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A Study on Non-Native Speakers' Attitudes Towards Ethnic Slurs

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A Study on Non-Native Speakers' Attitudes Towards Ethnic Slurs The Best Defence is No Offence: A Study on Non-native Speakers’ Attitudes towards English Ethnic Terms Jussi-Pekka Petäjistö Master’s Thesis English Philology Department of Modern Languages University of Helsinki October 2016 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Nykykielten laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Jussi-Pekka Petäjistö Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title The Best Defence is No Offence: A Study on Non-native Speakers’ Attitudes towards English Ethnic Terms Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Englantilainen filologia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma Lokakuu 2016 65 + liitteet Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkielmani pohjautuu verkossa tehtyyn kyselytutkimukseen. Kyselyn avulla selvitin, miten suomalaiset henkilöt, joiden äidinkieli on muu kuin englanti, suhtautuvat englanninkielisiin, eri etnisiin ryhmiin viittaaviin termeihin. Keskityn tutkielmassani erityisesti siihen, tuntevatko kyselyyn vastaajat heille esitetyt termit ja kuinka loukkaavina he pitävät niitä. Osaa tutkimuksessa mukana olevista termeistä pidetään englanninkielisissä maissa yleisesti loukkaavina. Koska tällaisia sanoja ei yleensä opeteta vieraiden kielten oppitunneilla, tutkin myös vaikuttaako termien tuntemiseen henkilön asuminen englanninkielisessä maassa tai englanninkielisen koulun käyminen. Lisäksi tarkastelen, onko suomenkielisten ja ruotsinkielisten vastaajien välillä eroja siinä, kuinka todennäköisesti termit tunnistetaan ja kuinka loukkaavina niitä pidetään. Kyselyyn vastasi yhteensä 165 henkilöä, joista suurin osa oli suomen- tai ruotsinkielisiä. Vastaajia pyydettiin arvioimaan termien African-American, American Indian, Black, Chinaman, Cracker, Eskimo, Frenchman, Jap, Jew, Jewish, Kike, Mulatto, Native American, Nigger, Paki, Redskin, ja White trash loukkaavuutta tai ilmoittamaan, jos englanninkielinen termi ei ole tuttu. Vastaajilla oli myös mahdollisuus antaa avoimia kommentteja valinnoistaan. Taustatiedoissa vastaajilta kysyttiin, olivatko he asuneet englanninkielisessä maassa tai käyneet englanninkielistä koulua ja kuinka kauan. Tutkimus osoitti, että mikäli vastaaja oli asunut englanninkielisessä maassa tai käynyt englanninkielistä koulua, hän tunsi useammin tutkimuksessa olleet termit kuin muut tutkimukseen vastaajat. Kaiken kaikkiaan kyselyyn osallistujat kuitenkin tunsivat tutkimuksen termit melko hyvin. Sanat Cracker, Kike ja Paki olivat kyselyn vastaajille kaikkein tuntemattomimmat. Ruotsinkieliset vastaajat tunnistivat tutkimuksen termit hieman suomenkielisiä vastaajia useammin. Ruotsinkieliset vastaajat myös pitivät yleisesti ottaen tutkimuksen termejä hieman vähemmän loukkaavina kuin suomenkieliset vastaajat. Vastaajan iällä tai sukupuolella ei näyttäisi tutkimuksen valossa olevan merkitystä sille, kuinka loukkaaviksi termit koettiin. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Loukkaava kielenkäyttö, poliittinen korrektius, taboo language, ethnic slurs, English in Finland Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Table of Contents: 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 2 Background ............................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Taboo Language ................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 Taboo Terms in Foreign Language ............................................................. 6 2.1.2 Linguistic Xenophobia ................................................................................ 7 2.2 Meaning of a Word ............................................................................................. 8 2.2.1 Connotation and Denotation ....................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Changes in the Meaning of Words ............................................................ 10 2.2.3 Reappropriation ......................................................................................... 11 2.3 Euphemism and Dysphemism and Political Correctness ................................. 13 2.4 Finnish and Swedish in Finland ....................................................................... 14 2.5 English in Finland............................................................................................. 15 2.5.1 English at School....................................................................................... 18 2.6 The Ethnic Makeup of Finland ......................................................................... 19 2.7 Hypotheses ....................................................................................................... 20 3 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 22 3.1 Pilot Surveys ..................................................................................................... 23 3.2 The Final Survey .............................................................................................. 25 3.3 Dictionary Labels/Definitions of the Words Used in the Survey ..................... 26 4 Results ..................................................................................................................... 31 4.1 Respondents’ Background Information ............................................................ 31 4.2 Respondents’ Views on the Terms ................................................................... 36 4.2.1 General Results ......................................................................................... 37 4.2.2 The Unfamiliar Words .............................................................................. 42 4.2.3 Differences between Speakers of Finnish and Swedish ............................ 44 4.2.4 Other Variables in the Survey ................................................................... 45 5 Discussion ............................................................................................................... 48 5.1 Ethnic Terms .................................................................................................... 48 5.2 Summary of Other Findings ............................................................................. 56 5.3 Discussion on the Hypotheses .......................................................................... 57 6 Conclusion............................................................................................................... 59 References ....................................................................................................................... 61 A. Dictionaries....................................................................................................... 61 B. Other References .............................................................................................. 61 List of Figures ................................................................................................................. 64 List of Tables................................................................................................................... 65 Appendices ...................................................................................................................... 65 Appendix A – The Final Survey ................................................................................. 65 1 1 Introduction I remember my mother telling me about her business trip to the UK sometime in the early 1980s. On her trip she had used the word negro to refer to a person of African descent and had caused a few raised eyebrows. She had used the word in perfect innocence, without realising it was not considered a neutral expression, as this was the word she had learned at school in English class in the 1960s. Furthermore, the word with the same linguistic background, neekeri, was still considered normal, and even an everyday expression, in her native language Finnish. This example is a clear indicator that words have different connotations associated with them and that these connotations vary in different cultures, from one individual to another, and also through time. For example, Thorne (1990) says that Jap is “generally more pejorative in American and Australian speech than in British.” French (1980: 117) takes this view a little further and does not only talk how these connotations are represented in different varieties of English but rather talks about the social environment by stating that “verbal aggression […] has meaning only within the social environment in which it is fostered.” French (ibid.) believes “that particular social environments share common negative subcultural groups.” French (1980: 118) further states that most people sharing the same cultural environment should be able to recognize socially sanctioned verbal slurs, even those who do not necessarily share the sentiments connoted by these terms. It is my hypothesis, then, that non-native speakers may not be familiar with all the underlying meanings of certain words. Therefore, this thesis studies the attitudes of Finnish non- native speakers of English towards English terms referring to different ethnic groups, specifically whether they recognize the terms that are presented to them and, additionally, how offensive they think that the words are. It is fairly obvious that derogatory words are not
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