DOCSLIB.ORG

A Genocidal Legacy: a Case Study of Cultural Survival

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Genocidal Legacy: a Case Study of Cultural Survival A GENOCIDAL LEGACY: A CASE STUDY OF CULTURAL SURVIVAL IN NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA ____________ A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Chico ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Anthropology ____________ by Aimee L. VanHavermaat-Snyder Fall 2017 A GENOCIDAL LEGACY: A CASE STUDY OF CULTURAL SURVIVAL IN NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA A Thesis by Aimee L. VanHavermaat-Snyder Fall 2017 APPROVED BY THE INTERIM DEAN OF GRADUATE STUDIES: _________________________________ Sharon Barrios, Ph.D. APPROVED BY THE GRADUATE ADVISORY COMMITTEE: ______________________________ _________________________________ Guy Q. King, Ph.D. Antoinette Martinez, Ph.D., Chair Graduate Coordinator _________________________________ Frank Bayham, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to begin by thanking the Bear River Band at Rohnerville Rancheria for their support of the Benbow Archaeological Project and this thesis. I would also like to thank Erika Cooper, THPO for the Bear River Band at Rohnerville Rancheria, Rick Fitzgerald of California State Parks, Kevin Dalton, and everyone involved with the Benbow Archaeological Project. A huge thanks goes to Greg Collins of California State Parks for leading this archaeological endeavor and for supporting this thesis work. Thank you to my thesis committee, Antoinette Martinez and Frank Bayham. Nette, your guidance and influence as an archaeologist, anthropologist, teacher, and friend have meant so much to me. The profound impact of your teaching career is immeasurable, and I count myself lucky to have studied and grown under your guidance. You have changed me and will forever be my example of a strong, brilliant, kind, and powerful woman. Frank, I have had so much fun working with you as your ISA, having you on my crew at Benbow, in class, on this thesis, and beyond! Dad, Mom (Lisa Pizza), and brother, I know how truly lucky I am to have such an amazing family. I thank you for your support throughout my entire life in whatever I have chosen to do and your never-ending supply of love and laughter. Thank you for taking care of Lil’ Stinky while I wrote this thesis. Graduate school has introduced me to some important people in my life but never did I think I would make such long lasting friendships. I would also like to thank all of my friends and family in Southern California for maintaining relationships with me even from afar, especially James Monge and Lauren Bailey-Chaidez. Jack Scott, thank iii you for keeping me employed at the BLM, for nagging me about my thesis, and always bringing me gifts of wine. Benbow is a special place for me personally but in particular it is where I really got to know my husband, Devin, and where we started our friendship which turned into a life-long commitment to each other. Devin, thank you for always taking care of your family and supporting me through this long process. I love you. Finally, to my daughter Sonora Grace, you changed everything. Life now has meaning that I never could have imagined. Mama loves you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Acknowledgments....................................................................................................... iii List of Tables .............................................................................................................. viii List of Figures............................................................................................................. ix Abstract....................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER I. Introduction............................................................................................... 1 Benbow: A Case Study ................................................................. 2 Purpose of Study........................................................................... 2 Research Objectives...................................................................... 4 Terminology.................................................................................. 6 Thesis Organization and Chapter Content .................................... 8 II. A Legacy of Genocide .............................................................................. 10 A Brief History of Genocide in Northwestern California............. 10 The Question of Genocide ............................................................ 11 Anthropology and the Study of Genocide .................................... 14 State and Federal Laws ................................................................. 15 “Extermination or Domestication” ............................................... 20 Militias .......................................................................................... 23 Massacres...................................................................................... 24 Kos-tci-kun-dun............................................................................. 31 Chapter Summary ......................................................................... 33 III. Understanding the Contact Period in Northern California Using the Landscape Approach........................................................................... 35 Postprocessual Archaeology in Americanist Archaeology........... 36 Colonialism and Culture Contact Studies..................................... 37 Agency in Landscape Theory ....................................................... 40 Landscape Archaeology................................................................ 41 v CHAPTER PAGE Collaborative Archaeology and Decolonizing Archaeological Practice ....................................................... 44 Chapter Summary ......................................................................... 49 IV. A Brief History of Sinkyone Ethnography ............................................... 51 “Salvage” Ethnography and Biased Histories............................... 51 Sinkyone Ethnographies ............................................................... 53 Sinkyone Informants..................................................................... 57 Chapter Summary ......................................................................... 70 V. Archaeological and Ethnographic Context ............................................... 71 Archaeological Context ................................................................ 71 Late or Emergent Period (1100 to 150 B.P.) ................................ 74 Post-Contact Period (150 B.P. to Present).................................... 76 Ethnographic Context ................................................................... 77 Chapter Summary ......................................................................... 84 VI. A Case Study: The Benbow Archaeological Project ................................ 86 The Case Study ............................................................................. 87 Historical Background of the Study Area..................................... 87 Field Methods and Archaeological Sites ...................................... 88 Results........................................................................................... 92 Discussion..................................................................................... 97 Pre-Historic Significance.............................................................. 98 Post-Contact Significance............................................................. 99 Interpretations ............................................................................... 100 Chapter Summary ......................................................................... 105 VII. Discussion and Interpretation ................................................................... 107 Archaeology and Anthropology.................................................... 108 Applying Landscape Theory......................................................... 108 Survival and Adaptation at Benbow: The Cabin .......................... 112 A Genocidal Legacy: Northwestern California at Contact........... 118 Living in the Aftermath of Genocide............................................ 119 Chapter Summary ......................................................................... 120 vi CHAPTER PAGE VIII. Summary and Conclusion......................................................................... 121 Collaboration................................................................................. 121 Modern Significance..................................................................... 124 Current Issues................................................................................ 125 Conclusion .................................................................................... 127 References/Works....................................................................................................... 129 Appendix Permission Letter................................................................................................. 151 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Unit 3 Artifact Types by Level ................................................................. 95 2. Unit 4 Artifact Types by Level ................................................................. 96 viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Benbow Archaeological Project Location Map........................................ 3 2. Map of Early Indian Massacre Site Adapted from Cook’s Original Sketch Map..........................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Wintu and Their Neighbors: a Very Small World-System
    THE WINTU AND THEIR NEIGHBORS: A VERY SMALL WORLD-SYSTEM Christopher Chase-Dunn Department of Sociology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, ND 21218 ABSTRACT The world-systems perspective analyzes the modern international system. This approach can be applied to long range social evolution by studying smaller regional intersocietal systems such as the late pre-contact Wintu and their neighbors. Three questions: 1. What was the nature of integration among wintu groups and between them and neighboring groups? 2. What are the spatial characteristics of this network regarding fall­ off of the impact of events? 3. Was there regional soc~ally­ structured inequality in this system? Archaeological data may allow estimation of extent and rate of Wintu expansion, obsidian trade patterns, settlement sizes, and other features of this little world-system. INTRODUCTION This paper describes a theoretical approach for the comparative study of world-systems and a preliminary consideration of a small regional intersocietal system composed of the Wintu people and their neighbors in Northern California. I am currently engaged in the study of two "cases" of relatively small intersocietal networks -- the Wintu-centered system and late prehistoric Hawaii (Chase-Dunn 1991). This paper describes my preliminary hypotheses and examines possibilities for using archaeological, ethnographic, and documentary evidence for answering questions raised by the world-systems perspective. The world-systems perspective is a theoretical approach which has been developed to analyze the dynamics of the Europe­ centered, and now-global, political economy composed of national societies (cf. Wallerstein 1974, 1979; Chase-Dunn 1989; and a very readable introduction in Shannon 1989). One important structure in this modern world-system is the core/periphery hierarchy -- a stratified system of relations among dominant "advanced" core states and dependent and "underdeveloped" peripheral areas.
    [Show full text]
  • California Indian Food and Culture PHOEBE A
    California Indian Food and Culture PHOEBE A. HEARST MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY Written and Designed by Nicole Mullen Contributors: Ira Jacknis, Barbara Takiguchi, and Liberty Winn. Sources Consulted The former exhibition: Food in California Indian Culture at the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology. Ortiz, Beverly, as told by Julia Parker. It Will Live Forever. Heyday Books, Berkeley, CA 1991. Jacknis, Ira. Food in California Indian Culture. Hearst Museum Publications, Berkeley, CA, 2004. Copyright © 2003. Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology and the Regents of the University of California, Berkeley. All Rights Reserved. PHOEBE A. HEARST MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY Table of Contents 1. Glossary 2. Topics of Discussion for Lessons 3. Map of California Cultural Areas 4. General Overview of California Indians 5. Plants and Plant Processing 6. Animals and Hunting 7. Food from the Sea and Fishing 8. Insects 9. Beverages 10. Salt 11. Drying Foods 12. Earth Ovens 13. Serving Utensils 14. Food Storage 15. Feasts 16. Children 17. California Indian Myths 18. Review Questions and Activities PHOEBE A. HEARST MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY Glossary basin an open, shallow, usually round container used for holding liquids carbohydrate Carbohydrates are found in foods like pasta, cereals, breads, rice and potatoes, and serve as a major energy source in the diet. Central Valley The Central Valley lies between the Coast Mountain Ranges and the Sierra Nevada Mountain Ranges. It has two major river systems, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin. Much of it is flat, and looks like a broad, open plain. It forms the largest and most important farming area in California and produces a great variety of crops.
    [Show full text]
  • Mattole River Cumulative Effects
    Mattole River Watershed Analysis Cumulative Watershed Effects Public Review Draft September 2011 Cumulative Watershed Effects TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ........................................................................................................ vi LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF MAPS ........................................................................................................................ viii LIST OF ATTACHMENTS .......................................................................................................... x LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................... xi 1.0 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 OVERVIEW OF WATERSHED ANALYSIS PROCESS .................................................................. 6 2.2 PURPOSE AND ORGANIZATION OF REPORT .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Quercus Kelloggii at Pepperwood Preserve: Identifying Specimen Oaks to Reimplement Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Promote Ecosystem Resilience
    Survey of Quercus kelloggii at Pepperwood Preserve: identifying specimen oaks to reimplement traditional ecological knowledge and promote ecosystem resilience by Cory James O’Gorman A thesis submitted to Sonoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Biology Committee Members: Dr. Lisa Bentley Dr. Daniel Crocker Dr. Margaret Purser 4/21/2020 i Copyright 2020 By Cory J. O’Gorman ii Authorization for Reproduction of Master’s Thesis I grant permission for the print or digital reproduction of this thesis in its entirety, without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorb the cost and provide proper acknowledgment of authorship. DATE: ___5/4/2020_______________ ________Cory J. O’Gorman_______ Name iii Survey of Quercus kelloggii at Pepperwood Preserve: identifying specimen oaks to reimplement traditional ecological knowledge and promote ecosystem resilience Thesis by Cory James O’Gorman Abstract Purpose of the Study: California black oak, Quercus kelloggii, plays an important role in the lifeways of many indigenous tribes throughout California. Native peoples tend black oaks using Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) to encourage the development and proliferation of specimen oaks. These mature, large, full crowned trees provide a disproportionate amount of ecosystem services, including acorns and habitat, when compared to smaller black oaks. Altered approaches to land management and the cessation of frequent low intensity cultural burns places these specimen oaks at risk from encroachment, forest densification, and catastrophic fire. Procedure: This project is a collaboration between Sonoma State University and the Native Advisory Council of Pepperwood Preserve.
    [Show full text]
  • Drought and Equity in California
    Drought and Equity in California Laura Feinstein, Rapichan Phurisamban, Amanda Ford, Christine Tyler, Ayana Crawford January 2017 Drought and Equity in California January 2017 Lead Authors Laura Feinstein, Senior Research Associate, Pacific Institute Rapichan Phurisamban, Research Associate, Pacific Institute Amanda Ford, Coalition Coordinator, Environmental Justice Coalition for Water Christine Tyler, Water Policy Leadership Intern, Pacific Institute Ayana Crawford, Water Policy Leadership Intern, Pacific Institute Drought and Equity Advisory Committee and Contributing Authors The Drought and Equity Advisory Committee members acted as contributing authors, but all final editorial decisions were made by lead authors. Sara Aminzadeh, Executive Director, California Coastkeeper Alliance Colin Bailey, Executive Director, Environmental Justice Coalition for Water Carolina Balazs, Visiting Scholar, University of California, Berkeley Wendy Broley, Staff Engineer, California Urban Water Agencies Amanda Fencl, PhD Student, University of California, Davis Center for Environmental Policy and Behavior Kelsey Hinton, Program Associate, Community Water Center Gita Kapahi, Director, Office of Public Participation, State Water Resources Control Board Brittani Orona, Environmental Justice and Tribal Affairs Specialist and Native American Studies Doctoral Student, University of California, Davis Brian Pompeii, Lecturer, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Tim Sloane, Executive Director, Institute for Fisheries Resources ISBN-978-1-893790-76-6 © 2017 Pacific Institute. All rights reserved. Pacific Institute 654 13th Street, Preservation Park Oakland, California 94612 Phone: 510.251.1600 | Facsimile: 510.251.2203 www.pacinst.org Cover Photos: Clockwise from top left: NNehring, Debargh, Yykkaa, Marilyn Nieves Designer: Bryan Kring, Kring Design Studio Drought and Equity in California I ABOUT THE PACIFIC INSTITUTE The Pacific Institute envisions a world in which society, the economy, and the environment have the water they need to thrive now and in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • 28Th Annual California Indian Conference and Gathering
    California Indian Conference andGathering Indian Conference California October 3-5,2013 “Honor Our Past, Celebrate Our Present, and and OurPresent, Celebrate “Honor OurPast, Nurture Our Future Generations” OurFuture Nurture 28TH ANNUAL | California State University, Sacramento University, State California PAINTINGPAINTING BY LYNL RISLING (KARUK, (KARUK YUROKYUROK, AND HUPA) “TÁAT KARU YUPSÍITANACH” (REPRESENTS A MOTHER AND BABY FROM TRIBES OF NORTHWES NORTHWESTERNTERN CALIFORNIA) letter from the Planning Committee Welcome to the 28th Annual California Indian Conference and Gathering We are honored to have you attending and participating in this conference. Many people, organizations and Nations have worked hard and contributed in various ways. It makes us feel good in our hearts to welcome each and every person. We come together to learn from each other and enjoy seeing long-time friends, as well as, meeting new ones. The California Indian Conference and Gathering is an annual event for the exchange of views and Information among academics, educators, California Indians, students, tribal nations, native organizations and community members focusing on California Indians. This year, the conference is held at California State University, Sacramento. Indians and non-Indians will join together to become aware of current issues, as well as the history and culture of the first peoples of this state. A wide variety of Front cover: topics will be presented, including: sovereignty, leadership, dance, storytelling, The painting is titled, “Taat karu native languages, histories, law, political and social issues, federal recognition, Yupsíitanach” (Mother and Baby). The health, families and children, education, economic development, arts, traditions painting represents a mother and and numerous other relevant topics.
    [Show full text]
  • Ritual Management of Salmonid Fish Resources in California
    UC Merced The Journal of California Anthropology Title Ritual Management of Salmonid Fish Resources in California Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0rg7c5vf Journal The Journal of California Anthropology, 4(1) Authors Swezey, Sean L Heizer, Robert F Publication Date 1977-07-01 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Scaffold for A-frame net fbhing. Karok man pladn( net Into water. Ca. 1900. After Krocber and Barrett (1962:Plate 2). Courtesy of the Lowie Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley. Ritual Management of Salmonid Fish Resources in California SEAN L. SWEZEY ROBERT F. HEIZER THNOGRAPHERS at times are more nets, toggle harpoons, and application of bo­ Econcerned with reporting data than tanical fish poisons. interpreting them. As a result, ethnographies Whereas the material aspects of fishery often have the appearance of being little more technology form a basic and informative part than collections of facts organized by a gener­ of the ethnographic record, the potential im­ ally standardized topical outline. Synoptic portance of specialized ritual procedures surveys may result from an effort to synthesize undertaken at the inception of anadromous a particular trait, custom, or complex, and fish runs has generally been overlooked. from these there often results a deeper insight Through much of Northern California, ritual into the function and purpose of what, in injunctions and social control mechanisms unanalyzed form, seem to be cultural prac­ were instituted by specific "ritual specialists" tices which are illogical or meaningless. We (formulists, shamans, and moiety chiefs) at the attempt here to review native ritual, belief, and outset of the first major seasonal migrations of ceremony connected with anadromous fish in salmon.
    [Show full text]
  • LAND-USE CONFLICT at SHASTA DAM, CALIFORNIA a Thesis
    THE ROLE OF CRITICAL CARTOGRAPHY IN ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: LAND-USE CONFLICT AT SHASTA DAM, CALIFORNIA A thesis submitted to the faculty of San Francisco State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Master of Arts In Geography by Anne Kathryn McTavish San Francisco, California January, 2010 Copyright by Anne Kathryn McTavish 2010 CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL I certify that I have read The Role of Critical Cartography in Environmental Justice: Land-use Conflict at Shasta Dam, California by Anne Kathryn McTavish, and that in my opinion this work meets the criteria for approving a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree: Master of Arts in Geography at San Francisco State University. ____________________________________________________ Nancy Lee Wilkinson Professor of Geography ____________________________________________________ Jerry Davis Professor of Geography THE ROLE OF CRITICAL CARTOGRAPHY IN ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: LAND-USE CONFLICT AT SHASTA DAM, CALIFORNIA Anne Kathryn McTavish San Francisco State University 2010 The United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) is conducting a feasibility study to increase the height of Shasta Dam. The Winnemem Wintu Indian Tribe contend that any increase in the storage capacity of Shasta Lake would inundate their remaining cultural and historic sites, tribal lands, and current homestead, an act they describe as “cultural genocide.” Critical Cartography plays a valuable role evaluating the Winnemem Wintu claim, revealing how the tribe’s claim to land was mapped, then unmapped, over the past two-hundred years. I certify that the Abstract is a correct representation of the content of this thesis. ___________________________________________ ________________ Chair, Thesis Committee Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have been amazed, delighted, appalled, and humbled as I learned about the rights, issues, and status of the Winnemem Wintu.
    [Show full text]
  • Edible Seeds and Grains of California Tribes
    National Plant Data Team August 2012 Edible Seeds and Grains of California Tribes and the Klamath Tribe of Oregon in the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology Collections, University of California, Berkeley August 2012 Cover photos: Left: Maidu woman harvesting tarweed seeds. Courtesy, The Field Museum, CSA1835 Right: Thick patch of elegant madia (Madia elegans) in a blue oak woodland in the Sierra foothills The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its pro- grams and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sex- ual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW., Washington, DC 20250–9410, or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Acknowledgments This report was authored by M. Kat Anderson, ethnoecologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and Jim Effenberger, Don Joley, and Deborah J. Lionakis Meyer, senior seed bota- nists, California Department of Food and Agriculture Plant Pest Diagnostics Center. Special thanks to the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum staff, especially Joan Knudsen, Natasha Johnson, Ira Jacknis, and Thusa Chu for approving the project, helping to locate catalogue cards, and lending us seed samples from their collections.
    [Show full text]
  • Cahto Motion for Summary J
    Case 2:10-cv-01306-GEB -GGH Document 29-1 Filed 01/21/11 Page 1 of 43 1 Colin Cloud Hampson (Bar No.174184) SONOSKY, CHAMBERS, SACHSE, 2 ENDRESON & PERRY, LLP 750 B Street, Suite 3130 3 San Diego, California 92101 Telephone: (619) 546-5585 4 Attorneys for Cahto Tribe of the 5 Laytonville Rancheria 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 7 CAHTO TRIBE OF THE LAYTONVILLE ) Case No. 2:10-CV-01306-GEB-GGH RANCHERIA, ) 8 ) ) Plaintiff, 9 ) MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF ) CAHTO TRIBE’S MOTION FOR vs. ) SUMMARY JUDGMENT 10 ) AMY DUTSCHKE, Regional Director for the ) 11 ) Pacific Region, Bureau of Indian Affairs, ) United States Department of the ) 12 Interior, KEN SALAZAR, Secretary of the ) Hearing: May 2, 2011 9:00 a.m. Interior, United States Department of the ) Judge: Garland E. Burrell, Jr. 13 ) Interior, LARRY ECHO HAWK, Assistant ) Secretary – Indian Affairs, United States 14 ) Department of the Interior, ) ) 15 Defendants. ) ) 16 ) ) 17 MEMORANDUM IN SUPPORT OF 18 CAHTO TRIBE’S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 19 20 21 22 23 24 109967.1 Case 2:10-cv-01306-GEB -GGH Document 29-1 Filed 01/21/11 Page 2 of 43 1 Table of Contents Page 2 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 3 STATEMENT OF FACTS ..............................................................................................................2 4 A. Background ..............................................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • A Microhistory of Massacre Memory in Clear Lake, California
    Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 9 Issue 2 Time, Movement, and Space: Genocide Article 8 Studies and Indigenous Peoples 10-2015 ‘Reclamation Road’: A Microhistory of Massacre Memory in Clear Lake, California Jeremiah J. Garsha University of Cambridge Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Garsha, Jeremiah J. (2015) "‘Reclamation Road’: A Microhistory of Massacre Memory in Clear Lake, California," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 9: Iss. 2: 61-75. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.9.2.1292 Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol9/iss2/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ‘Reclamation Road’: A Microhistory of Massacre Memory in Clear Lake, California Acknowledgements The author is grateful to the two anonymous reviewers who strengthened this paper with their careful reading and accurate critiques, to Benjamin Madley who offered valuable feedback on an earlier draft of this paper, and to Jamie Lynnae for her nuanced edits and suggestions. This article is available in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol9/iss2/8 ‘Reclamation Road’: A Microhistory of Massacre Memory in Clear Lake, California Jeremiah J. Garsha University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom Abstract: This article is a microhistory of not only the massacre of the indigenous Pomo people in Clear Lake, California, but also the memorialization of this event.
    [Show full text]
  • Federally Recognized Indian Tribes
    Appendix C: Federally Recognized Indian Tribes The following tribal entities within the contiguous 48 states are recognized and eligible to receive services from the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. For further information contact Bureau of Indian Affairs, Division of Tribal Government Services, 1849 C Street N.W., Washington, DC 20240; Telephone number (202) 208-7445.1 Figure C.1 shows the location of the Federally Recognized Tribes. 1. Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma 2. Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians of the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation, California 3. Ak Chin Indian Community of Papago Indians of the Maricopa, Ak Chin Reservation, Arizona 4. Alabama and Coushatta Tribes of Texas 5. Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town of the Creek Nation of Oklahoma 6. Alturas Rancheria of Pit River Indians of California 7. Apache Tribe of Oklahoma 8. Arapahoe Tribe of the Wind River Reservation, Wyoming 9. Aroostook Band of Micmac Indians of Maine 10. Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Montana 11. Augustine Band of Cahuilla Mission Indians of the Augustine Reservation, California 12. Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation, Wisconsin 13. Bay Mills Indian Community of the Sault Ste. Marie Band of Chippewa Indians Bay Mills. Reservation, Michigan 14. Berry Creek Rancheria of Maidu Indians of California 15. Big Lagoon Rancheria of Smith River Indians of California 1Federal Register, Vol. 61, No. 220, November 13, 1996. C–1 Figure C.1.—Locations of Federally Recognized Indian Tribes and Alaska Native Corporations. C–2 16.
    [Show full text]