31 Extension Circular 1155 1983 -'INovember Private consultants Soil Conservation Service .-' The?. advantages for tree farmers. A key Besides technical assistance, SCS 1 t- past accomplishment was theestab- Most consultants offer technical $1 5 services directed at specific problems. provides help to woodland owners lishment of the Small Tract Op- through publications, tours, and tional Property Tax for Small Some overlap into educational 'IorIçbooIç training and conduct programs like demonstrations illustrating conserva- Woodland Owners. tion practices. o Each year, the association spon- tax and estate planningworkshops, sors a 2-day meeting and summer and brush control tours. field tour to showcase current Consultants most often offer their program on the same day as woodland technology. It also pub- Final notes lishes a quarterly journal of current another event. Occasionally, they '&Assistance woodland information for its mem- set up demonstration plotsand You canlearn how to manage through bers titledOregon Woodlands. adaptive research to illustrate forest- your woodland property related practices or to test products. the educational services described in this publication. Commitment to Oregon State begin your education today will help Glossary of Woodland Words Department of Forestry Northwest Christmas you achieve goals you've setfor the DATE. The official position of OSDF Tree Association future. towards woodland owners is that of This organization is similar to the woodlands association, but it serves technical advisor. It does, however, Foresters will readily admit that they have a language allall-aged management. A system of growing forest trees offer educational assistance in the the specific interests of Christmas marketing, their own. If you are to deal effectively with those who in groups where the individualOF trees are not the same form of brochures; a monthly tree growers. It researches and work in the forest, and with forestry information, you age (theoretically, an all-aged forest has trees magazine, Forest Log; and newslet- disease, and cultural problems studies new genetic varieties of need to be able to speak and understand that language. scattered throughout that range in age from 1 year to ters on topics such as seedling We collected this glossary from a numberof the oldest tree, whatever its age may be). availability and forest practice tips. Christmas trees. different sources. We hope it will get you started allowable cut. The amount of wood that can be Service foresters are referral The association publishes a quar- learning this new language. As you read it, please feel removed from a landowner's property during a sources and often cosponsor tours terly magazineNorthwest Look- OUT free to contact eitherof us if youare awareofmistakes given period, without exceeding the net growth and meetings. A one-on-one meet- out and sponsors annual tours and workshops. or words that should be added. during that period on the property. ing with a service forester, fire Maybe someday we will see you out on your animal, unit (AU). A measure of livestock numbers by control expert, or forest practice IS woodland, looking at a nurse tree, partofa shelterwood which different kinds, classes, sizes, and ages of forester is a valuable way of animals are converted to an equivalent common obtaining forest management tips. system, in a riparian zone that has become a monocultureofhardwoodsbecause the site was standard in relation to feed and forage needed by a overstocked with boomers. mature cow (approximately 1,000 lb. live weight). In Happy reading! RickFletcherandBert Udell the western range territory, one animal unit is equal to one head of cattle, one horse, one mule, five information:sheep, five swine, or five goats. annual ring. The growth layer of 1 year, as viewed on the cross section of a stem, branch, or root. One year's growth consists of a layer of lighter-colored and information based on The Oregon Stale University ExtensionServiceprovideseducation wood (springwood) and a layer of darker-colored develop skills related to youth,family, timelyresearchtohelpOregonians solve problems and abney level. A hand surveying instrument designed to wood (summerwood). community, farm, forest, energy, and marine resources. measure angles of elevation or depression, expressed arch. A trailer or structure in the shape of an inverted V Extension's forestry program improves Oregonians'knowledgeofforest resources and their in degrees or percent. Similar to clinometer. assists forest or U, which is used in logging and is towed behind options for expandingbenefitsfrom these resources. This educational program acre. A unit of land measurement, 43,560 sq ft or 10 small woodland production and current (or attached to the back of) the skidding machine, owners, managers, processors, and usersinunderstanding reforestation, growth, square chains, or a square 208.7 ft on each side. managementand use of all forest lands. Priority subjects are PUBLICATION lifting one end of the logs off of the ground during other management, harvesting, processing and useof wood, protection of soil and water, and advance growth. Young trees that have become the yarding operation. multiple uses and values. established naturally in a forest before cutting or aspect. The direction toward which a slope faces. Syn. regeneration begin. Syn. advance reproduction. exposure. This publication was prepared by RichardFletcher, Extension forestry agent, Linn and Benton afforestation. Establishment of a forest on an area not being developed as an available water. The amount of moisture in the soil that Counties,OregonState University. It is one of a series of publications previously forested.most plants can extract, usually not including water that 6 Extension Woodland Workbook. age THISclass. One of the intervals into which the range of drains readily and water beyond the "wilting The Woodland Workbook is a collectionof more than 50 publicationspreparedby the ages of trees in a stand are divided into for point." Oregon Slate University Extension Servicespecifically for owners and managers of private, list of titles classification and use. nonindustrialwoodlands.For information about how to order and for a current Mailing Office, Oregon State University, Corvallis,OR 97331, or agro-forestry.For The practice of raising trees, forage, and and prices, writeBulletin University Extension Service that serves your county. inquireat the office of the Oregon State livestock on the same ground, at the same time. Common associations are cattle and trees or sheep This publication back cut. In the process of felling a tree, the final cut, Extension Service, OregonState University, Corvallis, 0. E. Smith, director. and trees. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog 8 and June 30, made on the opposite side of the tree from the face and distributedin furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May was produced University, the U. S. aft-aged. Applies to a stand that contains trees of all ages. cut (or undercut). /914.Extensionwork is a cooperative program of Oregon State See also even-aged and uneven-aged. DepartmentofAgriculture, and Oregon counties. Oregon State University Extension Serviceoffers educationalprograms, activities, and materials without regard to race, color, nationalorigin, or sex as required by Title VI of the mendments of 1972. Oregon State CivilRightsAct of 1964 and Title IX of the Education A University ExtensionServiceis an Equal Opportunity Employer. Oregon State University Extension Service carriage. In skyline logging, a load-carrying device from conifer. A tree belonging to the order Coniferae, usually backfire. Controlled fire set ahead of a forestfire to broadleaf.Seehardwood. path of the browse. Small bushes, sprouts, herbaceousplants, small which logs are suspended and which rides up and evergreen with cones, needle-shaped leaves, and create a firebreak by reducing fuel in the down a stationary mainline for yarding or loading. producing wood known commercially as "softwood." main fire. trees, etc., that wildlife feed on. brush. Commonly refers to undesirable shrubsand Cat. Tractor/bulldozer (trademark of the Caterpillar conk. A hard, spore-bearing structure of a wood- basal area. Tractor Company). destroying fungus, which projects beyond the bark 1. The cross-sectional area of the boleof a tree, 4½ other low-lying vegetation. catface. A scar on the surface of a log, generally of a tree. ft above the ground. Basal area = diameterof tree bucking. Cutting a fefledDATE. tree into specified log lengths. bud burst. In woody plants, the time in thespring when elliptical in shape, resulting from wounds that have conservation. In forestry, the wise use of natural squared, times .005454. not healed over; also a scar near the base of a tree. renewable resources. A key idea for understanding 2. The sum of all the individual tree basal areasfor flower or leaf buds begin their annual growth. Syn. expressed as sq ft of budbreak. caulks (also called "corks"). Steel pegs in soles of "conservation" is "use" by people. a given land area. Commonly OF heavy boots to give loggers secure footing (often coppice forest. A forest originating from sprouts or basal area (a well-stocked, 40-year-oldDouglas-fir budcap. A piece of paper or other suitable material applied to the boots themselves). suckers.Syn. lowforest. forest may have 200-250 sq ft of basal area). attached to a young seedling, covering the terminal cellulose. A complex carbohydrate occurring in the cell cord. A volume measure of stacked wood. A standard BGR. Acronym for "Big Game Repellent," a bud, to prevent animal browse. buffer. A zone or strip of land that shields one area walls of woody plants and all other vegetable matter. cord is 4 x 4 x 8 ft or 128 cu ft of space. Since putrified-egg product originally developed by roundwood cannot be stacked to give solid volume, Weyerhaeuser Company scientists; now sold under from another. Commonly used along streams or as chain. A measurement of distance: one chain equals 66 ft, or 4 rods; 80 chains equal 1 mile; 10 sq chains actual wood volume varies between 70 and 90 cu ft various trade names, as a repellent to animal OUTvisual barriers. bug kill. Tree or timber stands killed by insects. equal 1 acre. Once used extensively in land surveys. per cord. browse. charcoal. One of the principal products of the crook. A defect in logs and poles or piling, consisting of Biltmore stick. A stick graduated in such a waythat the bunk. destructive distillation of woods. an abrupt bend. Also refers to edgewise warp in a diameter of a standing tree may be estimated whenIS 1. Supports on a railroad car or logging truck on axis of which the logs rest. check. A lengthwise separation of the wood, which piece of lumber. the stick is held out at right angles to the main usually extends across the rings of annual growth, crop tree. A tree selected in a young stand, to be the tree, and at a distance from the eye for whichthe 2. A bed in a logging camp. burl. An abnormal growth on a tree stem, with wood commonly resulting from stresses set up in wood retained until final harvest. stick is graduated (usually 25 in). cross-drain. A pipe placed under the road surface biological control. Control of plants, diseases, and tissue growing in an irregular pattern. Usually during drying. chips. Small pieces of wood used for pulp, fuel, or between major drainages, to collect water from the animal pests by the use of natural enemies. circular in shape, these growths are widely sought pressed board manufacture. ditch line and deposit it on the lower side of the biomass. The sum total of biological material thatexists for their interesting grain pattern. and plants, this can burning, methods of. chlorophyll. The green material in plants necessary for road. on a given land area. For trees information: cross section. A section of a stem or leaf taken at right include leaves, branches, stems, and roots. 1. burn, controlled. Any burning that a landowner photosynthesis. choker. A noose of wire rope used for moving logs. angles to its longitudinal axis. blaze. A mark placed on a standing tree to callspecial starts intentionally to accomplish a particular clearcut. An area on which the entire timber stand has crosstie. A square timber used for supporting railroad attention to the tree. purpose, and over which he or she exercises some Seereproduction methods. rails. blowdown. Trees that have been knocked overby wind. surveillance or control. been harvested. land climax vegetation. The final stage of natural plant crotch. The fork of a tree or branch. blue stain. A fungus discoloration, predominantly 2. burn, prescribed. The application of fire to under conditions of weather, soil moisture, and time succession, in which the plant composition remains crown. The branches and foliage of a tree. bluish, but sometimes grayish, blackish, or brownish crown class. A designation of trees in a forest with in appearance; confined almost exclusively to of day, that will accomplish specific silvicultural, relatively stable. current wildlife, grazing, or fire-hazard-reduction purposes. clinometer. Like an abney level, an instrument for crowns of similar development and occupying sapwood; common in pines. measuring vertical angles or slopes. similar positions in the crown cover. Differentiation B.M. BenchPUBLICATION mark, a point of known elevationusually butt. The base of a tree or log. butt cut. The first log above the stump.Syn.butt log. codominant trees. Trees with crowns forming the into crown classes applies to even-aged stands and referenced to sea level. general level of the crown cover and receiving full within small even-aged groups in which trees in an board foot. A volume measure of lumber, being 1 ft uneven-aged stand are often arranged. Five crown wide, 1 ft long, and 1 in thick (12 in x 12 in x 1 in C light from above, but comparatively little from the sides; usually with medium-sized crowns.Seecrown classes are commonly recognized: dominant, = 144 cu in). most caliper (or calipers). An instrument used to measure class. codominant, intermediate, overtopped (suppressed), bole. The main trunk of a tree. and wolf trees. THISbolts (boltwood). Short material to go into turnedwood diameters of trees or logs. It consists of two parallel cold deck. Pile of logs left for later transportation. arms at right angles to a graduated rule,with one compass. An instrument used to measure direction. crown cover. The canopy of green leaves and branches products: furniture parts, shingles, shakes, arrows, formed by the crowns of all trees in a forest. arm that slides along the rule. Called a "staff compass" if placed on a pointed etc. Generally expressed as a percent of total area. boomer.For Slang name for mountain beaver. cambium. A layer of cells between the woody partof the pole, a "hand compass" if handheld. commercial thinning. Removing trees from a developingcrown density. The Compactness of the crown cover of borrow pit. In roadbuilding, an area where fillmaterial tree and the bark. Division of these cellsresults in the diameter growth of the tree through formation of young stand, so that remaining trees will have more the forest; depends on the distance apart and the is "borrowed," and used in road sections where compactness of the individual crowns. A loose term normalhttp://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog excavation process does not generate wood cells (xylem) and inner bark (phloem). growing space; dead and dying trees will be canopy. A collective term for the layerformed by the salvaged; and the operation will make a net profit. combining the meanings of "crown closure" and adequate fill material. "shade density." See crowns of the taller trees in a forest. cone. The female reproductive part of conifers. These breast height. 4½ ft above ground level. d.b.h. crown fire. A fire that runs through the tops of living is structures have overlapping scales that cover several broadcast burn. A controlled burn, where the fire trees, brush, or chaparral. allowed to proceed over an entire area. Sometimes seeds. called a slash burn. conifer. A tree belonging to the order Coniferae, usually fire to broadleaf.Seehardwood. carriage. In skyline logging, a load-carrying device from backfire. Controlled fire set ahead of a forest plants, small which logs are suspended and which rides up and evergreen with cones, needle-shaped leaves, and create a firebreak by reducing fuel inthe path of the browse. Small bushes, sprouts, herbaceous trees, etc., that wildlife feed on. down a stationary mainline for yarding or loading. producing wood known commercially as "softwood." main fire. brush. Commonly refers to undesirable shrubsand Cat. Tractor/bulldozer (trademark of the Caterpillar conk. A hard, spore-bearing structure of a wood- basal area. destroying fungus, which projects beyond the bark of a tree, 4½ other low-lying vegetation. Tractor Company). 1. The cross-sectional area of the bole of a tree. of tree bucking. Cutting a felled tree into specified loglengths. catface. A scar on the surface of a log, generally DATE. ft above the ground. Basal area = diameter when elliptical in shape, resulting from wounds that have conservation. In forestry, the wise use of natural squared, times .005454. budburst. In woody plants, the time in the spring for flower or leaf buds begin their annual growth.Syn. not healed over; also a scar near the base of a tree. renewable resources. A key idea for understanding 2. The sum of all the individual tree basal areas "conservation" is "use" by people. Commonly expressed as sq ft of budbreak. caulks (also called ' 'corks' '). Steel pegs in soles of a given land area. material heavy boots to give loggers secure footing (often coppice forest. A forest originatingOF from sprouts or basal area (a well-stocked, 40-year-oldDouglas-fir budcap. A piece of paper or other suitable attached to a young seedling, covering the terminal applied to the boots themselves). suckers. Syn. low forest. forest may have 200-250 sq ft of basal area). cellulose. A complex carbohydrate occurring in the cell cord. A volume measure of stacked wood. A standard BGR. Acronym for "Big Game Repellent," a bud, to prevent animal browse. buffer. A zone or strip of land that shields one area walls of woody plants and all other vegetable matter. cord is 4 x 4 x 8 ft or 128 cu ft of space. Since putrified-egg product originally developed by chain. A measurement of distance: one chain equals 66 roundwood cannot be stacked to give solid volume, Weyerhaeuser Company scientists; now sold under from another. Commonly used along streams or as ft, or 4 rods; 80 chains equal 1 mile; 10 sq chains actual wood volume varies between 70 and 90 cu ft various trade names, as a repellent to animal visual barriers. OUT equal 1 acre. Once used extensively in land surveys. per cord. browse. bug kill. Tree or timber stands killed by insects. that the bunk. charcoal. One of the principal products of the crook. A defect in logs and poles or piling, consisting of Biltmore stick. A stick graduated in such a way an abrupt bend. Also refers to edgewise warp in a when 1. Supports on a railroad car or logging truck on destructive distillation of woods. IS diameter of a standing tree may be estimated piece of lumber. main axis of which the logs rest. check. A lengthwise separation of the wood, which the stick is held out at right angles to the usually extends across the rings of annual growth, crop tree. A tree selected in a young stand, to be the tree, and at a distance from the eye forwhich the 2. A bed in a logging camp. burl. An abnormal growth on a tree stem, with wood commonly resulting from stresses set up in wood retained until final harvest. stick is graduated (usually 25 in). during drying. cross-drain. A pipe placed under the road surface biological control. Control of plants, diseases,and tissue growing in an irregular pattern. Usually circular in shape, these growths are widely sought chips. Small pieces of wood used for pulp, fuel, or between major drainages, to collect water from the animal pests by the use of natural enemies. ditch line and deposit it on the lower side of the exists for their interesting grain pattern. pressed board manufacture. biomass. The sum total of biological material that chlorophyll. The green material in plants necessary for road. on a given land area. For treesand plants, this can burning, methods of. information: photosynthesis. cross section. A section of a stem or leaf taken at right include leaves, branches, stems, and roots. 1. burn, controlled. Any burning that a landowner choker. A noose of wire rope used for moving logs. angles to its longitudinal axis. blaze. A mark placed on a standing tree to callspecial starts intentionally to accomplish aparticular purpose, and over which he or she exercises some clearcut. An area on which the entire timber stand has crosstie. A square timber used for supporting railroad attention to the tree. been harvested. See reproduction methods. rails. blowdown. Trees that have been knocked over bywind. surveillance or control. 2. burn, prescribed. The application of fire toland climax vegetation. The final stage of natural plant crotch. The fork of a tree or branch. blue stain. A fungus discoloration, predominantly succession, in which the plant composition remains crown. The branches and foliage of a tree. bluish, but sometimes grayish, blackish, or brownish under conditions of weather, soil moisture, and time relatively stable. crown class. A designation of trees in a forest with in appearance; confined almost exclusively to of day, that will accomplish specific silvicultural, wildlife, grazing, or fire-hazard-reduction purposes. clinomefer. Like an abney level, an instrumentcurrent for crowns of similar development and occupying sapwood; common in pines. measuring vertical angles or slopes. similar positions in the crown cover. Differentiation B.M. Bench mark, a point of known elevationusually butt. The base of a tree or log. PUBLICATION butt cut. The first log above the stump. Syn. butt log. codominant trees. Trees with crowns forming the into crown classes applies to even-aged stands and referenced to sea level. general level of the crown cover and receiving full within small even-aged groups in which trees in an board foot. A volume measure of lumber, being 1 ft uneven-aged stand are often arranged. Five crown wide, 1 ft long, and 1 in thick (12 in x 12 in x 1in C light from above, but comparatively little from the sides; usually with medium-sized crowns.Seecrown classes are commonly recognized: dominant, = 144Cuin). class. codominant, intermediate, overtopped (suppressed), bole. The main trunk of a tree. caliper (or calipers). An instrument used to measure most wood diameters of trees or logs. It consists of twoparallel cold deck. Pile of logs left for later transportation. and wolf trees. bolts (boltwood). Short material to go into turned THIS crown cover. The canopy of green leaves and branches arms at right angles to a graduatedrule, with one compass. An instrument used to measure direction. products: furniture parts, shingles, shakes, arrows, formed by the crowns of all trees in a forest. arm that slides along the rule. Called a "staff compass" if placed on a pointed etc. pole, a "hand compass" if handheld. Generally expressed as a percent of total area. boomer. Slang name for mountain beaver. cambium. A layer of cells between the woody partof the For material tree and the bark. Division of these cellsresults in commercial thinning. Removing trees from a developingcrown density. The compactness of the crown cover of borrow pit. In roadbuilding, an area where fill the forest; depends on the distance apart and the is "borrowed," and used in road sections wherethe diameter growth of the tree through formation of young stand, so that remaining trees will have more wood cells (xylem) and inner bark (phloem). growing space; deadhttp://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog and dying trees will be compactness of the individual crowns. A loose term normal excavation process does not generate combining the meanings of "crown closure" and canopy. A collective term forthe layer formed by the salvaged; and the operation will make a net profit. adequate fill material. cone. The female reproductive part of conifers. These "shade density." breast height. 4½ ft above ground level. Seed.b.h. crowns of the taller trees in a forest. fire is structures have overlapping scales that cover several crown fire. A fire that runs through the tops of living broadcast burn. A controlled burn, where the trees, brush, or chaparral. allowed to proceed over an entire area. Sometimes seeds. called a slash burn.

2 determine the done in 2-in, even increments (12 in classwould E fire suppression. All the work of extinguishing a fire cruising. Measuring standing trees to after its detection. volume of wood on a given tract of land.Used for contain trees from 1 1 to 1 3 in). diameter limit. The smallest (occasionallythe largest), easement. An interest or right to limited use of land, 1. direct. A method where the edge of the fire is harvesting, purchasing, and general management. measured, cut, or loggers or other size to which trees or logs are to be granted by the owner to another party. Commonly extinguished directly. crummy. Crew bus that transports refers are 2. indirect. A method where the control line is woodsworkers to and from the woods. used. The points to which the limit usually used for access. ft of wood in stump, breast heikht,DATE. or top. ecology. The science that deals with the interaction of located along a favorable firebreak and the cubic foot. A cube 12 in on a side. One cu harvest from 3 to 10 board ft of diameter-limit cutting. A system of selection plants and animals with their environment. intervening strip between the fire and the firebreak is a log usually produces specified backfired. lumber because of the cylindrical log shapeand based on cutting all trees in the stand over a entomology, forest. The science that deals with insects diameter. This eliminates marking individual trees. and their relation to forests and forest products. 3. one-lick. A system of managing personnel on a sawing losses. OF the rendered diameter tape. A graduated tape based on environment. All elements, living and inanimate, that fire, where the entire crew constructing the control cull. A tree or log of merchantable size line moves forward without changing relative unmerchantable because of poor form, large limbs, relationship of circumference to diameter, which affect a living organism. provides a direct measure of tree diameterwhen positions in the line. As they move forward, they do rot, or other defects. epidemic. Widespread insect or disease incidence size but stretched around the outside of the tree. beyond normal proportions; usually accompanied "one lick ofwork," then advance one or more steps. cull tree. A live tree of merchantable bark." The number of steps is controlled primarily by the unmerchantable because of defects or decay. d.i.b.. Abbreviation for "diameter inside by excessive damage. of solid wood; OUTdibble. A flat or round metal tool used tomake a hole even-aged. Applied to a stand in which relatively small number engaged and the consequent proper spacing cunit. A measurement equal to 100 cu ft of licks, in order that the control line may be often used for pulpwood measurement. for planting containerized seedlings. age differences exist between individual trees. which timber is direct seeding. Sowing tree seed to regenerate aforest. exotic. Not native; foreign. completed and the fire extinguished when the last cutting area. A portion of woodland on bark." person has passed over the line. being cut or will be cut. IS d.o.b.. Abbreviation for "diameter outside even-flow harvest. A harvesting scheme designed to major dominant trees. Trees with crowns extendingabove the extract exactly the same volume of wood fiber each flash point. The temperature at which a material will cutting cycle. The planned interval between full burst into flame. harvesting operations in the same stand. A 10-year general level of the crown cover and receiving period. 10 light from above and partly from the side; larger forage. In range management, unharvested plant cutting cycle indicates thinnings done once every well material of any kind available for animal than the averge trees in the stand, with crowns F years. developed, possibly somewhat crowded on thesides. consumption. When cut, it becomes feed. See crown class. faller. A logger who specializes in felling trees. Also forage value. The relative importance for grazing information:D-plus (D +) rule. A rule of thumb inthinning; estimate called "cutters" or "sawyers" in some parts of the purposes of a range plant or plants as a whole on a desired spacing by adding a given number to the range. log. West, "choppers" in the redwoods. debarker. Machinery that removes bark from a d.b.h. of the crop tree: a "D+4" rule would mean forb. A small herbaceous plant, unlike grass. d.b.h. (or dbh). The diameter of a tree outsideof the firebreak. An existing barrier, or one constructed before that a 16-in d.b.h. tree would need 16 + 4 or20 ft of a fire occurs, from which all or most of the forestation. The establishment of forest naturally or bark at roughly breast height. Normallymeasured artifically on areas where it has been absent or the tree. It growing space. inflammable materials have been removed. 4'/2 ft off the ground on the uphill side of dormancy. A biological process in which aplant ceases insufficient. Syn. afforestation. is easier to measure at this height, and many trees fire control. All activities concerned with the suppres- most growth activities and simplymaintains existing sion of a forest fire. forester. A person who has been professionally have large swells in the stem below thispoint that educated in forestry at a college or university. volumes. tissue. Caused by periods of moisture and/or fire danger. The result of both constant and variable could increase errors in computing tree temperature stress. forest management. The application of business deciduous. Term applied tocurrent trees (commonly broadleaf) factors that determine whether fires will start, PUBLICATION Douglas-fir region. An area from northernCalifornia to spread, and do damage, and the estimated difficulty methods and technical forest principles to the that drop all their leaves sometime during the year. southern British Columbia, west of the Cascades management of forest property. Syn. log of control. deck. Sometimes applied to stacks of logs. crest. The western portions of Oregonand forest nursery. An area in which young trees are grown deck. See cold deck, hot deck. fire line. A trail around a fire, dug down to mineral soil Washington, where Douglas-fir grows in even-aged and clear of all debris. One type of firebreak. for forest planting. defect. Any irregularity or imperfection in a tree,log, Forest Practices Act. Several states have legislation volume of stands and is the predominant timber species. fire prevention. Those fire-control activities concerned piece, product,most or lumber that reduces the dry rot. A decay of the "brown rot" type,caused by regulating private forest harvest to reasonably assure sound wood or lowers its durability, strength, or with the attempt to reduce the number of fires THIS specialized fungi capable of conducting moisture through education, hazard reduction, and law adequate regeneration and protection of soil and utility value. from an available source and extending theirattack water values. Abbreviated in Oregon to OFPA dendrology. The identification and systematicclassifica- enforcement. to wood previously too dry to decay.Found chiefly fire scar. An injury or wound in the bole of a tree caused (Oregon Forest Practices Act). Fortion of trees and shrubs. in buildings. The term is open to the misinterpreta- forest protection. The activities connected with the diameter. The longest distance at right angles, across or accentuated by fire. tion that wood will rot when dry, which is not true. fire season. The period or periods of the year during prevention and control of damage to forests from any circle or cylinder. Instanding trees, estimate in various fire, insects, disease, and other injurious and of a duff. Forest litter and other organic debris which fires are likely to occur, spread, do sufficient diameterhttp://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog by dividing the circumference (length stages of decomposition on top ofthe mineral soil; destructive sources. line taken completely around the outside of atree) damage, and otherwise warrant organized fire typical of coniferous forests in cool climates, where control. In Oregon, this period is set by order of the forest site. A land unit characterized by climatic, soil, by 3.1416. rate of decomposition is slow and wherelitter state forester. and topographic features that control forest type diameter breast high: See d.b.h. accumulation exceeds decay. and growth. diameter class. One of the intervals intowhich the range of diameters of trees in a forest is dividedfor purposes of classification and use.Generally this is 5 ri done in 2-in, even increments (12 in classwould fire suppression. All the work of extinguishing a fire cruising. Measuring standing trees todetermine the E contain trees from 1 1 to 13 in). after its detection. volume of wood on a given tract of land.Used for diameter limit. The smallest (occasionallythe largest), easement. An interest or right to limited use of land, 1. direct. A method where the edge of the fire is harvesting, purchasing, and general management. measured, cut, or loggers or other size to which trees or logs are to be granted by the owner to another party. Commonly extinguished directly. crummy. Crew bus that transports refers are 2. indirect. A method where the control line is woodsworkers to and from the woods. used. The points to which the limit usually used for access. ft of wood in stump, breast heikht, or top. ecology. The science that deals with the interaction of located along a favorable firebreakDATE. and the cubic foot. A cube 12 in on a side. One cu harvest from 3 to 10 board ft of diameter-limit cutting. A system of selection plants and animals with their environment. intervening strip between the fire and the firebreak is a log usually produces based on cutting all trees in the stand over aspecified backfired. lumber because of the cylindrical logshape and entomology, forest. The science that deals with insects diameter. This eliminates marking individual trees. and their relation to forests and forest products. 3. one-lick. A system of managing personnel on a sawing losses. OF rendered diameter tape. A graduated tape based onthe environment. All elements, living and inanimate, that fire, where the entire crew constructing the control cull. A tree or log of merchantable size which unmerchantable because of poor form, largelimbs, relationship of circumference to diameter, affect a living organism. line moves forward without changing relative provides a direct measure of tree diameterwhen positions in the line. As they move forward, they do rot, or other defects. epidemic. Widespread insect or disease incidence size but stretched around the outside of the tree. beyond normal proportions; usually accompanied "one lick of work," then advance one or more steps. cull tree. A live tree of merchantable bark." The number of steps is controlled primarily by the unmerchantable because of defects or decay. d.i.b.. Abbreviation for "diameter inside by excessive damage. make a hole number engaged and the consequent proper spacing cunit. A measurement equal to 100 cuft of solid wood; dibble. A flat or round metal tool used to even-aged. Applied to a stand in which relatively small OUT for planting containerized seedlings. age differences exist between individual trees. of licks, in order that the control line may be often used for pulpwood measurement. forest. completed and the fire extinguished when the last cutting area. A portion of woodland onwhich timber is direct seeding. Sowing tree seed to regenerate a exotic. Not native; foreign. d.o.b.. Abbreviation for "diameter outsidebark." even-flow harvest. A harvesting scheme designed to personIS has passed over the line. being cut or will be cut. above the flash point. The temperature at which a material will cutting cycle. The planned interval betweenmajor dominant trees. Trees with crowns extending extract exactly the same volume of wood fiber each 10-year general level of the crown cover andreceiving full period. burst into flame. harvesting operations in the same stand. A larger forage. In range management, unharvested plant cutting cycle indicates thinnings done once every10 light from above and partly from the side; well material of any kind available for animal than the averge trees in the stand, with crowns F years. developed, possibly somewhat crowded on thesides. consumption. When cut, it becomes feed. See crown class. faller. A logger who specializes in felling trees. Also forage value. The relative importance for grazing D-plus (D +) rule. A rule of thumb in thinning;estimate called "cutters" or "sawyers" in some parts of the information:purposes of a range plant or plants as a whole on a desired spacing by adding a given number tothe range. debarker. Machinery that removes barkfrom a log. West, "choppers" in the redwoods. d.b.h. of the crop tree: a "D + 4" rulewould mean firebreak. An existing barrier, or one constructed beforeforb. A small herbaceous plant, unlike grass. d.b.h. (or dbh). The diameter of a treeoutside of the 20 ft of forestation. The establishment of forest naturally or measured that a 16-in d.b.h. tree would need 16+4 or a fire occurs, from which all or most of the bark at roughly breast height. Normally growing space. artifically on areas where it has been absent or 4½ ft off the ground on the uphillside of the tree. It inflammable materials have been removed. dormancy. A biological process in which aplant ceases fire control. All activities concerned with the suppres- insufficient.Syn.afforestation. is easier to measure at this height, and many trees maintains existing forester. A person who has been professionally that most growth activities and simply sion of a forest fire. have large swells in the stem below this point tissue. Caused by periods of moisture and/or educated in forestry at a college or university. could increase errors in computing treevolumes. fire danger. The result of both constant and variable temperature stress. factors that determine whether fires currentwill start, forest management. The application of business deciduous. Term applied to trees (commonlybroadleaf) California to methods and technical forest principles to the the year. Douglas-fir region. An area from northern spread, and do damage,PUBLICATION and the estimated difficulty that drop all their leaves sometime during southern British Columbia, west of the Cascades management of forest property. deck. Sometimes applied to stacks of logs.Syn.log of control. crest. The western portions of Oregonand fire line. A trail around a fire, dug down to mineral soil forest nursery. An area in which young trees are grown deck.Seecold deck, hot deck. Washington, where Douglas-fir grows ineven-aged and clear of all debris. One type of firebreak. for forest planting. defect. Any irregularity or imperfectionin a tree, log, Forest Practices Act. Several states have legislation volume of stands and is the predominant timber species. fire prevention. Those fire-control activities concerned piece, product, or lumber that reduces the dry rot. A decay of the "brown rot" type,caused by most regulating private forest harvest to reasonably assure sound wood or lowers its durability, strength, or with the attempt to reduce the number of fires specialized fungi capable of conducting moisture throughTHIS education, hazard reduction, and law adequate regeneration and protection of soil and utility value. from an available source and extending theirattack water values. Abbreviated in Oregon to OFPA dendrology. The identification and systematicclassifica- enforcement. to wood previously too dry to decay.Found chiefly fire scar. An injury or wound in the bole of a tree caused (Oregon Forest Practices Act). tion of trees and shrubs. in buildings. The term is open to themisinterpreta- For forest protection. The activities connected with the diameter. The longest distance at right angles, across or accentuated by fire. tion that wood will rot when dry, which isnottrue. fire season. The period or periods of the year during prevention and control of damage to forests from any circle or cylinder.In standing trees, estimate in various fire, insects, disease, and other injurious and (length of a duff. Forest litter and other organic debris which fires are likely to occur, spread, do sufficient diameter by dividing the circumference stages of decomposition on top ofthe mineral soil; http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalogdestructive sources. line taken completely around the outsideof a tree) damage, and otherwise warrant organized fire typical of coniferous forests in cool climates,where control. In Oregon, this period is set by order of the forest site. A land unit characterized by climatic, soil, by 3.1416. rate of decomposition is slow andwhere litter state forester. and topographic features that control forest type diameter breast high:Seed.b.h. accumulation exceeds decay. and growth. diameter class. One of the intervals intowhich the range of diameters of trees in a forest is dividedfor purposes of classification and use.Generally this is 4 germination. The initial growth of a seed or spore. harvest. Extraction of some type of product from the insecticides. Chemicals used to kill insects. forest survey. An inventory of forestland to determine girdle. To encircle the stem of a living treewith cuts that forest. Generally associated with a cutting. intermediate trees. Trees shorter than those in the acreage, condition, timbervolume, and species, for haulback line. In cable logging, the line used to pull dominant or codominant classes, but with crowns specific purposes (such as timber purchaseand completely sever bark and cambium and often are carried well into the outer sapwood, done tokill the chokers or the carriage from the landing out to the either below or extending into the crown cover forest management) or as a basis for forestpolicies felling area. formed by codominant and dominant trees; measuring tree by preventing the passage ofcarbohydrates to and programs. Also refers to carefully DATE. caused by heart rot. A decay characteristically confined to the receiving a little direct light from above, but none and marking property boundaries. the roots. Also refers to same process animals, such as mice or beaver. heartwood. It usually originates in the living tree. from the sides; usually with small crowns, considera- forest type. A descriptive term used to groupstands of heartwood. The inner core of a woody stem, wholly bly crowded on the sides. See crown class. similar character in composition and development, grade. 1. A system of classifying lumber or logsaccording composed of nonliving cells and usually differenti- interplant. To plant seedlings among existing trees, to differentiate them from other groupsof stands. OF ated from the outer enveloping layer (sapwood) by planted or natural. See stand, type of. to quality. 2. The steepness of a forest road. its darker color. forest utilization. That branch of forestryconcerned heel-in. To store young trees before planting by placing with the operation of harvesting, processing,and grain. The direction, size, arrangement, appearance, or L1 quality of the fibers in wood. them in a trench and covering the roots with soil. marketing the forest crop and other forest resources. ability of a herbicides. A broad class of chemicals used to kill kerf, saw. Width of a cut made by a saw. form. The shape of a log or tree. grazing capacity. In range management, the range unit, in years of normalrainfall, to give weeds, grass, brush, or competing trees. kiln, dry. A structure heated by gas, steam, or form class. A measure of bole taperderived by dividing OUT high grading. The removal from the stand of only the 16 or adequate support to a constant number oflivestock electricity, in which lumber is dried under controlled diameter inside bark at a given height (usually deteriorating. best trees, often resulting in a poor-quality residual conditions to a desired moisture content. 32 ft) by d.b.h. These values are oftenrequired to for a stated period each year without IS Expressed in number of livestock per acre of given stand. knot. That part of a branch that has been incorporated use tree-volume tables. specified high-lead logging. Logging system that uses cables into the main stem. forty. A land tract of 40 acres or a ¼-mile square. kind or kinds, or in number of acres per animals. rigged to a spar high above the ground so that one frill. V-shaped cut in the cambial tissue of the treemade end of the logs can be lifted during yarding. with a machete or other sharp tool, used as aplace togreen lumber. II 1. Lumber with the moisture content greaterthan hinge wood. In felling, the portion of the tree that apply herbicides. remains uncut. The width and location of this wood frost crack. Longitudinal crack on theoutside of a tree, that of air-dried lumber. landing. The area where logs are collected for loading. 2. Unseasoned lumber, boards from logsprocessed helps determine which way the tree will fall. leader. The growing top (terminal shoot) of a tree. The caused by extreme cold. Especially common on hog. A machine used to reduce waste pieces of lumber thin-barked species, such as hemlock and trueinformation: fir. through mill before drying. distance up the main stem of the tree between each which and slabs, or small tree stems, to chip form. fungicides. Chemicals used to kill and/or preventthe growth rate. With reference to wood, the rate at whorl of branches generally represents 1 year of wood has been added to the tree at anyparticular hot deck. A log pile where both yarding and haul-truck height growth. growth of fungi. loading take place in rapid succession. its point, usually expressed in the number ofannual leave trees. Trees left in or just outside a harvest zone fungus. A plant without chlorophyll that derives leader humus. The plant and animal residues of the soil (litter nourishment from the organic matter of other rings per inch. May also be stated as "annual (often otherwise a clearcut) to reseed the area. This excluded) that have decomposed to the point where is nature's method of reforestation; but it is often plants. growth." gyppo logger. A self-employed,independent timber their origin is no longer recognizable. slower, and it does not have the more assured results harvesting contractor who is not an employeeof the hybrid. A cross between two species that results in a of direct seeding or planting. May also refer to trees current log purchaser. A more descriptive term is"contract sterile (but often more desirable) offspring. left after a thinning. hypsometer. An instrument used to measure the heights litter. The uppermost layer of the soil, made up of PUBLICATIONgreatly logger." gall. A pronounced localized swelling of of trees, employing geometric or trigonometric freshly fallen or slightly decomposed organic modified structure that occurs on plants from principles. materials. See duff. irritation by a disease or insect. H insect log. gallery. A passage or burrow, excavated by an animal 1. To cut and deliver logs. under bark or in wood for feeding oregg-laying habitat. The environment in which the plant or most lives. Syn. site. 2. A tree segment suitable for lumber and other purposes. ice damage. Breakage of tops and branches and stripping THIS of plants with similar hand planting. A reforestation method ofplanting products, typically 8 or more ft long. genus. A botanical grouping minimize of branches and needles by an ice storm. logger. A person who is engaged in a logging operation; characteristics. Species within a genus may be seedlings by hand, usually with spacing to competition and maximize growth. Seedlings are ignite. To set fire to, cause to burn. locally, one who moves logs to landings or skidways. Forcrossbred, but resulting offspring will usually be head start increment. An increase in the diameter, basal area, log rule. A table showing the estimated or calculated sterile. Genus Pinus contains ponderosa pine, often 2 years old, giving the new forest a over seeding methods. height, volume, quality, or value of individual trees amount of lumber (in board feet) that can be sawn lodgepole pine, and hundreds of other pinesaround or stands over time. identified hardwood. from logs of given length and diameter. the http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalogworld. Each species within the genus is increment borer. A tool used to extract a core of wood 1. Doyle rule. A simple formula used in the eastern as Pinus + species name(in ponderosa's case, Pinus 1. Generally, one of the botanical group of trees that have broad leaves, in contrast to the from a tree, allowing study of the radial growth of a and southern U.S. It underestimates the yield from ponderosa). Hence, each tree has both a genus name tree without felling it. small logs and overestimates with logs over 28 inches and a species name. needle-bearing conifers. 2. Wood produced by broad-leaved trees,regardless lflcrement core. That part of the cross section of a tree in diameter. of texture or density. extracted by an increment borer. Used to determine tree age and growth.

7 6 germination. The initial growth of a seed or spore. harvest. Extraction of some type of product from the insecticides. Chemicals used to kill insects. forest survey. An inventory of forestland to determine girdle. To encircle the stem of a living treewith cuts that forest. Generally associated with a cutting. intermediate trees. Trees shorter than those in the acreage, condition, timbervolume, and species, for haulback line. In cable logging, the line used to pull dominant or codominant classes, but with crowns and completely sever bark and cambium andoften are specific purposes (such as timber purchase kill the chokers or the carriage from the landing out to the either below or extending into the crown cover policies carried well into the outer sapwood, done to forest management) or as a basis for forest carbohydrates to felling area. formed by codominant and dominant trees; and programs. Also refers to carefullymeasuring tree by preventing the passage of the roots. Also refers to same processcaused by heart rot. A decay characteristically confined to the receiving a little direct light fromDATE. above, but none and marking property boundaries. animals, such as mice or beaver. heartwood. It usually originates in the living tree. from the sides; usually with small crowns, considera- forest type. A descriptive term used to groupstands of heartwood. The inner core of a woody stem, wholly bly crowded on the sides. See crown class. similar character in composition and development, grade. 1. A system of classifying lumber orlogs according composed of nonliving cells and usually differenti- interplant. To plant seedlings among existing trees, to differentiate them from other groupsof stands. planted or natural. to quality. ated from the outer enveloping layer (sapwood) by OF See stand, type of. its darker color. forest utilization. That branch of forestryconcerned 2. The steepness of a forest road. grain. The direction, size, arrangement, appearance, or heel-in. To store young trees before planting by placing K with the operation of harvesting, processing,and them in a trench and covering the roots with soil. marketing the forest crop and other forest resources. quality of the fibers in wood. grazing capacity. In range management,the ability of a herbicides. A broad class of chemicals used to kill kerf, saw. Width of a cut made by a saw. form. The shape of a log or tree. weeds, grass, brush, or competing trees. by dividing range unit, in years of normalrainfall, to give kiln, dry. A OUTstructure heated by gas, steam, or form class. A measure of bole taper derived high grading. The removal from the stand of only the electricity, in which lumber is dried under controlled (usually 16 or adequate support to a constant number oflivestock diameter inside bark at a given height deteriorating. best trees, often resulting in a poor-quality residual conditions to a desired moisture content. 32 ft) by d.b.h. These values are oftenrequired to for a stated period each year without Expressed in number of livestock per acre ofgiven stand. knot.IS That part of a branch that has been incorporated use tree-volume tables. specified high-lead logging. Logging system that uses cables into the main stem. forty. A land tract of 40 acres or a ¼-mile square. kind or kinds, or in number of acres per animals. rigged to a spar high above the ground so that one frill. V-shaped cut in the cambial tissue ofthe tree made end of the logs can be lifted during yarding. with a machete or other sharp tool, used as aplace togreen lumber. L 1. Lumber with the moisture content greaterthan hinge wood. In felling, the portion of the tree that apply herbicides. remains uncut. The width and location of this wood frost crack. Longitudinal crack on theoutside of a tree, that of air-dried lumber. landing. The area where logs are collected for loading. 2. Unseasoned lumber, boards from logsprocessed helps determine which way the tree will fall. leader. The growing top (terminal shoot) of a tree. The caused by extreme cold. Especially common on hog. A machine used to reduce waste pieces of lumber fir. through mill before drying. information:distance up the main stem of the tree between each thin-barked species, such as hemlock and true which and slabs, or small tree stems, to chip form. fungicides. Chemicals used to kill and/or preventthe growth rate. With reference to wood, the rate at whorl of branches generally represents I year of wood has been added to the tree at anyparticular hot deck. A log pile where both yarding and haul-truck height growth. growth of fungi. loading take place in rapid succession. derives its point, usually expressed in the number ofannual leave trees. Trees left in or just outside a harvest zone fungus. A plant without chlorophyll that leader humus. The plant and animal residues of the soil (litter nourishment from the organic matter of other rings per inch. May also be stated as "annual (often otherwise a clearcut) to reseed the area. This excluded) that have decomposed to the point where is nature's method of reforestation; but it is often plants. growth." gyppo logger. A self-employed,independent timber their origin is no longer recognizable. slower, and it does not have the more assured results harvesting contractor who is not an employeeof the hybrid. A cross between two species that results in a of direct seeding or planting. May also refer to trees G log purchaser. A more descriptive term is"contract sterile (but often more desirable) offspring.current left after a thinning. hypsometer. An instrument used to measure the heights Jitter. The uppermost layer of the soil, made up of greatly logger." PUBLICATION gall. A pronounced localized swelling of Gf trees, employing geometric or trigonometric freshly fallen or slightly decomposed organic modified structure that occurs on plants from principles. materials. See duff. irritation by a disease or insect. H insect log. gallery. A passage or burrow, excavated by an animal 1. To cut and deliver logs. under bark or in wood for feeding oregg-laying habitat. The environment in which the plant or lives. Syn. site. most 2. A tree segment suitable for lumber and other purposes. planting ice damage. Breakage of tops and branches and stripping products, typically 8 or more ft long. of plants with similar hand planting. A reforestation method of THIS genus. A botanical grouping minimize of branches and needles by an ice storm. logger. A person who is engaged in a logging operation; characteristics. Species within a genus may be seedlings by hand, usually with spacing to competition and maximize growth. Seedlings are ignite. To set fire to, cause to burn. locally, one who moves logs to landings or skidways. crossbred, but resulting offspring will usually be head start increment. AnFor increase in the diameter, basal area, log rule. A table showing the estimated or calculated sterile. Genus Pinus contains ponderosa pine, often 2 years old, giving the new forest a over seeding methods. height, volume, quality, or value of individual trees amount of lumber (in board feet) that can be sawn lodgepole pine, and hundreds of other pinesaround or stands over time. is identified hardwood. from logs of given length and diameter. the world. Each species within the genus of trees increment borer. A toolhttp://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog used to extract a core of wood 1. Doyle rule. A simple formula used in the eastern as Pinus + species name (inponderosa's case, Pinus 1. Generally, one of the botanical group that have broad leaves, in contrast to the from a tree, allowing study of the radial growth of a and southern U.S. It underestimates the yield from ponderosa). Hence, each tree has both a genus name tree without felling it. small logs and overestimates with logs over 28 inches and a species name. needle-bearing conifers. 2. Wood produced by broad-leaved trees,regardless Increment core. That part of the cross section of a tree in diameter. of texture or density. extracted by an increment borer. Used to determine tree age and growth.

6 the nutritive value. A term usually prefixed by "high," in the presence of glue or resin. Flakeboard is a new 2. Doyle-Scribner rule. A combinationrule, derived ment of individual trees and stands, and inches in determination of the various products obtainable "low," etc., to indicate relative quality of a given product made by a similar process. by using Doyle rule values for logs up to 28 forage or feed to furnish elements valuable for pathology, forest. The science that pertains to diseases diameter and Scribner rule for logs larger than 28 from them. merchantable. That part of a tree that can be animal nutrition. of forest trees or stands, and to the deterioration of inches. forest products by organisms. 3. International rule. A formula allowing½-inch manufactured into a salable product. -inch shrinkage merchantable heighi TheDATE. length of the tree stem from peavey. A long-handled tool with a spike point and taper for each 4 feet of length and '/8 hinged arm; used to roll logs. for 1-inch board. In one form, it assumes a'/8-inch the top of the stump to the top of the last merchantable section. Usually expressed in ft or old growth. A forest that has never been changed by peeler core. A piece of roundwood that is a byproduct kerf; in modified form, it assumes a ¼-inch kerf. of the veneer-peeling process; usually 8 feet long and 4. Scribner rule. A diagram rule, one of theoldest in number of logs. management or harvesting. This term is misapplied kerf,merchantableOF timber. A tree or stand of trees that may by many to describe any forest that appears to be about 4 inches in diameter. existence. It assumes 1-inch boards and ¼-inch percent grade. makes a liberal allowance for slabs, and disregards be converted into salable products. old. Individual trees in this type of forest are usually single 1. The vertical rise of land in 100 horizontal ft. A taper. Official rule in many parts of the U.S., merchantable volume. The amount of wood in a over 200 years old, and there are large standing and tree or forest stand that is consideredsalable. fallen dead trees throughout the stand. 16% grade means that in 100 ft horizontal, the including the Pacific Northwest. of elevation has changed I 6 ft. Measured with an 5. Scnbner decimal C rule. The Scribnerrule monoculture. The practice of growing a single species operation. Used interchangeably for logging jobs, OUTtree or plant on a given land area. harvesting, cutting, milling, etc. An all-inclusive abney level or clinometer. modified by rounding off the last digit to the nearest 2. Amount of forest volume found to be in a given 10 and dropping the zero Zeroes are added tototal mountain beaver. A small nocturnal rodent, found term for harvesting and hauling out the forest throughout the Coast Range in Oregon and products. log grade. of volumes. Used in Oregon and Washington. percolation. The downward movement of water log scale. The lumber content of a log asdeterminedIS by Washington. This burrowing animal has a voracious outplant. Planting nursery-grown tree seedlings on a freshly prepared area.Seetransplant. through the soil, primarily because of gravity. a log rule. appetite for Douglas-fir seedlings. Syn. boomer. mortality. Death of forest trees as a result of overgrazing. Grazing so heavy that it impairs future pesticides. A general term for chemicals used to kill any lookout. competition, disease, insect damage, drought, wind, forage production and causes range deterioration of the pests of a desired crop. 1. Fire spotter. phloem. An outer layer of tree tissue that conducts food 2. A station or post used primarily in the detection fire, and other factors. through damage to plants, soil, or both. multiple-use management. Management and use of overmatunty. That period in the life cycle of trees and from the leaves to the stem and roots. of fires, often an observation tower located on a photosynthesis. The conversion by green plants of high point of ground. forest land for more than one purpose (timber, stands when growth or value is declining. See information:wildlife, watershed, etc.). Uses may be shared on the maturity. light, water, and air into food energy. lop. different portions of a pile and burn. A controlled burn where the 1. To chop branches, tops, or small treesafter same acreage or allocated to overrun. The excess lumber sawn from logs over the forest tract. estimated volume or log scale, usually expressed in material to be disposed of is concentrated, usually felling, so that the slash lies close to the ground with machinery, before burning. 2. To cut the limbs from a felled tree. percent of log scale. overstocked. A condition of the stand or forest, piling. Round timbers driven into the ground to support indicating more trees than desired, normal, or full other structures. national forest. Federally owned land managed to stocking would require. pistol butt. Applied to trees with bases curving away provide wood, water, and other uses for the benefit overstory. That portion of the trees is a stand forming from the slope and then upwards. This may indicate mainline. the upper crown cover. unstable or moving soil. 1. In cable logging, thecurrent line used to retrieve turnsof of the people of the United States. National forests Forest Service of overtopped tree. Trees with crowns entirely below the pitch. A term applied to the resin occurring in the wood logs.PUBLICATION are under the administration of the the U.S. Department of Agriculture. general level of the overstory cover, receiving no of certain conifers. 2. The main access road to a forest tract. direct light either from above or from the sides. Syn. pitch pocket. A well defined, lens-shaped opening management plan. A written plan for the organized national park. Federally owned land managed to suppressed.Seecrown class. between or within annual growth rings of coniferous handling and operation of a forest property. It maintain areas of outstanding and unique scenery and geographic features for public enjoyment. wood, containing pitch and possibly bark. usuallymost includes data and prescribes measures planer. A machine used to put a smooth surface or designed to provide optimum use of forest resources National parks are under the administration of the THIS National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the shape on lumber. according to the landowner's objectives. plant. marking timber. Selecting and indicating, usually by an Interior. palatability. The relative desirability of certain plants as natural thinning. Death of trees in a stand as a resultof forage for domestic and wild animals. Varies with 1. To place young trees or cuttings in the soil on Foraxe mark (blaze) or paint mark, trees tobe cut or forest land; to establish a forest crop. Sometimes retained in a harvesting operation. competition. composition of the plant cover or the season of needle cast. Premature browning and droppingof grazing. used loosely to include direct seeding. Trees may be maturity. For a given species or stand, the approximate placed as bare-root stock, or with roots within a ball age or condition beyond which thegrowth rate needles caused by a fungus. (Douglas-fir Christmas partial cut. A silvicultural cutting scheme that removes http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalogneedle of earth, or in earth within a container. declines or decay begins to assume economic trees are particularly susceptible to Swiss at any one time less than the total tree stand (selective cut, seed tree cut, shelterwood cut). 2. A processing facility for wood products. importance. cast.) nurse tree or crop. A tree or cropof trees, shrubs, or particle-board. A type of board made by compressing plantation. An artificially reforested area established by MIIF. Abbreviation for "1000 board ft." planting or by direct seeding. mensuration, forest. The science dealing with the other plants that foster another, generally more chips or particles of wood under heat and pressure, measurement of the volume, growth, anddevelop- important, tree or crop. Syn. trainer. nutritive value. A term usually prefixed by "high," in the presence of glue or resin. Flakeboard is a new 2. Doyle-Scribner rule. A combinationrule, derived ment of individual trees and stands,and the inches in determination of the various products obtainable "low," etc., to indicate relative quality of a given product made by a similar process. by using Doyle rule values for logs up to 28 forage or feed to furnish elements valuable for pathology, forest. The science that pertains to diseases diameter and Scribner rule for logs larger than 28 from them. merchantable. That part of a tree that can be animal nutrition. of forest trees or stands, and to the deterioration of inches. forest products by organisms. 3. International rule. A formula allowing½-inch manufactured into a salable product. -inch shrinkage merchantable height: The length of the tree stem from peavey. A long-handled tool with a DATE.spike point and taper for each 4 feet of length and '/8 hinged arm; used to roll logs. for 1-inch board. In one form, it assumes a'/8-inch the top of the stump to the top of the last merchantable section. Usually expressed in ft or old growth. A forest that has never been changed by peeler core. A piece of roundwood that is a byproduct kerf; in modified form, it assumes a ¼-inch kerf. of the veneer-peeling process; usually 8 feet long and 4. Scribner rule. A diagram rule, one of theoldest in number of logs. management or harvesting. This term is misapplied kerf,merchantable timber. A tree or stand of trees that may by many to describe any forest that appears to be about 4 inches in diameter.OF existence. It assumes 1-inch boards and ¼-inch percent grade. makes a liberal allowance for slabs, and disregards be converted into salable products. old. Individual trees in this type of forest are usually single 1. The vertical rise of land in 100 horizontal ft. A taper. Official rule in many parts of the U.S., merchantable volume. The amount of wood in a over 200 years old, and there are large standing and tree or forest stand that is consideredsalable. fallen dead trees throughout the stand. 16% grade means that in 100 ft horizontal, the including the Pacific Northwest. of elevation has changed 16 ft. Measured with an 5. Scribner decimal C rule. The Scribnerrule monoculture. The practice of growing a single species operation. Used interchangeably for logging jobs, tree or plant on a given land area. harvesting, cutting, milling, etc. An all-inclusive abney levelOUT or clinometer. modified by rounding off the last digit to the nearest 2. Amount of forest volume found to be in a given 10 and dropping the zero Zeroes are added tototal mountain beaver. A small nocturnal rodent, found term for harvesting and hauling out the forest throughout the Coast Range in Oregon and products. log grade. of volumes. Used in Oregon and Washington. percolation. The downward movement of water log scale. The lumber content of a log asdetermined by Washington. This burrowing animal has a voracious outplant. Planting nursery-grown tree seedlings on a IS Syn.boomer. freshly prepared area. See transplant. through the soil, primarily because of gravity. a log rule. appetite for Douglas-fir seedlings. mortality. Death of forest trees as a result of overgrazing. Grazing so heavy that it impairs future pesticides. A general term for chemicals used to kill any lookout. competition, disease, insect damage, drought, wind, forage production and causes range deterioration of the pests of a desired crop. 1. Fire spotter. phloem. An outer layer of tree tissue that conducts food 2. A station or post used primarily in thedetection fire, and other factors. through damage to plants, soil, or both. multiple-use management. Management and useof overmaturity. That period in the life cycle of trees and from the leaves to the stem and roots. of fires, often an observation tower located on a photosynthesis. The conversion by green plants of high point of ground. forest land for more than one purpose (timber, stands when growth or value is declining.See wildlife, watershed, etc.). Uses may be shared on the maturity. information:light, water, and air into food energy. lop. different portions of a pile and burn. A controlled burn where the 1. To chop branches, tops, or small treesafter same acreage or allocated to overrun. The excess lumber sawn from logs over the forest tract. estimated volume or log scale, usually expressed in material to be disposed of is concentrated, usually felling, so that the slash lies close to the ground with machinery, before burning. 2. To cut the limbs from a felled tree. percent of log scale. N overstocked. A condition of the stand or forest, piling. Round timbers driven into the ground to support indicating more trees than desired, normal, or full other structures. national forest. Federally owned land managed to stocking would require. pistol butt. Applied to trees with bases curving away provide wood, water, and other uses for the benefit overstory. That portion of the trees is a stand forming from the slope and then upwards. This may indicate mainline. the upper crown cover. unstable or moving soil. 1. In cable logging, the line used to retrieve turnsof of the people of the United States. National forests current are under the administration of theForest Service of overtopped tree. TreesPUBLICATION with crowns entirely below the pitch. A term applied to the resin occurring in the wood logs. general level of the overstory cover, receiving no of certain conifers. 2. The main access road to a forest tract. the U.S. Department of Agriculture. direct light either from above or from the sides.Syn. pitch pocket. A well defined, lens-shaped opening management plan. A written plan for the organized national park. Federally owned land managed to suppressed.Seecrown class. between or within annual growth rings of coniferous handling and operation of a forest property. It maintain areas of outstanding and unique scenery and geographic features for public enjoyment. wood, containing pitch and possibly bark. usually includes data and prescribes measures most planer. A machine used to put a smooth surface or designed to provide optimum use of forest resources National parks are under the administration of the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the THIS shape on lumber. according to the landowner's objectives. plant. Interior. palatability. The relative desirability of certain plants as marking timber. Selecting and indicating, usually by an of 1. To place young trees or cuttings in the soil on axe mark (blaze) or paint mark, trees tobe cut or natural thinning. Death of trees in a stand as a result forage for domestic and wild animals. Varies with competition. compositionFor of the plant cover or the season of forest land; to establish a forest crop. Sometimes retained in a harvesting operation. used loosely to include direct seeding. Trees may be maturity. For a given species or stand, the approximate needle cast. Premature browning and dropping of grazing. needles caused by a fungus. (Douglas-fir Christmas partial cut. A silvicultural cutting scheme that removes placed as bare-root stock, or with roots within a ball age or condition beyond which thegrowth rate http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalogof earth, or in earth within a container. declines or decay begins to assume economic trees are particularly susceptible to Swissneedle at any one time less than the total tree stand (selective cut, seed tree cut, shelterwood cut). 2. A processing facility for wood products. importance. cast.) nurse tree or crop. A tree or cropof trees, shrubs, or particle-board. A type of board made by compressing plantation. An artificially reforested area established by MBF. Abbreviation for "1000 board ft." planting or by direct seeding. mensuration, forest. The science dealing with the other plants that foster another, generally more chips or particles of wood under heat and pressure, measurement of the volume, growth, anddevelop- important, tree or crop.Syn.trainer.

9 roots. The below-ground tree or plant parts that provide planting bar. A hand tool used in making a slit-hole in prism. A wedge-shaped piece of clear or amber-colored reproduction. 1. The process by which a forest is renewed. a. physical support, absorb water and nutrients from the soil in which trees are planted. glass that is used to select trees for timber sampling. artificial. Renewal by direct sowing or planting(syn. the soil, and store food produced by photosynthesis. plot. A carefully measured area laid out for experimenta- pruning. The removal of live or dead branches from reforestation). b. natural. Renewal by self-sown rotation. The period of years required to establish and tion or of mensuration; may be permanent or standing trees, whether done artificially or naturally Natural pruning results from such causes as seeds, sprouts, rhizomes, etc.(syn.regeneration). grow a timber crop to a specified condition of temporary.Syn.study plot. Syn. 2. Seedings or saplings of any origin(syn. maturity, when it may be harvested and a new tree plug seedling. A seedling grown in a small container, deficiency of light, DATE.decay, snow, ice, etc. young-growth). crop started. under carefully controlled environmental conditions. self-pruning. pulp, wood. Mechanically ground or chemically reproduction methods. rotation age. The age at which a stand is considered Seedlings are removed from containers for planting. ready for harvesting under an adopted plan of plywood. A wood product constructed of three or more digested wood fibers used in the manufacture of 1. clearcutting. Removal of the entire forest in one cut. This method perpetuates even-aged stands. management. layers of veneer joined with glue and (usually) laid paper andOF allied products. Bleachedand purified 2. seed-tree. Removal of the mature timber in one rot. Wood in a state of decay. with the grain of adjoining plies at right angles to wood pulp is also widely used in the manufacture of cut, except for a small number of seed trees (1-7 roundwood. Wood products that are round (pulpwood, one another. rayon and other chemicals. pulpwood. Wood cut or prepared primarily for trees/acre); called a ' 'group cutting' ' when the seed posts, poles, piling, firewood, sawlogs). pole. trees are left in groups, a "reserve cutting" when 1. A young tree between 5 and 12 in d.b.h.See manufacture into wood pulp, for later manufacture into paper, fiberboard, or other products (the specifically selected seed trees are left for growth, as S sapling. OUT well as to furnish seed. 2. A log cut for the manufacture of power or products depend largely on the species and the telephone poles (involves trees larger than 12 in pulping process). 3. selection. Removal of mature timber, usually the salvage. To harvest trees that are dead or in poor oldest or largest trees, either as single scattered trees d.b.h.). IS PUM yarding. Acronym for "pile unmerchantable condition but can still yield a forest product. portable mill. A small sawmill that can be readily moved material," referring to a U.S. Forest Service or in small groups at relatively short intervals, sample. A small collection from some larger population, contract regulation that requires loggers to concen- commonly 5 to 20 years, repeated indefinitely. This about which a woodland owner wishes information. from one place to another. The usual daily capacity encourages a continuous establishment of natural ranges from 3,000 to 10,000 boardft. trate all tops, chunks, and other unmerchantable sample tree. A representative or average-sized tree, prebunch. In logging, to collect logs or other material at material generated by harvesting.SeeYUM. reproduction, and an uneven-aged stand is chosen for detailed measurement of condition, size, intermediate staging areas, in preparation for the punky. A soft, weak, often spongy condition in wood; maintained. Also called "thinning from above." growth, or quality. caused by decay. 4. shelterwood. Removal of the mature timber in a sapling. A young tree of small diameter, typically 2 to 5 main yarding operation. series of cuttings, which extend over a period of precipitation. Deposits of atmospheric moisture in in d.b.h. information: years. Usually equal to not more than one-quarter liquid or solid form, including rain, sleet, snow, R sapwood. The light-colored wood that appears on the (often not more than one-tenth) of the time required hail, dew, or mist (also refers to quantity of water outer portion of a cross section of a tree. Composed to grow the crop. The establishment of natural deposited). radial (surface). A horizontal surface or plane extending of dead cells; serves to conduct water and minerals precommercial thinning. Removal of some of the trees wholly or in part from the pith to the bark of a tree reproduction under the partial shelter of seed trees is to the crown. A minimum of 1 in of sapwood is encouraged, but sometimes these areas must be in a young stand to reduce competition for water bole. required on all poles to ensure proper absorption of artificially regenerated. and nutrients, and to accelerate commercial growth range. Land not under cultivation, thatproduces forage preservatives. Also termed "xylem." these stands suitable for grazing by domestic animals and 5. coppice. Forest regeneration by sprouting saw log. A log large enough to be sawn into lumber. on remaining trees. Trees thinned from (vegetative reproduction) from stumps or roots. have no commercial value.current wildlife. Includes forest that produces forage. sawmill. A plant at which logs are sawed into salable "Open range" is an extensive grazing area on which residual stand. Trees, often of saw log size, left in a products, including all the machinery and buildings preservation.PUBLICATION stand after thinning to grow until the next harvest. 1. To maintain in an natural state; human impact the movement of livestock is permitted. In Oregon, necessary for the operation of the plant. Commonly these areas are established by law. Also called "reserve stand" or "leave trees." sawtimber. Trees that yield logs suitable in size and on the biological system is minimized. resins. A class of inflammable vegetable substances that refers to wilderness area management. ranger. An administrative officer in charge of aunit of quality for the production of lumber. 2. Wood preservation involves the protection of forest or other land, usually a subdivision of a public have no definite shape, secreted by certain plants or scale. The estimated sound volume of a log or group of trees; characterizes the wood of many coniferous timbermost and wood products against the action of forest or park. Various classifications are recognized: logs in terms of a given log rule or formula; used to forest ranger, district ranger, park ranger, county species. estimate the sound volume of a log or group of logs. THISdestructive living organisms, especially fungi, riparian zone. That area adjacent to rivers and streams ranger. Seelog rule. insects, and marine borers. identified by vegetation, wildlife, and other preservative. A substance that, when properly applied ray. In wood anatomy, a ribbon-shapedstrand of tissue scale stick. A graduated stick for measuring the Forto wood, makes it resistant to attack by fungi, formed by the cambium and extending in a radial qualities unique to these locations. diameters and contents of logs; both measures are direction across the grain in hardwoods. riprap. Stones or other energy-absorbing material used stamped on the stick. insects, or marine borers. to stabilize a roadbank, streambank, or stream primitive area. An area of forest land that is left reforestation. The natural or artificial restocking of an scalp. To physically remove the sod or surface layer of unaffectedhttp://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog by human activities. These areas are in area with forest trees. channel. debris, to expose mineral soil for tree planting. root collar. The transition zone between stem and root. essence wilderness, but they are created by relative humidity. The amount of water vapor present in scarify. To disturb the forest floor and top soil in administrative regulation rather than by act of the air, compared to the amount in fully saturated Usually recognizable in trees and seedlings by the preparation for natural regeneration or direct presence of a slight swelling. Congress. air of that temperature and pressure. seeding or planting.

10 11 roots. The below-ground tree or plant parts that provide planting bar. A hand tool used in making a slit-hole in prism. A wedge-shaped piece of clear or amber-colored reproduction. 1. The process by which a forest is renewed. a. physical support, absorb water and nutrients from the soil in which trees are planted. glass that is used to select trees for timber sampling. (syn. the soil, and store food produced by photosynthesis. plot. A carefully measured area laid out for experimenta- pruning. The removal of live or dead branches from artificial. Renewal by direct sowing or planting reforestation). b. natural. Renewal by self-sown rotation. The period of years required to establish and tion or of mensuration; may be permanent or standing trees, whether done artificially or naturally Natural pruning results from such causes as seeds, sprouts, rhizomes, etc.(syn.regeneration). grow a timber crop to a specified condition of temporary.Syn.study plot. plug seedling. A seedling grown in a small container, deficiency of light, decay, snow, ice, etc.Syn. 2. Seedings or saplings of any origin(syn. maturity, when it may be harvestedDATE. and a new tree young-growth). crop started. under carefully controlled environmental conditions. self-pruning. Seedlings are removed from containers for planting. pulp, wood. Mechanically ground or chemically reproduction methods. rotation age. The age at which a stand is considered plywood. A wood product constructed of three or more digested wood fibers used in the manufacture of 1. clearcutting. Removal of the entire forest in one ready for harvesting under an adopted plan of management. layers of veneer joined with glue and (usually) laid paper and allied products. Bleached andpurified cut. This method perpetuates even-aged stands. OF with the grain of adjoining plies at right angles to wood pulp is also widely used in the manufacture of 2. seed-tree. Removal of the mature timber in one rot. Wood in a state of decay. rayon and other chemicals. cut, except for a small number of seed trees (1-7 roundwood. Wood products that are round (pulpwood, one another. trees/acre); called a ' 'group cutting' ' when the seed posts, poles, piling, firewood, sawlogs). pole. pulpwood. Wood cut or prepared primarily for 1. A young tree between 5 and 12 in d.b.h.See manufacture into wood pulp, for later manufacture trees are left in groups, a "reserve cutting" when specifically selected seed trees are left for growth, as sapling. into paper, fiberboard, or other products (the OUT S 2. A log cut for the manufacture of power or products depend largely on the species and the well as to furnish seed. telephone poles (involves trees larger than 12 in pulping process). 3. selection. Removal of mature timber, usually the salvage. To harvest trees that are dead or in poor oldest or largest trees, either as single scattered trees d.b.h.). PUM yarding. Acronym for "pile unmerchantable conditionIS but can still yield a forest product. portable mill. A small sawmill that can be readily moved material," referring to a U.S. Forest Service or in small groups at relatively short intervals, sample. A small collection from some larger population, from one place to another. The usual daily capacity contract regulation that requires loggers to concen- commonly 5 to 20 years, repeated indefinitely. This about which a woodland owner wishes information. ranges from 3,000 to 10,000 board ft. trate all tops, chunks, and other unmerchantable encourages a continuous establishment of natural sample tree. A representative or average-sized tree, prebunch. In logging, to collect logs or other material at material generated by harvesting.See YUM. reproduction, and an uneven-aged stand is chosen for detailed measurement of condition, size, intermediate staging areas, in preparation for the punky. A soft, weak, often spongy condition in wood; maintained. Also called "thinning from above." growth, or quality. 4. shelterwood. Removal of the mature timber in a main yarding operation. caused by decay. sapling. A young tree of small diameter, typically 2 to 5 precipitation. Deposits of atmospheric moisture in series of cuttings, which extend over a period of information:in d.b.h. liquid or solid form, including rain, sleet, snow, ru years. Usually equal to not more than one-quarter sapwood. The light-colored wood that appears on the hail, dew, or mist (also refers to quantity of water (often not more than one-tenth) of the time required outer portion of a cross section of a tree. Composed to grow the crop. The establishment of natural deposited). radial (surface). A horizontal surface or plane extending of dead cells; serves to conduct water and minerals precommercial thinning. Removal of some of the trees wholly or in part from the pith to the bark of a tree reproduction under the partial shelter of seed trees is to the crown. A minimum of 1 in of sapwood is encouraged, but sometimes these areas must be in a young stand to reduce competition for water bole. required on all poles to ensure proper absorption of and nutrients, and to accelerate commercial growth range. Land not under cultivation, that producesforage artificially regenerated. preservatives. Also termed "xylem." on remaining trees. Trees thinned from thesestands suitable for grazing by domestic animals and 5. coppice. Forest regeneration by sprouting saw log. A log large enough to be sawn into lumber. wildlife. Includes forest that produces forage. (vegetative reproduction) from stumps or roots. sawmill. A plant at which logs are sawed into salable have no commercial value. residual stand. Trees, often of saw log size,current left in a preservation. "Open range" is an extensive grazing area on which PUBLICATION products, including all the machinery and buildings 1. To maintain in an natural state; human impact the movement of livestock is permitted. In Oregon, stand after thinning to grow until the next harvest. necessary for the operation of the plant. on the biological system is minimized.Commonly these areas are established by law. Also called "reserve stand" or "leave trees." sawtimber. Trees that yield logs suitable in size and resins. A class of inflammable vegetable substances that refers to wilderness area management. ranger. An administrative officer in charge of aunit of quality for the production of lumber. 2. Wood preservation involves the protection of forest or other land, usually a subdivision of a public have no definite shape, secreted by certain plants or scale. The estimated sound volume of a log or group of timber and wood products against the action of forest or park. Various classifications are recognized: trees; characterizes themost wood of many coniferous logs in terms of a given log rule or formula; used to forest ranger, district ranger, park ranger, county species. estimate the sound volume of a log or group of logs. destructive living organisms, especially fungi, riparianTHIS zone. That area adjacent to rivers and streams insects, and marine borers. ranger. Seelog rule. preservative. A substance that, when properly applied ray. In wood anatomy, a ribbon-shaped strand oftissue identified by vegetation, wildlife, and other scale stick. A graduated stick for measuring the to wood, makes it resistant to attack by fungi, formed by the cambium and extending in a radial qualities uniqueFor to these locations. diameters and contents of logs; both measures are riprap. Stones or other energy-absorbing material used insects, or marine borers. direction across the grain in hardwoods. stamped on the stick. primitive area. An area of forest land that is left reforestation. The natural or artificial restocking of an to stabilize a roadbank, streambank, or stream scalp. To physically remove the sod or surface layer of unaffected by human activities. These areas are in area with forest trees. channel. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalogdebris, to expose mineral soil for tree planting. essence wilderness, but they are created by relative humidity. The amount of water vapor present in root collar. The transition zone between stem and root. scarify. To disturb the forest floor and top soil in administrative regulation rather than by act of the air, compared to the amount in fully saturated Usually recognizable in trees and seedlings by the preparation for natural regeneration or direct presence of a slight swelling. Congress. air of that temperature and pressure. seeding or planting.

10 11 schoolmarm. Logger's slang for a tree with one or more shear. skyline logging. A type of cable logging in which the and arrangement to be distinguishable from the trunks. 1. In Christmas tree culture, to shape and trim back mainline is stationary and a carriage moves up and forest on adjoining areas. season. To dry lumber, either in the open or in adry the branches to make dense foliage and give tree a down it, collecting turns of logs. stand density. A relative measure of amount of stocking kiln. conical shape. slab. The exterior portion of a log removed in sawing on a forest area, compared with other areas. seasoning. The process of drying (curing) lumber or 2. In felling, a mechanical device that pinches trees timber. stand table. A summary table showing the number of other forms of wood to improve its properties: off at the stump. DATE. slash. trees by species and diameter class of any given area. natural (air or underground drying) or artificial (kilnshelterbelt. A wind barrier of living trees and/or shrubs, 1. Tree tops, branches, bark, and other debris, left stand, type of. drying, electrical drying, oil drying, etc.). maintained to protect farm fields or homesteads. after a forest operation. 1. mixed. A stand in which more than 25% of the second growth. A second forest that develops after Syn. belt, windbreak. 2. The process of cutting down undesirable trees in the main crown canopy are of a species other harvest of the original, natural forest. In the Pacific shelterwood.OF See reproduction methods. vegetation. than the major species. Northwest, these forests also are often called young- shrinkage. The contraction of wood caused by drying snag. A standing, dead tree or a standing section of the 2. pure. A stand in which at least 80-90% of the growth stands. the material below the point at which the wood stem of a tree broken off at the height of 20 ft or trees in the dominant and codominant crown classes section. A unit of land area equal to 640 acres, 6,400 sq fibers are saturated. Shrinkage values are usually more. If less than 20 ft. it is properly termed a are of a single species. chains, 1 sq mile, or 80 chains on each side. expressed as a percentage of specific dimensions (or ''stub.'' stem. The trunk of a tree. seedbed. In natural plant reproduction, the soil or forestOUTthe volume) of the wood when green. softwood. One of the botanical group of trees that stocking. The number of trees in a forest. Usually floor on which seed falls; in nursery practice, a shrub. A woody perennial plant (lives more than 1 year) generally have needle or scalelike leavesthe expressed as trees per acre or some relative measure prepared area in which seed is sown. that differs from a perennial herb by its woody, conifers. Also the wood produced by such trees, (well stocked/fully stocked, overstocked, under- seeding. A reforestation method by sowing seeds,IS persistent stems, and from a tree by its low stature regardless of texture or density. stocked). aerially or by hand. Often done immediately after and branches that start from the base. soil horizon. A layer of soil with distinct characteristics stratification. The technique of placing seeds in a cool, harvest so that a new forest is started the next grow- sidecast. Earth and other material generated by that separate it from other soil layers. Commonly, a moist medium (such as sand or peat) to imitate winter ing season. roadbuilding and deposited on the downhill side of forest soil will have 0, A, B, and C horizons. conditions and aid germination when planted. seedling. A small tree grown from seed. Usually the the road. soil moisture. The relative amount of water in the soil; stumpage. The value of timber as it stands uncut in the term is restricted to trees less than 2 in d.b.h. silver thaw. A weather phenomenon in which great usually applied to upper levels of soil, occasionally woods; in a general sense, the standing timber itself. seed year. A year in which a given species produces quantities of ice collect on trees and other to humus layer. Can also denote price paid for this timber. (over a considerable area) a seed crop greatlyinformation: in vegetation, often causing much breakage. soil profile. A vertical section of soil showing the nature stump sprout. See sprout. excess of the normal. Applied usually to treesof silviculture. The art and science of producing and and thickness of the various horizons, often used in succession. The replacement of one plant community by irregular or infrequent seed production. tending a forest; the theory and practice of soil classification. another in progressive development toward climax seed tree. controlling forest establishment, composition, soil series. Groupings of soils with similar profile vegetation. 1. A tree that produces seed. growth, and quality of forests to achieve the characteristics. succession, types of. 2. Trees reserved in a harvest operation to supply objectives of management. spar. A pole, tower, or tree used in cable logging to raise 1. primary. Plant succession on newly formed soils seed. See reproduction methods. site. An area of land, especially with reference to its the mainline off the ground. or surfaces, exposed for the first time, that have seed zone. Areas of similar climatic and elevational capacity to produce vegetation as a function of sprout. A young tree developed directly from the base, never borne vegetation. conditions, used to specifycurrent where tree seed was environmental factors (climate, soil, biology, etc.). stump, or root of another tree. Relatively common 2. secondary. Plant succession following the destruc- collectedPUBLICATION and where trees from such seed are most site class. A grouping of similar site indexes that among hardwoods; with conifers, typical only of tion of a part or all of the original vegetation. likely to be successfully grown. indicates relative productivity. The common system redwoods. Syn. sucker. sucker. A sprout from the lower portion of a stem, selection cut. See reproduction methods. for the Douglas-fir region includes five site classes, species (of trees). Trees having very similar genetic especially from the root. severance tax. A tax paid on forest products after they with 1 (I) the most productive and 5 (V) the least. makeup, so that they freely interbreed and have sucker knot. A knot associated with a limb growing are cut. site index. A measure of forest site quality, based on the common characteristics. In common language, a nearly parallel to the main stem. Sucker knots are shade tolerance.most The capacity of a tree or plant species height (in ft) that dominant trees will reach at a given "kind" or "variety." Each species is identified by a not permitted on poles because they funnel water THISto develop and grow in the shade of and in age. For Douglas-fir, this is commonly expressed as scientific name that consists of a genus portion and into the pole, promoting decay even if treated. competition with other trees or plants. See tolerance. either a 50- or 100-year site index. then a species portion (Tsuga heterophylla, western summerwood. The denser, later-formed wood of an shake. site preparation. Any treatment of a forest site to hemlock). annual growth ring. The cells are smaller, with thick For1. A lengthwise separation of wood (usually caused prepare it for establishment of a plantation or for spike top. A tree with a dead top, usually a mark of cell walls, so they usually give the layer a darker by wind) that usually occurs between and parallel to natural regeneration. declining vigor. color than that of the springwood. the growth layers. skidding. The process of dragging logs from the woods springwood. The less dense, larger-celled, first-formed sunscald. Death of cambial tissue on one side of a tree, 2. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalogA thin section split from a bolt of wood and used to a landing, usually applied to ground-based wood of an annual growth ring. caused by exposure to direct sunlight. for roofing or siding. operations. A similar term, used especially with spud. A hand tool used in stripping bark from felled suppressed tree. See overtopped. cable or aerial logging systems, is "yarding." trees. surface runoff. Water that moves over the ground skid road, skid trail. A pathway over which logs are staff compass. See compass. surface. With the exception of established drainage skidded. stand. An aggregation of trees occupying a specific area channels, uncommon on undisturbed forest land. and uniform enough in composition (species), age,

12 13 schoolmarm. Logger's slang for a tree with one or more shear. skyline logging. A type of cable logging in which the and arrangement to be distinguishable from the trunks. 1. In Christmas tree culture, to shape and trim back mainline is stationary and a carriage moves up and forest on adjoining areas. season. To dry lumber, either in the open or in adry the branches to make dense foliage and give tree a down it, collecting turns of logs. stand density. A relative measure of amount of stocking kiln. conical shape. slab. The exterior portion of a log removed in sawing on a forest area, compared with other areas. seasoning. The process of drying (curing) lumber or 2. In felling, a mechanical device that pinches trees timber. stand table. A summary table showing the number of other forms of wood to improve its properties: off at the stump. slash. trees by species and diameter classDATE. of any given area. natural (air or underground drying) or artificial (kilnshelterbelt. A wind barrier of living trees and/or shrubs, 1. Tree tops, branches, bark, and other debris, left stand, type of. drying, electrical drying, oil drying, etc.). maintained to protect farm fields or homesteads. after a forest operation. 1. mixed. A stand in which more than 25% of the second growth. A second forest that develops after Syn. belt, windbreak. 2. The process of cutting down undesirable trees in the main crown canopy are of a species other harvest of the original, natural forest. In the Pacific shelterwood. See reproduction methods. vegetation. than the major species.OF Northwest, these forests also are often called young- shrinkage. The contraction of wood caused by drying snag. A standing, dead tree or a standing section of the 2. pure. A stand in which at least 80-90% of the growth stands. the material below the point at which the wood stem of a tree broken off at the height of 20 ft or trees in the dominant and codominant crown classes section. A unit of land area equal to 640 acres, 6,400 sq fibers are saturated. Shrinkage values are usually more. If less than 20 ft, it is properly termed a are of a single species. chains, 1 sq mile, or 80 chains on each side. expressed as a percentage of specific dimensions (or "stub." stem. The trunk of a tree. seedbed. In natural plant reproduction, the soil or forest the volume) of the wood when green. softwood. One of the botanical group of trees that stocking. TheOUT number of trees in a forest. Usually floor on which seed falls; in nursery practice, a shrub. A woody perennial plant (lives more than 1 year) generally have needle or scalelike leavesthe expressed as trees per acre or some relative measure prepared area in which seed is sown. that differs from a perennial herb by its woody, conifers. Also the wood produced by such trees, (well stocked/fully stocked, overstocked, under- seeding. A reforestation method by sowing seeds, persistent stems, and from a tree by its low stature regardless of texture or density. stocked).IS aerially or by hand. Often done immediately after and branches that start from the base. soil horizon. A layer of soil with distinct characteristics stratification. The technique of placing seeds in a cool, harvest so that a new forest is started the next grow- sidecast. Earth and other material generated by that separate it from other soil layers. Commonly, a moist medium (such as sand or peat) to imitate winter ing season. roadbuilding and deposited on the downhill side of forest soil will have 0, A, B, and C horizons. conditions and aid germination when planted. seedling. A small tree grown from seed. Usually the the road. soil moisture. The relative amount of water in the soil; stumpage. The value of timber as it stands uncut in the term is restricted to trees less than 2 in d.b.h. silver thaw. A weather phenomenon in which great usually applied to upper levels of soil, occasionally woods; in a general sense, the standing timber itself. seed year. A year in which a given species produces quantities of ice collect on trees and other to humus layer. Can also denote price paid for this timber. (over a considerable area) a seed crop greatly in vegetation, often causing much breakage. soil profile. A vertical section of soil showing the nature information:stump sprout. See sprout. excess of the normal. Applied usually to trees of silviculture. The art and science of producing and and thickness of the various horizons, often used in succession. The replacement of one plant community by irregular or infrequent seed production. tending a forest; the theory and practice of soil classification. another in progressive development toward climax seed tree. controlling forest establishment, composition, soil series. Groupings of soils with similar profile vegetation. 1. A tree that produces seed. growth, and quality of forests to achieve the characteristics. succession, types of. 2. Trees reserved in a harvest operation to supply objectives of management. spar. A pole, tower, or tree used in cable logging to raise 1. primary. Plant succession on newly formed soils seed. See reproduction methods. site. An area of land, especially with reference to its the mainline off the ground. or surfaces, exposed for the first time, that have seed zone. Areas of similar climatic and elevational capacity to produce vegetation as a function of sprout. A young tree developed directly from the base, never borne vegetation. conditions, used to specify where tree seed was environmental factors (climate, soil, biology, etc.). stump, or root of another tree. Relativelycurrent common 2. secondary. Plant succession following the destruc- collected and where trees from such seed are most site class. A grouping of similar site indexes that among hardwoods;PUBLICATION with conifers, typical only of tion of a part or all of the original vegetation. likely to be successfully grown. indicates relative productivity. The common system redwoods. Syn. sucker. sucker. A sprout from the lower portion of a stem, selection cut. See reproduction methods. for the Douglas-fir region includes five site classes, species (of trees). Trees having very similar genetic especially from the root. severance tax. A tax paid on forest products after they with 1 (I) the most productive and 5 (V) the least. makeup, so that they freely interbreed and have sucker knot. A knot associated with a limb growing are cut. site index. A measure of forest site quality, based on the common characteristics. In common language, a nearly parallel to the main stem. Sucker knots are shade tolerance. The capacity of a tree or plant species height (in ft) that dominant trees will reach at a given "kind" or "variety." mostEach species is identified by a not permitted on poles because they funnel water to develop and grow in the shade of and in age. For Douglas-fir, this is commonly expressed as scientificTHIS name that consists of a genus portion and into the pole, promoting decay even if treated. competition with other trees or plants. See tolerance. either a 50- or 100-year site index. then a species portion (Tsuga heterophylla, western summerwood. The denser, later-formed wood of an shake. site preparation. Any treatment of a forest site to hemlock). annual growth ring. The cells are smaller, with thick 1. A lengthwise separation of wood (usually caused prepare it for establishment of a plantation or for spike top. A treeFor with a dead top, usually a mark of cell walls, so they usually give the layer a darker by wind) that usually occurs between and parallel to natural regeneration. declining vigor. color than that of the springwood. the growth layers. skidding. The process of dragging logs from the woods springwood. The less dense, larger-celled, first-formed sunscald. Death of cambial tissue on one side of a tree, 2. A thin section split from a bolt of wood and used to a landing, usually applied to ground-based wood of an annualhttp://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog growth ring. caused by exposure to direct sunlight. for roofing or siding. operations. A similar term, used especially with spud. A hand tool used in stripping bark from felled suppressed tree. See overtopped. cable or aerial logging systems, is "yarding." trees. surface runoff. Water that moves over the ground skid road, skid trail. A pathway over which logs are staff compass. See compass. surface. With the exception of established drainage skidded. Stand. An aggregation of trees occupying a specific area channels, uncommon on undisturbed forest land. and uniform enough in composition (species), age,

12 13 turnup. In Christmas tree culture, the practice of sustained yield. A policy, method, or plan of forest 3. selection thinning. Removal of dominant trees to whorl. A group of branches originating at or near the benefit trees in lower crown classes. leaving a green branch when harvesting a Christmas base of the terminal bud. Generally, one whorl is management that calls for continuous production, tree; this branch, turned upwards, becomes the next to achieve, at the earliest practicable time, an 4. free thinning. Removal of trees to benefit best produced each growing season. tree.Syn.stump culture. approximate balance between net growth and trees, regardless of crown class. widowmaker. Any limb, top, leaning tree, or other amount harvested. 5. mechanical thinning. Removal of trees based material in the forest that is in danger of falling to DATE. the ground without warning, creating a safety swamp. To clear the ground ofunderbrush, fallen trees, totally on their spacing or arrangement. LU] and other obstructions, to facilitate such later timber. A term loosely applied to forest stands or their hazard. Often applied to limbs that get lodged in the operations as logging or surveying. products; often applied to wood in forms suitable underbrush. The brush growing in a forest. crowns of other trees during a logging operation. wilderness area. An area of public land (usually over sweep. A gradual (but pronounced)bend in a log, pole, for heavyOF construction (houses, ships, bridges). undercut. In felling a tree, the initial cut that removes a or piling; considered a defect. timber stand improvement (T.S.I.). Any treatment wedge-shaped piece of wood and determines the 5,000 acres) designated by Congress as wilderness swell-butted. Describes a tree greatly enlarged at the intended to improve the quality of a forest stand, direction of fall.Syn.face cut. according to the definition in the Wilderness Act. undergrowth. Small trees and shrubs and other plants Ecosystems present are preserved in their natural base.Syn.bottle-butted, churn-butted. including pruning, thinning, salvaging, and fertilization. growing under a forest canopy. states, with minimum human influence (no timber timber type.Seeforest type. understory. That portion of the trees or other vegetation harvesting, roads, or developed areas are allowed). I OUTtolerance. The capacity of a tree or plant to develop and in a forest stand below the canopy. wildfire. A fire burning out of control, regardless of with) other uneven-aged. Applied to a stand in which there are how or why it started. tail tree. In skyline logging, a tree used to anchor the grow in the shade of (and in competition trees or plants; a general term for the relative ability considerable differences in the age of the trees and inwildling. A seedling naturally reproduced outside of a mainline away from the landing. which three or more age classes are represented. See nursery, used in forest planting. tally. The count of trees, logs, or other products; toIS of a species to survive a deficiency of an essential growth requirement (light, moisture, nutrient alsoall-aged. windbreak. A wind barrier of living trees and shrubs count trees, logs, or other products; to record maintained to protect the farm home, other products, distances, etc., as measured. supply). transpiration. The process by which water vapor leaves buildings, garden, orchard, or feedlots.Syn. taper. The gradual reduction of diameter in a stemof a V a living plant and enters the atmosphere. shelterbelt. tree or a log from the base to the top. windfall. A tree uprooted or broken off by wind; an taproot. The major tree root with the greatest tendency transplant. veneer. A thin sheet of wood cut on a lathe or slicing 1. To replant a nursery seedling in another part of machine. There are three kinds: sawed, sliced, and area on which the trees have been thrown by wind. to grow downward. Depending on the species and Syn.blowdown, wind-thrown. soil conditions, the taproot may or may notinformation: be the nursery for further development. A "2-1" tree rotary cut. seedling is one that was grown from seed for 2 years Vexar tube. A rigid, plastic-net tube made from Vexar windfirm. Describes trees capable of withstanding pronounced or show heavy branching. in the nursery, then replanted and left for a year in heavy wind. tarif table. A tree-volume table based on d.b.h. and (a trademark of the DuPont Corporation). Used to another nursery bed. protect tree seedlings from animal damage. wolf tree. A vigorous tree that has merchantable value total height. but occupies more space than its value warrants. terminal bud. The uppermost bud on the main stem of a 2. To move a wild seedling to another location for virgin forest. A mature or overmature forest essentially regenerating a forest. Usually very limby. tree.Seeleader. uninfluenced by human activity. 3. Any seedling that is removed from one location volume table. A table showing gross volume of trees, wood. The lignified water-conducting, supporting, thinning. Cutting in an immature stand to increase the and storage tissue of branches, stems, and roots. growth rate of the leave trees. The goal is to foster and planted elsewhere. based on given tree measurements (usually d.b.h. current tree. A woody plant having one well-defined stem and a and height). Syn.xylem. quality growth, improve composition, promote woodland. The wooded portion of a farm or ranch, or sanitation,PUBLICATION and recover and use material that would more or less definitely formed crown, usually attaining a height of at least 8 ft. the wooded land operated in connection with a farm otherwise be lost to mortality. Thinning does not of w or ranch. generally increase per-acre cubic-volume growth, tree age. The number of years since the germination the seed, or the budding of the sprout or root sucker. water bar. V-shaped trench cut into the surface of a wood-processing industry. That segment of the forest but it can increase board-foot yield. industry that manufactures lumber, paper, plywood, thinning shock. A condition of very slow growth in a tree farm. An area of privately owned forest land road, which collects water and channels it off the most dedicated by its owner to the growing and harvesting road surface, to avoid erosion. and other primary forest products. thinned stand, usually from a heavy thinning that wood technology. The study of wood and all its aspects, THISexposes residual trees to conditions muchdifferent of repeated forest crops. The name has been watershed. Any sloping area that sheds water; an area copyrighted by the American Forest Institute for its including anatomy, chemistry, properties, and from those present before thinning. of land that collects and discharges water into a exclusive use. treatment. thinning, types of.See alsocommercial thinning, single stream or other outlet. tree length. Entire length of tree, or with the top lopped Forprecommercial thinning. wedge. 1. low thinning. The removal of trees from the off at small diameter, as in skidding tree length to a 1. In logging, to drive a solid V-shaped object (the x landing for bucking into logs. lower crown classes in a stand.Syn.thinning from wedge) into the saw cut to prevent the saw from http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalogturn. The logs brought to the landing during a single xylem.Seesapwood. below. binding and to direct the fall of the tree. 2. crown thinning. The removal of trees from the yarding or skidding cycle. 2. Slang for a prism used in cruising timber. middle and upper crown classes in a stand, to favor weed tree. A tree of a species with relatively little or no the most promising trees of these classes.Syn. value. thinning from above.

14 15 sustained yield. A policy, method, or plan of forest 3. selection thinning. Removal of dominant trees to turnup. In Christmas tree culture, the practice of whorl. A group of branches originating at or near the leaving a green branch when harvesting a Christmas management that calls for continuous production, benefit trees in lower crown classes. base of the terminal bud. Generally, one whorl is tree; this branch, turned upwards, becomes the next to achieve, at the earliest practicable time, an 4. free thinning. Removal of trees to benefit best produced each growing season. tree.Syn.stump culture. approximate balance between net growth and trees, regardless of crown class. widowmaker. Any limb, top, leaning tree, or other amount harvested. 5. mechanical thinning. Removal oftrees based material in the forest that is in danger of falling to the ground without warning, creatingDATE. a safety swamp. To clear the ground of underbrush,fallen trees, totally on their spacing or arrangement. Li] and other obstructions, to facilitate such later timber. A term loosely applied to forest stands or their hazard. Often applied to limbs that get lodged in the operations as logging or surveying. products; often applied to wood in forms suitable underbrush. The brush growing in a forest. crowns of other trees during a logging operation. wilderness area. An area of public land (usually over sweep. A gradual (but pronounced)bend in a log, pole, for heavy construction (houses, ships, bridges). undercut. In felling a tree, the initial cut that removes a or piling; considered a defect. timber stand improvement (T.S.I.). Any treatment wedge-shaped piece of wood and determines the 5 ,000 acres) designatedOF by Congress as wilderness swell-butted. Describes a tree greatly enlarged at the intended to improve the quality of a forest stand, direction of fall.Syn.face cut. according to the definition in the Wilderness Act. Ecosystems present are preserved in their natural base.Syn.bottle-butted, churn-butted. including pruning, thinning, salvaging, and undergrowth. Small trees and shrubs and other plants fertilization. growing under a forest canopy. states, with minimum human influence (no timber timber type.Seeforest type. understory. That portion of the trees or other vegetation harvesting, roads, or developed areas are allowed). I tolerance. The capacity of a tree or plant to develop and in a forest stand below the canopy. wildfire. AOUT fire burning out of control, regardless of with) other uneven-aged. Applied to a stand in which there are how or why it started. tail tree. In skyline logging, a tree used to anchor the grow in the shade of (and in competition trees or plants; a general term for the relative ability considerable differences in the age of the trees and inwildling. A seedling naturally reproduced outside of a mainline away from the landing. which three or more age classes are represented.See nursery, used in forest planting. tally. The count of trees, logs, or other products; to of a species to survive a deficiency of an essential IS growth requirement (light, moisture, nutrient alsoall-aged. windbreak. A wind barrier of living trees and shrubs count trees, logs, or other products; to record maintained to protect the farm home, other products, distances, etc., as measured. supply). of a transpiration. The process by which water vapor leaves V buildings, garden, orchard, or feedlots.Syn. taper. The gradual reduction of diameter in a stem shelterbelt. tree or a log from the base to the top. a living plant and enters the atmosphere. transplant. veneer. A thin sheet of wood cut on a lathe or slicing windfall. A tree uprooted or broken off by wind; an taproot. The major tree root with the greatest tendency area on which the trees have been thrown by wind. to grow downward. Depending on the speciesand 1. To replant a nursery seedling in another part of machine. There are three kinds: sawed, sliced, and Syn.blowdown, wind-thrown. soil conditions, the taproot may or may not be the nursery for further development. A "2-1" tree rotary cut. information: seedling is one that was grown from seed for 2 years Vexar tube. A rigid, plastic-net tube made from Vexar windfirm. Describes trees capable of withstanding pronounced or show heavy branching. heavy wind. tarif table. A tree-volume table based on d.b.h. and in the nursery, then replanted and left for a year in (a trademark of the DuPont Corporation). Used to another nursery bed. protect tree seedlings from animal damage. wolf tree. A vigorous tree that has merchantable value total height. but occupies more space than its value warrants. terminal bud. The uppermost bud on the main stem of a 2. To move a wild seedling to another location for virgin forest. A mature or overmature forest essentially regenerating a forest. uninfluenced by human activity. Usually very limby. tree. See leader. wood. The lignified water-conducting, supporting, thinning. Cutting in an immature stand to increase the 3. Any seedling that is removed from one location volume table. A table showing gross volume of trees, and storage tissue of branches, stems, and roots. growth rate of the leave trees. The goal is to foster and planted elsewhere. based on given tree measurements (usually d.b.h. tree. A woody plant having one well-defined stem and a and height). current Syn.xylem. quality growth, improve composition, promote woodland. The wooded portion of a farm or ranch, or sanitation, and recover and use material that would more or less definitely formed crown, usually PUBLICATION the wooded land operated in connection with a farm otherwise be lost to mortality. Thinning does not attaining a height of at least 8 ft. tree age. The number of years since the germination of w or ranch. generally increase per-acre cubic-volume growth, the seed, or the budding of the sprout or root sucker. wood-processing industry. That segment of the forest but it can increase board-foot yield. water bar. V-shaped trench cut into the surface of a tree farm. An area of privately owned forest land road, which collects water and channels it off the industry that manufactures lumber, paper, plywood, thinning shock. A condition of very slow growth in a and other primary forest products. thinned stand, usually from a heavy thinning that dedicated by its owner to the growing and harvesting road surface, to avoidmost erosion. wood technology. The study of wood and all its aspects, exposes residual trees to conditions much different of repeated forest crops. The name has been watershed.THIS Any sloping area that sheds water; an area copyrighted by the American Forest Institute for its including anatomy, chemistry, properties, and from those present before thinning. of land that collects and discharges water into a exclusive use. treatment. thinning, types of.See alsocommercial thinning, single stream or other outlet. tree length. Entire length of tree, or with the top lopped precommercial thinning. wedge. For 1. low thinning. The removal of trees from the off at small diameter, as in skidding tree length to a 1. In logging, to drive a solid V-shaped object (the landing for bucking into logs. lower crown classes in a stand.Syn.thinning from wedge) into the saw cut to prevent the saw from turn. The logs brought to the landing during a single http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalogxylem.See below. binding and to direct the fall of the tree. sapwood. 2. crown thinning. The removal of trees from the yarding or skidding cycle. 2. Slang for a prism used in cruising timber. middle and upper crown classes in a stand, to favor weed tree. A tree of a species with relatively little or no the most promising trees of these classes.Syn. value. thinning from above.

14 15 The Oregon State University Extension Service provides education and information based on timely research to help yard. A place where logs, pulpwood, or other timber is Oregonians solve problems and develop skills related to youth, collected; to collect logs in a yard, landing, or family, community, farm, forest, energy, and marine skidway. resources. yield table. A table that projects the wood yield of a DATE. Extension's forestry program improves Oregonians' knowl- forest stand, given certain stocking, age, and edge of forest resources and their options for expanding site-productivity conditions. benefits from these resources. This educational program young growth. Any forest of relatively young age and assists forest owners, managers, processors, and users in condition. understanding OFsmall woodland production and management YUM. Acronym for "yard unmerchantable material," and use of all forest lands. Priority subjects are reforestation, referring to a U.S. Forest Service contract regulationgrowth, management, harvesting, processing and use of that requires loggers to move to landings any tops, wood, protection of soil and water, and other multiple uses chunks, or other unmerchantable material generated and values. by harvesting.See PUM. OUTThis publication was prepared by Richard Fletcher, Extension agent (forestry), Linn and Benton counties; and Bert Udell, Lebanon. The American Forest Institute named Bert and IS Betty Udell "Tree Farmers of the Year" for 1982. This publication is one of a series being developed as an Extension Woodland Workbook.Trade-name products are used as examples only; this use does not constitute endorsement by the Oregon State University Extension Service. The Woodland Workbook is made up of more than 50 publications prepared by the Oregon State University information:Extension Service specifically for owners and managers of private, nonindustrial woodlands. For information about how to order and for a current list of titles and prices, write Bulletin Mailing Office, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331or inquire at the office of the Oregon State University Extension Service that serves your county.

Extension Service, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 0. E. current Smith, director. This publication was produced and distri- buted in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and PUBLICATION June 30, 1914. Extension work is a cooperative program of Oregon State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Oregon counties. Oregon State University Extension Service offers educational most programs, activities, and materials without regard to race, color, national origin, or sex as required by Title VI of the THIS Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Oregon State University Extension For Service is an Equal Opportunity Employer. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog