ of technical · and economic aid for the less taking literally what we say about want­ developed countries in Asia and Africa, and losophies can be developed, the confidence ing to help all free countries. There­ upon which men can aspire tow~rd economic fore, thi~ has the look of rank discrimi­ ·we· call for · further effective aid in these brotherhood. , areas.· Because of great wealth, our own country nation. The question being asked is this: "Is your aid really to help under­ The Americans for Democratic Action continues in ancient superstitions which you developed peoples raise their standard have sent very positive greetings to the can no longer afford to tolerate. You are aware of our weakness--0ur people in large of living, or is it a carrot being held out conference: measure still adhere to political, religious, to persuade us to go along with your RESOLUTION ADOPTED MARCH 20, 195p, AT 80TH and economic institutions based upon sur­ system of military alliances?" ANNUAL CONVENTION OF AMERICANS FOR vival interests rather than upon fulfillment. Donald Grant, writing in the St. Louis DEMOCRATIC ACTION Survival is important, but survival is not Post-Dispatch, March 13, had this to The.Asian~A.frican Conference presents an. growth. Survival effort breed!'! conflict, divi- . ·say: opportunity .to give encour_agem,ent to the · sion, and stagnation. In contrast, evolution uncommitted nations which have taken the and progress depend primarily upon a capac- The peoples · of Asia and Africa are now initiative in convening the meeting, and to ity of ene;rgy to integrate and harmonize- clamoring to be admitted to the fraternity other democratic forces which will be repre­ to fulfill potentials. · of modern mankind. sented there. In addition to the friendly The way of Caesar, of grasping for survival Membership in this fraternity is recognized .greetings already dispatched by the SEATO strength, is failing in Moscow and Washing- by the fact that members wear decent powers, our Government should, before the ton as it has in Rome. We have need that clothes, have medical attention when they . mJeting convenes, make clear its position on you shall be the Asokas to reintegrate our · are ill, know how to read and write, have the vital issues to be considered there. world into a community of love, a matrix enough to eat, and an adequate shelter over The United States should reiterate its firm in which people of .understanding, of tech- their heads. opposition to the continuation of colonial­ nical skill, and of artistic genius may mature. Nonmembership ~s clearly recognized, ism and imperialism; its intention to assist also-by the all-too-familiar patterns in the the new nations to make rapid economic and Signatories of the letter are: Emily_G. underdeveloped areas of the world: poverty, political progress; and its endorsement of Balch, Nobel peace prize winner; Roger d~sease, illiteracy, and the constant, burning . their right to play their part in the solution Baldwin, American Civil Liberties Union; insult of the white European's-and Amer­ of world problems. The United States Pearl s: Buck, Nobel prize novelist;· can's-vastly superior power. should make clear that it not only opposes -Henry Hitt Crane, Methodist minister; Communism represents the back door of communism but also fights for progressive Kermit Eby, sociologist, University of admission to the frl:l,ternity of modern man- goals, that it ls not wedded to the support of . kind; guardian of the front door-as the reactionary elements in Asia, Africa, or any Chicago; Henry Pratt Fairchild, sociolo- Asians and Africans see it-is the United other part of the world, and that it seeks gist, New York University; S. Ralph Har- States of America. no dominion for itseif. low, professor of religion, Smith College; All of the Asians and the Africans-and By so doing, the United States will recog­ James Hupp, dean, West Virginia Wes- the Middle Easterners and Latin Americans­ nize the intensity of the feelings of the leyan; Homer Jack, minister and author; who are now outsiders-are determined to masses of people in Asia and Afr_ica, to whom Philip Mayer, minister; Lewis Mumford, enter the great fraternity of modern man­ anticolonialism and opposi_tion ·to Apartheid philosopher; Howard Thurman, dean, kind, by the front door if it is opened, by the and other forms of racial discrimination-are Boston University; and David Rhys Wil- back door if need be. vital principles, and to whom anticommu­ nism and the democratic way of life are still Iiams, minister anc;l author~ Yet, despite all this, the peoples from -slogans without significance in their strug­ We might as well face the truth that 'the East in the United Nations continue gle.for freedom and justice. It should help we. have no foreign policy for Asia and . to vote with the United States. The-past them to understand that international com- Africa. The only thing we are stumbling year 34 times they voted on our side. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4147 While it is true they voted 27 times on Fifth, we should stage an all-out offen­ Mr. HAYS of Arkansas. I am not the side of Russia most of those votes sive through public and private funds fearful of what the Red Chinese will do were on the question of colonialism. In against economic exploitation, illiteracy, as they bring their sordid message to other words, if the United States had poverty, social degradation, forced labor, the representatives that are gathered taken a strong stand against colonialism unemployment, lack of labor standards, there. They cannot succeed. they would have voted with us even with housing, sanitation, and medical care. I was quite impressed with what a citi­ those 27 votes that they cast on the Lastly, we should sell-and I mean sell zen of a young nation in Asia said when side of Soviet Russia. in the Madison Avenue advertising con­ asked by a Westerner, "What do the peo­ Writing from Jakarta, Indonesia, Jan­ cept of the word-sell the fact that this ple of your country expect of the United uary 17 and 19 of this year, Joseph Alsop is not a white man's country. The States?" He lives in a country that has· expressed many keen insights, mainly United States of America is the only a food deficit and he put it like this. about the Indonesian people but appli­ power in Western civilization that has a He said, "Respect and rice, and in that cable to the whole picture in the East very large minority of colored people, order." and in Africa: including our Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, So we are challenged to find a balance The fact remains that there is little in the and Negro people. There are 23 million between those 'two interests, of supplying picture here to justify the pessimism about American citizens who are colored, who economic help which deals with the rice the Indonesian future that 'is so often voiced are a racial link between this country and of supplying encouragement and aid in Washington. On the contrary, if world and the people of Asia and Africa. Let and sympathy in a vastly more impor­ communism is not :flabbily permitted to take the people of Asia and Africa know that tant area of life. When those things are over the rest of Asia there is every reason to we are rapidly eradicating second-class understood and when we find effective feel hopeful about this remarkable new na­ tion of 80 ~illion people. Here in Indonesia, citizenship. Let them know what we means of making them understood, we just as much as in Thailand, the political have done. Let them know, specifically, will be able to outdo the Communists in tidal wave started by the Communist victory what we are going to do and let them every ideological battle. The gentleman in Indochina is the great future danger. know we are going to do it as soon as we is quite right in saying we must take an Halt the wave now, and the Communist task can. interest in what comes out of Bandung. here is all but hopeless. Let the wave roll, Let us not forget that Soviet Russia It is essential that we follow those dis­ and Indonesia will eventually be engulfed. is an Eastern power. Therefore, the cussions carefully, and I hope that the And so will the rest of Asia and the rest people of the East have an emotional executive department will make their of Africa. drift toward Soviet Russia. We can stop facilities available to bring to the Con­ How can we stop this tidal wave. As­ that emotional drift by pointing out that gress a full report. suredly, ·not through force alone. But here in the United States full and com­ Mr. Speaker, I thank the gentleman most assuredly to help solve the unsolved plete equality is the immediate aim for for yielding. problems of the Asian revolution. all of our citizens. Mr. POWELL. I thank the distin­ First, let us consult with the Asian and So as I leave for Bandung, I ask your guished. Member of the Arkansas dele­ African nations on every aspect of our prayers. I ask your best wishes. I ask gation for his very, very fine comment. Eastern policy. This means a complete that God may give us the strength to Mr. SAYLOR. Mr. Speaker, will the revaluation of the importance of the East make democracy work here at home in gentleman yield? in world politics. We can hope to achieve every way so that we will have in Asia Mr. POWELL. I yield. the solution of their problems only by and Africa, brethren of peace and good Mr. SAYLOR. I commend the gentle­ establishing a relationship of full equal­ will who believe in the United States be­ man from New York on his excellent ity. Even when we proffer aid we must cause we believe in them. statement. I think he is doing the people not seek to dictate, although, naturally, Mr. HAYS of Arkansas. Mr. Speak­ of this country and the free people of the we have the right to withhold aid if cer­ er, will the gentleman yield? world a favor by personally going to this tain fundamental terms are unattain­ Mr. POWELL. I yield. great conference as an observer. I com­ able. Mr. HAYS of Arkansas. The gentle­ mend him for his statement, for under­ Second, recognize that the social and man from New York has rendered a taking this journey, and join my friend political changes in the East mean more service in directing attention to the the gentleman from Arkansas [Mr. than simply supporting a nation against Bandung Conference. We should all be HAYS] in congratulating the gentleman communism. The nationalist revolution grateful for the enlightenment he has from New York and I wish him God­ of the East cannot succeed without, at given us on the background in which speed on his journey, .the same time, being an economic revo­ these discussions will take place. I have Mr. POWELL. The gentleman is very lution. not studied the State Department's con­ kind. I thank him. Third, supply adequate assistance for clusions and do not wish to express a Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, will the view on that point. From what the gen­ gentleman yield? social change. How stupid it is for us Mr. POWELL. I yield. to say that we can afford $100 billion tlemen has said, I judge that they have a year for armaments but not a few advised against the presence of observ­ Mr. FASCELL. I would like to add my billion for building independent and ers, official or unofficial. I think we commendation of the gentleman for per­ stable economies that can withstand the could all agree, however, that there sonally undertaking to make this trip. lure of the slogans of communism and should be great interest on the part of I would add additional emphasis to the the menace of Soviet aggression. Such the American people in what the Ban':" fact that we must do more than just be a program would be compatible with the dung Conference produces. interested. We must be positive in our The gentleman is right in focusing action. We have relied too long on mili­ needs of our American economy, Vast tary alliances and economic assistance. new markets for our products would be attention upon the aspirations of the opened up in the undeveloped areas of people of Africa and Asia and their iden­ Everyone admits that the entire problem the world. Increasing the productivity tity of interest; and it is an entirely is an ideological one, and we, in the of the lands of the East by grants-in-aid logical thing that has taken place as United States, must ask ourselves what and loans would lay the basis for a per­ they come together as people who have in the world have we done to capture opposed colonialism. We must continue the minds of men and women through­ manent independent demand for our out the rest of the world. own products. to fight the propaganda of the Commu­ Fourth, we should channel as much of nists which seeks to equate colonialism Mr. POWELL. The gentleman is cor­ our aid as possible into international with Western democracy. We ought to rect. We have the best ideas in the accept the tough task of acquainting the whole world-it is the idea of democracy. organizations. We know the United Na­ If we would just let.it work. tions has a limited role, but we should people of Africa and Asia with the ideals seek to build its strength through a con­ and policies of the Western World and Mr. BOLLING. Mr. Speaker, will the crete demonstration of our belief in its to express the sympathy that ·we of the gentleman yield? principles. The people of the East in West have with their. aspirations. There Mr. POWELL. I yield. turn would know the source of this aid will be at Bandung more friends of de­ Mr. BOLLING. I, too, would like to and would appreciate the demonstration mocracy and of the West than there will commend the gentleman on his very of our belief in internationalism without be enemies. important and useful statement. Other strings. Mr. POWELL. . That is right. . · Members have commented on various 4148 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 31 aspects of the gentleman's statement, Mr. UDALL. I would like to express foe or adversary, from within or without but it seems to· me that one of its most the hope that it does change. I think our shores: Now, therefore, be it important aspects is the fact that the the point has been amply made that Resolved, That the people of Utah, through their legislature, in session assembled, be gentleman has highlighted for the coun­ we should not fail to show these people cognizant and mindful of the fundamental try and for the Congress the fact. that the sympathy and understanding which rights and privileges guaranteed to all citi­ the anti-Communist foreign policy of our country feels for them and their zens of this great State; and be it further this Government in recent years has causes. The gentleman, I am sure, will Resolved, That President Dwight David been largely a sterile and negative pol­ convey to them the feelings of our coun­ Eisenhower, the Congress and the Supreme icy of reliance to too great an extent on try, but o~r people should do it officially, Court be complimented for the progress purely military means. I think it is too. I thmk we would be better off, so which has been realized during the past 2 years to help guarantee and perpetuate, to evident, if anything can be, that that far as this conference is concerned; if all citizens, equal rights in life, liberty, and policy has not been a great success and that were the case. I would like to ex­ the pursuit of happiness, be it further that only through a more positive and press the hope that there is a recon­ Resolved, That certified copies hereof be effective policy which · will appeal not sideration of this matter by the State transmitted by the Secretary of State to the only to the bellies of people, but to their Department people. President and Vice President of the United minds and hearts and spirits can this Mr. POWELL. · I thank the gentle­ States of America, the Chief Justice of the country hope to succeed in winning to man. Supreme Court of the United States, the the side of freedom and maintaining on Mr. RABAUT. Mr. Speaker, will the Speaker of the House of Representatives of gentleman yield? said Congress, and the 4 Members of the con­ the side of freed om those 2 billion of gressional delegation from Utah. people who are now in the process of Mr. POWELL. I yield. making their choice between democracy Mr. RABAUT. I thank the gentleman and communism. I thank the gentleman for sending a note to my office telling me JUSTICE FOR ALL for his effort to make this problem more that he intended to make this address clear to the country and to the Con­ today. I feel he has given tremendous The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under gress. thought to his subject and I, for one, am the previous order of the House, the gen­ Mr. POWELL. I thank the gentleman. very glad that I was here to hear him. tleman from Michigan [Mr. DIGGS] is Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey. Mr. Mr. POWELL. I thank the gentleman. recognized for 30 minutes. Speaker, will the gentleman yield? Mr. DIXON. Mr. Speaker, will the Mr. DIGGS. .Mr. Speaker, may I take Mr. POWELL. I yield. gentleman yield? this opportunity to add my commenda­ Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey. Mr. Mr. POWELL. Gladly, tion to those of our colleagues who have Speaker, I too, would like to commend Mr. DIXON. I am sure the gentleman spoken of our distinguished colleague the distinguished gentleman from New will be interested in knowing that the from New York and commended him for York for his able presentation. More Legislature of the State of Utah has just his tremendously significant remarks and and more the thinking of the Members of passed. a joint resolution reaffirming his courage in making this momentous this great body is being crystallized in equal rights of all citizens of the United trip he is about to undertake. the direction that the gentleman has States. Mr. Speaker, the principle of justice suggested. Only a short while ago, in Mr. POWELL. Very fine. for all is deeply rooted in the American recognition of what I believe to be some Mr. DIXON. With the gentleman's way of life and guaranteed by the Con­ of the facts, I called the attention of the permission I will insert this in the REC­ stitution. Yet the guaranty becomes a Congress to the fact that SUNFED, the ORD at this point. gigantic fraud unless our civil rights are special United Nations development Mr. POWELL. I thank the gentle­ fully protected against a powerful an­ program for underdeveloped countries man. tagonist. There is a new eclipse which has been neglected. I expressed the Mr: DIXON. Mr. Speaker, I ask ~as_ begun in Mississippi, and the already hope that the administration would do unanimous consent to revise and extend llm1ted light of liberty in that ignoble something about it so that we could raise my remarks and include at this point State is growing dimmer and dimmer. the economic level and standards of liv­ the resolution of the Utah State Legis­ Just as darkness ordinarily produces ing of millions of our friends in these lature. fear., so the unprotected, whether they underdevelopeq countries, particularly The SPEAKER. Is there objection to be marticulate or yocal, tremble and among the peoples of Asia and the col­ the request of the gentleman from sweat in anxious concern. Just as dark­ ored races who look to us for worldwide Utah? · ness ordinarily provides cover for those leadership and who look to our culture There was no objection. who would exploit the unprotected, so and our ideas. I wish you well on your (The resolution referred to follows:) they grow bolder and bolder in the ab­ sence of governmental action. trip and commend you for your courage. Senate Joint Resolution 8 Mr. POWELL. When the gentleman In the March 22, 1955, edition of Look Joint resolution reaffirming equal rights of magazine, the distinguished Pulitzer mentions culture and ideas that is highly all citizens of the United States and of significant. The official language of this Utah and congratulating President Dwight prize-winning editor of the Greenville conference, even though it is to be a David Eisenhower and Congress and the Miss., Delta Democratic Times, Mr. Hod~ Pan-African and Pan-Asian conference, Supreme Court for accomplishments upon ding Carter, graphically lays before the is going to be English. The official lan­ this subject world, for all to see, one of the most guage is not Russian. Be it resolved by the Legislature of the revolting pictures ever portrayed on the Mr. THOMPSON of New Jersey. I re­ State of Utah: American scene. It tells the story of alize t;hat. I think that is a significant Whereas the Government of the United so-called citizens' councils, which have factor. . · States, through its legislative, judicial, and been germinated in Mississippi to cir­ executive departments, is making great cumvent the Supreme Court ban on Mr. UDALL. Mr. Speaker, will the strides toward the fulfillment of the Amer­ gentleman yield? segregation in public. schools. It de­ ican dream that equal rights be accorded to scribes the leadership in these councils Mr. POWELL. I yield. all citizens of the United States; and Whereas citizens of so-called minority as otherwise intelligent men who are · Mr. UDALL. I, too, would like to generally respected in their community commend the gentleman for his most groups have and are continuing to distin­ guish themselves in all fields of endeavor, but who are seriously dedicated to ~ timely and "forceful message. Does the and especially in government, science, art, racially separated theory supported for gentleman feel that the State Depart­ music, the theater, industry, and in athletic generations by most white southerners. ment still might reverse its position and effort; and Their only redeeming feature thus far is send an official observer to this confer­ Whereas the principles of equal rights, a nonviolence pact seeking to forestall ence? which are declared to be self-evident in our hotheads. Declaration of Independence, and which are Mr. POWELL. It would be presump­ As these councils expand, however, the tuous to state that for the record here, guaranteed by the Constitution of this great country, and which are also stated in the bunling question is whether they can but off the record I think the State De­ constitution of our own State; and keep the hotheads out or under control. partment is changing and it might even Whereas America's .future greatness may As the foundation of the segregation change by next Friday, April ·s, although depend in part upon the ability of all of her walls cracks and crumbles under the the conference is scheduled to begin on citizens to harmoniously l\ve and work and weight of its own stupidity; as the forces the 18th. fight together to ·meet the challenges of any of the prosegregation movement instinc- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4149 tively stiffens its resistance; as th'ey wit­ the President anq through the Attorney maining is suffering. In ·general, effi­ ness the failures of their mortar and ce­ General and the Federal Bureau of In­ ciency is at a low ebb. ment to restrengthen the base, in con­ vestigation, indicate strongly the ad­ This aspect of the morale problem in sideration of the combustible material ministration's intolerance of these ne­ FOA is added to an already bad person­ that is being used, the sparks of freedom farious practices by a sweeping investi­ nel situation created by the present Ad­ can ignite a flame that will light up gation of the fast-growing anti-Negro ministrator's injection of partisan con­ almost every street and countryside in citizens' councils in the South, begin­ siderations into all levels of FOA activ­ Mississippi and spread -its hot fingers ning in the State of Mississippi. The ities. into other like areas. Congress of the . United States should THE PORK BARREL In the meantime, prosegregationists make a separate inquiry, These actions To put it bluntly, political and patron­ are resorting to a diabolically clever plan alone may be an effective deterrent to age considerations have had a grievous of economic, political, and social re­ further misdeeds. effect on the operations of FOA. prisals against all who dare oppose or As a long-range solution, I am certain Last year, I sponsored an amendment expose them. They have compiled a that the examination of facts will inspire to the Mutual Security Act specifically notable array of victories. They were them to support various proposals be­ prohibiting the application of political the principal lobbies in the Mississippi fore Congress designed to strengthen tests to FOA appointments abroad, in­ Legislature for constitutional amend­ the protection of civil rights. We must cluding technical assistance positions. . ments to further stifle the Negro vote recognize that the national security and Despite this legal restriction, FOA filled by requiring more stringent qualifica­ general welfare of our country call for more jobs by the patronage method in tions and to permit the abolition of the more adequate safeguards of individual the last half of 1954 than did the entire State's public-school system to counter­ rights. As informed people have con­ Departments of. Defense, State, Treas­ act the eventuality of integrated educa­ tinually stated, our actions in this area ury, Labor, and Health, Education, and tion. They have withdrawn from and are reflected in the esteem in which Welfare combined. As a matter of fact, refused credit privileges, based on usual America is held by the preponderant about 25 percent of all those given Fed­ good security, to so-called obstinate Ne­ darker peoples of the earth. eral employment under the jobs-for-Re­ groes, resulting in a long list of individual publicans program found a haven in Mr. hardships. They have threatened espe­ Stassen's supposedly nonpartisan and cially those who are known to be active ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: KEY TO relatively small agency. in the National Association for the Ad­ FREEDOM IN ASIA This is not speculation on my part. vancement of Colored People and the The details are contained in the Febru­ Mississippi Regional Council of Negro The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under ary 11 issue of the nonpartisan Congres­ ·Leadership until many are fearful for the previous order of the House, the gen­ sional Quarterly on the basis of an in­ their very lives and are forced to use tleman from New Jersey [Mr. WILLIAMS] terview with Charles Willis, patronage plain envelopes when corresponding to is recognized for 45 minutes. aide to the President. keep from being singled out for financial Mr. WILLIAMS of New Jersey. Mr. In a 6-month period, FOA found 237 ruin, and to be cautious about telephone Speaker, I think the speech of the gen­ job openings to refer to the Republican calls, especially in areas where a dial tleman from New York [Mr. POWELL] National Coinmitte.e. Furthermore, system is not in use. and the- colloquy that followed will be funds appropriated for economic devel­ In addition, the Mississippi Legisla­ important for the people of this coun­ opment and technical assistance have ture recently passed a resolution which try to consider at this point. I think been diverted to pay for observ.ation jeopardizes a basic constitutional guar­ that as a statement of the needs partic­ trips of clubwomen. "Operation Rein­ anty by· barring antisegregationists ularly of the people in Asia and as a deer" sent four prominent women and · from · speaking at any State-supported statement of the problems we have be­ their husbands to Europe during the educational institution. These inci­ fore us now we need to begin the work Christmas season of 1953-at a cost of dents, plus a score more, cause us to be­ of trying to meet those needs and to $19,000-to observe the Christmas pack­ lieve that the citizens' councils and their meet those problems. In a moment I age program. counterparts in certain other States, would like to suggest some specific "Operation Crewcut" brought 16 notwithstanding · their nonviolence things that I would respectfully urge on young men into FOA last October to pledges, are at the ga'tepost, fidgeting my colleagues as possible answers to study local investment opportunities nervously and prepared to ride again like some of the problems in our efforts to around the world. All 16 appointees their Ku Klux Klan predecessors, meet the needs of the people who are were cleared with party leadership. At kicking up clouds of terror dust. yearning for freedom around the world. this writing, only three of the young men If their amazing successes continue Further amplifications of my thoughts have been assigned. Thirteen remain on unabated, if they continue to silence on this matter are contained in the cur­ the payroll in Washington. The reason inost vocal opposition, drunk with power, rent issue of the Reporter magazine. is simple. Small FOA missions abroad they will undoubtedly become more dar­ Mr. Speaker,· a vigorous foreign eco­ fight against the assignment of relative­ ing and can become instruments of inter­ nomic program is a vital and essential ly unnecessary personnel whose salaries racial violence. As Hodding Carter part of our overall defense against Com­ will cut ·into their meager staff allow­ states: · munist imperialism. The agency admin­ ances. The total cost of this program The ingredients are there. The incentive istering this effort, the Foreign Opera­ to date has been close to $60,000 and the and the incendiary spark are lacking-so far. tions Administration, is scheduled by law only benefit of it seems to have been to If and when these should appear, I say, to expire on June 30 of this year-3 short the Republican National Committee. soberly and in warning, that the men in months away. Since political affiliation has become white robes will seize control. Despit~ the . pending expiration, no an important criterion for recruitment · Call it exaggeration if you wish, but plans for continuing the administration and promotion, many competent tech­ these apprehensions are founded upon of the essential activities such as tech­ nical and administrative people have sad past experiences. nical assistance, which undoubtedly will left the agency, and those who remain I agreed with ¥r. Carter that we can­ be continued, has been forthcoming from constantly find politics interfering with not be blind to the dilemma of the South the administration. Now, I realize that their work. Efforts to find a Republican today but that .the councils' way is not traditionally; specific recommendations for a particular job frequently holds up ·the right way, that it is not American regarding these activities have been late important projects. It has never been to bully the near-defenseless and the in reaching the. Congress. However.­ easy to find qualified specialists who are minority of dissenters, that it is not there is a major difference this year willing to go abroad; the intrusion of American to invoke the doctrine which which is that no administrative struc­ partisan considerations makes it even recognizes the existence of a master race. ture exists or has been proposed for car­ more difficult. The Federal Government by its silence, rying on these programs. What is the With the shifting of Mr. Stassen to however, is a6

. WHY STARVE THE PATENT OFFICE? What chance do we have under the kind of · In many instances, where a share· in cor­ As if pooling of patents by Government, legislative philosophy that encourages porate ownership provides the income from ,aided by licensing compelled by law,. did not throwing with one hand, by billions, the patented 1nYentions, double taxation de­ carry enough promise for the eventual slow­ fruits of free enterprise much farther than creases the inYentor's incentive to create and ing down of our economy, we are confronted George Washington threw that mythical develop new things useful to our people. with constant efforts to reduce the amount silver dollar-while the other hand chokes INCREASED PATENT OFFICE FEES WOULD DETER of the appropriation for the operation of the the institution tl.at is the prime catalyst of INVENTORS Patent Office, to a degree that quite definitely our entire industrial economy? Now, let's take a look at another prospec­ tends to restrict its functions and thus dis­ - Can you think how even skillful planning tively punishing attack on inventive incen­ courage inventors. could devise a more effective scheme for tive and upon the patent system. The appropriation is already so limited as national suicide? And in this connection I must, at the risk to have prevented adequate provision for Will our legislators ever learn that in of offending some very good friends of Na­ much-needed reorganization of the Office, for applying pressure to the goose that lays the tional Patent Council, insist that many pat­ the expeditious handling of patent applica­ golden eggs the neck should be avoided? ent lawyers and some patent-law associa­ tions in the Office and for the expeditious Possibly we should seek some miracle by tions, have most surprisingly demonstrated preliminary study of the various arts by which to transmit to governments of favored a seeming lack of understanding of the true patent lawyers desiring to determine, for a foreign countries an understanding of what economic function of the patent system they client, the patentability of an invention. feeds in America the free enterprise that so faithfully serve when they recommended The persistent battle on the part of the in turn feeds them. an increase in the fees charged inventors for Patent Office to reduce through competent Such understanding might prompt those the privilege of offering their contributions procedure its backlog of pending applications governments wisely to reverse slightly their to feed the fires of free enterprise in receives scant encouragement as operating own traditions. America. funds are limited without regard to the To prevent collapse of the source of their Any such increase in fees could serve only vital part the Patent Office must play in benefactions, might they not wisely volun­ to increase available funds for distribution translating into industrial momentum the teer to remit to our Patent Office, out of to foreign governments, some of which might intent of the Constitution. the bounty it has generated for them, the someday welcome the weakness in our econ­ comparative pittance that would enable that HAZLITT SUGGESTS WATCHDOGS omy that must follow further stifling of its Office to enhance propulsive incentives in vital catalyst, which is the patent system. May I commend for your early reading an our economy? In the interests of generations of Ameri­ editorial entitled "Watchdogs for Congress" Such acceleration would produce con­ cans yet unborn, I beseech all patent lawyers, by Henry Hazlitt 011 page 97 of Newsweek for stantly greater wealth for our friends abroad as accredited midwives at the delivery of in­ December 6, 1954? to share with our citizens, already bewildered ventions in America, to renew allegiance to MT. Hazlitt presents forcefully the futility by stories of wastes committed, in the name God's primal law, to the Constitution, to the of subsidizing the "fairy godmother" hallu,- · of Government, ·within our own borders. patent system, and to the industrial economy cinations of some of our officials abroad­ . Since foreign rulers seem always to have that it feeds for growth. who are engaged na~ vely in the work of ·great influence with our leaders, perhaps And may you and all other citizens give "buying gratitude and dependable allies" they could ·persuade those leaders to put an active allegiance also to every other law and through the reckless distribution of billions end to misguided efforts to throw the biggest institution in America devoted to the pro­ of dollars exacted from the American tax­ possible monkey wrench into the machinery motion of individual incentive to create and payer. of our patent system-which feeds the produce for a modest share of the wealth and Mr. Hazlitt points out that "There is no American brand of free enterprise. advantage thus made available to others. clear evidence, in spite of constant reitera­ tion, that the postwar recovery of Europe has PART 2 COURTS CAN HELP FREE ENTERPRISE ·been any faster than it would have been WHAT IS FREE ENTERPRISE? Among all the ill-considered blows struck without our aid." The term "free enterprise" too _often is at the heart of our incentive enterprise sys­ Mr. Hazlitt says that if a "private year­ understood to mean enterprise free from all tem in recent years perhaps none wounded round 'watchdog• committee were appointed restrictions-free from all law except the and deterred creative leadership more than ·by Congress to study the work and recom­ jungle law of tooth and claw. misguided assaults upon the patent system mendations of say, every Federal agency that Any economy subjected to that concept at variqus levels of the Federal judiciary. spent more than one hundred million a year, ~f enterprise would leave no incentive, no Out of the Supreme Court; for example, -the effect would be to restrain the present inducement, to any man to create, to pro­ have come adverse majority and minority alarming expansion of spending programs duce, or to accumulate. opinions,· sometimes going so far as to hold and to save· the taxpayers billions of dollars In a land so cursed, few gardens would be that only revolutionary inventions providing a year." planted-for want of police protection. a foundation for an entire new and impor­ Government would of necessity be one of tant art were entitled to patent prote.ction, EXALTATION BY DISSIPATION? ignoring the fact that discoveries in basic Why do men preach that we, as a nation, force for loot. A nation grows in strength only as its research have required implementation. by .ca.n best exalt ourselves by dissipating our myriads of inventions providing practical substance in vast gratuities to governments enterprisers have imposed upon them re­ straints that protect the individual-re­ applications to human needs. of foreign nations-which gratuities many The flash-of-genius theory-holding that believe bring more harm than good to the straints that assure the citizen that what, by diligent effort, he may lawfully accumu­ invention, to be worthy of patent protec­ people of those nations. tion, must have resulted from some super­ What an amazing spectacle is presented by late, will not be taken from him by force. natural visitation-would deny reward to a Congress that would quarrel with our Pat­ The power of our Nation's enterprise today that inventive diligence that almost invari­ ent Office about a single million dollars of has grown from its defenses of the citizen ably precedes the creation of any new and appropriation denied the Office, · below its against various forms of incentive-destroy­ useful thing. That unrealistic theory has stated minimum needs, and then would con­ ing thievery. disturbed and discouraged many men capa­ ·t:.nue an expanding program of tossing bil- THE POWER TO TAX IS THE POWER TO DESTROY ble of the persistence necessary for creative lions of our taxpayers' dollars across the big Abuse of the power to destroy by ·excessive achievement. waters, perhaps to no purpose except to pam- taxation has, alone, persuaded many nor­ When judicial assaults upon our patent per and weaken nations on whose strength mally creative citizens to abandon produc­ system culminated in a Supreme Court Jus­ we may some day want to rely. tive effort and join the ranks of those who tice remarking that the only patents the Don't blame Congress-blame the man in would take much and give nothing. Supreme Court had not invalidated were your own shoes. Let the carefree dispensers of the fruits those upon which it had .not been able to Why permit yourself to become so preoc- of your labors and mine be warned that, get its ·hands, piratical manufactur.ers-of cupied as to be inactive ·in the defense of our while this Nation may survive their spending whom we have always too many-were em­ patent system? Why not help vigorously · _sprees, it can do so only if creative diligence, boldened to copy, at their pleasure, any pat­ those who see clearly the danger to our na- which feeds free enterprise its means for ented· invention, or inventions in the process tional security through attacks upon our growth, is stimulated somewhat in propor­ of patenting, that may have suited their patent system. tion to the wanton waste of what it produces. thieving purpose. This is no occasion for extended arguing Courts have ·made wanton infringement of questions as to the wisdom of vast dona­ WHY DISCRIMINATE AGAINST INCOME FROM a much more attractive thing for well­ tions to foreign governments. T.he need for INVENTIONS? financed copyists-a crushing thing for the facing those · questions will catch up with National Patent Council is proud to have smaller competitor, us-inevitably. initiated the discussion that led to the en­ So let history record that in our time alien actment of the first legislation providing for philosophies designed for subversion of our CONGRESS MUST UNDERSTAND more liberal treatment, from the standpoint incentive economy were well disguised and However, what chance has our incentive of taxation, of patent income. were most subtle. economy to. survive when even the men we Muell, remains to be done in this direction. Let it be written that subversive concepts send to Congress have so little understand­ The incentive toward invention and devel­ have proved most salable to men farthest ing as "to starve the very system that feeds opment decreases as confiscatory taxation removed from practical experiences that pro­ free enterprise? · of patent Income increases. vide the only sure · guidance toward con- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4161 structive app1iea't1on of those inexorable, ·th-e public, industrial growth would reali:y The public has been -challenged more than primal .forces that can be made to build .for end at about the point where the founder once to Jdentify a single product of .American our security but which, when not enough .of that company thought it had ended? industry that does not have embodied in It restrained, i:nduee predatory men to destroy No citizen who once understands how our patentable inventlon or that has not been faster than ot'hers can_build. patent system functions to provlde inc·ent'ive made cheaper-and better because of patented Contemptuous castigation by the courts,. to create and produce for better Uving and or patentable Inventions .empl-Oyed in its to whom they had looked tradltionaliy .for greater sec'lirity for all of us can ever be manufacture. even-hand~ understanding protection, has twisted to serve the purposes of communism. From baker".s l>r:ead to buildlrrg bric~. we discouraged many inventors~and ,those who~ One of the .contributions of National Pat­ ·predict that you won't find anything coming with reasonable basis for confidence, w6u1d ent Council to be added, when adequate out -of any Ameriean factory th.at is not so finance their -inventions. J:t has discouraged funds, -and the added personnel that such gualified. manufacturers who might otherwise have funds will finance, are available, is the con­ 'WHA'T -CAN WE 'DO? been wiUin.g ;to assume the risks of the usu­ vincing of writers and .producers who drama­ To sum up. let -us .an band together to ally costly job of refining an .invention !or tize in pictures such 'industrial -progress, help uur Government out of the business of the market and of. producin._g .and distribu­ that it does not detraet from its stature to pretending to own _patents. ting it. -admit , in effect, that manag-ement couldn't That can 'be done only by definite legisla­ • Fortunate1y, not all df ua:r .Federal ]udges have done dt witlwut th.e help of the inven­ tion. have too far forgotten that "patents m,ak:e tor .seekmg .a chance for _personal profit Be prepared for an almost overwhelming jobs"-that incentive-in:spi'red lin:ven:tions offered by the patent sy.stem. barrage of decepti:ve adverse ·propaganda have built Ameriea--and t:tmt the fires of SUSXA-lNED 'INCENTIVES MAKE FOR CB;O\VT!H when that is undertaken. free enterprise .m:ust be !fed l3y our creative The i nventor .may wo.rk .independently m Next, let us ,.get .rid of .all compulsory leader,:;; nr American in'dustry~ the decisive licensing-before the concept spreads to eat a basement4 bedrnom,, garage, er other ene­ factor in two woTld wars, must .slow down. man shop. the heart out of inventive incentives upon May our oourts emieavor to revi:tali:rz.e and Or he may be ..salaried 'by a cnrporation, whieh 'Our economy has relied f0r growth. hold intact that great lndustria:l catalyst­ and in addition may share in proportion to Alild let us persuade Congr.ess ta give a tha.t feeder of -Ameri.ca;n incentive enter­ the value of his contributions to the cor- fair trial to generous 1inanci:ng for theEatent prise-that builder of our nation:a1 security­ poration. _ Office so that it m ay hold its most valued em­ which is our patent system. pkiyees and attract other men of high .com­ Mucn ,of my time the!re ·days is spent in petence. Let us provide that office with WRITERS CAN .HELP directing the inv.ention_, develop ment, pro­ money wltb which to modernize 'its equip­ Besides sound a-nd hel:_pful writers Uke duction, and distribution of devices that ment .and facilities. Thus may it and ·even Jien:ry Hazlitt, whom we have quoted 'above. lend competence to one of the most _preva- greater impetus 'to our industrial ~conomy.. we have, influ encing legislative and Judicial 1ent of major mechanical a-ssemblies to be Let ·us -a.ba;ndon any thought ;of increasing -O pinion in .America, the type of ap inion­ found in. America. P..a.tent Office 'fees-at least until long after molding author who writes briUiantly- .but ! ,refer to the more than ·50 milliun motor we have quit coddling v influence .hhn. naited -and have been _perfected and produced .poses of foreign governments. May I please remin'd y-0.u of what I con­ outside bhe great research and testing lab­ Let us add 'impetus to 1nventlon and de­ si-d:er t0 b2 a v.er_y sigB.ifieant reflection ,of .a. orato1·ies of large corporations. -velopment in America by giving the lnven­ correspondi!\g lack ·of und&.standin.g -on the Th,e manufacturing business that I found­ itor and his invest01:s~as to Federal truces­ part of m8ill-y of omr industrial peop le-and ed in 1918, and of which I rem11in the aetive -tr.eat ment at least ..as .liberal as that given certainly on the l)art of those who write and .admini'Stratb;e head, i'S operated cm the :prin­ other groups in the matter uf depletion of publici-re for .them~ t0 the economic _sig­ ciple of motivation by incenti.1Ve. resourc3s and in tl1-e .matter of capital gains. ru:ticance ,o! -Olll' patent system~ Its salaried inventors and their estates are Let us .free atomic energy .for competitive You no doubt have seen on telev.ision­ given in addition a liberal and per.manent application under the American brand of 'Wit h increasing frequency-stories Df 1ndi­ share of what their inventions produce, in free enterprise-with full incentive to in­ 'V'.idual i ndustries-usually a presentation, in royalties from licenses issued, or in assumed vent, develop, and produce under the un­ Committee -Toledo, Ohio; 'With .amendment (Rept. No. of the Whole House. on the Judk:iaryd H. R. 1299. .A bill for the 330) . Referred ·to the Committee on th~ Mr. REED of Illinois; Committee .on the relief of .Miss. Toshiko Hozaka and her child, Whole House. Judiciary. H. R. 4a65. A bill for the relief Roger; without amendment (Rept. .No. 364). Mr. FORRESTER: Oommittee on the 3u­ of stanley Rydzon and .Alecander F. ,Ander­ Referred to the Committee of the Whole cliciary. H. R. 2924:. A. bill for th:e relief of son; without amendment {Be.Pt. No. '34i~ . ..House. 4164 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 31 Mr. FEIGHAN: Committee on the Judi­ at more than 50 percent of parity for cer­ th~ construction of the Burke 'Airport, Va.; ciary. H. R. 1300. A bill for the relief of tain basic agricultural commodities in case to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Luther Rose; without amendment (Rept. No. producers disapprove marketing quotas; to Commerce. 365). Referred to the Committee of the the Committee on Agriculture. By Mr. CELLER: Whole House. H. R. 5397. A bill to amend the Agricul­ H. R. 6416. A bill to amend section 48 of · Miss THOMPSON of Mich!gan: Committee tural Adjustment Act of 1938 to exempt cer­ the Bankruptcy Act, approved July 1, 1898, on the Judiciary. H. R. 1357. A bill for the tain wheat producers from liability under and acts amendatory thereof and supple­ relief of Chin York Gay; without amendment the act where all the wheat crop is fed or mentary thereto; to the Committee on the (Rept. No. 366). Referred to the Committee used for seed on the farm, and for other Judiciary. of the Whole House. purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. H. R. 5417. A bill to amend section 1721, Mr. WALTER: Committee on the Judi­ By Mr. BONNER: title 18, United States Code, relating to the ciary. H. R. 1467. A bill for the relief of H. R. 5398. A bill to increase the efficiency sale or pledge of postage stamps; to the Com­ Stijepo Buich; without amendment (Rept. of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and for mittee on the Judiciary. No. 367). Referred to the Committee of the other purposes; to the Committee on Mer­ By Mr. DIGGS: Whole House. chant Marine and Fisheries. H. R. 5418. A bill to prohibit the trans­ Mr. HYDE: Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. BOYLE: mission through the mails of communica­ H. R. 1468. A bill for the relief of Barbara H. R. 5399. A bill to extend to uniformed tions intended to incite hostility among in­ V. Taylor; with amendment (Rept. No. 368). members of the Armed Forces the same pro­ dividuals and classes and groups of indi­ Referred to the Committee of the Whole tection against bodily attack as is now viduals on account of differences in race, House. granted to personnel of the Coast Guard; color, religion; or national origin; to the Mr. HYDE: Committee on the Judiciary. to the Committee on the Judiciary. Committee on the Judiciary. H. R. 1472. A bill for the relief of Victor By Mr. HILL: By Mr. EDMONDSON: Manuel Soares De Mendonca; without H. R. 6400. A bill to ·amend and extend H. R. 5419. A bill relating to the imposi­ amendment (Rept. No. 369). Referred to the Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for tion of a tax on the importation of lead and the Committee of the Whole House. other purposes; to the Committee on Agri­ zinc; to the Committee on Ways and Means. Mr. HYDE: Committee on the Judiciary. culture. By Mr. ASPINALL: H. R. 5420. A bill to amend the Service­ H. R. 1487. A bill for the relief of Rosa Marie men's Readjustment Act of 1944 to extend Phillips; without amendment (Rept. No. H. R. 5401. A bill to amend and extend the authority of the Administrator of Vet­ 370). Referred to the Committee of the the Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for erans' Affairs to make direct loans, and to Whole House. other purposes; to the Committee on Agri­ authorize the Administrator to make addi­ Mr. WALTER: Committee on the Judi­ culture. tional types of direct loans thereunder, and ciary. H. R. 1655. A bill for the relief of By Mr. BOGGS: for other purposes; to the Committee on H . R. 5402. A bill to amend and extend the Wojcik family; without amendment Veterans' Affairs. (Rept. No. 371). Referred to the Committee the Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Agri­ H. R. 5421. A bill for the relief of the State of the Whole House. of Oklahoma; to the Committee on the Judi­ Miss THOMPSON of Michigan: Committee culture. By Mr. DAWSON of Utah: ciary. on the Judiciary. H. R. 1684. A bill for the By Mr. ELLIOTT: relief of Rev. Zdzislaw Aleksander Peszkow­ H. R. 5403. A bill to amend and extend the Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for -H. R. 5422. A bill to establish a program of ski; without amendment (Rept. No. 372). financial aid to students in higher education, Referred to the Committee of the Whole other purposes; to the Committee on Agri­ culture. and for other purposes; to the Committee on House. Education and Labor. Mr. WALTER: Committee on the Judi­ By Mr. DIXON: ciary. H . R. 1954. A bill for the relief of H. R. 5404. A bill to amend and extend By Mr. HARRIS: Ingrid Samson; without amendment (Rept. the Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for H. R. 5423. A bill to authorize use of re­ No. 373). Referred to the Committee of the other purposes; to the Committee on Agri­ ceipts derived from donated national forest and other lands administered for forest re­ Whole House. culture. Mr. CHELF: Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. HAGEN: search purposes in continued research activi­ H. R. 2933. A bill for the relief of Mrs. Berta H. R. 6405.- A bill to amend and extend the ties; to the Committee on Agriculture. Mansergh; without amendment (Rept. No. Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for other By Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan: 374). Referred to the Committee of the purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. H. R. 5424. A bill to further define self­ Whole House. By Mr. HOPE: employed individuals for purposes of the H. R. 5406. A bill to amend and extend the Federal old-age and survivors' insurance sys­ Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for other tem; to the Committee on Ways and Means. purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. H. R. 5425. A bill to provide that services PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS By Mr. JOHNSON of California: performed by agricultural employees who are Under clause 4 of rule XXII, public H. R. 5407. A bill to amend and extend the not employed by the same employer for more bills and resolutions were introduced Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for other than 60 days in a calendar year shall not be purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. considered to be "employment" for the pur­ and severally referrec. as follows: By Mrs. KNUTSON: poses of coverage under the Federal old-age By Mr. ADDONIZIO: H. R. 5408. A bill to amend and extend the and survivors' insurance system; to the Com­ H. R. 5392. A bill to amend section 203 Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for other mittee on Ways and Means. of the National Housing Act to reduce the purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. By Mr. HYDE: rate of interest which mortgages insured By Mr. KRUEGER: H. R. 5426. A bill to amend the Railroad thereunder may bear, and for other pur­ H. R . 6409. A bill to amend and extend the Retirement Act to permit an individual with poses; to the Committee on Banking and Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for other 40 years' service to retire regardless of his currency. purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. age, and to increase certain annuities by pro­ H. R. 5393. A bill to permit certain repa­ By Mr. MOSS: viding a new alternatiye base for computing triated citizens of the United States to ob­ H. R. 5410. A bill to amend and extend the monthly compensation in the ca.se of service tain certified proof or documentation of Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for other before 1937; to the Committee on Interstate their repatriation; to the Committee on the purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. and Foreign Commerce. By Mrs. PFOST: Judiciary. By Mr. JOHNSON of California: By Mr. ASHLEY: H. R. 6411. A bill to amend and extend the H. R. 5394. A bill to amend title II of the Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for other H. R. 6427. A bill to amend the District of Social Security Act to provide that a widow purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. Columbia Revenue Act of 1937 so as to pro­ who loses her widow's benefit by remarriage By Mr. ROGERS of Colorado: vide for exemptions from inheritance tax, may again become entitled to such benefit H. R. 6412. A bill to amend and extend the on.a reciprocal basis, for transfers to chari­ if her husband dies within 1 year after such Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for other table, educational, and religious organiza­ remarriage; to the Committee on Ways and _purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. tions outside the District of Columbia; to Means. By Mr. ROGERS of Florida: the Committee on the District of Columbia. By Mr. BECKER: H. R. 6413. A bill to amend and extend the By; Mr. KEOGH: H. R. 5395. A bill to provide that members Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for other H. R. 5428. A bill .to amend the Internal of the Armed Forces shall be paid compen­ purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. Revenue Code of 1954 to pr0vide that chap­ sation at the rate of $2.50 per day for each By Mr. WILLIS: ter 71 relative to transferees and fiduciaries day spent in hiding during World War II H. R. 5414. A bill to amend and extend the shall apply with respect to any tax imposed or the Korean conflict to evade capture by Sugar Act of 1948, as amended and for other by the Internal Revenue Code of 1939; to the enemy; to the Committee on Interstate purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. the Committee on Ways and Means. and Foreign Commerce. By Mr. BROYHILL: By Mr. McCARTHY: By Mr. BENTLEY:- H : R. 5415. A bill to provide for the sale H. R. 5429. A bill to amend the Internal H. R. 6396. A bill to authorize the- Secre­ · of all the real property which has been Revenue Code of 1954 to provide a 30.percent tary of Agriculture to provide price support acquired by the Secretary of Commerce for credit against the individual income tax for 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE 4165. amounts paid as tuition or fees to certain accountable officers of the Government, and PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS public and private institutions of higher for other purposes", approved August 1, 1947 education; to the Committee on Ways and (61 Stat. 720); to the Committee on Govern­ Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private Means. ment Operations. bills and resolutions were introduced and By Mr. MACK of Illinois: By Mr. LANE: , severally referred as follows: H. R. 5430. A bill to authorize the con­ H. Con. Res.107. Concurrent resolution to By Mr. ADDONIZIO: struction of Shelbyville Reservoir on the authorize the Joint Committee on the Eco­ H. R. 5445. A bill for the relief of Augustus Kaskaskia River in Illinois; to the Commit­ nomic Report to investigate and report on W. Strazza; to the Committee on the Judi• tee on Public Works. the economic problems connected with the ciary. H. R. 5431. A bill to extend coverage under loss of employment in the textile industry; By Mr. ANFUSO: the Federal old-age and survivors insurance to the Committee on Rules. H. R. 5446. A bill for the relief of Pavol P. system to individuals engaged in the prac­ By Mr. RIEHLMAN: Diacon-Zadeh; to the Committee on the Ju­ tice of dentistry; to the Committee on Ways H. Con. Res. 108. Concurrent resolution ex­ diciary. and Means. pressing the sense of the Congress that, in By Mr. BALDWIN: By Mr. MILLER of Nebraska: accordance with the Reorganization Act of H. R. 5447. A bill for the relief of David and 1949, the President should create within the H. R. 5432. A bill to amend and extend the Lynda Harden; to the Committee on the Ju­ Department of Defense a civilian Department diciary. Sugar Act of 1948, as amended, and for other of Civil Defense and transfer all functions purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. By Mr. CARRIGG (by request): of the existing Federal Civil Defense Admin­ H. R. 5448. A bill for the relief of Tadeusz By Mr. MOSS: istration to such new Department; to the Ostrowski; to the Committee on the Judi­ H. R. 5433. A bill to authorize the Secre­ Committee on Government Operations. ciary. tary of the Interior to construct, operate, By Mr. RICHARDS: By Mr. CRETELLA: and maintain the Folsom South unit, Amer­ H. Con. Res.109. Concurrent resolution au­ H. R. 5449. A bill for the relief of Clelia ican River Division, Central Valley project, thorizing the appointment of a congressional CUsano Puglia; to the Committee on the Ju­ in California; to the Committee on Interior delegation to attend the North Atlantic diciary. and Insular Affairs. Treaty Organization Parliamentary Confer­ By Mr. DONOVAN: By Mr. O'HARA of Illinois: ence; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. H. R. 5450. A bill for the relief of Nijole H . R . 5434. A bill to amend and revise the By Mr. RAINS: Virginia Brazanas; to the Committee on the laws relating to immigration, naturalization, H. Res. 203. Resolution authorizing the Judiciary. nationality, and citizenship, and for other Committee on Banking and Currency to con­ H. R. 5451. A bill for the relief of Henry G. purposes; to the Committee on the Judi­ duct studies and investigations, and make Mathusek; to the Committee on the Judi­ ciary. inquiries relating to housing; to the Com­ ciary. By Mr. OSTERTAG: mittee on Rules. By Mr. FLYNT: H. R. 5435. A bill to amend further the H. Res. 204. Resolution to provide funds for H. R. 5452. A bill for the relief of Ingeburg Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950, as amend­ the expenses of the studies, investigations, Edith Stallings (nee Nitzki); to the Commit­ ed, to authorize the Federal Civil Defense and inquiries authorized by House Resolution tee on the Judiciary. Administration to procure radiological in­ 203; to the Committee on House Administra­ By Mr. FORRESTER: struments and detection devices, and for tion. H. R. 5453. A bill for the relief of the estate other purposes; to the Committee on Armed of Robert Bradford Bickerstaff; to the Com­ By Mr. ROGERS of Florida: mittee on the Judiciary. Services. H. Res. 205. Resolution to amend the Rules By Mr. GWINN: of the House to require the yeas and nays By Mr. PATTERSON: H. R. 5454. A bill for the relief of Saida M. H. R. 5436. A bill to repeal the Federal in the case of final action on appropriation Elfassi; to the Committee on the Judiciary. taxes on gasoline, lubricating oils, and diesel bills; to the Committee on Rules. By Mr. KELLEY of Pennsylvania: fuel; to the Committee on Ways and Means. H. R. 5455. A bill for the relief of Gerlando By Mr. PELLY: (Gino) Mangione; to the Committee on the H. R. 5437. A bill to provide for the grant­ MEMORIALS Judiciary. ing of career-conditional- and career ap­ By Mr. McDOWELL: pointments in the competitive civil service Under clause 4 of rule XXII, memo­ H. R. 5456. A bill for the relief of Emil to certain qualified employees serving un­ rials were presented and referred as Arens; to the Committee on the Judiciary. der indefinite appointments; to the Com­ follows: By Mr. O'HARA of Illinois: mittee on Post Office and Civil Service. By Mrs. ST. GEORGE : Senate Resolution H. R. 5457. A bill for the relief of Edward By Mr. RADWAN: No. 120 of the State of New York, memorial­ Lawrence Lynch; to the Committee on the H. R. 5438. A bill to provide for the burial izing Congress relative to the barge canal Judiciary. near the Marine Corps War Memorial at system of New York State; to the Committee By Mr. REUSS: the northern end of Arlington National Cem­ on Appropriations. H. R. 5458. A bill for the relief of William etery of the participants in the famous flag R. and Alice M. Reardon; to the Committee By the SPEAKER: Memorial of the Legis­ on· the Judiciary. raising at Iwo Jima; to the Committee on lature of the State of Arizona, memorializing Interior and Insular Affairs. By Mr. SCUDDER: the President and the Congress of the United H. R. 5459. A bill for the relief of Herbert By Mrs. ROGERS of Massachusetts: States to enact legislation and make an ap­ Strauss; to the Committee on the Judiciary. H. R. 5439. A bill to provide for the promo­ propriation for the construction of Buttes By Mr. WITHROW (by request): tion and elimination of women officers of the Dam; to the Committee on Interior and H. R. 5460. A bill for the relief of George Naval and Marine Corps Reserve on the same Insular Affairs. Hodge; to the Committee on the Judiciary. basis as male officers of the Naval and Marine , Also, memorial of the Legislature of the By Mr. WRIGHT: Corps Reserve; to the Committee on Armed State of Arizona, memorializing the President H. R. 5461. A bill to confer authority upon Services. and the Congress of the United States to the Secretary of the Army to pay certain By Mrs. ST. GEORGE: enact legislation providing that the State claims of Ottinger Bros.; to the Committee H. R. 5440. A bill to include the Secretary of Arizona and the United States share on the Judiciary. of Health, Education, and Welfare in the equally any income inuring to the United list of officers _eligible to -act as President; to States Government from federally owned the Cammittee on the ·Judiciary. lands in the State of Arizona; to the Com­ PETITIONS, ETC. H. R. 5441. A bill to increase the maximum mittee on Ways and Means. - Under clause 1 of rule XXII, petitions amount of certain loans which can be in­ Also, memorial of the Legislature of. the and papers were laid on the Clerk's desk sured by the Federal Housing Commissioner State of Illinois, memorializing the President ·under title I of the National Housing Act; to and the Congress of the United States rela­ and referred as follows: the Committee on Banking and Currency. tive to requesting that favorable considera­ 182. By Mr. REED of Illinois: Petition of By :Mr. SIKES: tion be given the recommendations in the August J. Molnar, chairman of the depart­ survey report of the Kaskaskia Valley project, H. R. 5442. A bill to promote effectual ment of Hungarian studies, Elmhurst Col­ as soon as such report is submitted to Con­ lege, Elmhurst, Ill., urging the Congress to planning, development, maintenance, and gress by the Corps of Engineers, and that coordination of wildlife, fish, and game con­ request the President of the United States servation and rehabilitation in military res­ funds be appropriated for the construction to proclaim a Colonel-Commandant Michael ervations; to the Committee on Armed of the Carlyle and Shelbyville Dams at such Kovats Week; to the Committee on the Services. times as they can be economically used by Judiciary. the Corps of Engineers; to the Committee 183. By the SPEAKER: Petition of the By Mr. THOMSON of Wyoming: on Appropriations. grand knight, Baron DeKalb Council, No. H. R. 5443. A bill to amend and ·extend the Also, memorial of the Legislature of the 1073, Knights of Columbus, Sheepshead Bay, Sugar Ac~ of 1948, as amended, and for other State of New York,· memorializing the Presi­ Brooklyn, N. Y., expressing their support of purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture. dent and the Congress of the United-States the principles of the proposed Bricker . By Mr. DAWSON of Illinois: relative to the barge canal system of New amendm~n_t, f;lenate Joint Resolution 1, to H. R. 5444:· A bill to amend section 1 of the York State; to the Committee on Appropria- the Federal Constitution; to the Committee act entitled; "An act to authorize ·relief of tions. · on the Judiciary. 4166 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. HOUSE March 31

E-XTENSIONS OF REMARKS

Emergency Hurricane Warning System gressmen to join me in the drive to se­ WAYS IN WHICH REQUESTED FUNDS ARE TO BE cure necessary Federal funds to enable EXPENDED BY THE WEATHER BUREAU .. Needed for North Atlantic Seaboard the Weather Bureau to set up a really First. To provide staff sufficient to effective hurricane warning system to keep Weather Bureau offices open 24 EXTENSION OF REMARKS save human life and property. hours a day in 10 coastal cities from OF It is impossible to accurately deter­ Maine to Texas where existing weather mine in advance what the projected hur­ bureau offices are now open only part HON. JAMES T. PATTERSON ricane task program will accomplish in time. OF CONNECTICUT dollars and cents; but experts estimate Second. To provide technically trained IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that potential savings of 25 percent dam-. staff sufficient to reopen Weather Bureau Thursday, March 31, 1955 ages to property and 9·0 percent savings. offices in five coastal cities from Maine to in human life will result if advance Texas where formerly existing Weather Mr. PATTERSON. Mr. Speaker, I warnings from 7 to 21 hours can be wide­ Bureau offices have been closed. have introduced in Congress an inde­ ly disseminated via newspaper, radio, Third. To operate special teletype­ pendent appropriation bill, H. R. 5260, and TV news bulletins. writer, facsimile, telephone, and radio asking for $5 million, providing for an networks for the prompt relay of meteor­ emergency hurricane warning system OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSED SPECIAL AND based upon a special study prepared by IMMEDIATE HURRICANE WARNING PROGRAM ological information used in forecasting meteorologists specializing in hurricane First. To reduce unnecessary loss of hur~icanes and major storms, and used life and property in all coastal States for mstantaneous distribution of hurri­ phenomena. I have requested this spe­ cane warnings and alerts to all areas and cial study. from future hurricanes. Few people realize that the property Second. To reduce unnecessary inter­ citizens concerned. damages of hurricanes Carol, Edna, and ruptions, costly protective action, and Fourth. To provide staff and observing Hazel last fall amounted· to )$1 billion time-consuming precautionary measures equipment to operate 12 additional raw­ and killed over 150 persons in the devas­ of thousands of business firms and mil­ insonde stations in the United States east tation wrought along the North Atlantic lions of citizens in fringe areas of ex­ of the 100th meridian and in other se­ pected hurricane paths. lected land areas adjoining the Gulf of seaboard. Mexico, Caribbean Sea and western Meteorological experts tell us that Third. To reduce unnecessary fear and apprehension in areas in or close by Atlantic Ocean; and to provide staff and these last three big storms were not supplies at existing rawinsonde stations freakish sea storms straying inland off the expected paths of future hurricanes. Fourth. To increase the value of hur­ to take required upper air observations their regular paths. The scientists say at 6-hourly intervals "instead of at 12- that distinct changes in the worldwide ricane forecasts to the people of 19 coastal States who need better and more hourly intervals during the hurricane upper wind patterns is creating a new season. cycle driving inland the great sea storms precise information as to expected wind speeds, water levels, and times of hurri­ Fifth. To provide additional weather and may afflict heavy damages on the observations during storm periods from New England coast again this season and cane occurrences. Fifth. To enable the Weather Bureau merchant ships traversing the western for years to come. Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf The. United States ~eather Bureau, (a) to provide an improved hurricane warning service immediately; (b) to of Mexico. · ?peratmg under a drastically cut budget, Sixth. To provide additional forecast­ 1s .doing the best it can to detect the give locations, speeds, directions, and intensities of future hurricanes with ers, additional meteorological chartmen movement of hurricanes and issue warn­ and additional communicators to pro~ ings. In fact, the Weather Bureau has more accuracy than has been possible for past hurricanes; (c) to describe pres­ vide around-the-clock hurricane fore­ done a great job with limited mechanical casting watches at each of the following equipment operated by overworked staff ent and expected weather conditions in and surrounding future hurricanes more six hurricane forecast centers: Boston, personnel. During the last big storm New York, Washington, Miami, New Or­ weather forecasters worked continuously accurately than has been possible for past hurricanes; (d) to provide alerts leans, and San Juan. 18 hours without relief. But there is a Seventh. To establish an improved limit of human endurance. Budget cuts and warnings of future hurricanes 6 to 12 hours further in advance than has high water warning service to inform forced the closing of weather .stations at coastal areas of approaching high storm Eastport, Maine; Bangor, Maine; Cape been possible for past hurricanes; (e) to distribute essential hurricanes reports tides, damaging waves, and other coastal May, N. J.; Ocean City, Md. The East­ inundations from abnormal water levels port station had been in operation since and warnings with greater speed, effi­ ciency, and certainty than has been pos­ and floods associated with hurricanes 1891. Also, forced reductions in the Bu­ and heavy coastal rainstorms. reau's working force resulted in only lim­ sible for past hurricanes; (f) to give complete and accurate forecasts of high­ Eightli. To provide meterological staff ited operation at offices at New Haven, and facilities for emergency hurricane Conn.; Bridgeport, Conn.; and eight water levels for all occupied coastal areas subject to inundation. warning centers and for mobile storm other weather stations. warning squads to supplement the local I recently appealed to President Eisen­ HOW THE ABOVE OBJECTIVES CAN BE ACCOM­ Weather Bureau staffs during the intense hower to act favorably on the recom­ PLISHED activity accompanying the approach and mendations of the Interagency Hurri­ (a) Secure appropriations to carry out passage of hurricanes and major storms; cane Research Conference for a more ef­ a special and immediate hurricane warn­ and afterwards to survey and review (a) fective hurricane research and warning ing program of the United States Weath~ the quantity and quality of hurricane re­ program. This was a long-range pro­ er Bureau starting June 1, 1955, and as ports, alerts, and forecasts· (b) the gram. long thereafter as may be necessary to times, places, and amounts of hurricane The President advised me that he avoid unnecessary loss of life and prop­ information distributed by all news shared my concern for adequate safe­ erty from hurricanes. media; (c) the protective action taken guards against hurricane disasters and (b) Secure the above appropriations by all concerned, ~nd (d) the types and said, "You may be assured that tho;ough in addition to the funds contained in the amounts of hurricane damage incurred. consideration will be given to such addi­ budget estimates for the Department of Ninth. To reestablish the ocean weath­ tional research activities as may be pro­ Commerce Weather Bureau submitted to er ship station formerly located halfway posed." Congress in January 1955 for fiscal year between New York and Bermuda and I am now proposing a short-range ending June 30, 1956. maintained there by the United States emergency hurricane warning program - (c) Secure appropriatfons ·for both of Coast Guard for 12' years prior to its to be financed by a special appropriation the above programs, and also for a hur­ removal in June 1954. of $5 million. I am appealing to 36 ricane research and development pro­ Tenth. To carry out a cooperative S~nators, 18 governers, and 177 Con- gram for fiscal years 1956, 1957 and 1958. private and governmental public infor- 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4167 mation program involving important as­ And, of course, they are shot and disap­ ment should take, the people, it seems to me, pects of hurricane alerts, hurricane pear from the Soviet scene, and from Soviet have found an extraordinary focus and an encyclopedias and history books. incredibly sympathetic reaction in President warnings, the changing characteristics So, as we can see, in a monolithic state Eisenhower. They say the President is pop­ of moving hurricanes, and the precau­ a program is laid down and it is acted upon­ ular-but what does that mean? What it tions, that should be taken by citizens in or else. This does away with all the non­ means is that the President's personality, the forecast path of future hurricanes sense of debate, it cuts through red tape, his thinking or philosophy, his policies have to save lives and property. and it does not bother and baffle the people been revealed to the American people in such with details. In fact, Pravda and Izvestia· a way that they find confidence in his leader­ are Soviet newspapers which see no point in ship and comfort in his personality. They printing more information about the gov­ find it a bulwark of strength to the Ameri­ ernment and the news for 200 million peo­ can destiny that this man is in the White The Outlook for the Eisenhower ple than can be encompassed in something House. It means that for the era in which Program like 6 pages and often only 4. And there we live this relationship between the Presi­ is no advertising to distract your attention dent of the United States and the 164 mil­ from the pravda in Pravda-pravda being lion people of the United States is about the EXTENSION OF REMARKS the Russian word for truth. In fact, in the happiest political marriage in the la.st quar­ OF Soviet Union you can go directly from your ter of a century. bed to the salt mines knowing simply that That's what it means. HON. PAUL A. FINO you are helping to fulfill patriotically the Suppose we inquire into the reasons for OF NEW YORK newest 5-year plan to make up for the old the happiness the American people feel in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 5-year plan that the traitors they shot the President Eisenhower. I have spoken about day before sabotaged. the era in which we live and the tailored Thursday, March 31, 1955 But since political science in the United suitability with which President Eisenhower Mr. FINO. Mr. Speaker, under leave States has not yet evolved to the fine sensi­ meets the needs of this era. For what we to extend my remarks in the RECORD, I tivity that prevails in the Soviet Union, we seek so much out of our very soul's wish is must necessarily put up with what we've got. amity-amity-amity with ourselves and wish to insert a speech delivered by me So that under our awkward and faltering with the world. What we want is a period on March 28, 1955, before the Young system when we speak of the outlook for the of reason and reasonableness. We wear the Republican Club of Hunter College in Eisenhower program we are dealing with im­ scars and feel the exhaustion of two world New York City. ponderables which · may very well knock wars, a depression and Korea. We seek the The topic of my talk was the outlook whole chunks of any program in to· a cocked peace of untroubled waters. We know the for the Eisenhower program, and is as hat. Yet I believe that this is not going· to meaning of stress and strain but we want the · follows: happen to the Eisenhower program1 I be­ tensions released. No easement of any of lieve that the Eisenhower program will sail our problems is worth an iota unless our THE OUTLOOK FOR THE EISENHOWER PROGRAM through to successful fruition mostly in­ security is intact,. our strength formidable, Mr. Chairman and young Republicans, I tact. And I feel so sanguine about this our position mightily fortified. We know wish to thank the members of the Hunter optimistic outcome, that in presenting it I the threat from the Kremlin in all its ugly College Young Republican Club · for this do not feel that I am putting myself out on · proportions. The question is; can we have cordial invitation to speak to you on "The a limb, or joining my fortunes to those alertness without fear, security without Outlook for the Eisenhower Program." wretched unfortunates who predicted the nervous friction-. The question is can we The focus of the Eisenhower -program is of election of Alf Landon,· the defeat of the move forward in our national life to a pro­ course Eisenhower himself. In coming here Democrats in 1948, or the election of a Re-· gressive future without feeling that we are to speak to you about the outlook of t:Qat publican Congress in 1954. perpetually looking into the mouths of the program I am beset by certain imponderables. The basic essence of my faith in the Eisen- Kremlin's cannon. A Government program in ·our country, de­ hower program is· Eisenhower. · In Eisenhower the people have found the pends upon the mind and the will of the peo­ . If you relate the Eisenhower character, complete answer. He oozes amity at every ple. Those who' in the p·ast · have had the the Eisenhower personality, the Eisenhower pore. He avoids the bar room type of brawl­ audacity to predict the public will-even the pattern of action to the Eisenhower state of ing that goes with a certain phase of poli_. professional .prophets-have had occasion the Union speech-which is in so many tics. He has the common touch but he since then to adopt more humble and meeker words his progr,am-then you can see the stands above the battle. Where other irri­ attitudes. They will not easily forget the ground for my optimism. It is my purpose tate, he reconciles. He is hard as ,nails and Literary Digest poll and the assured election to give you a speech of evaluatic;m, not a firm as Gibraltar with a .proved soldier's of Alf Landon in 1936. They will even less speech intended to incite or encourage ap­ knowledge on the complex problems of mili­ easily · ~orget what happened in 1948-a plause. I want to be as objective as may be, tary strength. But he is sweepingly broad catastrophe for the prophecy industry. in the Ugh t of my freely acknowledged bias and paternally gentle in matters of the pub­ Apart from election results, -ours is not a for the Republican Party point of view. My lic welfare. Where he walks there is victory. country-in which a program is laid down and admiration for President Eisenhower I shall The designs for success are woven into his followed. · Ours is a country . in which a · malce no effort to conceal. But if I give the career. His place, his superiors decided, program is debated-after it is laid down, effect of making a political address per se, .I when he had superiors, was in the foremost Then it is modified. And then the modifica­ shall have failed in my aim. Of course, place of leadership. Leadership, not only tion is debated, with quite likely, a modifica­ when a Republican discusses the outlook for of his own troops, but of the troops and the tion of the modification, and concomitant the Eisenhower program certain political ships and the .leaders of the allies. The debates for each change. The Congress of overtones are to be taken for granted·. But judgment' to give him leadership, determined the United States as well as the administra­ this is a student group and I want you to by those set over him was afterwards over­ tion see to it that the people are informed, enter into this evaluation with me more on whelmingly endorsed by the people. There a process of public education which on the the basis of what we both know than on the was a remarkable unanimity of opinion­ whole is inescapable under the compulsion basis of what I want, or would seek to per­ everywhere-that in a crisis get Eisenhower. of our system. The Congress awaits or acts suade you to believe. It is a pity there is not time to go into in anticipation of reaction from the · grass Now the more I grow in legislative experi­ the record of the 83d Congress, Eisenhow­ roots. There are deliberately intended politi­ ence the more amazing it becomes to me how er's first Congress: Governmental reorgani­ cal irritants in the democratic system to pro­ much it is really the people who make the zation, veterans' and servicemen's legisla­ tect our country from the practices that decisions. I cannot tell you how that is be­ tion, legislation for the national defense and apply in a monolithic state-like Soviet Rus­ yond facts which are commonplace to us all. internal security, termination of economic sia. You decide b'ecause you elect. You decide controls, reduction of excise taxes, revision The major of these irritants is something· because you write. You decide because Con­ of the Internal Revenue Code-an omnibus rather sweetly called the party in opposition. gress reads-but avidly-what you write. tax revision bill that by itself is a _historic It seems to some to be the function of the The newspapers you subscribe to and the achievement. The reciprocal trade agree­ party in-opposition to needle, to criticize, to comments you make in them, the meetings men ts extension, and the extension of the waylay, to ambush and to so puncture, mo­ you attend, the issues that arouse your pride, Mutual Security Act, the agricultural legis­ lest and annoy the party in power, that the your fear, your anger, your approval, all lation to give a sound basis for improving people will lose faith, elect the critics to these become straws in the wind that con­ the lot of the farmer, all these and more power, and -put the party in power in the tribute to the direction of legislative deci.:. constitute the foundation upon which the position of being the party in opposition. sion. current program in the 84th Congress is In the Soviet Union they have an immediate, They are the meat and the potatoes that built. The Eisenhower program in the 84th a summary, and a decisive answer for the invest congresstional action. Congress is an extension logically of the faintest sign of a beginning of a. party. in The Congress follows your thinking be­ Eisenhower program that went before. opposition. Such a party ipsofacto becomes. cause for so many of us our official life de• In terms of the earth on which we live and a. party of traitors, of enemies of the people, pends upon doing what it is you want done . . with which we must survive or perish the of capitalists, imperialists; warmongers, and Out of this '(7ast imponderable area of the President wants new billions voted in foreign just plain and fancy scoundrels, public's mind on what direction the Govern- aid. He wants lower tariffs. He asks that the 4168 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE March 31 United Nations be strengthened. The Presi­ unbroken record of valor and achievement The answer is · that ·the ·President of the dent wants the United States impregnable: in. combat like Eisenhower does not fl.inch · United States has become a mighty force With 20th century emphasis on air power and . and the people know that better than they inside our country for unity. Just what is the means to strike back -with terrifying im-. know anything else. , wrong with that? When the Prei;;ident put pact. In line with the possibilities under; History tells us that people in the mass · through for congressional action his $101 military developments he seeks to cut mill- . have-for the most part--an unerring in- , billion highway plan the complaints against tary manpower to 3 million by July 1 and to s.tinctual genius in their choice of leader­ it were not dh:ected at the plan itself-more 2.85 million by 1956. But he wants to con­ ship. And in a democracy this genius is, , and better roads, for _defense, for economy, tinue the power to draft for 2 years' service, to be sure, developed to the finest point of · for the safety of our people on the highways. building up a big military reserve and mak­ sensitivity and accuracy. In fact I believe · The complaint against it was directed at the ing professional military service attractive as. that the word "popular" is not the precise method of proposed financing, an all-impor­ a career. There is, of course, the continua­ term. The word, I insist, should be faith. tant detail but still a detail. When I spoke tion under the Eisenhower program of the . The word should be confidence. The word of possible modifications in his program it is stockpiling of strategic materials. should be respect. The people know that . this kind of modification I have in mind. You have all heard about· the Eisenhower they have a strong hand on the helm ai:id The basic idea wili _go thi:_ough and become $101 billion highway plan. We know that· that the man in the White House will not reality, like most of the rest of the program. while socialistic .experiments are being QUr­ fling his fists about in random gestures, or That highway pregram is a monumental tailed, the President approves impetus to-; make severe or abusive speeches, after the undertaking, an engineering feat comparable ward partnership between Government and manner of the propaganda floods from the perhaps in our time, and· in our context, to private interests in developing resources. Kremlin. They know be will not be pro- . what the building of the pyramids must have Progress is indicated in the Federal develop­ voked by an enemy that would like to see . meant to the ancient Egyptian civilization. ment of m a jor projects. and there is the im-. bim spe~d-if not waste-hi_s country's sub- . But here is utility, here is. national security, pending help to localities to build schools. stance and it s prestige. in the wrong place,, here is convenience, here are bigger and more The President wants to raise the minimum in the wrong way at the wrong time. avenues of communication for a more pros­ wage to 90 cents an hour. Determination is What he insists our country shall have is­ perous economy. I emph..asize it becal.1$e it strong to keep the price supports for farmers a powerful economy at home-the most lends itself to drama and easy explanation flexible. The Eisenhower program calls for powerful of all time in all the recorded an- . and because it is symptomatic of the Eisen­ changes favorable to unions in the Taft-· nals of nations-and foi:midable and pro­ hower philosophy. Hartley Act. ~ew housing units for lower­ digious military strength in being. He wants · The President seems to have effected to .a income groups are planned by the tens of the potential enemy to know and to see both c.onsiderable ~egree .a . q,ooperatiye reaction · thousands. The President feels strongly and to beware of their mean1n·g. Behind · from a Congress the most powerful part of about health reinsurance. The President's all this is the moral principle of the West. · which is politically hostile. Of course there · recommendation for raising the p ay of the There are allies tied to us with hoops of steel­ are rifts-here .and there-and there. would military-and substantially at that--ls al­ and integrated friendships founded upon a be if every ·Member -of Hou~e and Senate ready on its way through the congressional· common faith in God, and a common civiliza­ were a Democrat and the President· were a process. The same is true of salary increases t ion. We know and the President knows and Democrat, too. And there would be if-they. for Federal employees. And the pay of the enemy knows that this country will not. 'Y.ere all Republicans . . This is a democracy judges and Members of Congress is already commit the overt act which may precipitate, and not a monolithic state and rifts· are . law-a long and painfully delay~d consum­ the unbelievable holocaust of world war Ill. what democracy is made of. But the Presi­ mation of elementary economic justice. The But Eisenhower is letting the enemy know in dent .has drawn to hh:nselt the threads of President's program also seeks to bring Fed­ no unmistakable terms that the Kremlin had dive·rgence and the threads of amity and eral workers and the military under the old­ better not commit the overt act either. brought about a harmonious . pattern as age and survivors insurance program-social The same hard sense and bold planning the nearly as that can be done by the ge:nius of. security. President has combined with understanding man dealing with a world of human conflict.. If that program has not got the forward. in his program for the domestic progress of It is for these reasons that I believe the look then those whe say so suffer from po­ the country, he has applied with perhaps­ c:i_utlook for the Eisenhower program. is solid litical bias and partisan b~indness. even more intensity in confronting foreign a:nd that the country in sensi-ng this has And it is not just a program like so n;iany policy and the half world of communism on achieved a pro'sperity in the last year that talking points in a sales pitch. Whole pieces the march. The United States has 6 Army outstrips everything 'in' -the past. And the of it are even now, as I speak, going through divisions in Europe and 18 Air Force wings.: whole world, sensing the vigor of the Eisen- . the congressional process-actively-on the The 6t h United States Fleet is in the Medi­ hower program for peace, feels likewise a path to the President's sig:nature anµ to law. tarranean. There are equally mighty deter­ sense of sureness .and of security,. that, while Some of it has already been made into law. rent forces. in the Pacific and I doubt whether not total, is at lea.st reassuring and stronger Of course some of it will not go through the world has ever seen a more powerful fleet. than it has been since the end of World War entire. And, of course, thei;e y.rill be modi­ than the 7th which is now prowling the wa­ n. Ladies and gebtfemen, .we are in the fications here and there. The President's ters around Formosa. We hold the lead in midst of a period of leadership' comparable plan to have his authority extended to en­ the atomic race. only to the greatest in our h istory. The fu-· able him to enter trade agreements passed· The peace the world enjoys today is not ture-I thank · God-looks to. me like an the House, as I was preparing the m~terial founded upon soft talk but upon hard Eisenhower fu.ture. for this address, and is in a committee of muscle. the Senate. The same is true of the Uni­ Of course the President's smile is warm and versal Military Training and Service Act and his expression is gracious. He has a word the Depende~ts Assistance Act. The out­ of praise for Marshal Zhukov, a good soldier's Stop Calling tlie Dodgers ~'Bums" look is good for foreign aid especially since admiration for a good soldier·, and this is re.: Harold E. Stassen, former director of the turned in kind. Maybe ·good will come of it. Foreign Operations Administration, returned­ But the President does not depend upon that EXTENSION OF REMARKS with a favorable report after his tour of for peace, except insofar as it may be an ave-. OF the Far East. . . , :tiue to world amity. Now .taking all these The amity and the peace I have been talk­ threads together, I think we can see the out-. HON. FRANCIS E. DORN ing about are predicated on hard steel and ~ines of an Eisenhower program that makes· OF NEW YORK not on some visionary fool's paradise. The for peace and I think the outlook for that. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES President has said that the United States program is sound, and that. we can afford to wo1,1ld maintain fighting forces in Europe be optimistic. But we cannot afford to be Thursday, March 31, i955 so long as there is the threat of a Russian complacent, and we cannot afford to forget. that we must remain forever on the ready.· Mr. DORN of New York. Mr. S~ak­ attack on the Continent. That is what I er, under leave to extend my remarks, mean when I say the President's popularity : There you have it. is not the popularity built up on the basis . I cannot pretend to know all the de~urs. I should like to call· the attention of my of a smile and a benign expression, after and corners that may have to be turned be­ colleagues to a most worthwhile cam-· the manner of an idol in the motion-pic­ fore the Eisenhower program . becomes fact~ :i;>aign started recently by the Brooklyn­ ture industry. It is built on the faith of. But I hold it will be successful and that ~ulletin. I quote from the front page of the people in a man of good will who knows it will come to pass because it is' a program the March 17, 1955, issue of the news-. the score and will not be deluded, cajoled, ihat is not hitched io the moon. ' It ·is not paper: or softened up. They know he will avoid ~ program that seeks the remaking of Amer­ bloodshed and that he cannot be drawn into ica. It is not a program that cuts corners STOP CALLING THE DODGERS" THE '_'BUMS" costly combat for indefinable ends in dis­ with the Constitution of the. United States~ · Let's stop calling .the Brooklyn Dodgers the tant areas where results can be catastrophic. It is a program within foreseeable probabili­ "'Bums.•• if they go wrong and are of negligible con­ ~y. It is not a ,program 'that Jias to be ctriveri · ~t·s start a campaign to -µrge everyone else· sequ.ence even if they go right. He knows through with a sledge han:imer to a rubber­ to- cease and desist from' using that uncom­ the cost from firsthand knowledge to th~ stamp Congress. What do the President's plimentary appellation for our favorite base- other fellow and his kith and kin, as well critics complain about--the critics of his ball team. · as to himself and his own kith and kin, own party? They· complain that he is mod­ · The Brooklyn Bulletin herewith begins a and he will reckon with the cost. But above erate and they want· ·htm · to be ·extreme: drive to rid' the Dodgers of · that onerous all, the people know that a man with an Ami what is the answer to their criticism? moniker. 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4169 T4e Dodgers are neither ruffians nor indi­ states and Territories witll minimum-wage. base the living standards of workers enjoying viduals without obvious means o! support. legislation· have limited their coverage to higher wage levels and acts as a drag upon (Although sometimes our pitchers feel that women and/or children. Twenty-two States, the economy. Substandard wages, in the way about their teammates.) most of . them in the South, have no mini­ words of the Fair Labor Act, constitute an The dictionary says "a bum is an inebriate, mum-wage laws. unfair method of competition in commerce a mendicant, a tramp, and a loafer." Now, Two of the seven States that have ex­ and interferes with the "orderly and fair I ask you, is that a · nice thing to say about tended the protection of the_ir minimum­ marketing of goods and commerce." the flock? Let's all take the pledge now be­ wage laws to men as well as women have a The Fair Labor Standards Act declares it fore the season starts to lay off the word statutory minimum-wage rate of 75 cents to be the policy of the United States to try "bums." Besides, think of our children. an hour. These two States are Connecticut to correct as rapidly as practicable the de­ How can we reconcile our desire to inspire and Massachusetts. Connecticut was the pressing effects that substandard wages ex­ gentlemanly traits with an uncouth burst first State to set a statutory minimum equal ert upon the overall wage structure. This tossed in the direction· of our beloved boys to the current Federal rate. Beside these is to be accomplished, however, without in the Brooklyn uniforms. We repeat, don't two cases, State coverage has been largely substantially curtailing employment or the call the Dodgers "bums." Save it for the limited and the statutory minimum wages earning power, of those individuals involved. visiting teams. comparatively low. REGIONAL WAGE .DIFFERENTIALS The Federal Government entered the field Mr; Speaker, I endorse these senti­ of minimum-wage legislation with the enact­ Minimum wage legislation normally af­ ments. The Brooklyn base'ball team will ment of the National Industrial Recovery fects directly only a small percentage of win the National League pennant this Act codes. In 1938 it passed permanent wage earners--those at the bottom of the year, and go on to win the world cham­ minimum-wage legislation · with a 25-cent economic ladder. It apparently has not ap-_ minimum that became effective in October preciably reduced wage differentials among pionship. It is important that the the several sections in the country or among dignity of champions be recognized. 1938. This minimum was increased to 30 cents a year later, and during the war a 40- different occupations. . cent minimum became effective. The floor Detailed regional information on wage on wages was further increased to 75 cents distribution is available for manufacturing; in the beginning of 1950. Data published recently by the Bureau of Report on a Minimum Wage Rate Labor Statistics reveal that in April 1954, THE CASE FOR MINIMUM-WAGE LEGISLATION there were in the United States some 1,282,- Survey The justification for minimum-wage leg­ 000 production workers in manufacturing islation is twofold: whose hourly earnings were less than $1 an EXTENSION OF REMARKS 1. It attempts to raise the standard of · hour, while more than double that number living of those who are at the bottom of the were earning less than $1.25 an hour. One OF economic ladder and tries to provide these out of every five production workers engaged with a minimum standard of living. in manufacturing in the northeast were HON. JAMES T. PATTERSON 2. Minimum-wage legislation recognizes earning less than $1.25; in the South a com­ OF CONNECTICUT that the existence of low wages tends to de- parable percentage was 50 percent. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TABLE 1.-Estimated cumulative dist.ribution o.f production workers in manufacturing Thursday, March 31, 1955 · industries by straight-time average hourly earnings, 1 United States and regions,z April 1954 Mr. PATTERSON. Mr. Speaker, I ask [In thousands] unanimous consent to have printed in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD a copy of a Average hourly earnings 1 (in cents) United Northeast Middle document entitled "What Wage Floor States I South West Far West Would Be Necessary To Protect· Connec-: ticut's Great Industrial Labor Force Under 75 __ _------_____ 23 3 18 2 (3) Against the Migration of Industries From 75 and under 80______380 58 283 34 5 80 and under 85______575 111 85 and under 90 ______.______817 398 59 6 the State?", which was prepared by Dr. 186 519 100 12 Sar A. Levitan, an outstanding economist 90 and under 95______1,069 280 634 138 16 on the staff of the .Legislative Reference 95 and under 100______1,282 360 723 179 20 100 and under 105______1,656 491 882 250 33 Service, Library of Congress. 105 and under 110______1,925 594 991 301 39 I requested the Legislative Reference 110 and under 115______2,243 724 1, 103 368 48 l15 and under 120______2,518 838 1, 194 429 57 Service to conduct this survey with a 120 and under 125______2, 823 964 1,283 504 72 view of determining what national mini­ ·125 and over______- ______9,767 3,534 1,281 3,874 1,078 1-----1-----11 -----1-----1--- mum wage floor should be established in Number of workers______12,590 4,498 2,564 4,378 1,150 order to protect Connecticut's· industrial Average hourly earnings______$1. 68 $1. 67 $1. 36 $1. 80 $1. 94 labor force from runaway industries mi­ grating to labor market areas of surplus NOTE.-'For footnotes see end of next table. labor supply, indecent wages, and sub­ standards of living. TABLE 2.-Estimated cumulative percentage d1·stribution of production workers in manu­ The Legislative' Reference Service, of facturing industries by straight-time average hourly earnings,1 United States and regions,2 course, makes no recommendations. April 1954 . . Consequently it would be unfair to read United into this study any support or opposition Average hourly earnings 1 (in cents) Northeast South Middle Far West to any specific proposal for the modifica­ States West tion of the Feder:al minimum wage law (3) 75Under and 75_under ------· ____ _ 0. 2 0.1 0. 7 (3) now pending before Congress. This so ______3.0 1. 3 11.0 0.8 0.4 study is based upon a comprehensive sur­ 80 and under 85 ______4.6 2.5 15. 5 1. 3 .5 85 and under 90 ______20. 2 2.3 vey and an objective analysis of the facts. 90 and under 95 ______6.5 4.1 1.1 I commend Dr. Levitan for his excellent 95 and under 100 ______8. 5 6. 2 24. 7 3.2 1. 4 100 and under 105 ______·10. 2 8.0 28.2 4.1 1. 8 presentation of a vital economic problem, .13. 2 10. 9 34.4 5. 7 2.9 105 and under 110 ______15. 3 13. 2 38.6 6. 9 3.4 I hope that this factual study will be 110 and under 115 ______17. 8 16.1 43.0 8.4 4. 2 of peneflt not only to me but to other 115 and under 120 ______20.0 18. 6 46.6 9.8 4.9 120 and under 125 ______22.4 21.4 50.0 11. 5 6.3 Members of the House: 125 and over______,77. 4 78.6 50.0 88.5 93. 7 WHAT WAGE FLOOR WoULo BE NECESSARY To TotaL ______100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 PROTECT CONNECTICUT'S GREAT INDUSTRIAL LABOR FORCE AGAINST THE MIGRATION OF Number of workers______12,590,000 4,498,000 2,564,000 4,378,000 1,150,000 INDUSTRIES FROM THE STATE? Average hourly earnings 1______$1. 68 $1. 67 $1. 36 $1. 80 $1. 94 (Prepared by Dr. ~ar A . . Levitan) 1 MINIMUM-WAGE LEGISLATION TO DATE Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, and late shifts. · 2 The regions used in this study include~ Northeast: Connecticut. Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Minimum-wage legislation ·1n · the· United :rersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of States dates ·back to 1912, wl:ien the ·com.: Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South monwealth Of Massachusetts passecf the first ~a~~r~?:W~::;{ife~;aY:;,~r~t1re· than 9nO varieties. Another invade hfs farmyard with a red coat on. of public interest in this. legislation, but. author who contributed to the literature at the same time many misconceptions on the rose was the famous Francis .The Star-Spangled Banner was no,t: have arisen. . Several of my colleagues -Parkman w-ho wrote the Book of Roses accepted as our national anthem for - have expressed a persona:! interest in about his hobby. more than 160 years after it was first this bill and I understand that. most 'Fo.tj.ay th_e people who grow roses. in proposed m Congress. in 1830~ Members. of this House. hav.e received the United States. are legion. It is esti­ The song .was the. object of. furious at­ mail on th.e subject To ass-ist them in mated. that there are more than 38 mil­ ta·cks. Its words we:re. termed too bel­ answering inquiries from their constitu­ lion. rose gardeneTs. in this country and liger~nt and too bumptious. The. music ents, I am offering- some further infor­ - the number is growing each year. was branded as inappropriate and above mation about this resolution. · all "utterly unsuitable"" since some 0f 1t- oTHER N'ATioNs' INSIGNIA FOUR-TO-ONE SUPPORT was said to lie beyond the range of the The mail I have been receiving on this Another objection is: that th.e :rose is average- voice. · ' legislation is about 4 t.o 1 in favor-with the national flower of England~ How- ANACREON IN HEAVEN many of those in support representing ever, some type of rose is also the- na- Many people were distressed over the large organizations and societies. I have tional :flower of Honduras. Iran, and fact that Francis Scott Key's words had Luxembourg. But au of these have been been put to the musie of Anacreon in been very free in permitting news cor­ adopted so long ago that we would. not respondents to examine this mail, which recognize them as. the. cultivated rose we Heaven, the club song· of an 18th century has made the rose the subject of many English convi'vial society. fine news stories.· These, in turn, have know today· Some Members. of Congress. said the stimulated newspaper editorials in all Nor do we have the exch1sive rights: on song should never take precedence over parts o! the United States. several other national insignia. The red, My Country 'Tis of Thee; Yankee Doodle, However, some of these· stories have white, and blue coloFs are used in the and th.e Ba.t.tle Hymn of the Republic. emphasized the small proportion of flags of' 17 countries.:. Burma,. Chi1e,. Others. claimed the wo'.1l'ds were too l!ln­ mafl which is opposed to the rose and China, Costa Rica, Cuba .. Cz.ech.oslovakia,, complimentary: to. our English bFethren thuS' gave the impression that this· leg­ Do:minicanRepubliC',.Pa:raguay,. Panama,. and thought Hail Columbia would be· islation is controversial. One article F::ance, LibeTia, Jceland, Netherlands, more appr_opriate': warned jokingly-that· a new war or the New . Zealand, ·Norway. , Thailand, .- and As late as :JuJy-.:?, 192'6, the singing of roses was about to ·break· out in· the , United Kingdem. ·· - · · - - · · · · - - , ··- · - " the Star-Spangled Banner caused·a ·near 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE 4175 riot in New York City and police reserves President would have no choice but to follow distract attention from the follies of his had to be called out to quell the disturb­ them. own party, and to promote his own cam­ ance. Perhaps the gentleman is laying the paign for a presidential nomination and The Congress adopted it as our na­ groundwork for another campaign for election. tional anthem on March 3, 1931. the presidential nomination and, know­ Finally, one of the objections is that ing that no one in his right mind wants we in the National Government should war, wishes to create the impression that Five Things That Should Be Known About have more important things to do than he is the one who can and will, if elected the Yalta Controversy to consider the subject of a national President, keep us out of war-hence, :flower. charges the Republican administration NEED FOR DIVJi:RSION with being a war party. EXTENSION OF REMARKS None of us in this greatest legislative His statement cannot be excused on OF body on earth need apologize for the the ground of ignorance. He is a former proportion of vital legislation we con­ Member of the House. He has served ·HON.CHARLES A. WOLVERTON sider day in and day out. In these times in the Senate 6 years. He knows that OF NEW JERSEY of international turmoil we are so pre­ it was Wilson, a Democrat, who won IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES occupied with troubles and failures, election in 1916 with the slogan "He kept Thursday, March 31, 1955 crises and frustrations, that we should us out of war," but that in April of 1917· welcome an occasional diversion of this we became involved in World War I. Mr. WOLVERTON. Mr. Speaker, sort. The rose is a beautiful product He knows that the policies of Demo­ some individuals would like to divert the of nature. We think of it in a bouquet cratic President Franklin Delano Roose­ attention of our people from the Yalta that a boy lovingly presents to a girl, velt plunged us into World War II. papers by attacking the way they were or on a table piece at some bright cele­ He knows that Truman, another Dem­ made public rather than discussing what bration. Or perhaps we associate the ocratic President, at the request of happened at Yalta, why it happened, and rose with contemplative hours in a gar­ United Nations, sent our men into the who was responsible. den where the worries of the day fade Korean war. A careful analysis of the situation at Yalta has been made, and it appears that before the glow of its soft colors. The gentleman knows, or at least he Yes it has thorns. Yes, some varieties there are at least five salient points should know, from his experience and which are entitled to be emphasized, par­ can be terribly difficult to keep alive. his knowledge of what has happened in But that, too, is beauty-something to ticularly at this time when a further con­ Washington, that it was the unsound ference is under consideration. be cultivated and cherished. foreign policies of Acheson, Roosevelt, I would like to see the rose-which and Truman which involved us in World These salient points are as follows: symbolizes peace, loyalty, love, devotion, War II and in the war in Korea. 1. The decision to make the Yalta papers and courage-associated with the United He also knows that it is the adherence public was right. States of America in the minds of peo­ The American 1-eople are entitled to know of Secretary of State Dulles and the the facts concerning the conduct of the Na­ ple in all corners of the world. State Department to some of the policies tion's foreign affairs. This is particularly so This legislation is now before the of Acheson and the previous Democratic in this case where the papers reveal the Committee on House Administration. It administrations which has us in a situa­ details of a conference as a result of which would be helpful if Memoers of Congress tion where we must now-to use a com­ thousands of American boys died on the and the public generally would let· the mon expression, the meaning of which is battlefield. committee know of their support. It is the policy of this administration to clear to most-"either fish or cut bait"; inform the people concerning the conduct of back out or fight. the people's business. We do not believe in On several occasions, those speaking making secret deals which sell out our allies for this Nation have asserted that and which are deliberately kept from the A War Party? neither Quemoy nor Matsu, nor Formosa American people. itself, is vital to the defense of the United The position of those who oppose making EXTENSION OF REMARKS States of America. Then, on other occa­ the papers public is consistent. In one OF breath they say there is nothing new in these sions, we have been led to believe by papers. In another breath they say they HON. CLARE E. HOFFMAN those high in authority that, if Red contained information so sensitive and secret China attempted to take any one of the that their release has been harmful to the OF MICHIGAN three, we would go to war to defend national security and to the relations with IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES them. our allies. Thursday, March 31, 1955 Let me repeat-the present dangerous From the standpoint of the Nation and the free world, it was particularly wise to Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. situation was inherited by the present Republican administration. If we go make the papers public at this time. Sug­ Speaker, other than a few wicked, gestions are being made to hold another con­ would-be profiteers, whose god is the half way around the world to fight ference with the Communist leaders. As we dollar, and, in number, a comparatively another war, in my opinion, it will not consider whether such a conference should small group of sincere individuals who be because that war is necessary for be held, the records of previous conferences mistakenly think war is necessary to es­ our national defense, but because policies should be made public so that they can be conceived and carried out by previous studied not only by the diplomats but by the tablish and maintain world peace, no people of the free nations. one wants war. Democratic administrations have forced us into a situation where we must either Only in this way can we be adequately There is no war party. Nevertheless, prepared to meet the ruthless tactics of the yesterday, in the Senate, a former can­ acknowledge our mistakes, or establish a Communists at the conference table. We didate for the Democratic presidential new line of defense which is necessary to will also be reminded again that in the past nomination, referring to the President, our national security, and which we can a Communist's word has meant nothing once said: successfully hold. the papers were executed. Only by studying That we should send our conscripted the record of previous conferences can we There are forces in his {Eisenhower's) avoid making the same mistakes in the administration so powerful and apparently men more than half way around the world to fight in a war, to hold islands future. so eager for a war with China that they The sensitivities of diplomats, either ours are becoming almost impossible to resist. the possession of which is not vital to or those of our allies, cannot be the decisive That the United States should be plunged the defense of America, and in which factor in determining whether to make pub­ into a war over Matsu and Quemoy ought our allies have said they will not join lic the record of a conference held 10 years to be unthinkable. Yet there are those in us, is something which I cannot under­ ago. No diplomat's face is worth the life high places in the present administration stand, and to which I will not subscribe. of one American boy. itself who are plotting and planning to bring Inasmuch as the present situation is 2. What happened at Yalta and the price such a war about, whatever the risks in­ we have paid and are paying for the mis­ volved, but the harvest of the thinking and the takes which were made? • • • • • action into which the gentleman's party Up to this time the most well-publicized The conclusion ts inescapable that the has involved us, it ill becomes him to result of the Yalta Conference has been the present war party is ~ttempting to create a throw mud at the present administra­ sellout of Poland and the Eastern Europeall situation and. an atmosphere in which the tion. It may be that his purpose ii to nations. Poland, the Balkan nations, and all 4176 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 3'1 the res,t. have Commwaist, gov-ernments to-­ viet, a,pparaitus w.ere strictly prohibited from the Congress that the administration­ day because of the deals.. made at. Yalta. publicly taking a pro-Communist line. sponsored, $101 billion,, lQ-year interstate What happ.enecr m Europe. as a result of: The important question concerning Hiss superhighway program raised "ques~ions Yalta was· bad enough but what happ-e.ned is· not; whether· he took a pro-Communist of legality;• and-indicated he might offi­ in Asia was even worse as far as the inter­ position hut w;ha t; dacum.ents he had acceSS' ests of the United States· are concerned. As to. On galley page 91 of the Yalta papers. it cially rule against the very heart of the­ a result of a secret deal made at Yalta, con­ state.s: "All memorainda fm: the President on prog:ram-the earmarking of Federal cessions were. given to the Russ-ians which topics to. he discussed at, the. meeting of t.be gasoline taxes to pay for highway con­ paved the way for the Communists to take Big Three, should he in the hands. of Mr. struction. over China. The Korean war,, tlhe war in Alg_er Hiss not later than Monday, Janu­ Third. In. tbe broad constitutional Indochina, and the crisis. in Formosa re­ ary· lo.'" concept of States' rights, the construc­ sulted directly fi:am. th.e fact, that. China In otrJ.iJ:er word's, Hiss hald access to the tion, improvement, and maintenance of went Communist. secret-briefing papeirs, w,bich were used by The Yalta deal conilri'buted in two ways out side during th-e. Conference. If' he was State. highways is. the· primary responsi­ to the C0mmU!Ilist victory im.. Clil.ima. Tl!l'l'Dl.­ an espiCDnage agent, at tha:t time, this in­ bility of Sta.te governments. ing over to the Russians r-ights to the jug­ formation wag; made avai:lab-le to the Com- · Fourth. The construction of proposed ular-vein Manchurian Railway and the munists. At a conference table a nego.tiator defense highways is the responsibility of warm-waiteJ! perts, t0ge·the-r w,it:bl the reetJg­ can ha'le no greater advantage than to know the. Federal Government,, and should be­ nition of outer Mongolia as a satellite state, wnae- moves his opponents are going_ to make:. financed by special appropriations of were concessions; which mate-:riially, assisted 5. The lessons of Yaltre. Congress. The Amer:-i.c.an Constitution the. Cammuni&ts in their stuggle. with the · T'he decisions at Yalta paved the way, for Natfonalis.ts. Ih addition, the :ract that this the communizing of' Poland, for the Com­ provides that the common defense of the agreement was made wi:thout the Nap;roximate.1y $12 Alger Hiss; took this same line· when he was catastrophic as far the United States. million will be. collected this year in Con­ testified before the Committee on 'Un-Amer­ and the free, world were. conc.erned. necticut. -New allocations-fiscal y,ear ican Activities on August· 3', 1948. He said That fs w;hy the records of' our pre.vi'ous­ 1956-of Federal funds for Conneetfcut that the deci'siorn, at Yalta with regard' to conferences with the Communfsts must· be highways: will he $8,086,262-in:imary· the Far East were miritary rather than :go­ thoromgh,ly examined' and pl!l!blrcfze-d so that­ highways~ $2-,05.7,610; secondary bigh­ litfcal decisions. we do :not- make the same mistakes in the, General Marshall, however, testifyfng- in future that· we made tn the past~ • -WaiYs·.- $1,&3:li,635'; m::ban roads, $3,350,400; 1948 before the House Fbrergn Mf'airs Com­ interstate highways, $1y656,62."l ~ mittee, said the Far East decision.s at Yalta While it is true that the F'ederal motor were polffical ra:tfler than mili ta;ry, an:d that fuel taxes are not allocated directly to he, as Chief of' Staff', was unaware of them, States for highway construction, but are although present at Yalta. A Proposal to. Repeal Federal Taxes on revenues going into the general Treasury Both General MacArthur and President­ Gasoline, I.1t&ricafing- Oilss- and Diesef funds, the whole theory that Federal Eisenhower have denied that they we11e con­ sulted with regard' to the Yalta Conference. Fuel grants.-in-aiid for S-ta.te highway con­ If any further proof' i:s needed to establish struction is built on the premise that that the Marshall', rather than the Hiss. view the Federal Gove:mment is making a is the correct one we find ft· in Secretary EXTENSION OF' REMARKS comparable return for tax.. dollars col­ Stettinius' book, Yalta ancf the Russians. OF lected. This is a, distorted concept. He states C81tegorica:r1y-, on pa-ge 95, that· Furthermore-, the Federal Government Averell Han:iman, then Ambassador to Rus­ HON.JAMEST.PATTERSON has never adequately supported badly sia, was the man who was solely responsible OF CONNECTICU'T needed farm to market roads, but con- f'or conducting the negotiati'OnS' with the-­ IN THE HOUSE OF' REPRESENT Russians wi:th. regard to· concessions which A.TIVEs: centrated on expanding the bulk ·of .Fed- should' be made in Asia. And in Winston Thurs.da.y, Mf!Lrc-h 3:1·., 1955 eral aid on building sup.erbighways in Churchil'l's Memoirs-, volume v,r, Triumph sparsely settled areas· of the; West or poor and Tragedy, page 3ff9,. we find the Stettinius: Mr. PATTERSON. Mr. Speaker, to- sections of the South. This is another conclusion confirmed again. day r introduced a bill in Congress to reason why. the. Fe:deraiI levy ought to be· This may be why· Se·nator LEHMAN is pro­ repeal Federal t.axes on gasoline,, Iubri- aibolishedr But I am not in fa:vor of testing so strongly- that the d'eeisions on eating- oils·, and dieseJ fueL abolishing the Bureau of Public Roads China were military ratner than polftical. If my proposed legislation is enacted' needed to plan and supervise detense Governor Harriman was the man primarily responsible, and since· they ha-re raised the: it will sa:ve Connecticut's taxpayers over highways. and aet in a research and ad­ issue, it is important to put the responsibil· $10 mniion a year and :return to, the vis.o:ry capacity to State highway de­ ity where it belongs. voters the right t.o determine- when., partments. Finreily, it is to be ree'alled that the' Far where, and what amount of their tax. Ii the 2. cent a. galion Federal gas tax. East decisions were so secret that even our dollars are to be spent. for highway 1m- is relinquished, the States can reimpose. state Department didn't know about them provements. This is the American way. it to meet the specific needs of. their own until after President Roos:evelrt"s death 3' Nor are these the only objectives r highway program. An intensified State. months later (see Stettinius' book). in in my 4. The role of Alger Hiss at Yalta. have mind submitting proposal and- locail highway program is badly It has been claimed that there is nothing: to Congress. I airer the fallowing addi- . needed in Connecticut. in the Yalta: papers to indicate that- Alge-1'. tional reasons: Ih the. event of air-atomic att.a.ck, the Hiss· advocated' pru-C'ommunist' positi'omr. First. During the pas.t several years: r.oads. of Naugatuek. Valley are app-a.~­ rt is interesting to note that· at no time< in the Federal motor fuel taxes. collected · li.ng}y inadequate to meet the needs of his. career did Hiss.. publicly take dec.Idedly in Connecticut were more than double· evacu.ating- the emtire population as nuw pro-Communist positions, despite the fact the. Federar allotments· for highway con- projected by the c-ivH-defense planners. that we all know he was convicted' of lying when he said he. did not: turn Go.v.ernment struction in Connecticut. In view of the fact that Naugatuck ciocuments over to an espionage agent. It. Second. Only a few days ago President Valley has been designated a probable rs also to be recalled that Whittaker Cham­ Eisenhower's own -United States Comp-- critical target area. civ-il-'cfefe:nse offic-ia.ls bers testified that men. like Hiss. in t~1e So- · trolier General,. Joseph Campbell, told are p!anning a simulated attrzck exerci:se 1955 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 4177 beginning June 15 to test civil defense I will support the proposed Federal Joe Campbell has the statutory au­ operational procedures. superhighway program if all Federal thority to spike the very heart of the If a rapid mass evacuation of only automotive and motor-fuel taxes col­ program, therefore my bill will release 50,000 people in the Naugatuck Valley lected in Connecticut aTe earmarked for the Federal Government from the bur­ was undertaken, a terrible traffic jam highway use in the State. Comptroller den of collecting a gas tax it probably would result. But a "dry run" of this General Campbell's questioning the le­ cannot use for highway building and nature would certainly highlight the gality of earmarking these funds to retire allo.)V the States to reimpose the tax essential need of defense highways in the the highway bonds calls for a reevalua­ where it can be legally earmarked to build valley. tion of the whole program. drastically needed public highways.

MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE the protocol on the termination of the SENATE RECEIVED DURING RECESS occupation regime in the Federal · Re­ public of Germany, and Executive M, 83d FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 1955 Unde:. the authority of the order of Wednesday, March 30, 1955, Congress, 2d session, the protocol to the (Legislative day of Thursday, March 10, The Secretary of the Senate received North Atlantic Treaty on the accession 1955) the following message from the House of of the Federal Republic of Germany, Representatives: both signed at Paris on October 23, 1954, The Senate met at 10 o'clock a. m., on and submitted a report (Executive Re­ The House had agreed to the amend­ port No. 6) thereon. the expiration of the recess . . ments of the Senate to the bill