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fTH-E -EASTERN' KUKSU /CULT BY E- M..LOEB tUT vxn oP CAWORNu PiroATroil m AOLROGN Alcu& OW 'AND EBmHOLOGY Volume 33, No. 2, pp. 139-232, 1 figure wi text, 1 map. UNIVERSITY OF';CALIFORNIA PRSS BER,ELEY, CALIFORNIA 1933 ;ABBREVIATIONS UD-SE A -Anthropos. l'A~ -L'LAnthropologie. AA American Anthropol t.- AAA AmOerocan Anthologic1 Assocon, Memoirs. iAA Archl fiir Anthropologie. AES-P - American Ethnological-Se ;-ubliati--- AGV V-M - ;AnWtroobgihe Gesell#haft. i Wn ltte g AJP A. > American Journalo Pysicl Ahropology. AM!IH. American Musem of Natural liatory-. -AP AnbthopologcalPapers. *-B : -Bulletin.- M ;Memoirs. ONAI -MA Memoirs, Anthropolgl.t Series. C-MJ; ;-V1emoirs, Jesup :xpediti6n. BAGFLw : :: BureaU of American Etnology-.- .B 0--\^ 8XBulletins. -R (Annual) fleports. Contributlolns to North American Ethnolo DA~; -~: Colunmbia Uni'veroity, Contributions t- ropology. Folk-Lore. CE Yield Museum of Natural History-. -M- '- Memoirs - -LPAS; ~Publications, A ological Sers.. Internationales Arhyiv .fr Zthnographie. IAX Internatinal-Congress-of Ameist (Compt Redus, PTroceedings) IJA]L Internatoa Journal of Amrican Liguitis. : JFV 'L Journal of American Folk-Lore. ;JRAi RD'"-'',Jodtal of -the Roy*l AnthropolicalInstitut. Museum of the Ameican- Indian, Heye Foundaon- - FM -C ~~CoIntri'but-lon -::-IN kindian Notes.- -JNM Indian Notes arid Monographs. PM~ Peabody Museum i f arvardl Univ`erit)- lYI :Memoirs.--X-; P Papers.:- ;f0 : :--:;Ma<*-08i -. ~-X~ -: R l: Reports. --a - - :^ ;- ~l PM! I-B4 Pubc MuseUm (o the City) of lWw Bulletin SAP'4 O9desot m-ricianstes:EA { de Paris, Joura St Smithsonian Institution- .A Annual Rprts., :R C-0- aontVribitions oW-:Kowled-e [C Miscell~anous Colections. PAAE UniVerstyog'aiftnY, Publications in Amercan Archaelg UPI -AP of Xeum, h ZE8 -:Univerftylogiala PblicattionsPin 4aaA(Uhieriy) USA -Ml $ --- :United States Nationil-2u eum-. -R ~Repors -P P~~rooeedings -PA :Uiversity of WashMtSo3PublinsDinA Zeitse t fiB E-t!lnolo*- KUKSU CULTS DISTRIBUTION1 OF INITIATING ) SOCIETIES mmm( ANTHROPOMORPHIC CREATOR v~ ,\lv (Modified from Kroeber, 29:393, 1932.) THE EASTERN KUKSU CULT BY E. M. LOEB UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Volume 33, No. 2, pp. 139-232, 1 figure in text, 1 map Issued February 3, 1933 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIrA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LoNDoN, ENGLAND CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ....... 139 PART 1. THE MAIDU Northwest Hill Maidu . .. .. 140 Religion .. ............................. 140 Ceremonial houses . 140 New Fire ceremony .............140 Smoking ............. 140 Acorn ceremony . 141 Bear ceremony . 142 Shooting ceremony . 144 Calendar ............. 145 Weda ........... 146 Religious organization . 148 Boys' puberty ceremony . 149 Girls' puberty ceremony . 150 Death and burial . 151 Mourning ceremony . 152 Mythology and beliefs . 157 Doctors ........... 159 Secret society ........... 164 Economic life . 172 Social organization ........ : 176 Yuba River Maidu . 178 Religion ............ 179 Mythology and beliefs . 179 Doctors ............. 180 Girls' puberty ceremony . 182 Suku.............. 183 Mourning ceremony . 183 Dance-house dedication . 184 Weda. ............ 184 Secret society . 185 Valley Nisenan . 189 Chico Maidu . 191 Religion ............ 191 Mythology ............... 191 Secret society . 191 Northeastern Maidu . 197 Religion ............ 197 Mythology ............... 197 Puberty ceremonies ............ 198 Death ............ 198 War ............ 198 Calendar ............... 198 Doctors ............ 199 Ceremonies ............ i201 PAGE Maidu mythology . 203 Wonomi. ................ 203 The Two Brothers . 204 The World Creation . ...... ..... .. .. .. 205 The Origin of the Hesi . 205 PART 2. THE PATWIN Colusa Patwin. ................. 208 Religion. ................. 208 Secret society. ................. 208 Ceremonies.. ................. 211 Rumsey Patwin.. ................. 214 Religion. ................. 215 Secret society . 215 Ceremonies. .............. 215 Childbirth. ............... 219 Girls' puberty ceremony . .. .. ... 219 Death. ................ 219 Doctors. ................ 220 Cortina Patwin . ... 221 Long Valley Patwin . 223 Religion. ................ 223 Mythology ................... 223 Tribal inititation . 223 Hesi ................. 225 Girls' puberty ceremony.. ................ 226 Death.. ............... 226 Doctors . ............... 226 Common dances . ... 226 General conclusion. ................. 227 FIGURE IN TEXT 1. Patinw LUt . .................. 210 MAP (fotspee KuksuK-i-iksu cults . (frontispiece) THE EASTERN KUKSU CULT BY E. M. LOEB INTRODUCTION This account of the Patwin and Maidu tribes of California was se- cured during the summer of 1931. The University of California Depart- ment of Anthropology financed the field work. As in the case of the Western Kuksu tribes, described in a previous paper of mine,1 I went into the field at the request of Professor Kroeber for the purpose of add- ing further to our knowledge of secret society organization as it existed in north central California prior to 1870. This study may be considered as supplementary to Kroeber, The Patwin and their Neighbors ;2 I have endeavored to suggest a solution of certain problems raised in his mono- graph, besides adding to the known data. The reader is referred to the above paper by Kroeber for maps of the Kuksu cult and the Patwin-Maidu territory. Informants used in the field.-Northeast Maidu: Jack Smith, Levi, and Anna Thomson of Greenville. Northwest Hill Maidu: Henry Mar- tin of Enterprise, Ellen McCawly and Rose Taylor of Mooretown. Yuba River: George Nigh and Henry Thomson of Stanfield Hill. Valley Nise- nan: Tom Cleanso of Sacramento. Chico Maidu: Mrs. Sandy Wilson and Mike Jeffers. Patwin: W. F. Wiley of Colusa, Tony Bill of Grimes, Mrs. Buck and family of Rumsey, Pedro Wright of Cortina, and Wilson Lewis and wife of Long valley. I have used the same phonetic system in the present paper as in Pomo Folkways,5 giving c the value of sh, and tc therefore the sound of ch. 1 This series, 33:1-137,1932. Cited as: Western Kuksu. 2 This series, 29:253-423,1932. Cited as: Patwin. 8 This series, 19:149-405, 1926. Cited as: Folkways. 140 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 33 PART 1. THE MAIDU NORTHWEST HILL MAIDU Most of my data on the Northwest Hill Maidu were obtained at Mooretown and Enterprise. Additional data from Yuba river are given below. RELIGION Ceremonial Houses4 The Hill Maidu had three forms of ceremonial house in every village, but no sweat-houses.5 The Maidu dance-house was called k'umi, and had two main pillars. An earth-lodge (tem k'umi or kumen ui), smaller than the dance-house and containing but a single center post (wuktembuki sudoko), was owned by the yukbe,6 the spirit medium. The seances were held there. The third house (wolom ui) was in reality a men's house, and was used solely by the members of the secret society, who kept their feather wands (yokoli) in it. New Fire Ceremony If a yeponi (secret society member) died who had been initiated at the time that the dance-house was constructed, the fire was allowed to go out. If such death occurred in spring, the fire was not re-lit until the first fall burning. Otherwise the fire was re-lit at the time of the burial of the member. Smoking Smoking appears to have been mainly a religious ritual. Only the members of the society, male and female doctors, yomi, and the medium, yukbe, smoked. The members of the society smoked upon awakening in the morning, especially if they had had bad dreams (i.e., dreams about spirits). This huelawi (smoking after bad dreams) was for the purpose of driving away these spirits. The doctors smoked as a sacrifice to their 4 R. B. Dixon, The Northern Maidu, AMNH-B 17:168 if., 1905, has a full de- scription of the Northwest Maidu dance and family house with illustrative photo- graphs. Cited as: Dixon. 6 E. S. Curtis, The North American Indians, 14:103, 1924, writes: "The Maidu had no sweat-houses. In dancing the performers perspired profusely and at the end of the dance bathed in the river; but other than this the sweat was unknown." Cited as: Curtis. 6 Sometimes pronounced yukbe, at other times, yutbe. 1933] Loeb: The Eastern Kulksu Cult 141 guardian spirits when they desired aid in curing. When the medium wished to obtain supernatural vision and knowledge from his dream spirits, he slowly swallowed one puff of smoke after another. Eyewit- nesses have assured me that after the third puff, the yukbe 's head fell upon his breast, his eyes closed, and he actually "passed out." Often tobacco was used in a competitive manner by the members of the secret society. Each one brought some which he had grown; this was passed around to all the competitors, who were seated in a circle. The object was to see whose tobacco was the strongest, and which of the members were the best fitted to survive the ordeal. Among the Maidu, actual spirit possession was unknown, and the doctors and mediums who smoked did not become possessed by the spirits but merely became unconscious so that they were able to com- municate with the supernatural. The idea of smoking so as to obtain spirit aid probably came from the north, for among the Wintu actual possession was practiced by the shamans, who smoked in order to become tunindili (possessed).7 Among the Klamath the shamans also smoked tobacco, but it does not seem altogether clear as to whether this was done for the sake of becoming possessed.8 Acorn Ceremony The
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