The Necessity and Distorting Influences of Identity Politics in The

CEU eTD Collection

In partial fulfi In in the Contemporary Context of Georgian LGBT Activism LGBT Georgian of Context Contemporary the in The Necessity and Distorting Influences of Identity Politics Identityof Influences Distorting and Necessity The llment ofrequirementsllmentthe inArts degreeMaster Genderof for of Studies Second Reader:ProfessorSecond Barát Erzsébet Supervisor: Professor EszterSupervisor: Timár Department ofStudiesGender CentralUniversity European Queering Politics Queering Budapest, Hungary Budapest, AniGiorgadze Submitted Submitted to 2012 By

–

The Need of Need The

CEU eTD Collection for queeringfor badlythem,iswhich needed. enemyidentitypoliticsof contradictin forpolitics queer astheits limits binarypotentialsit becausethe and debate to the with two might theorizationforthat havefatal activism resultsthe characterized radicalbasedthe perspectivemovementor in.cantransformationalthe changethat be engaged politicalmarker collectiveidentityandisunderstandingof depoliticized itson violenceproducing side identityproblematizingin nowadayspoliticsthehand on necessityandother Georgiathe ofworking Discussingquestions these thisnecessity way’; comingthe out; of identitypolitics inprevalent interviewshave I describing movementsand rereading incritique themtherelationof such to a I I believe c I that R Abstract conclu su evisiting ppose ppose

the de de g poles. Formulating the debate itselfFormulatingpoles. g debatethemodel indichotomous positingand that questionillisthe

problematizat playfield that is playfieldGeorgianforthat LGBT set organizations that establishing that aspoliticsopp anqueer exact

, questions,

will o nstructing‘Q give a rise to anticipationto it.risedistrusta give towards and ,

mightstrengthen exclusionarythe claimsleave essentialist spaceno and including: I tried I ionofthe

- conducted with Georgianconducted LGBTactivists and effects. ueer

to to - posed ifitchoosingfor asks eitherposed embracingone, only rights illustrate

’ the formationthecommunity; ofLBT

notion of fixednotionsexualidenti of as as homophobiachoiceasthe an

enemy against embracing identitiesagainst enemy

liticsofLGBTorganizations, i

‘Queer’ osite of identityositeof is politics dangerous a

and the LGBTPridethe and Marc nti ties an ,

- I move I to unaffordablesocialand identityanddiscourse politics

as a foundationa as of with

the

rhetoric‘bornofbeing identitypolitics aswell expand on as mattersasexpandon of

the dilemmathe of , i

ssuesthat inplacea ‘ Queer social

were w h. ’ here as an as

CEU eTD Collection 3.7 Slogans (StatingOne’s Homosexuality Necessary 3.6 Politics Selfof (Whatif wasnotI “born this way”?) Implications 3.5 of StrategicUseof “Bornthisway” Rh LBT 3.4 “Women’sClub” 3.3 TotalitarianHeritage Nationalism 3.2 andthe Church 3.1 Roleofthe Churchand theHeritage Totalitarian 2.3 Threedominantdiscourses around homosexuality inGeorgia Georgian 2.2 Nationalism andthe Church 2.1 ChauvinismandHeterosexism inWorkthe of Nationalism Deepening 1.7 Already WoundsExisting Dilemma 1.6 inIdentity po Against 1.5 “Identity Politics” againstor “Identities” Queer 1.4 Butler’s 1.3 Contestation ofIdentities Is “Identity1.2 Pol Identity 1.1 constructionthe neveras Introductionand Commentson Methods Abstract Contents of Table CHAPTER3: TheGeorgianActivists Case. Discussing CHAPTER2: CHAPTER1:Identities, I

......

Politicsand the Importanceof Context

...... Situatingthe Debate itics” the Exact Oppositeitics” Exact the of “QueerPolitics”?

...... :

...... liticsand Importancethe Namingof dentityPolitics Politics.andthe Queer Overview - ...... naming –

......

...... An ActAnSeduction?)of

...... -

endingprocess ...... -

GoingAgainst Identities?

...... - ......

TheOnly Effectof Identification? ......

......

...... ii

......

...... etoric ......

......

...... 49 45 45 37 37 33 29 28 27 27 25 22 21 21 18 17 13 11

9 8 6 6 1

CEU eTD Collection 3.8 Pride aninstrumentas March increasing Visibilityfor From‘Homosexuality Conclusion References

......

...... - as - Patholo gy’‘HomophobiaTo ......

...... iii

- as ...... - ...... Pathology’

......

60 56 51 49

CEU eTD Collection given culture. Therefore,giveni culture. forcesdiscursivethat iswidely unintelligible. claimingsexual one’s context myactivismidentity,facinginwith theoretical discursive understanding of sexual that concrete thisforin mychangeto approachtopic the wassimply necessityoforganizing position goingforident beyond s work that perspectiveFrom present the politicalefficiency for critiquesaketheof critique. would haveI placed categories. movement reasonsofeffectstheand problematization familiarGeorg with Fromidentitypoliticalquestioningthe usefulnessof categories Inthe Introduction ,considering subjectpo that , social marker, politicaland

beginningmy ofthinking about

t ofGeorgia, Planning to problematizePlanning to LGBT organizations’Georgian illbe indone hasto name the of of sexual identityofbasedsexualpolitics

or or ianorganizations’hand andother LGBT politicsthe on

and C and myselfristhe under

are shapingare andpoliticsthe the availabilitythe identity works in favor ofidentityhomophobicinwhereworks quarters, ‘queer’ context the ity,

having inhavingmind

a For what iswhat For say politicallyis right thingeffectand to the do movement rhetoric dentities are not alwaysagreenot wewhatare politicallyidenticaldentities to or we havewe omments on Methods on Methods omments ,

I wantemphasize politicalI to the institutionalimportanceand of

of tolerance and beingofandtoleranceway’ ‘bornthis sitionsingroundedsocioare precise to get to

rather rather a

of doing soof doing

round itandround thoroughly k of beofk

to itin to firstplace.the thesis thantypeawith of person, an identities

coming detachedcoming ,

. I wasexcited I handoneby the on inparticularplace

form

In questionedstability and buildingan alliance 1

the proposal the

inGeorgia

the

questioning myself, questioning intelligibleunintelligiblethe inand the However

, fromthe

of the thesisofthe thinking ,

I and timeandpeople by particular

supposedly essentialist politics,supposedly essentialist movedquestioning to the . One of the mainofOnethe inducements -

politicalgiving contexts, up , to identitythe is , to a which understandingstrategic of inborn newlythe

context utility of identityutility of insteadmaybe of asking , how do Iengageindo how

with I wasconcerned I

part of part , ,

producingthe beingpartially

ofcertain

the queer the

LGBT the with .

CEU eTD Collection Georgia and the director Georgiadirector of the and and “LGBTSupporting Group) Georgia includingwithactivists movementLGBT account of understanding better ofth intenselyisthat intertwined withrevival the Georgianofreligion the Orthodox Church.and and activists the throughout the amthesis us I inlocatedcapital theam familiarwith.TbilisimostI and decided havepoliticsI which discourse, movement, Georgianisto study case asLGBT aentirely the sexual,movementsandpolitical,social rereading in themthe to relation i do notpractices impeccablyintothat accordance withcome theoreticalone’s underst alwaysnot ispossible. incorporatingphilosophicallytheore andone’s ssu

first Usingmethod, researchqualitative foundit important I theorize specific to the environment problematizatRevisitingqueer e and abandoning identityabandoningunaffordableande categoriesbecomes accomplish.heretask a to ways it responds to severemarginalization itinrespondswaysto the ofcontext post term that is inwidelyterm“LGBTthat Organizations”byused Georgia, by andworkingthere that that workingsnationalisminGeorgiaofreligionand and influenceGeorgian the theiron I have

isinfollowinggiven thesis. the interviewed. In other words, c words, In other officialmembersstaff of ese contextual factors andfactors esecontextual projects’ the situatednesswithin them

the firstLGBTthe orga ingabbreviationthe LGBT

ions

I have I of the notion of fixednotionof the of identitiesfoundation sexual asaof ommitment to activist engagementommitment to ”, three existingthree ”, inorganizationsnowadaysLGBT/LBT conducted 12 i 12 conducted tical understatical

nization“InclusiveFoundation”. “Identoba”, “WISG”“Identoba”, Initiatives(Women’s

and for example,forLGBTQandsince not isthis Herewithwantdesignate I to that, nding of identityndingofin categories activism in n - depth which LGBT politics is inisLGBTwhichpolitics , semi , - sovietGeorgian nationalism critiqueofsuch anti -

structured often

I had about 10 had I about require andingofthe

interviews s

political , making

an For a For - identity

CEU eTD Collection certainpolitical situation. inisspokenimplyingwaythatwayno a identitythere other workingwith ofthan becausepolitics though didachieve intheiror goals, so past. the mainstrategiesactivists for, represent theymethods that implement theywork purposes that to and sheis or influencespeakingmaywhich interviewee,impression intervieweethe so the whom of mayidea haveanwell audienceof theto he myMasters’thesis ingenderedam.same as theway I factorwasfactIAnother theam all that not researchergenderedandthe were respondents the of differentlya respondentsofmostthe organizations. from community,issuesinterviewingdiscussingthese during crucial were in conducted inTbilisi,April, 2012. mostlyquestionsfollowadditional with 1 Mywas aim mostly For waspe I issuesseemedbeKnowing were there that to ofcer a

Lynn Abrams, Lynn intervieweesindirectlywhatam interestedI in,directlyspeak or to to politics the of

strategicallynot. or directed ffectedinterviewthe processes

“Subjectivity and Intersubjectivity” in Oral History Theory, Routlege, Routlege, Theory, History Oral in and Intersubjectivity” “Subjectivity

look

had itshad ing rceivedasan

at movement.waysItheLGBT wantedactivistsaboutat see speak thehow to I think.

influence

The factThe ofpreviously

I had rightassumptionI a most ofthinkingthemthat have would

also. in

- group person, group what isitisandwhat how said said.” over, IfactI was conductingover, think the that up Whethertheirbepolitics character can

As“Just itasAbramsinterviewerout, forms points an

context as well asmehelped inaswell gain

- related questionsrelated 3

gaining trust did gainingtrust

alreadysom knowing tain importance for Georgianforimportance tain LGBT 2010, 2010,

. All . for answersfor argumentsand p. 55 p.

not 1 ingacc

of the interviewsthe wereof

represent a problarepresent e of theseactivists of e ess to other activists essother to ized asessentialist interviews forinterviews emwith

CEU eTD Collection homosexuals. academic through whereiderejectionthe of b environment usfromprevent approaching places,shouldi sexuality around identitiesidentityits formationtalkwewhenand about and activiststalk about felt. politicsnon strategicor and form LGBTimportanceactivists howstressing ofcomingpolitics thethe is out, ofLGBTorganizations handon necesother the the LGBTorganizations dilemmathe andidentityof problematizing in nowadayspolitics and Georgia LGBTPrideMarch. rhetoricbeing way’;‘bornthisof necessity the out; ofcoming expand I mattersidentity that asofformationon the include politics LBTcommunity; of popular the e leftunquestioned e h However, interviews,wantedThroughsee playfiel I theto isit atI look thinkhow restrictioncrucial the identitiesto openlyinsexual on expressing results There ed as the directthe response as to ed

were s were , activists, risks intakingthat are by often acting particular,a

uge concernuge nevitably be taken into consideration into benevitablytaken everal issues that dominatedissues everalthat

languagein favorwill invisibility demandofwork whopeople possibly the of

discourseshomosexuality. around For .

Discussingdrawpictureto ahope illustratingquestions I these politics the of ntityfilteringandpolitics sity of working on itsviolencesityworking sideon of producing

- over “coming out” indicates“coming over out” strategic madedegreeessentialismisthe useofto oppressionrelated

LGBT organizations’ politicsorganizations’ LGBT cri

discourseshomosexuality,emergence around the identityhow of

rhetoricofactivists and

d that isforthat d set theseorganizations and materiallylivesendangeredexperiencesand 4 .

This is not to say is shouldto contextThisthe not that

difficultiesand dangersofself

not only universalbut

tically, saying that considering tically,sayingthat homophobiachoicethe as

I am I addressing

- exclusionary effects. usage inusage concrete localdiscourses

below. way - naming,

and the and

how s,

the Issues should CEU eTD Collection literature literature on trans reificationnormalizingthefueling canforce radicalfor but of systembecome the political struggle. importanceofthe of sexual of wherenaming,and self thepolitics I believe I is Georgianthe that case example ofanwheretherecognition for can ground one argue should admit that owing to space andlimitationsowingdo that time to not justice admit couldwealth the I to of national nationalismofpoliticssexual theory. rights, especially,andqueer

identification is not a ismereidentification not ofact

CEU eTD Collection in“always process.” same ongoing the definiteofviolenceidentification whichin that practicesgenerate, not terms aremateriality of their occ identificationbecanexperiences are discussedprocess, followingthere as alwayson going sustained‘lost’,it canalways ‘won’or abandoned.” be or construction,processacomplete never andpersonsis andanother groups the is first makesHeneeded. a reconcept politicalmovementsan beat all.”cannot thought identityas “underdeconstruction,only latter thebut erasure” puts the m feminisminrecent integrityitswith multiple originalitywithinincludingand postmodernismareasdisciplinary and akes itsocompelling. answersakes Hestatingquestion bydeconstructive the the first that to approach upyingsubjectinresultpositions certainparticular needidentificationsthat experience theof and concept of identity concept ofprovide insteadnot concept the subjected does theoneof to the 4 3 http://www.northwestern.edu/clcst/pdf/hall.pdf 2 Hall critiqStuart vigorous the to pointing 1.1 Overview Politics. andtheQueer IdentityPolitics Identities, 1: CHAPTER

Ibid., p. 2 p. Ibid., 2 p. Ibid., ‘Iden Needs Who Hall, “Introduction: Stuart

a ‘naturalist’ definition which is the formation‘naturalist’definitionisawhich the basedshared ofsolidarityon characterist Identityconstruction asthenever u

alizationdiscursiveintheaccording practices working of subjectificationis process the “anideabeinwhichwhich thought without cannot but old the way, certain questionskey

years, asks what valuable d states that not identity,rejectionitsthat the states ofd of ‘the but subject’

Further, Hall Further, identitymodern significancefortheof emphasizes the

distinction between two kinds betweenof‘identunderstandingdistinctionthetwo

provokesdebate aroundfurther the questiontheidentity of and tity’?” in Stuart Hall, Paul du Gay eds., eds., du Gay Paul Hall, Stuart in tity’?”

discursiveapproach d

–

alwaysisdetermined ‘inIt not in process’. that sense the - ending process ending ue andue identitydeconstructionconcept ofof theunified

andgives 4

that that H

ere puts forward “..identificationforwardputs asa with Questions of Cultural Identity Cultural of Questions

quite thoughtfulquite

I want to add althoughto thatwant I definition ofthe definition , p. 1 1 p. , ific ation’, ation’, icsof

CEU eTD Collection and impossibility”andmovedebatefurther.willthe arguing ofdebate, hebecause naturalized,oftotalitythe but overdetermined process of‘closu andplay theexclusion, power andresult, thenot of are ofnatural ainevitable primordialand or whichalway identity other”, by canonlyconstructed beitself “formbytheclosure”,its from closing of outside internalof sameness.Additionally,construction identitythe its isonsince of “constitutive dependent emergewithin specificdiscourses ignored: character 7 6 5 acknowledged.” suturingofthe psychicand discursivethe inconstitution, their are fully and unambiguously isonlylikely Hall indicates,identitiesheAnd as therefore,partlyalways, constructed inleastatfantasy,or within fa a intothe whichthroughstory’ identities arisepartly,is, in imaginarythewell the(as as symbolic wayunderminesitsdiscursive, materialpoliticalor effectivity, even if the belongingness, the ‘suturing Theyarise from narrativizationthe of thethe but ne self, Hallempha “ Ibid., p. Ibid., 5 p. Ibid., 4 p. Ibid., […]

considerately concludes with a logicalconsideratelyisconcludesa with observationwhich w

, thequestion andthe oftheorization, identity matterof isa considerable political s

16 the importancematerialimpactthe discourses,oftheiron belifeshouldnot politicaland is

s disturbs it:“So in‘unities’identities thefact,sdisturbswhichconstructed within proclaim are, stressinginsteadpoliticalidentities,the significance of of taking eith up sizes the significance of identities,significancetheofsizes notwithstanding thatpointing out fictionaltheir

tobeadvancedwhen bothneces the

7 that only acknowledgement of iden onlyofthat acknowledgement

, which are positions produced byproduced which positions are, certain practices, discursive

and

the play of power andplaypower theare of

sityandthe ‘impossibility’ of andidentities, the 7

tities with their fulltheirnaturewith tities cessarilyfictional nature of thisprocess inno re’.”

the productthe thanofexclusion rather n 6 tasmaticfield.

orth attentionofgood a orth – 5

“theirnecessity ignificance,and er of the sideofthe er ) and)

CEU eTD Collection means of uniting diverse groups undermeans ofumbrellauniting queerdiverse groups the issuppose which culturalbasespower.” of political,identity politics“..narrow, as postmodernisttheoriesin ispoliticslateQueer form emerged1980swhich consideredto view the of andreproducingdominated the subordinatedgroups. Together with and poststructuralist activismbasedisalreadysortas thewhich of regulation will always identity postmodernistapproach to politics verycategoriesthesees whichofexistencestatus on the conceptualizingidentit movementsformedanalyzenot socialfactor onlythebringing in around class possibility the of languagebyofcommonality the AfricainAsia,formerlyand countriesaswell the Europe.” ofas communist Eastern movementsinseparatist andethnicin Canada violent Spain,nationalist andconflictand postcolonial multiculturalism,asdiverseascivil movement, lesbianwomen’sthe and rights, g infrequentlyterm used soc 11 10 9 8 importantnote BernsteinAnother makesthat ispositioning bypolitics queer scholars asthe ifAndNeo Differentiatingseveralw Is “IdentityPolitics”1.2 Exactof“Queer the Opposite P

Mary Bernstein, “Identity Politics”, Politics”, “Identity Bernstein, Mary

Ibid., p. 52p. Ibid., Ibid., p. 56 p. Ibid., 55 p. Ibid., -

53 -

Marxist approach to identityMarxist approach cristo politics ylesspolitics straightforwardlyit aspoliticaldistinct defining than practice

ial“ scienceshumanities,and

ays of arriving at definingidentity aysofat arriving politics Annual Review of Sociology of Review Annual 9

andmodesocialNew movements aims theory unlike Marxist to

state - centeredfailsadequatelyactivism that to the address

, Vol.31 (2005), p. 47 p. (2005), Vol.31 , 8

identity politics”the refers to iticized for itsiticizedexclusionaryfor causedeffects olitics”?

result in result Mary BernsteinMary

d to middleoppose the to d a viciouscircle ay movements, ay 8

“phenomena states that states - 10

CEU eTD Collection designates the fact“Theredesignatestheuse thatissome and political andado..” now, wenecessityto asks sign inofoppressive,exclusionary, service the regulatory regimes.” “..hasstabilitythequestioned both valueidentitythe andsincecategories,invari ofthey useless or that phenomenonof“coming inmade argument asout” theclaiming say identity order to is that an i social,theRather politicalculturaleffectingessentialistclaims thesources or/and takenshouldbe very essentialistrhetoricbu criticizingoften, identit recognizingwithout essentializingidentities.diversity groups among group see intersectionacategories’formationto or the identityintentioncategoriesnorms.with an of opposingdominant classmenbygay politics, stigmatizing white reappropriationof term “queer”and challengingthe nto consideration aswellnto asseeways activists 119 p. 2004, Blackwell, 13 12 introductionInthe “Imitationoftheand Butler’s Insubordination”Genderthat read we work notdo see Butler’s I identitiesofidentitiessimple hercontestation a against critique or as going 1.3 AccordingidentityisunlikeBernstein,que to unable whichpolitics

accuratelysuggeststhat Judith Butler, “Imitation and Gender Insubordination” in Sarah Salih, Judith Butler eds., Judith Butler Salih, Sarah in Insubordination” and Gender “Imitation Butler, Judith 67 p. Ibid., Butler

’s Contestat ’s the critiqueshouldhiddenthe “coming leadingidentities.beofout” to

t also t yitsforpolitics essenti

ion ofIdentities ion

difficultiesgetting rid that of social

publicbyshouldmadeactivists claims

GoingAgainst I

sources of their identitiesoftheirsources shouldbe examined. lity of identity lity of categories, lizingmoves ignoresonly not of strategicnature the 9

dentities? 13 - political categories face. Andface. political categories she

But Butler inButlerBut this also essay

not benot face“attaken value.” The Judit The stion nature the of status

queer politicsqueer suggests

She h Butler hReader Butler

points out that very out points that

ably operate ablyoperate , Malden, MA: Malden, ,

CEU eTD Collection political movement. whichafor transformationcallsof policy againthe out to point reproduce violencefacing the exclusionarybythey that are charact their paysmoreimplication sheattentionrather useto theidentity the that ofmightthreatened categories w contestationsidentity ofto similar identityclassification and to assuch. abandoningthat useofthe terms “lesbian”“gay” is suchheror as but purposenot resistance the to makes them,therefore herclearer positionand“necessary bycategories calling errors” categories“errors”,asshephantasmatic not troubling refuseis does there necessity that ausing of interdependencyof these “[..]being byandsayingalwayssomethat “out” to being ondepends extent “in” functions“sometimes inoppressive favorregimesand work ofsourcethisofwrites production identityshe also that “stumbling inhavingiswhichcontestingforprocessthe this only itssign temporalavow once?”and contingency at useit in how “..but futo itssuchway a that 18 17 16 15 14 Furthermore under Andshe comessignalthough lesbiantheout sheofis she uneasinessemphasizes the that

Ibid., p. 126 p. Ibid., 123 p. Ibid., 123 p. Ibid., Ibid. 126 p. Ibid., , p. ,120 p. - blocks” of identityablocks”of request responseas acategories produced to are of regulatory

she actout thepoints is that of“coming out” newofalwaysthe producer opacity

needidentityvisibilityof “[. as as a politicallyasa efficaciousphantasm.”

binary oppositions.

hatshealongside have, homophobicproposes with discourses, 17

A cknowledging the effect of identity effect cknowledgingthe of theoretical erasurethat

[ … tural significations are not foreclosed?tural usenot significationsare to How the ]” However,

14 instead of 10

. .]

sameidentity.

the starting point for a strategicinterventionstartingafor the point

notwithstandingher

something that shouldsomething bethat endthe of 15

Eventhough er, and er, only after viewidentityof 16

she argues that shearguesthat claimsthe

furthersays few linesfew the

CEU eTD Collection proper attentionsexua proper to forrallying a resistance?”point Butlerparagraphinnextherself rhetorically the“Canexclusion asksthe from itself ontologybecome maleashomosexuality were that onl beisground‘implicit’ a qualified prohibitonnot prohibitedas a to object. existenceof domainunthinkabilityunnameability.”and of heterosexualidentitie inanother itsplace.” “ not,marking or that withthreatened abolition,to question the shouldhomophobic whether it threats defineanswer to the shouldconsidering makecontext importancethe usclaim identities the of b particularintheorizations identities similarquiteof awaywork moves from shequestionwhethera 22 21 20 19 MichaelWarnercr 1.4 indiscussesShe howlesbiansalso case of“ at Noticingthat

Ibid., p. 127 p. Ibid., 127 p. Ibid., 126 p. Ibid., 125 p. Ibid., what isbelievewhat I required,fr exclusionthe QueerImportancePolitics the and of yprohibition’for ‘explicit canbe ‘reverse source the the discou lesbianism,is explicit‘reversethe where formedprohibitiondiscourse’canbe

the same time as homophobia threatens lesbiansamehomophobiathetime threatens asidentitiesgay and with erasure, 19 s face shouldget s […] […]

iticizin I f thinkthe that is,already an represents

lityarguesthat the decision to counterdecision the beviolencemustto that careful reinstall not to g socialtheory’s g 22

moreattention. irst questionnon andflowirst twofoldobliteratingthe that

inspiteof 20

heteronormativenotandconcepts pay terms do which

[…] […] Context om a discoursealesbianism where om She

explicit two explicit the 11 oppression works oppressionproductionthroughworks the ofa arguesthat domain this does

heteronormativetoolksociala theory as

foldlesbianprohibition women. of And rse’ifand evenexplicitness 21

ecause theyecause are However, I can However, I can be prohibitedcanbe not recognizenot the , not

and - it, weit,

agree

CEU eTD Collection practices: ‘alesbian’ politics‘gay’.contexts Queer or i viewthisaccording unprivilegedare there impossible.makeconditions practices queer that activistsUnitedofthe States possiblypracticesnot are privilegedthefor available only middleof positionwhite makeconditions the that position ide against the acknowledgesitisviolenceofsatisfiedthe normalization, not withtolerance gaining protests and more regimesathorough resistance to normal”of the refuses“ the a valueswhichidentitiesofpolitics indifferencethegroup and becomingis ethnicitygrounded which NorthAmericanthat middlewhiteclass of multiculturalismculture gay the politicsto givesrise tolerance,equalityhomosexuality, normalizationand multiculturalism.oflogic ofWarner out points understandinghasrejectingnot aimbutan of discourse identityandlesbianofinrights andgay inpolitics theQueer Warner’s politics. politics needintheoryqueer the source source ofclaiming authenticitytension becausecausesthethis andWarner politics queer states 24 xxvip. 1993, and London), Minneapolis Press: Minnesota 23 ‘beingWarner out points that que Seidman’sindicates Warnermiddle to critiqueof white,

Ibid., p. xvi p. Ibid., F (ed.), Michael Warner in “Introduction” Warner, Michael . He points to the literature to pointsHeofthe social . constructionismchallengeswhich universalizing the the

movement ismovement based generallyon, […] […]

a of normalofbehavior a sexual assuch. minoritizinglogicsim oftoleration or

task current practices current politics possible.”ofqueer .

ofunderstanding emergencethe sexual, mo of social T hisiscleara fo articulation crucialofthe thought

er’ does not imply not er’does canone that

goingidentitybeyond the discoursethe andofpolitics saying that

ear of a Queer Planet: Queer Politics and Social Theory (University of (University and Theory Social Politics Queer Planet: aofear Queer 12

. AccordingWarner, . politicsqueer to ple political interestpoliticalple “ […] […] - class, queeralsomustreflect on theory the s not aga not s

maleasa US of the activists not namenot inone’s self certain 24

And makethesethat sure

inst strategicinst naming - representationinfavor of r r this thesis,that vementsand queer - class maleclass

CEU eTD Collection writes that the ignorancethatwrites the ofrac middlefittingwhite,the men,gayatin samemarginalization thetime resulted groups the not ofwere of those whopeople movementmodelitsininwhichmothe praiseworthy spiteabilityof to importancelifestyleofpersonalidentity,community formed and minority dominating the ethnic communi lesbiansmengayandnotion organizingthe around lesbian ofunitaryidentity gayandand andmovementsystemsdirected gendersexual theto towards liberation, the strugglesof separated of meandifferently not isfullyapproachthe that unlimited does and coherent. identitypossibilityofapproachingpolitics.differently and sources ofpresentsoriginfoundationalis th and middleonly white, discou isConceptual Notes” historydiscussingthe l ofand gay Social and Politics Queer Planet: 26 25 Seid SteveninSeidman“Identityin “Postmodern”Politicsand Some Culture:Gay a Historicaland 1.5 andwhoseproblems relation moreproblemto familiar lesbianandgay identity;itcomehas exist alongsideto thoseoldermodes, openingnew up possibilities language gainedthrough bourgeoispropriety, throughor minority “Queertheorists are also lesbia

Steven Seidman, “Identity and Politics in a “Postmodern” Gay Culture: Some Historical and Co Historical Some Culture: Gay a “Postmodern” in and Politics “Identity Seidman, Steven xxviii p. Ibid., rsesforisand arguingthat

Against“IdentityPolitics” or“Identities” against man describes the shift frommandescribesshift the ty. Dated wi Dated ty.

(it probably (it replacewon’t lesbian feminism).Queer notpoliticshas justreplaced older modes of

- class European or American or lesbian European class andidentities’male gayanddevelopment th early th 1970

- class ethnic modelidentitymovement.ethnicfocusclasswhich Hethe of ofwas the

Theory ialwassimilaritythe variation class ethnicand separatist, of nsandgays inother contexts

newsociology samehistoryand of (University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis and London), 1993, p. 105 p. 1993, andLondon), Minneapolis Press: Minnesota of (University s and the midthe sand

gay

liberation movement,fromliberation strugglebinarythesex against

e postmodern standpoint aspostmoderne providerstandpoint ofthethe - 1980s the sociopolitical1980sthe agendaofemphasis the on 13

s isnot s alwaysclear.” - esbian movementsof1970s esbian rights discourse,rights throughor moregender 26 -

forasexample whereleverage be can Though, -

sex intimacies the focusintimaciessexon the approachingissuethe bilize groups of lesbians bilizeofgroups and 25 nceptual Notes” in in nceptual Notes”

and

80s, its 80s, Fear of a Queer Queer a of Fear - marked CEU eTD Collection or positively or everywhere. represented basisasthebecause its communityof exclusof institutions placesor ‘lightalways ino that ofstablemasculine/feminineinhomosexual/heterosexual, a resultedrolesonattack the becauseanditsinterests liberationism’sof academia directed of constraintspurpose abolishing the importantlymoreand underliesthe “repressiveimposingWesternconsequencesperspectives ofcurrent non on note socialaboutmakesimportant an in constructionismas significant of termsanalyzing the constructionisttheor nonconventionalleads andsexualitiesdebatethe of author whichexperiencespeoplethe the to on asa di lesbianassimilationist malegayand subcultures, which did chotomous sexualidentity inlesbianchotomous regimelesbianismof even case feminists the of thought who 29 28 27 herewith But gaypolitics.” politics?destabilizationfor abandonmentor strategyhasOnethecalled identity ground asaofof multipleindifferences light suspicionofthe is“Afollows:canissue keyasconfront todaytheorizewe we How organize and politically our

Seidmanbequestionwhichconsiderato asks I socio

Ibid., p. 130 p. Ibid., 127 p. Ibid., 121 p. Ibid., - politicalact.

, 29

I would likeaddI should we assume politicalthat thenot that to is organization

iesunitary,questioningthe

and fsuspicions’the and strategic 27

Besidessort anotheris ofmarginalization this, discussed based on even inpoststructuralistcircleseventherejection academic identitiesofsexual

problemsocialconstructionism lackingof political the potential

Furthermore

ionary character mightnot ionary becharacter emphasized,prioritized s surrounding the dominant mode of identitymodessurroundingdominant theof transhistoricalc , to what extent doextentwhat people , to are organizingwho 14

movesaswell one of the substofonethe

not

contest hetero/homo the haracter of the gayoftheharacter identityand ,

are carried out in carriedarecertai out antial for the followingforantial the research: - Westernexperiences” llidentities n areas, nareas, 28 .

CEU eTD Collection against identity against thatwrites he th Judithmergingpoliticsinto subversionButler’s as rather, of or transforming itself logicpoststructuralistcritiqueinidentity ofnamethe of refusal a ends to subject.” a makeshe doubt’ whi remark a sociallimitingby andthempractices their discursive to signifying character. clearlymakesinadequateconsequencesthe ofdeconstruction thisprovide and anrepresentation of subjectshetero/homo aspossible arguespoststructuralistHeuscritique takes thatto. poststructuralistthepolitics ofsubversio a reinforces one, binary.governingthehetero/homo meaningsboundaries,and constructionargument the in that heterosexualof identitygay to relation Judith asconstituted arguments)throughButler’s exclusion somethingitwhich of against absent needssuspicions confrontationandsolution,asthat theattention therefore the politicalitbasedidentities,shouldintoon begranted not see organization taken they that those do should? abovementioned issueconfront meandoesassumewhat itdoes it mean so they to that do, they that politics have groups accesst way fromwaymodelethnicthe 32 31 30 However, introducesfurtherSeidmanthe

Ibid., p. 132 p. Ibid., 132 p. Ibid., 130 p. Ibid.,

fromagendathe

isquestion a I ntheycasehaving are privilegethis of ac

firstdescribing movementexclusionaryandofthe the need moving the politics of . Peopleinitiators are ofwhonecessarilyLGBT. political not activism do o informationthishaveand an

ofsome ,

Seidman further Seidman ch I find “ I ch ofimportance extreme hebecause that observes

e Queer as a signasaQueer e unites all politicalorganizations

to be constructed to onlyi byopposing

postructuralistproposition identityStuartHall’softo (similar and

revealsabouthis place the doubts where

cessibilityand 15 awarenessofsuch problematization

, followingfrom face. they, what

marginalized subjects andfrommarginalized desiressubjects awarenessof tself to another, does not to tself 31

issuemightbe simply N debates arounddebates amingas‘additional into into politicsthe 32

Referring to s

of identitof […] […]

sets itssets n of the y CEU eTD Collection particularsocial youwaymarked. the are to accordingprivileges identityand subject as withselfthepolitics the and of representation. problematizesnotionnameofcollectiveveryinathe acts” movement whose a politicsexclusionarystrong weak, on basis” inselfcultural the an limited andorganizedgroups them,Seidman around But group. falsethe re unitaryby subject identitygay normalizing exclusionary theandof revealingcharacter andpolitics an does u lesbianand identities.” gay fails “[..] andtheoreticallyindividualspractices theof to affirmativeengage around organized ashelpfulSeidman’s Thissuggests. identitiesrejectionanalysisin itselfof reje self differencesoncebecamethat sothe mainstreamthe andstraight itselfnormalization gay naming culturessettingwithout but against the - 35 34 33 Inadditionthis,makes Seidmanitto clear

naming,poststructuralists

Ibid., p. 136 p. Ibid., 135 p. Ibid., 13 p. Ibid., and what he offers as a next moveheandis offersnextasmore what apayingembedded attention the to nature ofthe nquestionably significant work innquestionably work significant inidentity critiquetheof problematizing the politics, the , presentationof

byitsemphasis rather cultural ofthanon formation codes sources on of identitiesgay 4

d institutionald He practices.

a particul a

subjects of identityofsubjects wh politics 33

are

endingup ar social ar markerspoliticaland urce forurce disruptaiminglimitstheir exclusion,therefore to the of

standingidentities against and notes

postrsucturalism that poststructuralistidentitiestheapproach that towards As

explains that ifexplains that Seidmansuggests

that postructuralism socialforthat toolasisa critique 16

ich takes littleichnoticein takes ofdifferences the

pu identitypolit

which then resultthenwhich ts forward ts ,

we needwe think ofto self,

not the identitynot the politics

“ ics […] […] 35 cts the importancethe cts

offers bothbeing obsessed a thinpoliticsit as

ingaining

“ […] […] a ,

CEU eTD Collection the samethemefor veryargues“deconstructivepagethat persuasively, strategies remaindeaf quite and challengepoliticsnot systemdoes the of binar identityquestionis politicsimportance.of Although ofstrategicout identity that Gamsonpoints necessarilynot implybiologicaldeterminism.theOn example ofGeorgia itwewhatmatters callednow, are callwe what and ourselves.” stilldiscoursespraiseworthy, I needseecrucial the of“right it,ofpoliticsnaming, as Gamson puts no does and social the products politicalviabilityin practice. ‘made bydomina the formationideasofcommunity andsubjectivityin con of h other the bycausedidentities, ofcharacter the sexuality 397 36 Alt OneGamson’s questionsofisthe that article r JoshuaGamsonemphasizing 1.6

Joshua Gamson, “Must Identity Movements Self Movements Identity “Must Gamson, Joshua -

hough I findhough I challe up’ character of identities, at sameup’though ofcharacter the itstime everydayproperlyevaluating and Dilemmapolitics andtheIdentity Importance in ofNaming t imply t one that - b andpoliticalforandbasis the action. power ased political identities,political ased nt discourse.He nt

non

can ngingandthe criticizing - not naturalnessofbinaryhomosexual categories of Accordingtextthis

provokes readerimportancethe think ofto the of recognizing the proposedisrupting thesecategoriesan

the importance the

proposes that isin proposes theredilemmaidentitythat ais politics which which iswhich

- Destruct? A Queer Dilemma”, A Queer Destruct? being on the one handbeingone the on oppressionforbasis the on and y oppositions, which iswhich source ofytheoppression, oppositions, on he

,recognizing ofanal a

‘tolerance’ or ‘born‘tolerance’ or way’this ising isising que whether 17

yzingquestioning texts where these two arewhere these texts two

sexual iden sexual

Social Problems, Social 36

But politicsthe But d still act instill d act namethem.the of er politics er should dismantle

tities as fluidastities

the efficiencythe using of I will I the that argue - heterosexual opposition,

Vol. 42, No. 3 (Aug., 1995), p. p. 1995), (Aug., 3 42, No. Vol.

essentialist essentialist under of naming does of

historicaland restriction

CEU eTD Collection order to prolong order to identityexistence categories.of constructionspotentialonlythe having deepeningwounds of directed tow inBrown “WoundedAttachments”marginalization represents concentrationthe on process as the activeintepolitical andaction in andimpedimentthisat actingbut Georgia,not fuelingpoint andon force thecontrary, for the the reinforcingmain becan ofcharacter normalizing onlymakingthefor structures ifnot sources claims politicalsubjectivitywould action. argue communityI that inspiteof and u Theseare order. mobilizationthe identitypotentialachieving forascrucialof inegalitarian transfigurationsocialof favors positionfeministthe despitetheoristsofwhoshar centralofpointsdemocratic inequality problems arein whichpolitics andof queerfrom postmodernist, theor ComplexitiesofCitizensh resi verythewhich blindandto institutional most violent concrete forms logicalis to the answer stance inparticularstanceaidentity.” through andcollective 37 listsBickford inSusanherarticle Bickford called“Anti 1.7

Ibid., p. 400 p. Ibid.,

Deepening

questions of formationsenquestions ofof subjectivityand ards strengtheningifards asit,

i ssues that are identityseenfrom ssuesthat the asdangers coming politics AlreadyE

ip”helpfulaprovides identityanalysiscritiquebased of coming politicsof rventionwith con xis ies.She convincingly argues ting Wounds ting

identitiesconstitutare which - Anti

- crete political crete Sheclaims.

The OnlyE

- IdentityPolitics: Feminism,Democracy, the and 18

seimpedimentsofforcommunity as ing the perspective of identityingperspectivetheof 37

, ffectofI that anti the that

reproducing ed byed itsoppressioncan dentification -

identity stand ignoresidentitystandthe points out how Wendyhow out points

the mythinthe suffering of nderstanding their teraction. She insteadShe teraction. by manytheorists. ?

criticism,see be

the CEU eTD Collection the constitutivethepoliticizedidentities ofand that identitieslook arguing itcanbe byatstructured same the becressentiment time oppression, i ‘legitimate’certainfor typesof resistance ideal’middleclassconvincing. ‘object as thenot is ofdesire’ She questions efficiency the of socialindependence bourgeoismeasuredby norms ofsocial acceptance, formationofuniversal but byproductionsoriented liberalagainstexclusionprotest from toward discourse discursivea Althoughshenoteworthy givesa claimsofinjurypolitics forman future that in canactive, and of oriented exactlyshape.creative frominjuriesattaching past and sheignoringthat suggests identitiespolitics thesemoredoesfuture orientednot will seem whichandtowards It be activeone. andtheir‘wounded’ characters therefore shereorientatio the suggests aseither relationsinor directly or discohow dentity pol dentity 40 39 38 ifEven I am interestedI inin Wendyfor analysisBrown’ssource the as thinking

Wendy Brown, “Wounded Attachments” Attachments” “Wounded Brown, Wendy Ibid., p. 403 p. Ibid., 394 p. Ibid.,

the urses coming from ursescoming and itsdangersandresubjugation andindeed of resistingofsubject thesethe concerns are itics suppose I

constitutive part, butstructured identity isconstitutive part, by not only ressentiment agree with the statement that “ withagree statement thethat

only as ” 39 ,

i , justice s a verypicture sa confined of

“ arguingpoliticized identitiesthat havealwaysstandardof the‘masculine, a

the historicalthe bydisempowerment of certain groups de proposing negative form negative

” LGBTorganizationscan onl

38 political actions but not for everyfor not but politicalincaseactions context. any claims basedwounds claimsthose on

a picture of“[picture

directly transformingthem. directly ndsuggeststhat Political Theory Political

ofaction […] […] . ..] politicized ..] inidentity disci rooted , Vol.21, No.3 (Aug., 199 (Aug., No.3 , Vol.21,

omes investedin itssubjection” own omes indisplace itsattempt itsidentitysuffering,to ”

“[. 19 identitypolitics’ of legalmaterialprotection,relative c

.] injuries.] identitiesby suffered are these the yingrainingbeperceivedas “ powerle Identities for Brown are Brownfor Identitiesrelying on ,

but what shewhatignores but I isthink, 3), p. 393 p. 3), ss potential ” n fromnformedbypoliticsthe

who wa who for ‘aforsite ofblam

about and questioning about s . nt

or itis always not or

to be freefrom to plinary 40

Drawing

same socialsame omfort, and omfort, I believe I t e’

- for their

forms

hat

CEU eTD Collection with strategic fopowerful state one, benot heard solelyasasserti efficiency. linkedare that identity. principallyi andthem.”police entrenchingnormalizing from to reiterationidentitiesthe ‘wounded of ignoringismarginalization transformativeP politicaltheir effect. Locale and Action Identity, Feminism: in Citizenship 41 shemakesmain Another that istotally withpoint claims I and agree that oppression should of Susanparticularacknowledges Bickford that

a Susan Bickford, “Anti Bickford, Susan livedexperiences ofwh people

particular group. particulargroup. ally important and deepeningimportant ally She argues that Brown politicalSheignores arguesfactthat the that

n ressentiment and n ressentiment

to the to

How - use Anti r example. r She acknowledges

Identity Politics: Feminism, Democracy, and the Complexities of Citizenship” of Citizenship” and the Complexities Democracy, Feminism, Politics: Identity conceptions of identityconceptionsenforceand of power the of regulatoryto apparatuses ofidentitiespoliticizedstillare becausebut it so of doing strategic ever, ons of powerlessness directed towards gainingofdirected powerlessness from towards ons thesomething

she cannot suggests

o have andstill are o suffering. suffered

already existing wounds not asalready onlyidentificati theexistingwounds not of effect ’ and injuriesbecauseonlypolitical’ riseand claims generally do

taking intotakingconsideration

findidentity justifiableofact rootingthe politics (Autumn, 1997), p. 118 p. 1997), (Autumn,

political 20 questions of identityquestionsof aspolitically and

actions

actors mightbe famil actors

oliticalaction

“[…] numerous discourses that produce discoursesnumerous that run the risk of furtherriskrunthe of

should not be limitedbenot should Hypatia iarwith troubles , Vol.12 No.4. No.4. , Vol.12 on CEU eTD Collection pointing out narrativesthat pointinglaout produced of Nationalism:SexualityandGender in Makingof theNa nationalismignoringplaceofthe itendsfromandcommunities. separates whichother limitedanddefiningfor boundaries,nation, requirescommunity,the communitytheismind, by meetknowconstituted which actuallythey peoplenever to willcomeor memb inherentlyboth limitedsovereign.” and workingare organizationsin that LGBTrights Georgia. on actual rather thanthat playground backgroundfornon thetheseforming discoursesare those consequentialhomosexualityofformationsomediscourses around in illustrate to the extent order find I sexuality an that adequate “[…] 1998 March 44 43 42 revealingFrom“gender verythe start blindness” the “gender and chauvinism” studyofof the Anderson Benedict defines Inthis section 2.1 theDebate Situating 2: CHAPTER Benedic

Ibid., pp. 6 pp. Ibid., Joane Nagel, “Masculinity and Nationalism: Gender and Sexuality in the Making of Nations”, of Nations”, the Making in and Sexuality Gender and Nationalism: “Masculinity JoaneNagel, ers who find imaginedthemselves who part ers of nation,as havethe theirin community nation of ChauvinismHeterosexismWork and the in ofNationalism linkbetweenmilitarismnationalism, patriotism, t Anderson, “ t Anderson, , p. 258 p. , - 7

I will discuss those aspectswill those ofI on works discuss Imagined Communities Imagined

a d importantfurtherfor discussion d ofnationalismGeorgian and nation“[…]asan women

”, London: Verso, 1983, p.6 p.6 1983, Verso, London: ”,

42 rgely by menbydefiningrolewomen’srgely

Explainingimaginativeits byfact that character the “ in the makinginnationsthe of states and

21 imaginedpolitical community 43

tions”, Joanetions”, Nagel a provides , imperialism ,

the

relationshipbetweennationalism and limitscommunitythe where

and masculinity.and Ethnic and Racial Studies Racial and Ethnic ,

result ”

in“ – s Masculinityand

inpresenting imaginedand as

” g 44 o od

She isShe

- analysis 21 (2), 21 (2), pr ofit CEU eTD Collection globalizationexampleson ofGeorgiaCountry. Basque the and is work offering th inmarginalized today’s makeskeystone the ofstate, thatsure andpractices” “(…)normalizationthe heterosexualityofcorollarythe and of non exclusion nationalismisnot only but itisthat ingenderedheterosexistdefining its nature, h nati and nationalismin Nagel,handgo hand a itsidealizesitswhichnationsuperiority forand claims identityitsnationalsurprisinglycultural boundaries,with not result havingmen characters, who cansupportingwomenminoractors members foronlyassecondary, belecast of thethe

on” 47 39 p. 1999. 46 45 Natalieisscholars,ofSabanidzeonethe 2.2 Spike alsoinV. “SexingPeterson Political Nationalism Heterosexism”, exposures as Identities: importanceinstitSeeing the of state cultivatingShethat denotes national states that because “(…) womenthat importantstates symbolicoccupy mothersan ofplacetheas the

Ibid., p. 53 p. Ibid., Pete V. Spike Ibid. 45 Georgian , p. ,254 p.

theirsexualitybecomes siteofthecontrol nationalists.for

46 rson, “Sexing Political Identities: Nationalism as as Heterosexism”, Nationalism Identities: Political “Sexing rson,

demonizingand NationalismtheChurch and e understandingrelationshipethe connection betweenandnationalismof and

roles

nationalisms.

assigned through assigned criminalizingnon

masculinitynd aswell,with ”

“[…]

47 utionswhilenationalism definingas political,to according ist ethnocentrismcourseistthe formation through ofof the

feminist,gay,lesbian agendasqueer and whoseresearchisinterest nationalismin Her Georgia.

interestsmen. of

22 reproductive se reproductive

International

male x. She states that heterosexism, x.Shethat states s

innationalism chauvinistic - dominated state institutions state dominated

Feminist Journal of Politics of Journal Feminist - heterosexualidentities

are at bestat are eterosexismas

1 (1), June June (1), 1 ading

CEU eTD Collection If byIfpreserving“aimed nationalismGeorgianout Sabanadzepointsthen at “Georgianas the self” asfather”“aregarded ofnationfamousGeorgianhis withFatherlandwords:”Language,Faith”. and wasfollowed It inliteratuthemesby patriotic mid19 a Empire,which abolishedthe emancipatorynationalism.As“byintodescribes incorporated she Russianwasthe Georgia then nationalismcommunist after Georgia isSabanidzeout, example newpoints good a nationalisms,of of strikingradical of risepost exclusion;identitythe of th fundamentalistpresenceofgroupmembershipassumptions highhenceandabout aof degree Delanty shecharacterizingrefersare to O’Mahony, andnationalisms who bythese strong “a ‘nationalismnewradical‘radical na right’, of ethnic risingnationalisminof threeresponse. newOffering types nationalism,radical are which globalization Sheisintruderintoarguesthat “national which foras an seen source the canbespace” economic,political,cultural psychological and of globalization contemporaryeffects on socie globalizationmakeswhichapproachnationalism“as and appear reaction aresponsethe a to democratictransition, commonlongruleawaitedRussianpeaceas restoringa and a province, relative stability.theBy 50 49 11 2010, p. 48 approachesnationalism,differentThrough includeto which explaining Sabanadzeobserves

Ibid., p. 68 p. Ibid., 25 p. Ibid., Country” Basque and the of Georgia cases The and Nationalism: “Globalization Natalie Sabanadze, th

century, Georgiarecover begancentury, from devastatingtheto invasions.”andOttoman Persian

“deep

that beginningthe 19 that linkedofnationalismbeGeorgian to can e selfe - seated animosities”instrumentalistseated sheor focuses approach, on sovereigni the collapseUnion.of Soviet –

‘thepeople’

ty of the Georgianinthe but unified kingdomsof ty return re, press re, appearanceisand of Ilia Chavchavadze who

isonpredicated negation the other;ofthe“ 23 tionalism’‘radicalnationalism’and religious

the risenationalismby of Central Eu Central ropean Press ropean th

them under themunder century’s 49 ties.”

As , 50 48

CEU eTD Collection words ofwords Iliahave Chavchavadzenot which values conservativetowards approach “westernworld.”of hereligion playsinrole thethat and c Church,Patriarchthe is IliaseenII guardian asonly a the and of ‘Georgian rescuer featurenewGeorgianthefor nationalismbecame GeorgianChurch.The Orthodox head Orthodox of impactsbecameassociated withGeorgia its globalizationon dangerous and hadwho flourishedb nationalisttendencies anti gained international support. Shevardnadze, ofEduard image hadwho dem an of folklorizedinclinations nature. and initsappeareddif reformtowards politicalmoderate and work” Army(1921),nationalismin “culturalasa was Georgiarepresented orientedforce, politicaland “Westernization.” much not logichas“Georgianchanged.it now is needsthough self”stilldefense, underthreat the of anddef 52 51 emphasizing PaulinCrego roletheofformation religion identityofnational Georgian quotes Y Sabanadzebeforeexplainsinvasionthe that

Ibid., p. 81 p. Ibid., 73 p. Ibid., ears between 1993 andearsbetween1993 19 ending Georgian endingagainst ofthreats culture Russification”

to preserve to nationalprotect Georgianand the identityfrom globalization. lack economy that his lackgovernancethat economy

ferent formethnichostile ferent minorities,withtowards attitude undemocratic

However,asSabanadze observes

98 are 98 -

Western,anti

iviclifeispoliticalwithand enormous, of Georgia expressed describedby

lost itslost influenceday in “Christianity,Georgia: present 52

produced.

but after but years70 rule nationalism Soviet ofthe ofDemocraticRepublicbyofRedGeorgia the globalization characters because characters globalizationof corruptionand 24 the the ocratic reformist, Georgiareformist, gained ocratic significant

riseofglobalization asgovernanceduringthe last few yearslastfew of Shevardnadze’s governance

GeorgianChurch Orthodox

nowadaysitcanbe observedthat n nationalnidentity,and Sfterwards s Sfterwards - ness’and became the one one the tate tate CEU eTD Collection aspect of‘Georgian yearsreligionbeing70 suppressedofunderafter the t which act wa nationalGeorgianidentity embedd accept homosexualitythreat a to nation’s theas demography Georgianthreat a to homosexualityandculture fashionreligion; asailing an finally,west;of and the issuemedia around debates the of ‘sexualminori accou iswhichsociety, isexclusively heteronormative, TamarTsereteli’s work considerable academ GeorgianwithNationalism Georgian Church imageOrthodox together construct the ofGeorgian formationthe ofG meano k’art’veloba(“Georgian meansin teaching additionthe to usofamongChrist, entire the Georgian te heWest’s countries. Followingcapitalist 3 p. 2010 Hungary, Budapest, University, 54 http://www.georgefox.edu/academics/undergrad/departments/soc 53 inmyforCrucially this purposes intersectingAnalyzingofpointsnationalism emphasizinginsexuality,roleand the religion of 2.3

Tamar Tsereteli, “Nationalism and Representation of Gays and Lesbians in Post in and Lesbians of Gays andRepresentation “Nationalism Tsereteli, Tamar From: Retrieved 3 p. Georgia” in and Nationalism “Religion Paul Crego, nt nt that able formsablebehaviorof sexualare ne and the same thing. To convertne sametheTo andChristianity to thing. Threediscourses dominant Georgia around homosexualityin ed indiscourse. religioused the speaks mainthe about discoursesaround homosexualityin Georgia s uncommon for Ge for suncommon eorgian nationalismeorgian exclusion andofexamining ‘sexual minorities’, how - ness’. ness’.

- ness”) ,

she sovietrhetorictheexplains that viewedhomosexualitycriminal a as

. Today,in . aswell, allGeorgian Transcaucasia, and of Christian orgia, asorgia,we

Tracingrolethe Chrisitanityofformation Orthodox in of thesisidentifiesTsereteli

l argely defined byargelydefined religious

the fall thefact the ofsheflourishingto ofpoints communism, llallfor countriesas soviet

ties’ in“[…are: which Georgia ties’ 25 -

swk/ree/Crego_Religion_articles_pre soviet regimeinevitableformationits soviet the and as .

” 54 –

Sheaccurately arguesthat

is to become isGeorgian.”to

three mainthree inthemescirculating - Soviet Georgia” MA Thesis, Central European European Central MA Thesis, Georgia” Soviet elites and Georgian nationalismelitesGeorgianand and directly linkedwas to

rritory; itmeansrritory; vious.pdf . ]

homosexualityas 53 socially

ic CEU eTD Collection traditions and Orthodox church,traditions Orthodox and identifyingGeorgian,oppression ofpartas ‘sexualtheminorities’ as not Georgian ofGeorgian, ChristianitynationalismforGeorgianassisting therefore GeorgianOrthodox‘true’areChristia people who mothersare who“virile the ofheroes.” Georgian with devotedconstituted aremen, who nation’s“virile the beingwell to prosperity”and women and abnormalisiswhichbyGeorgianprocess thetheachieved traditional family, constructing 56 55 sum foremostTo argument,characteristic her up theis ofnationGeorgian Orthodox which makesimportantpointSheby constructing an that homosexualitysaying and deviant as

Ibid, p. 40 p. Ibid, 40 p. Ibid, ,

formingnuclearheterosexual families.the

generally

becomes msideaheter ofthe

55 ns devoting themselves to the motherlandnsto themselvesdevotingthe and

She writes that Shethat writes 26 a 56 necessary part necessaryof part

osexual the churchimagetheprovides of

the

Georgian nation,Georgianhence play.

which iswhich CEU eTD Collection it is importantisbe itto seen dependent that mostlytheirpositions reflects GeorgianLGBTcommunity,So Discussedorganizare willp homophobia. ofsocio receivesan rhetoric ‘promotion’aggressiveof ‘propaganda’the of inand homosexuality, context the innamingcont the communitythe members intervieweessignificancethe allpoint andto of thepoliticsof the ofself lackhomosexualityThehumanmainthe and iswork of resources. on with need put the emphasis to modelandrolethechurch, andstate the of th suchasuniversities,school, hospitals,psychiatricinstitutions, dominatingmedical pathologizing issuethe communitylackitsofpoliticalprobl the and activeness, am I namesactivists’usingreal follows Muchofwhat in bellow this Con 3.1 Activis Case. The3:Georgian CHAPTER rovide clearer picture clearer of rovide

RoleChurch ofand the cerns claimsp -

politicalfunctionseconomiccrisisandcountry thewhich g of asthe of lesbianinvisibility,ofinstitutionalhomophobia all spread through the of of sciencecarriers

on itsandon director

prevalent inprevalent resented inprevious the resented section ext whereext appearancethe issue LGBTinofpeopleany regarding space public ationalconcernsand over general challenges, activists’ the of context who is ofparticularwho author ideas the viewsand interviews make anonymizing impossible,anonymizingmake

partia

the LGBT movementinrather,LGBTthe or in itsGeorgia, capitalcity viet past andviet impactsitspast on

the the lly or fullylly or consequential to because

Totalita inthe

section

first place first ar

besid e mediaineforming discourses around the rianH

. is ofan account

es non theironagreement 27 eritage

ts Discussing Discussing ts e: needthe ofstrengthening I I think

em of invisibilityT ofout. em coming and movement’s

leader’sindividual politics, conducted that that the lifethe oforganiza

expressed development, whichdevelopment,

- interviews. anonymity round for aggravatingfor round . Another thing I

LGBT LGBT This chapter Thischapter and the fact the and tion istionquit – therefo

Tbilisi. hen - re re e

CEU eTD Collection (Paata) nationalismthe of moretheflagshipethnic, religious than state to church.”from hasshifted the organization“InclusiveFoundation”view,expressingsimilar a in i who nowadays the influenceo formationtryingto formsan th be sexuality but nessinhe Therefore, believesin general. that o itexcludes is everythingonly i ‘different’, isnot homosexuality that everything non That veryphilosophy. dangerous Georgianandhomosexualitynot becauseisnotsin everythingisis Georgian it bad isthat itsisand hasparticul present academic Studies,they are previousl kindbackgroundslessofmore academicsupposedbe are andto acqor ingiven fromdegree sameistheprogram thisdirectlyThis not summer. definingrepresen in (MSocSc) from StudiesandGenderof Center will Socialtheanother (CSS) Sciences theacquire inhavefromhasd theironeStudiesaMAs Gender CEU, makeisto wantissue here clearinterviewees backgroundthe four ofbecause academic of ofthem creased power lastyears.who over waspower executiveanfirst creased LGBT Paata, director of the Eka “Ethnic Shota Giorgi 3.2 “Homosexual in Georgiannational“Homosexualethnicdiscourse in i e activistssexualityesince of s an activist from“Identoba”activistsan NationalismChurch the and ,

but interviews the executivethe “Women’s director (WISG)of SupportingInitiatives Group” y discussed inydiscussed thesis. the

ideaofGeorgian member former, the ofboth

background playsisitsbackground it importantI role.think , activistfrom , “LGBTGeorgia” inarguesthat the - religiousnationalcommunistsnarrative after Churchchurch. nowthe isby produced is

churchexistinrighthas definesthewho to

not giving not shouldconsideration into besome taken that activists ofthe - ness and draws itsnessdefinitivedrawsandboundaries:

an ar influen ar

account account

sexuality is still a problem in the country.”(Giorgi)asexualitythe stillis problem in

f theabout idea Georgian.” bef what(Shota)to mean does it , nationalistic , discours Yet,

, “Identoba” “LGBT, andGeorgia”,

ce once

whichproblematized itdoesnot mean waysofarticulation ofthoughts

- Georgiandangerous.”(Irakli)is 28

that if havenot that does one patriarchal heteronormativewhichpatriarchal culture e ise fromcomingchurch the

egree inegree ofSocialMaster Sciences

public space. sbad to keep inkeep mindto that kind this of difference

rder to change rder to situation,the identitypolitics,here though again their sayingt

not becauseisbut not it sin,

ncontradictionGeorgian with uainted with uainted hat: AccordingAnato explains that explainsthat “Nationalismbecame .

a tations of thoughts tationsofthoughts

degree indegree Gender questions are alsotells that

point the churchthe having these “W

aswell, .Ita is ing e shoulde

out

- its

CEU eTD Collection individual,ratherin work competitive than cooperation. movementthe with together which smallfinancialinthe support results afterwards activists’ depoliticizedinanchored culture gay consumption.”domesticityand sustainspossibilitythethem promising whileofdemobilized a privatized,gayaand constituency contestdoesdominant not politics h that run might riskthe ofLisawhatdeveloping politicscalls Duggan‘homonormativity’the “(…) of mainshouldbeThemovement.bewillthe characteristic closelyof the to state the connected to dependencesuggestingcivil sector’s independencgovernment, the on the that moveme warningsasIknowWestand them giving isto becausewe if Europe, woulwithoutWest, wereState and Europe movementofLGBT votesand ofanotherguaranteedproperty”.(Mariam)numberamount money orlanded of processesgovernment political and an government.Churchanyunquestionablecase samehasan of overinfluencein and authority coordinator ofprogramin “Women’s Politics Cultural Revitalized a Toward Democracy: Materializing 57 M Totalitarian 3.3 H However, David“LGBTMikheil, out Georgia”director the ofthe points verywill“Therea isstrong it church connectionbetween governmentthe and the the and be Whentalks between relationshipshe the about c the “State isneutral,be “State handononetryingto onchurchirritate othernot the handthe and the to

Lisa Duggan, “The New Homonormativity: The Sexual Sexual The Homonormativity: New “The Duggan, Lisa ariam nt because they need it ‘there’because it neednt they

notes notes that absencemovements’thecivic ofpast is impedimentcrucialexperienceafor

Iwouldpaying moreattentionsuggest to :

eritage

Fund inFund Georgia” . d they are having mutual benefit,gainingoneguaranteed mutual are theyhaving d

(DavidMikheil eteronormative assumptions and institutionsupholdseteronormative but assumptionsand and Politics of Neoliberalism” in Russ Castronovo, Dana D. Nelson eds., Nelson D. Dana Castronovo, Russ in of Neoliberalism” Politics the

, p. 179 p., state is i stateis 29

)

hurch and the government, Mariam, hurchgovernment, the and the

Shota’sopinion questioning puts itperfectly: puts

nterested strengtheningin LGBT d not d

state’s neutralityissuethe towards 57

have cared about us at all, usat caredhave about

e frome government the

resultsof

the CEU eTD Collection and everything that is not fitting this aspect is not acceptable. If wenoteverythingis aspectand thisnot that isIf acceptable.w fitting impact anddiscourseon ofsexualityis remaini which theyhecontext working in,are finds that totalitarianpointingitstheout with decisive heritage past wh environments(Eka) activism.” the different for attitudeitssharedtowards and the past Soviet theseotherness,gradations the culturallystill form orpoliticalethnic crisiseconomic, onemightanother, be.it matterto Nohow muc selfof civic foundation for environment activism.the riddensocio beingfirststeps forwardssees the LGBTtakenmovement the only now. bymovementsconditionedincivic the (Ana) Calling Georgianitcontext. strengtheningcommunity.”mostimportant the(Ana)the for literatureLGBTToday’s tha neverhave the activismand in:engaged not everyprivilegehas movementthat form theisand movement ofthe activismdetermines that ichmethodsunder intoconsiderationriskare thetakinggood of and copingwithout practices the sexualityhastotalitarianstilland “Societyattitudes recreational seenhavingis asonly aspect expressesShota implementedthenoteworthy over ofprojects concernLGBTorganizations, was “It impossible Eka lackSheinformationthe tells ofis that characteristicsofonethe specificity ofthe ofthe “I Ana t is veryis obvioust that academic experience influ significant hasits

explainshaveGeorgianot acquire didexperienceto theare that chance thechanges and that emphasi ,

and the information the aretheyreceivingand readingeither isoutdated and orconventional. -

political,culturaleconomical andlifeforming has beenvital for exclusive the

zes the importanceofacademic the and zes iswork experienceaswhichshe says, the access to the information isaccessinformation the to

for this tot thisbefore, happen for for - consciousness,

“a bitcatastrophic,butextreme not going “a towards though case, it.” t is easilyisaccessible t notisbest.conventional theworkand Academic is

the space, lots of things are required, but wearethingsrequired, but of lotsspace, from aremoving

West duringFor West Sovietl the period. the an

a bsoluteprivilege 30 hismovementcivicrequires of type the

ng inng recreational paradigm:

that ill not ill

Georgianactivists ence on theenceon cho Further be awareitit,bewill of be

markscrisis that

ast 20 years sheast h weh about talk ice of type of ice of

I think I - CEU eTD Collection socialistexregion.He women.”transbisexualand lesbian, working towards MSMthat andon English translated from becauseacademically identified intereststhenot are whethersociety,the wechanging orthey.in,H fit should open movementthe lacktalksHe lackthe andabout of problematizing theterminolog the strategyforof questioningthe ideologicalhaving arenot are based visionsissues ofbut personalcertaintheir on on disagreements. findsheitissues but problematic that i thesehaveno groups haveofpeoplegroups in interest who LGBTtheworkingcommunityexpressed with LGBT on and whichacademic work he basasseesthe in facingmosttime,and activists,ofhe our similarlythelack the to highlightsan of debates changed. formalafterthat the ofdecriminalizationhomosex wheretotalitarian environment sexuality from indicatesheterosexualityhedifferent persecuted was homophobiastressesneedandwomen’sPuttingthe on of rights. working emphasis an the on (Shota) foundation. organizations,it will Western LGBT Europeanwhenroof the mendinghousebe hasno the c to verydifficult identifiesShota leadershiptendencythe mainas the post of thefor challengeorganizational Mariamherconcerninfact expressesthe regionof similaritytheover with terms movement’sthe emergence“Everywhere before there Irakli,director ofthe “Identoba”also gives notableofisaproblemsmovement the account that informantsisOfheallreflects the on onlyrelationshipthewho the one nessof

the movementthe .

hange thehangewith situation and projectsmeasuresUS the copyingbyand taken

plicates that lackthein that of humanplicates LGBTfew activism theresources and willno , whetherstrengtheningdirectedcommunityorbeshouldat the it t form the movement.” (Irakli)movement.” the t form “gayaremen lessleavingseen, more space activeand for

is foris formation.movement’sthe

ualityin 31 re is no academicgroup,LGBTreno is

ere is no discussiereno is

was 2000, the situationthe significantlyhas2000, not dentified views and problems that viewsproblemsand they dentified that

a debate and debate

He points out pointsHethat areout there on of theseissues,of on of misogynyofand a consensusa overthe

articles of direction of d -

CEU eTD Collection politic problem, sch isconsciousness stillthat strongly pr complex wetermsactivitieslongerhistory,in of different.”(Irakli) arenot wereinterestswithincommunitythe low. I theirsituationsaid and s descriptionthe of wereoforganizations’manywroteseveral themtheleaders me east’s attending, LGBT middle for differenceofhaving shor itisas“backward”, bydonesingles similaritiesactivistsrather, often as well, out only the and inhomophobiasociety. the internalizedovercominghomophob or Iraklithematicstrengthening forming events. sensethe and ofdistinguishes solidarity and havecommunity not members do financialmanaged moreobtain finding to than humanresource resources. contr unequalwithrelations theypeopleworking together are within“out”are people resultsmovement who inthe olarship produced exceptionally produced olarship Western”“thefor context, GeorgianIfthati stress activists case onbeenhavetrainingone the of “I wheremonth IGLYOfor in and Amsterdam,European all Whenabout talking ol.And he s and internationalsand sexual discourses.

socio I do itbecausedo I LGBTi politics - politicalheritage,nationalistic chauvinism is not isonlyarticulatesthe hethis who one Irakliproblem.out points that also

difficultiesthe ter history ter movements.of

However, However, the “luxury”the ofsocial communications ia“ goalpriorasthe of evalent in ifevalent country.Andthe

comparingcountriesto other

movement ismovement Iraklistruggling with, n Georgia isinfluencednstronglyGeorgia sexceptional, ame, thatthesolidarityinvolvement,and ame, sense of can

t Georgiabackward,haveisjustsay they that

32 a smallnumberaof

they mostlybytheyitexplainthe acknowledging

with, mechanismthe without of

and xenophobia, and the lackxenophobia,andthe and of civic Identoba”

therefore its therefore applicability ais

I ground the thesis in thesisground the I the he , alongside , fightingwith does not portray not does asGeorgia

leadersarein who often

, spaces, clubs,spaces, exhibitions , by

adds the faaddsthe

the transnationalLGBTthe ct that ct

mut ual CEU eTD Collection ofconsultations with increasingself integra better have thisgroup “LGBT Foundation”fact isthe andthat Group”homogenous not necessities membersthe and ofthat work inmenAghdgomelacommunity. Eka LGBT the inwomen Georgia. importanceshowthe andidentitiesnecessity politicalpolitics namingandoffor sexual nowadays of itsandrepresentedachievementsbyaimsand interviewed becauseI activists these representations wantprogram same.will the I do I also no inpossessingmarijuanakeepingand Eka office,Aghdgomelashvili theleft the but organization “Women’sexecutiveclub” “Inclusive arrested director andof Sabelashvili Foundation” Paata for when2009 December, policetheo raided firstmeetings“InclusiveFoundation” wherecalled “Women’s soon But carried wereclub”after out. wasWISG’sEkarunningAghdgomelashviliby executive director infirstLGBTOrganization the fromGeorgiaworksprogram a2006 onempowerment. B of LBTgroup animprovingprotectingandaim women’srights of their cultural socio and t stop t LBTgroup “Women’s Initiativesfounded(WISG), Group” Supportingwomenfor byin women with 2002 3.4

on such program was the greater amountsuch on menspentprogramwasgreater on ofthe in resources “Inclus the Paata SabelashvPaata LBT “Women’sLBT workingprogramthecont on managed and to tion intionLGBTcommunity.M the - ’s esteem among LBT women iswomen esteememphasized.LBT Theamong program freeprovides also services ,

differ fromneededdiffer and eachin reach other women theirspace to own the order

empowermentprogramis oftencalled

a ilineedformationexplainedWomen’sthe of byclub’s dominanceof thegay psychologist andpsychologist sexologist

Club”

to provide information to about rganizationduring meetingsofonethese regular of ost importantly ost t

shvili stated that some stated shvilithat decidingforreasons oftheto

33 for the membersfor the

inueitsmeetingsregular

the “Women’stheclub” heandempowermentaim of .

reasonsof efore 2009 efore - economical status ineconomical status

and referring to referringthisand to

inspacesafera

club’s formationclub’s ,

thisprogram ive .

did CEU eTD Collection emphasizin hasswearbecomethe rather thana megay and inaccordingactivists asother group well, notthe only belonging asstronglyof LBT group h isolated, asocial and menforpublicsaunas in spacesforms housesof bath or unlikestresses characteristicand womenthe is LBTgroup veryindicates Sheasocialexistenceandthe closed to one. ofavailable gathering Women’safteremergingyearsnow are onlyclub ofWomen’s existence. club’s o one motivatedbeand formedresulta ofas socialization. essentialistunderstandingsit of selves that inadequate first improveofall theirpsych mainthe strategy working stillisSo, with c andready betheyit to firs for withthesecarriedthemselves,byabovebepeopleshould havelaws theyout thereforebut changing weifwhich thing realsocialmostimportantchanges about arehappen talking not shouldfrom nowadayssuggestsAlthough it Eka that isin First ofallmenthat moreEka telling aresuccessfully Georgia socializedthan alsoinstated Eka for movementthat order arise,the haveto people shouldthe intoconsiderationTaking this on emphasis hasbecomeverystill but “Advocating importantworkI that think fit.impetusesnotethe Itimportant isfor to that of these signs n too. and notes that itmight be notes indicatorthat andthe homophobiaofinternalizedisproblem the which

g the sexualtheidentity g shesays to beginto identitiesbeyondidentity theorizing criticizing the politics or oftheorganization

minist andminist explaining

to engageinto Sheit.Women’s observes this isissigns and of that process glad club - word and iseverythi and word to related t oft ological state ofbein state ological

all need something else and not onlyallsomethingnot needelse and

that the latterreceive themight morethat itnegative because reaction

is is ommunity.” (Eka ommunity.”

easier because easier youcounter canhavea directed to form,insteadto directed path of the

easier to makeeasierto a

the avingindifficultya acquiring needindividuals ofin workingwith to order g and selfand g 34 ngnegativeand dangerous

the ) -

understanding

problem for LBT group only but forproblem but LBTforgroup only nnouncement withlesbian nnouncement ofnamea

protests among protests ing withexactlying isthe people officialdocumentsorlaws.

itbecomesbit a

the sense of group sensethe ofgroup ,

ological one, but when but youare sense of protest senseprotest of - membersof argument

womenand CEU eTD Collection we experienceweis belongingandreason ofthe our can group we this it.to by changecollectiveaction factareunderstanding we thatrepresenting ofsociathe one formingsen the think I thannameexplicitlygroup.the with ofLBT orientation itsinprocreativeandfacing aspect are of we doubleterms discrimination basedsexandon sexual visiblemake women’sgroup theandexplaining isafter that forinteresting sexualitysocietyonlythe Sheidentityqueering representsprocess. politicsnecess as because rights, shethinks changeinto somethingsociet the civic helpidentity,alsoto andempowermentyou creatingcan safehidingsocialwhere communicateyour spacewithout First, shepicture. tells mainof onethe also that for direction besidessexual the one. itway’excludesideological rhetoricandlesbian political, the might haveidentitythat character beproblemabut argu memberMariamofWomen’s as the saysfunction clubthe club that the her forthat had was asas not out “Welesbians,this noarepossiblefeminists readygoing is but it, oneyet, not is for Fur hand, other Nino the onwho ingitis identity yourthat identity and person’s can

activism it i it ther s fine f

together, she attogether, concludeswomen asthat point feministsthismorecan easily rather act shefirstlesbianby concept ofaddsthe created that emphasizingshouldbe educating, Nino states that states oneNino that se of communitybelonging seof and ornow.” (Nino)

someone’sThisit. attitude towards representation

people ininternalizedhomophobiapeople overcomingbec

that first that

isworkingtoget ybyself positioning asa

shouldbestrong the construct should be formedconstructshouldtheitfollowed canbe thenbeand by the

as well as the feelingwellasasthe of solidarity the and herinwith Eka 35 enough

not

ary form aryinof activismnowadays to order group member. group beproblemalike her color skin l group and discrimination lviolence, group the inhave to order ability ambitionthe and “ WISG

“WISG”, I think I ”

ison working ause in order to start in auseto the order

isoppositethe drawing is ‘bornthisthe close to a group’s can no t

CEU eTD Collection the orientationof can fundamentallyfactor that lifechangeofhethe organization, in though acknowledges that not orientated in insidetermsgroup the ofmembbetween conflictsthe energy. inyoupeoplelivingup are grown when aresuch requiresand lotsenvironment, an oftime and one lessmeninup andway ofcommunicativebecause thebrought Georgia. are they issueimportantisbecauseofsocialization LBTwomen shenotesas wellmore asocial that are than factwomenbesidesthat identity thethose women getting to arethey known who with,the share formedmovementbeto a as activismthefor is nowadaysam whenalreadyare womenvisibilityfor ready she resource greater activity andthethinks tellsthat and logicalveryinSheand gradual considers environment. Georgianthe in group andsamenumberabundantGeorgiathe time areof at stereotypes there group against the work - futurewhile Iraklioutward that orientationthinks of isShota suggesting that Tamta another activistAccording to Discussing two for vanifor

years that girlsyears havingthat are their own

recallsthat shing of the group group thatthe of shing “ on publicon visibility unlike

WISG strategies he is not sure lesbiannot ishethat representmanagecommunity to publiclytheirwill rights ”

there wasproblemathere

is logical.is of naming, she points out Q ofthat naming,sheout points

re . S asonswhygay LBTcommunity men problemshavenoto comparing he ong women becauseiswomendivided thisnot more potential ong group has and

from“Identoba” istelling

isinvisiblealready because

other two LGBTother organizationsi publicthe andprofile

with makinggirls with activeand that Women’s makesthat club the initiatives.workingindividually saysShe that also with

gay community might leaveitpositiongay inmight incommunity better a , Natia, , developmentof 36

ers ueer might befact Women’smight is the that club

ispositionpolitically will whichweak

no talksonename the with of

present its membersits notes notes tha

lesbiancommunity was period t itis t

more to beto the time

only

active the - group group

sthe and LBT last

CEU eTD Collection ri for lawyersdefendersshouldand actions:wheninsultingis someonethem beating,physically, tortu declares: the identitypolitics. issuestheseproblemsare th and necessityformingthe sensebelongingthe of of notand on(Irakli) socialvalues,satisfaction friendship. masculinity,weak of whichonveryorientationgroupisrepresentingmodeling be sexual might the appr womens’groupandof the higher havesolidarityselfthey in organization but groupinternalitscommunityby happenafraidsame themight in Georgia. andexamplegivesofmovementsoftenangay who ghts minoritofghts sexual not beingisnot what i but andhappening persecuted oppressed, today interviewinnewspaper“Asaval published the “mamatmavlebi.” against as law the known 58 “Defending NanaKakabadze 3.5 f What is communityasit “Lesbianformed

aisal of community members.extremely communityisof Gayaisal disintegrated,solidaritythis among

Georgian slang for homosexual man, implying criminalization connotation of the term as Sodomy Law in Soviet Georg Soviet in Law as Sodomy of the term connotation criminalization implying man, homosexual for slang Georgian (What“born ifIwasnot way”?) this ImplicationsofRhetoricStrategic way” Use of “Bornthis

rom these discussions should be clear ismainbethesefocusdiscussions clear rom strengtheningshould the on that group, the

rights of sexual minorities or concretely, ofsexualrights minorities or of

–

the leaderthe ofo ies,but

take careinit, forof take order them

the propagandathe of e presenceproblemse of such - orientated

rganization“FormerHumanforin Political Rights” prisoners

today by concreteby today organizationdifferent from is

charact

and community and and - ‘ Dasavali”,edition 19 mamatmavloba 37 er. If outside,nameunderarethe If theythen going er. did nodid

t care about womenaboutcare t he is and that states ‘ mamatmavlebi does not g not does to have for to conditionsthe ring,arresting,human rights ’ , lesbianism , transsexuality.”and

sense of solidarity meansofsensesolidarity that

n Georgia, isdefending n Georgia, not ivepossibility the - 25 , ’

in 58 -

assessmentand implies March of2012

following

the

a of rejecting of quietlife,

ia was was ia gay

CEU eTD Collection around the issuein around inbethe should or ignored first publicParliament LGBT becausethe not asthe didhav that act thenot seenhighlightingsuccessasthe it worth wasfirst precedentinsincethefact Caucasus, South thethe humandefendrights defender discriminationunde and2000 saying makingemphasizingpublic excuse, supportreenact121 Personally, to I mamatmavalihisthe speakabout loudly sexual unhealthyyouorientationpropagating are it. and inpersonbecause prison oftheir sexu ‘ futureasGeorgia’swell. Insuch traditional religiousandno should countryone propagatingdare humanrights.” mamatmavloba. 60 %E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98#download %E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%A1%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1 %83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98 %E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83% %E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A %E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94 59 itHerewith, I think “Whiledevelopedworld strive Ininresponsethis to “ “ […] […]

https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=315367465185801 http://www.scribd.com/doc/86154316/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94 […] […]

isinconsonantforvery Putting forward this issuePuttingthisforward harmfulis familiesonly our not for the state encouragesfavours andstate the propaganda depravity,the of

’ initsofficial that: announcement

Inorthodoxy r sexual orientation, hearing sexualorientation, r er opposes humanopposes rights.er e any kind of social basis anyeofthis for socialnot resultkind the changewas andof debates

terview LGBT o LGBT terview

important to sayimportant act the to though ofinisdecriminalizationthat often 2000 ‘ mamatmavloba “

LGBT Georgia LGBT s

for humanfor r the fact the ofdecriminalizationhomosexua of

article Criminalthe Code.” of al orientation, but it isbut itorientation, youalletting are certainly crime,when a

rganization“LGBTGeorgia” called ”

ightsmanyequalityeliminate and countriesaim to ’ antihuman announcem antihuman

”

ismortalisthe right a it not “Maybe put sin!” to . Unfortunately, this is not a firstUnfortunately,a is. c not this

9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1

- -

- - %E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0 59

ents from ents human rights and children, but for children, but and

inviolates coarselyresult - 121

Nana Kakabadze forKakabadze Nana - lityinin Georgia %E1%83%94 ase, whenase, - - CEU eTD Collection you tellcannot isactually bornpersonwiththinkthe that sexu biologically banning‘homosexualunderstanding homosexualtheagrees identitywith propaganda’ ofas identity”this Kakabadzeitherethatwas noted not ‘news’ the “ Kalandadze that repeated sayingexist, asshepoliticswas the only source ofof theagainst “propaganda”, government dialogueKakabadzedefendingwhereas having was herselfhad whichsubjectiveright to opinion a Kakabadzeit, wassaying by agreed Kalandadze byrepliedsayingthat: “Subjectiverepre the whereOpinion” isrepresentationcommonthe ofway dichotomous of Georgia ‘West’ the and significantishereAnother point comparthe legislationofimprovedthe byleftandpubliclyonly purpose questioned.thiscanbe unknown meetingplacecriteria inmembershipwas theof gaining thereforeCouncilEurope, the effect theof “InclusiveorganizationFoundation” writes, Pg&sig2=lnG ficials%2520in%2520Georgia%2520%2520final.doc&ei=Y6ilT4yUFYOLswaSyeWjBQ&usg=AFQjCNHlMie europe.org%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F8014%2F48865%2Ffile%2FHomophobic%2520statements%2520by%2520public%2520of 61 Reminding “H Fewpublishingdays abovementionedafter the TV article,Kakabadzeshowinvitedthe to was

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=& uman is borniswith specificsexual changeumanidentity sameit” theytheand at cannot time asshe determined. determined. - jqGBP6

herthis Magdacaseemphasized your - Qv2X1jofchw opponent that homosexuality opponent i that

[…] […]

itis human’s

esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CGYQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilga “yes,In ofverycourse”. the atm tensed

sentativeof“IdeLGBTOrganization 61 ison betweenisonGeorgia“developed the and which world”

identity,wayishuman bornthat lives human and with

the foronly actthe of decrimi reason al identity,al

ininterviewthe s“ 39

simply the sexuality” and that in simplysexuality”giventhat thethe and inhomophobicthe societ

for her.for T with mewith he author callof the for that that ntoba osphere formedfor ospherethe .

al though she does not not shedoes though ” Magda” VzhS3oZ5FO4jILqj6IAe3 nalization takingnalization ylike Georgia - CEU eTD Collection (Shota) detenaturally wasway,them by nothingitchangecansoand anymore happened bornthat just becauseis it you convince opinions. homophobicareIf my tryingto discrimination”: personalbyfreeassistanceisnotwhichwill, autonomyfurtfor “latent rhetoric andthe “unethical”“unjust”andand t initiatedefender’s rights to banningattempt ‘homosex copying peopleconform dyadic thein ofto two structure monogamouspairing” a exposure“destructiveofthemyth “soulmate”facta andof “overwhelmingof the cultural pressureto beenclosedinforward have withandput communiti silence queer to the This on polygamy,negativeidentity politics, queerof effects scienc categories, work ofGeorgian LGBT (Magda) changed.” the danger of willface often homosexua argued that: sheinmomenttalk to hadwaybehad awhich characterizedshedone, strategiccanasmove. theShe

the questiothe 53p. 62 human rightsrhetoric“Whendefender pathologizingthe orientedof ison says Shota thisthat, way,bymeanspeople chosen certain th Ac “If

reminds meremindsofD Donald E. Hall, “ Hall, E. Donald tivists

specialistswasGenderpretensionthisStudiesa in have that of wrong definition

tendencies present in present tendencies the lity, I thinkat thatitthat I timewas lity, necessa

rarely rminedasperson’s ‘invali n of where the different sexuality from,wherenis different of the already comes

Reading Sexualities, Hermeneutic theory and the future of queer studies queer of future and the theory Hermeneutic Sexualities, Reading

problematized the ‘bornthisthe problematized way

onald Hall who points out pointsto Hallonaldout who

organizationsin the hinks rhetoricofthe activists that idea shouldbe by determined the of need to defineto needhuman be cannotsexuality assomethingthat

‘ West

’s’ dity’ dity’ general, tells tabooinggeneral, that

LGBTm -

to usethenterm,pathologization.” to isthisold the

issues that are rarelyare issues always that or addressed 40 ainstream. He says that the answer says Hetheainstream. that to ’ r ’ ry to talk likeand talk Ithat think to ry

ualpropaganda’

hetoric. Shota, a

person that the one whoonepersonthe that consideredis sick at toda at

debates on issueslikeon debates who iswho criticalquite to

yis ishappeningwhat ” London and New York: Routlege, 2009, 2009, York: Routlege, and New ” London e not havingfinal not thee answer was “disadvantwas indirection.itself wrong the es, makingpleasing a es, 62

, it canstrengthen ,it only

in the age her future we future ous”, even ous”, the humanthe

the CEU eTD Collection will work for will those, work fall not do into biologicaltheis often casewhichthe determinism as she tells. sexualitiesandsocially culturally,are historicallyconstructed it and they about shouldtalk defined, butargumentused,thisunderstandis still,can you beif to have very(Mariam) careful.” the connectedto us, addsthat: working simplecommunication, for weand opposeto have whyand modernsomarginalizedhomosexualis thing the act haseffect becausethat and this thereis inmakesnowadaysSheworthof attention: Georgia. point a manyfor important theirforself people wrongtheresomethingis that with activity, particular (Ana) identity.” sexual areway.peoplebornthis but orientation It withagreementin is rhetoricKakabadze’ssays and indicatesit, seriouschoosinga to problem. inarethatthere peopleawareproblematic group are the who of stillare ofcharacter rhetoricthis but answer hadheinKakabadze,to heindicates ithave wouldsame theway, done that though hand,suggestingOnNatia other the argues that unstable, Additionally Mariamis inasrhetoricofwell, thisbecoming saying that source trapped normalization,the a However, “Politics that issueAnadiscussinghand onealso thethe critically on The director offinding “Identoba”although ifthisproblematic ‘born the way’ that discourse says “Although, homosexualitysooften is“Although, west consideredthe productofbe fashion, to imposedon min5 “Whenhaveon you youTV an

example that sexualhasnotorientationexample existingthat beenas fterwardsinaddsthat argument spiteof ofthis,

emphasizes the needbeingiftheand that t carefulofemphasizes proposes activists ‘ weare whoare eliteshow norms and live happily. No one wouldhappily.normsNolive and one orunderstandlisten and

born this waydo bornthis therefore asserting - business, sphere of spherethereintellectuals,areaccusationsbusiness, Isomany of that

achieving concreteachieving (Ana) effect.”

that that can - comfort and isaand also comfort no

homosexualityis curable.

is t startittellingis t that

notthewith differentrhetoric actually i

41 that there is something wrongtheresomethingis that with

not

judge me judge is

changeableofsexual identity character sayingthat: powerfulrhetoriceffective and being ’

a is problematic because in fact itproblematicisbecause in fact a conceptatisthisa all and

socialconstructionthat and “born this way” is firstis“born way”thisofall

hinkthat ts basictsidea

that i that the

this factthis sthe on it CEU eTD Collection acknowledging withaimheterosexualityan of destabilizingnaturalizing without identities. gay workingon insteadsolution,she basedbiologicalon incontagion the to is whichoppose seendeterminism order not theory, asthe contagio Promointerestingby ‘No point theHomo’ campaignsthat built areon arguing theory the of itswithidentitiesessentialistitcategoriesleaves of uswithin fixedShe minority makes the angroup. responseto solvemust discourse?” journals,and conferences” “(…)we runinto Recognizingdifficulty that moment stepwe classrooms, the outsideour books, ask important to q the should result, be examined. maindeterminismbecometheactivistsfor doesclaim and what taking implicationsare shouldthere into bethat taken changeable can youcurable, and want meanchangeable,is basis I the of it extent identity, 64 63 inwillLisa“Queering State”(1994) Dugganthe helpful be Wh we changeablecharacterwethe identity,“If and to of appeal makean

Lisa Duggan, “Queering the State”, the State”, “Queering Duggan, Lisa to start a conversation with the society, society whichwithconversationstartsocietysociety,a the to homosexualityasserts isthat Ibid., p. 5 p. Ibid., ile I fullyile I acknowledge that n which mightbeLGBTnfor seenwhich reason as rightstheformingfor activists theirarguments

difficulties linked to processlinkedthe oflanguagetranslationdifficultiesto ofand queer

64 difficultiescan “strategicbethat called ways to showways promotionoffthe to reverse, theofapparatuses heterosexuality by state the but I do no Ido but

What sheWhatis inbe suggests to politically that order andeffective

that civil that rig

suggests the movesuggeststhe away from no uestion which isuestion part significantfoundationofthefollowing which ofthe thesis. t wanttbecauseway it thechangelike to I am.”(Natia) I tanswer th

63 hts strategies would not andbestrategieshtsnot shouldnot wouldreplacedin somesi

“ […] […] Social Text, Social

em withyou claim, c em same the

intentionsofmatters,speakingindeed Iwith rhetoric this think how dohow representwepolitical our inconcerns pub

No. 39 (Summer, (Summer, 39 No.

betterconsideration. W

42 rightsclaims a of essentialism”isproductivenot certainly because the sexualorientation,the it

1994), p. 5 p. 1994),

here an no because inbecausefindsitshearticle this

minor t tellthatthemt

hybiolothe does a

stance against itgivesin stance against do no do ity group andity rather group willno transformativewe At samethe as time

t know to whatknowt to argues that the arguesthat t work.t If yes, ityes,is lic gical changeable tuations tuations you CEU eTD Collection useof challengeintellectuallylacking positiona coherent into rationality.”logic so or asexplicitlyWilton andfind here I that sta this states beselfweaknessto strivenbyrigorous moralagainst crusade and speakingessentialist,contamination, homosexuality personalofadisease, asana or abomination undesirable. implyingt refusingpossibilitythe ofte isofwhichcontamination importantly,althoughspread ofthehomosexuality isinin placedI ofthinkcase termsdisease, this guarantee not anddoes homosexuality.fornature innatenessofArguingthe andof homounchangeable character andtreatment needhomosexualsthe dobe of cured, oftento acknowledgeinborn proposition the of canof rest popu the attract responseto is group builtupon believe claimsI though benot that based onshouldsame the eliminate discriminationinborntheisphenomenonis basedthec on not which politicallyself shearguesthat: 67 66 65 “Therhetoricmixhasof alwayshomophobia illand beenaninformed essentialist anti of messagehomosexualitySending a unlike innateisthat homophobia shouldsomehow thisand

Ibid., p. 46 p. Ibid., 46p. 1995, Routlege, an Agenda”, Setting Studies: “Lesbian Tamsin Wilton, 11 p. Ibid.,

work ofDianaWilton work her Fussessentialismsuggestionis(1989) to the that refers direct the hatincreasing

claimshomosexualityposit canbehavior that or be diseasethat as acontaminated that

- assertive linguisticsexual and talk assertive conceptualto about tools diffe “ In representing our situation lessinneedwemore In our representinga discourse, defensive, public ,

I do understandmessagedo the that willno

homosexual practices and transitions fromhomosexual practicestransitionsheterosexuand lationlearnedbepeopleto ‘promotion’.the and But due the suggesting t necessarily t fordemandthe most recovery.And the recede

tement veryis “It devisehardtement pertinent: to an can becan

nusedasself described

logicaccusations thetowards that - discipline.” - defensive tactics, runstactics,risk defensive the of

as somewhat strategicas somewhat 66 onvincingevenand al identitiesal

67 Andput itwant I to rence.“

Makingusefula

65 sexuality

is badisand - CEU eTD Collection the accounts givenaccounts theby partici homophobia.theyAs political arepresent psychologicalsuch, Thisin isand trap. reflected certain of “ perhapsoppression, group ofaforcustomarily peopleespecially bullieda homosexuality argue answerweisthat Thedo questionhow iscurable. them ‘normal’heterosexuality.is approachfromone, by This often used church reactionaries the who embracepossibilitythe of a stancetake ofnaturalizing sexualitybeing for arguing bornandwith sexuality, certain wewhen externalinternalandforces decision mechanically,them“ accuratelywritesfullychange sexualitiesnot I and althoughcontrolling do agree, weour through essentialistpolitics ofLGBTorganizations.Georgian ofdegreeessentialism ferocity the homophobia.wellThisto corresponding might of explain the respo 69

69 7 p. 2009, 68 soit,beus’“The‘wehelp plea, can’t niceis seductive to experiencea the to responseof “ Inthe amarg not I

“Essentialisttheoriesmuchhowever maythen, somepeoplegay product welcomeaofthem, are

Tamsin Wilton, “ Tamsin Wilton, “ Hall, E. Donald nse andthefelt by to oppression correlation group thebetween the inis these resulted the

Sexual (Dis)Orientation: Gender, Sex,Desire Sexual Gender, (Dis)Orientation: uingfor createsomeabilitythe asDonaldkind inbut to ofdesires ourselves Hall Sexual (Dis)Orientation: Gender, Sex, Desire and Self Desire Sex, Gender, (Dis)Orientation: Sexual Reading [ . . .

] Sexualities. Hermeneutic theory and the future of queers studies queers of future and the theory Hermeneutic Sexualities. we certainlywe findcanourselves over altered ti

alteration, we possibly get requestalteration,sexualitiespossiblythewealter our to into get back pants ininasmuch thispants asstudy, essentialist/orientationalist beliefs about

- makingprocesses

[ .

. - andSelf . fashioning ] ” 68 . Andis it . whenthat refusewetrue to ”, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p. 26 p. 2004, Macmillan, York: Palgrave New ”, - fashioning” (2004) Wilton fashioning” (2004) me through a wideame varietythrough of ”, London and New York: Routleg and New ”, London ndexcludedyoung.when .

writes: e,

CEU eTD Collection communityisfacinghavingisiswhoactivist.“out” onenowadays nopublicly relevant. surpri not afterwards life,leadsallfor understanding the to as expected one’s ofselfone’sborn homosexual andas homosexua partiallybecause propaganda mainbethe r itspreadhomosexualityis arguing willingpropaganda to forcesof“born argument the queeringunderstandinginthe identity ofnotsexual and Georgiaonly. oflifebornwith LGBTcommunity, is resultsI whichthink “identityof onethose of politics”and identityalsoanother, but one gives to handa to impedimentisdiscourse not onlyof inquestioningprocess the from sexualityone’stransitioningand desires intimate,forsexualon, act romantic with contact wom or other nature theimpede, of‘lesbianism’to facilitate, rather acted than theirto recognitionand of, ability to 70 “Women’satMariam, programcoordinator an inthat states Georgia”Fund 3.6 Strongemphasis propagatinginvisibilityon itshomosexualitydemanding and from spacepublic am forI it I isconcernedwiththinkI believe thought thisquite ‘born accurate. thisthat way’

Ibid., p. 187 p. Ibid.,

(StatingOne’s Homosexuality NecessaryPoliticsofS

l identity that canl identitybeWilton’sthat Herewithchanged. sensebeingthe explanationthat gayof ’c and esponse

- lastingindicator identityshouldbestable that sexualclear necessitofthe the the church who is institis churchthe who laimingstable singly results insinglyclaims supportingresults be essentialist of - argument. Mostly andargument. LGBTactionsorganizations’ work are

elf inborn

- naming

– identities utionally pos utionally

An Act ofSeduction?)Act An

the violent identityviolentthe policing practiceseven within the

becomesresponsethe 45

itioneddictate, to

en.”

arguesunstablefor ingbornhomosexualis for 70

homophobic quarters

other problem other LGBT

it s part spart

censuredas

this way” this to –

rhetoric y of ’

CEU eTD Collection of person ispeopleof personidehave that seenpersonnever awho oftenmainthesay functioncominghas improvementthat besidesthat out theof psychological state very memberofhomophobicLGBTgroup vulnerable onepresumablyrenders Activiststo reactions. ar product ofimposesheteronormativeheterosexu regime which isnecessity.whichasthe presented possibilityvisibilityfollowing isrights, ofclaiming therefore “collectivethe ofouts” result coming (Shota) circumstances: basistherethesea ismovements.”think(Nino) for ordermovement,call in visibilityto it even the Geor seen feministmovementin not is LGBTgroup. visible.”(Giorgi)be should peopleseen, Inareordercommunity,increaseasking youacceptancebe communityshould to of. acceptance of society almostinescapableasmeans,an increasingfor ‘acceptance’.element the of “everyone afraid is spherethis activein of being rigths.”(Mariam) LGBT gayishelesbianon orshe a that is TV. Therearevery fewpe e heterosexuale otherwise,indicated indicationthisuntil ofself risky and act LGBTactivists’concern visibility linkedconsequentially over in is Georgia often to resulted “ articulatesAnd onlyconnectionbetweenthecomingand Shota privilege the certainout under thinkmovement thereyet,cannotno “I ismajoritystill enough see groupthere not isthe acGiorgi, DavidMikheil, the publiclyproblemthat weisone there“The noout precedentislgbt no haveactivistsayingof Nino fromNino“WISG”qu also activistLGBTand“Whenarewantthe you youwork risingawareness to issue the the of on in Being visible in homophobic environment withinvisibleinenvironment movement, homophobicBeing lgbt p means the being

and reduce the homophobia, you reducehomophobia, and the

tivist fromtivist as“LGBT need Georgia” accentuates the one out ofalso coming of the

goingoutbeing and(Davidout.”Mikheil director of “LGBTis Georgia”director LGBTof movement no says there because that estions invisibilityduemovementtheexistence the to of

Coming out out Coming

willno

t be able to dobeto itt able unless whoshow you society the to –

self

- namingasnon nt ifyinginoffrontnon them as ople whooutcoming and are ready ople for ality on youbyality anon )

- heterosexual

- identificationa assumption that assumptionthat isthe gia, though gia, I rivileged. of the of

- logical s a you ”

CEU eTD Collection simple‘self expressing statement homosexualthebecomes verbal“thedesire vehicleandof seduction” aminhomosexual”isfantasy”,a“paranoidusing casesof phrase Butler’sinto the transformed listener” understanding Shethat writesnecessarily ofdoesasit utterancenot an “acts act uponthat meanthe andact effmight what framedesiresownsexual andself centurys impositions”decisionsisandwhichand operation late anbecamethis only possible after bodilyone’sto emotionalstatement andthe of “I responses am by “set determineda…”certainof inmembers to order the orga three are unfortunatelydifficulties that linked aspsychologicallynot people and at same“out” though bravethe asare, time awarenessofrisks and homosexual“closeted” asprogressivenot aspoliticallyin gain should asbetheyto their rights order ifrelatives.amongfriendsare theyor their lessheterosexualbecominghomophobictheywhenhomosexuals aregetting to are known especially 74 73 72 1 p. 2009, 71 “ExcitableInthe analyzingspeech”how statement goes thethrough “I Butler am homosexual”a DonaldThe ofidentifyingact self to according expressedThe needofcomingactivists out bystressedsometimesandpic drawsa

Ibid., p. 111 p. Ibid., 113 p. Ibid., “ Butler, Judith “ Hall, E. Donald 72 exology and itsconsequentialand exology identity politicsthe in couldprovided taxonomyonewhich

but the issue but is the hereover that

- definitional’stateme nizationsis

Excitable Speech. A Politics of the Performative of Politics A Speech. Excitable Reading strengthenthem politi ect itincan situationsect produce particular is who audience.ondepending the

Sexualities. Hermeneutic theory and the future of queers studies queers of future and the theory Hermeneutic Sexualities. directed towards improving towards directed psychologicalthe state ofLGBTcommunity’s nt, but assaying nt,but you want sexually.” “I -

understanding.

to the to determinationforceprescr ofthe cally

actis ofcoming out

”, ”, Hall is an act ofreducingis complexHall the act an story of 47

New York and London: London: and York New

mostlydesignated Routlege, 1997, p. 113 p. 1997, Routlege, ”, Londo 74 ibedto ofutterancethis“I

“Homosexuality,within n and New York: Routlege, York: Routlege, and New n . Work Work ofall. of ture of ture

- nineteenth 73

not the -

CEU eTD Collection statement marchapproachingencourageimitation.actionto as Theaiming same goe ofhomose as understood temptationfearsproducingarousingtowardspublicdirected visibility desireand that collective therefore inducement.andofThedesireof expression marchhomosexual act is marviewingconsequentialthe of to discussing ofneedthemarches,banning the as pride or bepropagandacan reaction understood the inmadehomosexuality’self a discourse.” isseta it incitethatprecedentand into supposed acts series astructured of similarlypublic seriously needsurelytake is"comingto contention theintended out" example, that contagious as a be asunderstoodwouldperformingShe not further “…we homosexualthatout pointstheact. to homosexualhaveidentitystatement asperformativethecontagionalone not would that and effect meaning isutterance “performativitydiscourseonlyby possiblestate amakes that of verythis attribution” pathologizingofhomosexualitydiscourse “imposingandpanicdiseasethethe us[heterosexuals]”, over on as conte "homosexuality"becomesverytheof dangerous communication participating act inwhich, a metonymy,thiscontagion.has paradigmparanoidbecome a for Theself 78 77 76 75 Accordingstatingunderstanding Butler of statement homosexualityone’s ofseduction an as act

Ibid., p. 124 p. Ibid., 125 p. Ibid., 121 p. Ibid., 116 p. Ibid., mporarysacredlistenerscene,revaluationits infects ofthat ,

that if that regulator the ofissue.homosexualityis the xualsmighthave children‘fatal’by,aon bepassing resulteffect canparticularlythe of 78

Whatwantsay I to is f demandherethe that

yconstruinghomosexuality discourse ofnot utterancewerethe of - defensive tone that tone wasvery recentlydefensive frequentlyvoiced while

ch for exampleforcollectiveasa selfch

And inlight,And this 76

but she but suchmakesthatclear performativeeffect of the

or putting‘imposing endan or to itis l the - immaculately

east probable that east Butler notes, works forworks Butler notes, - naming group by LGBT - descriptive utterance ofutterance descriptive swhen individualthe - through the ear. the through one canone respond ”

75 77

CEU eTD Collection question: homophobiathat ischoicewhicha ofobject‘pathologification’ dayonewill lesbiannot be againgay.” or notionofpolitiforpathology remainsavailable pathologyhomophobiawith questionisthe from“[..]which two onetrend diseased: theofhomosexuality replacing only leavingchangesofobject pathologization,inthe debateparadigmthe the pointarguing important homophobiathat for diseasea homosexuality, pathologythanas and rather discriminate!” hasone right to the is!”not ischoice! the “HomosexualityHate not is “Everyonelove!therighthas disease”the No to Slogansweek. spreadbysame in thesameorganization the “Orientationcity thetime at saying were Thesewere behaviorallydeconstructed.” repertoireand that responsivenessviolence the so bysaying 80 9 p. 2009, 79 Sloganaims K Referringto a isis!”Choice,“Orientation “Homosexualityanot Hate disease, not is 3

.7 Ibid., p. 33 33 p. Ibid., E Donald

Slogans From‘Homosexuality

: “ : to what extent isextentwhat to homophobia choice

slogans of “LGBT Georgia” on a discussiona“LGBTslogans onGeorgia” “Freedomof duringFear” and I the […] . Hall, “ . Hall,

frankly, I to say homophobiabiologically not isthat u to given Reading Sexualities. Hermeneutic theory and the future of queer studies queer of future and the theory Hermeneutic Sexualities. Reading itzingerWilton(1987) in“LesbianAgenda”Studies:makes Settingan (1995) an

wouldn’ - 79 as

- - as pathology achieves no moreno achievespathology focus.thanAschangelongaof as the

- t mindpeopleexpand more attempt seeing t to their sexual

Pathology’ To ‘HomophobiaTo Pathology’ can becan

changed unlikewant homosexuality.raise changed I to Here a ?Especially

cal deployment, candeployment, guarantee there no thebe calthat - producing polarities of hetero/homo are brashly,producingare polaritieshetero/homo of 49

when being a proper Georgianbeing manproper a when - as nlike homosexualitynlikesuggests and - P 80 athology’ ”, London and New York: Routlege, Routlege, York: and New London ”,

Homophobia is!”Homophobia of pathology of where

- DAHO as - –

CEU eTD Collection providesobservations that which unchangingnationalism” ofhomophobiarepresenting “astimelessa unchanging and of an part equally and timeless ofpost processes. leavrealms bymakesvaluablegroundinghe note ahomophobiawriting that inpersonaland psychological in“Others”fearofsexual personal approachesisdiscusseshe understanding inhomophobia post and perceived,appreciatedas treated trulyGe within.” pervasivelyexternalizing “endangers”homosexualityparanoid, a fromreasonablethe person that embodieshomophobicnorms” cultural yourmanlinessheterosexuality,national identity.manReasonable and “the is Georgianwho one proving meanshomosexualityitsexcludingfromHomophobia boundaries. 84 83 82 81 AndasRenkinexamines associationof LGBTtheandpeople West” “the“Europe with approachAnother isthatis beencontested homophobia understandingsurprising not a as result Renkininin“HomophobiaBelongingunderstandingsQueer and Hungary” arguesthat of

Ibid., p. 23 p. Ibid., Hungary,” in belonging and Queer “Homophobia Z. Renkin, Hadley 106 p. Ibid., “ Butler, Judith

heargues, - socialistEastern Europe’snationalistideologies’ rela 82 o ne’s

Thus,i es a littleita as consequentialof es understanding chance political thecultural and of

‘ manliness Excitable Speech. A Politics of the Performative of Politics A Speech. Excitable

issimplithe t ishomophobia ispossible beextent that choicet the a that wantsonlyoneto to - s ocialist Eastern EuropehaveocialistEastern limitationsnoticing worth of

84 ’

and expressing homophobicexpressingandbecomes provingfor attitudes compulsory

veryinfluentialanother homosexualityclosely resonate into approach and represents binary oftheopposition homosexuality nationalism and fiedwayviewing post of the

. 83

Although emotionalacknowledgingtheof homophobia, aspect 81

andwritesasButler “…this p reasonable homophobia as “ homophobiaas orgian who is orgianwho heterosexual. undoubtedly

”, New York and London: Routlege, 1997, p. 106 p. 1997, Routlege, London: and York New ”, 50

Focaal - […] […] socialistsexual politics.

53, 2009, p. 22 p. 53, 2009, tionship with sexuality, which is at riskwithtionshipis which sexuality, at deeplyindividual grounded reaction canbe discussedas

. One ofOnethe . erson iserson also

the meansfor the ” he” CEU eTD Collection informs social meanings ininformssocialmeanings life everydayfestival”outsidethe ofconsumption each linkedother. to workingforimpediment homophobia. against Pride instrumentsworkingfor t on inLGBTorganizationsnowadays Georgia. polit indicatorcertainlyit asseetheimportanceof the activists of the it Georgianand theto to LGBT isinconcernscomesall ofonethose interviews that up almost me itthe and without of questioningI inthem post importanceoftheir “theofpractices sentimentsurroundandas determining thatstructures power progress.” species”for“indicator postsocialistcreationthe of inclusive society Georgias which Consumption” to Resistance 87 86 85 KatesBelkcomplex,anda LGPD(Lesbian asdefine “(..) GayDay) and Pride all Inmarchalmost linkedprideis casesthe visibility the to LGBTasofpeople onethe of T 3.8 icsbecausepeople thesethe together are who form withof rest activiststhe ofpoliticsthe

he lasti he Steven M. Kates and Russell W. Belk, “The meanings of lesbian and gay pride day Resistance through Consumpt through Resistance day pride gay and lesbian of meanings Belk, “The W. and Russell Kates M. Steven 26 p. Ibid., 25 p. Ibid.,

Prideinstrument VisibilityMarchasan for increasing 85

- Renkin thesearguesapproachesthat overlook agency the LGBTpeople ofthe and ssues I wantexpand I to as on ssues

socialist“ Europe. Eastern - hapesbackwardness:homophobiaas“LGBThere appearpeople kind asa of related culturalraisesrelated resistance injusticethat awarenessof social discursively and

Journal of Contemporary Ethnography Contemporary of Journal heinvisibilityproblembe main is of oftento whichtheargued

matterident of

march ,

vol. 30vol. ityispolitics

and makingandvisibleispeople dominantly no. 4 no. 87

and trace itsand emergence trace the to back August 2001, 2001, August

–

the question of pride march.questionofthepride It for “normal”for social p. 393 p.

multilayeredform ion and ion

CEU eTD Collection another ismarks another dominantreaction thethe discourse to that homosexuals assickpeople: beingimportantmostfirstishis and shameful opinion, not is gayg for showing that haveyou inafterwards. orderuse w doesit you policeornot, to the protect you, not If nicetellingbuta not itpolice,thing whetheram necessaryisto the check test stateto protects you it wouldbut happened, have adds: about in possibilityaduring without out streets fearofdaylight going the park innumbe “All“STOP”, All different equal”. “Transphobiafriend”,“I amsucks”, flagwithcenterrainbow followingthe bannersmy and “I slogans:<3(love)with transgender formmarchhadofa of20 marking“LGBTboth Georgia” Internationalthe DayTransgender ofRememb ‘pride,visibility’defianceandin lesbianofandcenter gay the political rhetoric. indicate, “Stonewall” authors becamepolitical source of the which termsdiscourse put such lesbiansprotestopen ofoppression gays andagainst symbol themovement. andAs liberationgay of homophileactivismrights “Sto and for functionAsthe of it “If e Another PrideWhilethe talkingMar about .

Referring director theseof “LGBTevents to Georgia” explains consequencescalled so “littleifitonlymedia, pride”wereof by he thetelevision,announced

r of people and itwasrainbowacarriedlight flagofblue and people only balloonsr thewith out and werebroadmasseswouldthe somethingtherebad beenhaveand they for announced to checkyour(Davidto strength.” Mikheil vent byorganized“LGBTGeorgia” the - 30 people. One organized by “Identoba” includedpeople.by30 One “Identoba” organized citythrough pacingthe

is not thenot isproblemeither, because sometimes pride inmessagespridehe out Georgia, points pridetwo is thatby sending

Inaddition, newallwhich1969 is firstof riots” commonly recognizedasthe a homosex a

ch activists often refer to referactivistsch often to

ual, heterosexual, ual, bisexual, transgender, offering the rainbow cakeoffering people rainbow the the to in street. the

) comparing to “Identoba”s comparingwasto bita smaller event

eventsorganized“Identoba” andby

of beingof

that now moreis there that that i that raided, but whenraided, but asked ill never hold a pride, nevera hold ill rance because events rance s necessary. Yes, I I snecessary.Yes,

ayandpeople

a person”, a

a s

inthe

CEU eTD Collection monster.”(Tamta) Georgiansocietyit a live to wantseen,be to functionwell,the talksinstrument increasingofforabout Pride as the visibility. significance,out itpoints thatwillthough form SheGeorgianaccordingtake the as environment. to increasingformarch grothe youyouexistandthat aredo is oppressed only theleft. way about havingpeople doubts and isherfor meaningsignificantin ofprideimprovingfor of termsworking marchinpride Tbilisi. Shehumanaccent on saysrights. that (DavidMikheil gay.” being an out go welooksay: and sowhenwillthatare youout yousick,you ugly, go are they aretelling shouldnot ifsocietythe agrees everysecond that, messageisthat Murtazi amam ashamedsayingI thatof gaynot I th beingbut and 88 “I The director of “Identoba”also “Identoba”sThe editor of magazine online Nino ispridemarchtellsit shouldnecessary but that verybe march, withcareful peacefulandan askpeople “Often it i it

Used as a very unpopular name in Georgia. Georgia. in name very aunpopular as Used n ordn sgoodexist.” that I dthem:notno,Itell amam sick! that no moreI is partimportant, The first “ […] […] er to becomevisible,ershow to to declaring the identity ofpersonidentitywell, a declaringandthe look, I amsaying,existinvisible as not I

is very important in orderverymakeis in to important see people t : whyproudof? beis Yes,: can one it not,sexual something orientation the is

ndandlovewho be are, you (Magda) is(Magda) Shebecause and invisibility that explaining of group ofthe ) theirindemonstrateexistence andviolation,going out order to rights’ up’sTamtaas visibilitywell, For marchin Georgia. hasitsPride

emphasizespoliticalthe necessityprideefficacythe and of

thinks foritthinksyear willnext the hold bealready possible to a

people that that people , Magda, ,

53 youha

once

alsospeaks about necessity the the and

is is oneisisthe of pridemessagesand the of in a year go out andaout celebrate.in yearForgo ve

rights and the rightexistthe andrightsand to you 88 the

is ugly,iseverythere livingMurtazi hat the pridenotisthe somescaryhat group’s vi group’s sibility. Pride marchsibility.Pride

t ashamedoft CEU eTD Collection Pride marchagainstPride is happen,churchwill the verygo therefore andthis on to though the unlikely m state dilemmathe that oftencase.Discussingthe marchpossibilitythe holding Pride the of kind shethe talksofabout tellsforming,isshe problem the Pride discriminative to inpoints marchofisrepresentations the that invisibility against mainrepresentshomophobia.foras theshe whichsource visible. doconsidernightmarish way theresituation, not a I itonlyis asthe issue makethe an to findinexperiencingwhichvery Georgia, I accurate. stressesneedthe of ‘ shelike PrideTamta, marchdesignatesthat act encouragingaswell,itsees to asothers therefore andgo the inPridethe staythepaperandorder the to problem on in not (Paata) problem.“ become personified (Paata)increased aggressionfirst.” activismwi absenceoftraditioncivic ofmarches, expressing solidarity through streetpositionreveals and that West Ana For not isbestformthe Pridewithof activismtogether because Eka te Similarlyt to streetwill “Time confrontations for increasing come, willsurely be visibility by followed Paata “Visibilityimportant,expressisshouldyou yourpolitical seenbeof rightsneedshould youthe ’ , and most importantly,mostand Pride notes that , be sheaimshouldnot the in anitself with andend ”

(Eka) isis tellingthere that already llsshevery people fewknows that ofwillthose who have civicthe coura

llsurelyconfrthe cause which for her isherfor strengtheningpeople, event communitywhich thethe hope a to giving and

AlthoughPridemakesshe haveas well, remark might function athat theof working herest ofactivists, more complex work againstmore complex LGBTg kind the ofwork oppression that ighthaveissue. Shepresident bythe adds regardingthat this supporting the ontation,hewhich notes

he linkshe p

the need of mass movement’sneedmassbeginningof statingthe and the will nowill ride march to functionmarchthe increasingvisibility:to ride of

t automaticallysamet theformit hasinas take 54

“Thereareproblemssomany surrounding us,

, is , necessarytheof part od form of protest expressionform od ofprotest though

the observing gaze that she gazeobservingthat the

ge andge participate roup is roup the movement. d problemsd

CEU eTD Collection the “From Shame to “FromthePride into Shamewrite“ that Identity Politics”authors suggest indicator build ofanandto attempt community.strengthenthe and serveincreasingfor but source asvisibilitythe commun and ofcontext Georgia,itthey explaining are that an itcommunitymightis serve that purpose thistheat claiming seenpoint, existence the as of selfthis expressionofcollectivenonheterosexualanda identity rather than ofcelebrationself and prescribesculturally heand acceptable shock,moral dominant aoffend, heteropatriarchy calculated and to universe, subvert ultimately that hisusingwords, will(Mariam)bedrooms but clearlytheirposition. express andon howgoing is s thesethereandpeopleshowingare of manytheythat that not exist whatthese and do likepeopledo that: itimportancemarchwill ofin effectPride thethat have of terms on mightit, reject worse thehappenin relationshipof termscountry’s EU. with hand,if other w shesuggests that president the d community first first ofall.communityPrideWhen thatd form emphasize activists willaccording take the to Consumption” to Resistance 89 and LoryDavid areHeise’sBritt analysisengagedsocialinmovements identitythat of I politics informants,isOnlyShota ofmarchingthe one announcingthat in today streets the me cominghasin“Prideasthe samefor termsout increasingmeaning hasthe of and visibility Likewise,makesMariamcomparisonbetweena march andPride out claims coming and the Farfrom understandin

Steven M. Kates and Russell W. Belk, “The meanings of lesbian and gay pride day Resistance through Con through day Resistance pride and gay of lesbian meanings Belk, “The W. and Russell Kates M. Steven

is one of the mostisofonethe “justserious”.not ociety relates to them and relatesocietythem to

Journal of Contemporary Ethnography Contemporary of Journal

relevant theorizati g Prideritualas“[…] g the which

gemonic norms” gemonic on fordiscussing on activists’Georgian InLGBT politics. willno illfrom request receivethe L

willno 55 t havet aspect the of carnivalesque celebration ,

vol. 30vol. t bet anymoretheirhousessilent locked in and 89

the meaningtheactivists for ispride of the

constructsits symbolicallyown inverted no. 4 no. ity solidarity. Pride marchityissolidarity.Pride as taken

August 2001, 2001, August […] […]

LGBT group’s visibilityLGBT group’s saying socialinvolved in movements p. 424 p. G

organizationsand sumption and sumption

inis, Georgia an CEU eTD Collection substitutingpride.shame with feelingsfromfearto feelingofthe which anger people shouldmotivatejoin of to struggle, the modelpolitics,replacinginferiority innthe of and motivate.” is shametask emotions into turn other depressionto andincite higher inactivation with to and order identitypoliticsinitiallyisolatedpeople with dealashamed,fir who areand The perhaps stressed. Owens J. Timothy 90 Conclusion

Lory Britt and David Heise, “From Shame to Pride in Identity Politics” in Politics” Identity in Pride to Shame “From Heise, and David Britt Lory 90

Theaim is theseofexactlywriteauthorsorganizations’ for identitywhat aimthe of , and Robert W. White (eds.). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000, p. 255 p. 2000, Press, of Minnesota University Minneapolis: (eds.). White W. and Robert ,

ate deviance bymodelate shiftingoppression, the of 56

Self, identity and social movements movements and social identity Self,

Sheldon Stryker, Stryker, Sheldon st st CEU eTD Collection rights basedrights radicalthe perspectivemovementor cantransformationalthe change that in.be engaged embracing against iden a lackofpoliti activists’ over community theconcerns strengtheningas indicatorto referredthe canbe to ofthe itspoliticizedemphasizedrelational and rather thancharacter arguing practices herewithavoid but shouldbeingkeepweto exclusions carefulwork and emergeand personalcan experiences violencesystemicand opp establishingpolitical broad coaliti not that onlytheyare exte influence inad and courageous at times problematic n‘anti strongly believeI questionillisthe that alsobelieve I inthat Thinking believe I implytheoreticaltheidentities shouldnot deconstruction of equacy inequacy I nfollowingthe thesis I - identity’,

s that i sthat that identity that politics

in inparticularwhere‘identitysocial contexts but ‘queer’ not is onlydifficult, politics’ cizationofcollective about essentializedidentities shouldabout we remember political the context

attacking relation to which they work aswhichwell relationto work theyas t has t

mightdo depoliticizing the work

and tities willtitiespossibly a give identitypolitic ‘identity collectpolitics’, the dangerous to be carried A dangerous to out. not benot always transl reflectively I tried to address.tried I to rnally defined matters ofrnallys defined ression fromression socialpolitical,economic, and

wanted

oftencome ons and ons understandingidentity. of

to present to

s inbelieves I contemporary Georgia, there s

in together with. together -

posed ifitchoosingforasks either embracingone, posed only making politicalmaking claims

whythe

rise to antic to rise

57 inthis tigmaoftennecessary but

the place they have inplacethe discourse,havedominant they the iveunderstandingofbe‘identity ‘should

lthoughadmit I there that

c ritique of identityritiqueinbe politicsof can practice ated into political into ated identities.

context. C context. ipati Therefore on and distrust towards it.and on towards distrust whe onstructingasenemyqueer

for itsinnatenessfor

cultural representationof‘Queer’

and identityand policing re the group has to counterhas group the to re destruction ofthem destruction

mobilizingforforces institutions.T

iscertain

are distortingare

wherethey . Georgian .

hough, and

CEU eTD Collection needed. needed. strengthen itselfdebatemodel in dichotomous and limitspotentialsitbecausedebateto binarythe the with contradicting two poles for activismresultsthe identitywithpoliticsforpolitics characterized queer as astheits welland politicsid asexact opposite anof morethepowerful manyit whichforserves of thean groups as umbrella.” nonforall term position,noting that: isqueerWarner whatpolitics about arguing for practicesandavailable havenot access unrestricted web other the to or in“glinclude the withprivilegedclasses Westernmediathose and internet isandaccess.global not ifQueerness we it:formulates future.forvision the motivates,embracessexual identity that “politics”articulatesthat in identityand thepolitics, a that

I feel I inhar 36 p. 1995) (Spring, 93 92 12p. 91 inThenowhavefor conclusion have I issuethe relation isI to establishing explored that queer isCarolvery thesees Guess“queer” the that termdangeris accompaniedand t with similar “Theits anddenotations,term, primarilyconnotations still members circulate of theamong

Carol Guess, Qu Carol Guess, 85 p. Ibid., “ Hall, E. Donald

the exclusionarythe essent

monyDo with - normativesexualities,termthe“que obal” subsistence farmers, the illiterate,farmers,Northsubsistencemost the obal” Koreans do Saudis(who and Reading Sexualities, Hermeneutic theory and the future of queer studies queer of future and the theory Hermeneutic Sexualities, Reading e(e)rying Lesbian Identity” The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association, Vol. 28, No. 1, Identities Identities 1, 28, No. Vol. Association, Language Modern Midwest the of Journal The Identity” Lesbian e(e)rying

“Whileindeedfunctionit vaguenessword ofthetheallows to usefulasa catch

Moreover, itis Moreover, question crucialglobalthe to c

naldassert Hall’s entity politics isentitydangerousapolitics theorization

ialistclaimsleave and

positing Q positing ionthat

media),innumerableand others. ueer asueer 58 er” standser”very a byof beingrisk real usurped

“[…]

no spaceno an we desperatelywe needto approachan enemy of

for queeringfor them, haracter asforHall of Queer, haracter ” London and New York: Routlege, 2009, 2009, York: Routlege, and New ” London identitymight politics only kindone of dominant 93 that that

mighthavefatal . Fo . ” 92

rmulating

which

is badlyis

the o - CEU eTD Collection

CEU eTD Collection Routlege, Londonand York: New2009. Donald. Hall,E. Associati Guess,Carol.Que(e)ryingLesbian Language Modern MidwestofJournal Identity”the The Problems, Joshua.Gamson,‘MustIdentity Self Movements Politics.UniversityDuke 2002. Press, DanaNelson D. Castronovo, Mater eds., Duggan,Lisa.Homonormativity:‘TheNew ofThePoliticsNeoliberalism’.Sexual In Russ swk/ree/Crego_Religion_articles_previ http://www.georgefox.edu/academics/undergrad/departments/soc Paul. ‘ReligionCrego, Nati and 1997. JudithMalden,Reader, Butler MA:2004. Blackwell, Butler,Judith. ‘Imitatio Wendy. Brown, Attachments’.Theory,1993).‘WoundedNo.3 Political (Aug., Vol.21, Minneapolis:2000. Press,University Minnesota of socialmovementsSheldonTimothyW.White andStryker, Owens, J. Robert (eds.). Lory Britt, inHeise,David.andPride‘From IdentityShamePolitics’.In Se to 1997). (Autumn, Citizenship’.CitVol.12No.4. Hypatia, Bickford,Susan. ‘Anti Mary.Bernstein, “Identityof Politics”,Sociology, Annual2005. Vol.31, Review ‘Imagined1983.Anderson, Benedict. London:Verso, Communities’. References Abra

ms,Lynn. ‘ Excitable Speech. A PoliticsSpeech. of Performative’Excitable A the on, Vol. 28, No.1,Identities Vol.28, 1995). on, (Spring, ‘QueeringStat the

Vol. 42, No.31995). Vol.(Aug., 42,

“Subjectivity and Intersubjectivity” in“SubjectivityIntersubjectivity”and

Reading Sexualities.of the queerstheoryReading Hermeneuticand future studies - Anti nInsubordination’.Genderand In Sarah The Salih, eds., ButlerJudith e’. Sociale’. No.39 (Summer,1994). Text, - IdentityFeminism,Politics:Democracy, Complexities the and of onalism in Georgia’. Retrieved onalisminGeorgia’. From:

ous.pdf i zenship inFeminism:ActionIdentity, Localezenship and

i alizing Democracy: Toward a Revitalized Democracy:Toward alizing Cultural

60 - Destruct?ADilemma’. Queer

OralHistory2010. Routlege, Theory, . New YorkNew and . London:Routlege, -

lf,identity and

Social

CEU eTD Collection P Wilton,Tamsin. andPress: Social MinneapolisMinnesota Theory(University of 1993. London), and Warner,Michael MAGeorgia’. Hungary,CentralThesis,University, European 2010. Budapest, ‘NationalismTsereteli, Tamar. Representation and in ofGaysLesbiansand Post CulturalRetreievedIdentity.from: Hall.Stuart, NeedsWho ‘Identity’?’Hall,‘Introduction: in Stuart Pauleds.,Questions Gayof du Press:MinneapolisMinnesota 1993. London), and InConceptualFear Planet:Notes’. ofQueerPo a Queer Seidman,Steven.‘Identity in“Postmodern”Politicsand Some Culture:Gay a Historicaland CentralCountry’. European2010. Press, Sabanadze,Natali Renkin,Hadley.inZ. ‘Homophobiabelonging Queer and Focaal2009. Hungary’. 53, JuneJournalFeminist ofPolitics1999. (1), 1 V.Spike. Peterson, ‘SexingPolitical NationalismIdentities:asInternationalHeterosexism’. Ethnic(2) Racialand21 Studies Nagel,‘MasculinityJoane. andNationalism:Genderand Sexuality inMakingofthe Nations’. vol.30 Consumption through R and StevenKates,M. “The W.Russell.meaningsBelk, and lesbian and of gay d pride algrave2004. Macmillan, Lesbian Studies:Lesbianan Setting Agenda no.4

August2001. . ‘Introduction’ in(ed.),‘Introduction’FearWarner Politics MichaelQueer. Planet: ofQueer a Sexual (Dis)Orientation: Gender, Sex, DesireSelfGender, Sex, and (Dis)Orientation: Sexual e. ‘Globalization ande. Nationalism:The casesandof Georgia Basque the

e sistance to Consumption.” sistance to ,March, 1998.

http://www.northwestern.edu/clcst/pdf/hall.pdf

London York, Newand

liticsSocialand Theory(University of JournalEthnography ofContemporary Routlege,1995. - fashioning

- Soviet ay Resistanceay . New York:New .