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I- SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS 4 OF WATER MASTER PLAN 12 RU8 1 OF RUKWA R~GION I :1. ~1 I 1.: I /~)•‘ ~ I I’ I I 1 I I I I RUKWA I REGION 1 I c-~ / BRALUP I UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM 1981 I 8 24—7 4 3 I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I, I I F I I I I TZ.~UK~ BUREAU OF RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND LAND USE PLANNING UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALPAM ‘C I : 1 SOCIO—ECONOMIC A SPECTS I OF WATER MASTER PLAN I OF RLJKWA REGION j~11~ona~~ ~ ~un~t~Water SupP~ DIRECTOR PBOFESSOR I~t.C. MASCARENHAS PRINCIPAL RESEARCHER: DR. A. S. KAUZENI RESEARCH ASSOCIATES MR. J. LOMOY MR. K. RONNINCEN RESEJ~RCHASSIST1~NTS : MR. D. SHIRIMPi 1 MR. B. A. KAUNDE FIELD ASSISTANTS MR. A. S. KAPELE I MR. J. S. SPYANA MR. E. ULAYP - -——‘ — MR. A. 3. YONAH l~ ~‘Y, ‘~jr~’ c~: - ‘‘ ~ \‘A-~ ~L~LY 2 ( ~ ~ ~t. ~~~i)1~4 ~ ifl~ 7V3 1901 ~tL~J~±~ ~L T2 ~ ~ ~ k 1’ WI I I I I I. -Jp I I I PR EPA CE In the undertaking of this soclo-econQwic study, there was an eleaent of as much coincidence as there was of planning. In addition, it depended a ~eat deal on the goodwill of a nu~iberof people and institutions concerned with development. As the 1970s rapidly faded and the Third International Water Development Decade came into being, it became necessary to put into practice the many good ideas that had emerged from the last Water Development Decade. In preparation for the Third Decade, the tI~TICE~’ and WHO had commissioned me to work in Geneve and draft a policy paper for them on Water and Sanitation as Part of Primary Health Care. By coincidence towards the end of the study, I met with a Norwegian Agency for International Development (NoRAD) team heading to Dar es Salaam on a feasibility study for a Water Master Plan of the two Western Regions of Tanzania. As a result of this meeting it was possible to second Dr. M. Stah1~, a staff member of BRA.LUP, to work with the NORAD field team. Both Mr. J.E. Lindstad (Team Leader) and Mr. A. Samuelsen (Water Ek~neer from NORAD) subsequently helped to facilitate the involvement of BR?ILUP in the study. The Ministry of Water, Energy and Minerals, uzthesitatingly encour- aged BRALUP to undertake the consultancy. In this respect the Principal Secretary, Mr. Bakari Mwapachu and his deputies, Mr. W. Balaile and Mr. D. S. Bushaijabwe, were always available for consultatic~n. Since we work on the basis that na±ional Institutions must reinforce each other, we were pleased that MAJI could second Mr. Shirima to work and learn with us. I~te iii ~I979,~Dr. A. S. Kauzeni, whose home is in Rukwa Region, completed his Ph.D on agricultural extension services and the opportunity was too good to waste. Therefore, he was appointed as pri~cipaJ. researcher, To complete the tun of luck, two postgraduate students from the University of Trondheim, Mr. J. Lomoy and Mr. K. Ronningen, were interested in working in Tanzania on a topic linked to the socio—economic study of water supply. They were invited and accepted to join the team. The logistics to undertake a comprehensive study were formidable. The area under investigation Is large — over 100,000 sq. Ion, with over 500 villages and having a population of nearly a million people. In order to ensure that the entire region was covered, some 25 enumerators were used during the survey. To cover the area of study, two land revers and two other vehicles had to be supplemented by bus, train, boat and bicycle. Mr. Olav Mykiebust, the NORAD Resident Representative, with his usual understanding of BRALUP’s problem, helped to see that assistance was available to make us self—reliant. Two NORAD desk officers for the project, Mr. J. E. Lindatad and LIr. S. Peterson, ensured a smooth flow of infoiwation, funds and supplies needed for the research. — 2 There were a few formal and informal contacts and exchange of ideas on the study between BR&LtJT and NORCONSULT. The Regional Water Steering Committees also offered an opportunity for BRALtTP, NORCONSULT and respec- tive Regional Authorities to exchange ideas, discuss findings and to tentatively plan for implcnontation Some of the data was marxuafly processed in BEALUP, but as the amount of data increased and it had to be processed more rapidly, we had to make use of facilities not readily available in the country. Mr. I. Jakobson from the University of Trondheim, now with IThIDP,. made arrange- ments for the two research associates, as well as for Mr. D. Shirima, from the Ministry o~’Water, to use the facilities at Thondheim to assist in the processing of the data. In the course of the work there were four Regional Development Directors, Mr. E, Mwambulukutu, Mr. S.. Farahami~ Mr. R. Lukindo and Mr. S.K. Masinde for Kigoms and liukvia respecttvely who offered the team all ancourageinent especially through the Stesing Committee. Bowever, ulti— — mately, we depended on the people and the village leaders to assist us. Their hospitality and cooperation in giving information made our task both r~varding and useful. We wish to thank them all. With the end of this phase of the work, a baseline data now ~d.sts about rural water supply in the two regions. This is only the first step of a long process. A baseline survey can also be used not only to monitor the changes but also enables the teem to assess the problems and prospects for rural water supply for the two regions. With all the strengths and weaknesses of the study one feature stands out — the implementation of the project Swill take long to complete but because of the past neglect and consequently a greater degree of self—reliance among the pt.cple, there is just~the probability of a greater chance of success. ADOLPO MASCARENHA.S DIRBJTOR MI]) LAI’JD USE PIAJINDTG T A B L E 0 P CONTENTS Page No. 1 • Itt roduct i~i , . , . • . 1 2. Itivols of Infor~tionfor Sooio—economic Study .. ~....... 2 3. Rcgi~ialInfornaticn . 4 (a) locatict of Rukwa Region....... .. ... ... 4 (b) ThysicalFeatures, Climate andEcology................... 4 (c) Fbjdrology and Drainage.... .... ...•.... ................... 8 (d) Regional Government and Admintstratnon................... 9 (e) Settlenent E~ttern.. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... 10 (f) HumanPopulaticnandDistribution........................ 12 4. Service and Infrastructure . ~ . 13 5 Water Situation and its Utilization in the Regicn............. 15 6. Traditional Water Supplies. • . 1 7 Problems Associated with Traditional Water Supplies (a) Scarcity of Water ,. ....... ~ 19 (b) Water Ccaataminaticri. 19 (c) ~ 20 (d) Queueing up for Water . .. .. .. .. .. .~...... ... .. ~. 21 7. Improved Water Supplies... .. 22 Problems Associated with Improved Water Supplies (a) Frequent and Longterm Breakdown of water sehemss......... 24 (b) Lack of Enthusiasm, Motivation and Supervision .......... 25 Cc) Lack of Fuel to rwi the Bimps. .. ... ...•. ... .. ... ..... 25 (d) WaterintakePointsDzyingup.... ............ 25 (e) Lcw Water Pressure fnn the Taps .... .......... 25 (f) Queueing up for Water . ..... .......... 25 (g) Lack of spare parts. • 28 (h) Unsatisfactory state of cleanliness of the water points 28 8. Implications of Modern and Traditional Water Supply Problems 28 (a) Use of Traditional Water Source............ ....... 28 (b) Water Collection . .. 28 ( c) Amount of Water Used. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 9 • Water Sources ani ¶aieir Uses. 31 ---~ (a) DistancetotheWaterPoint........ ....,....~.... 32 ( b) Water Quality. • . 32 (c) Suitability of Water Sources for Various Purposes........ 32 ‘5 fr~ —ç 1 S — ii — I. 1Q.~ Us. o~ ~t H~G at 8oure~ .. .. .. ._.• . ., ..~. ,~ , ,. 32 11 • Rain. Water....... ,. ...• • • •• 1~I.••I, •• • •• • ..... ... • •. 12. Hsa.].th . • . • . • ••• • . • • . • . • . 35 13. Eealth Faoilities in Rukwa Region..........,.............. 37 14. DiseaseincidenoeslnRukwaRegion.,...................... 38 (a) Water—borne diseases . •. • • . • . • 45 (b) Water—washed diseases • , . • • • • • • .• • • . , • . •.. • • • . 46 (e) Water—based diseases • • . •.. • . • . • . • . 46 (a) Water—related insect vector diBeases . ... ...... ... 46 (e) Water—mineral deficienby ~ ..••••.,....••...•. 47 ~ ~ateT ‘en&~oonomie D elopment~~ (a) Agriculture .......................................... 48 (b) Inputs forAgriculturalProduction................... 52 (o) Credit Facilities II... •...••..•e••SeISS•S••e 52 (d) Marketing Facilit ies . .. .. • • .. • . 52 (e) Industries ~ 53 (r) Fisheries ~ 53 (~) Forestry . ........~ •.. •...I.... •,• •.•.•.••••••••••••• 54 (h) Livestock ~ 55 (1) Irrigation Farming. •. •. .. •....•.e.•*......s••.~ 57 (~~)~ydro—e1ectricPowerProduct1c21......................60 1 6. CoDmunity participation in Water Supply PrQgra~mI~s Local .a.rti~ipation •. .•..•b..•• 61 17. Local Participation In Water Supply i~rogramxz~In Rukwa Region 63 18. Villagers’ Attitude towards the Proposed Water Master Plan 66 Project . •~.•.•.•....•. •. •••.. .... •. ••e•. ......,....... 66 CONCLU~Ic~TS.•I..•.......,...,•..••,.•..•...•..............• 6e .R.ECOMr~tENDI..TIQ~Js. • . • . • . • 71 APPENDIcES. •.....•....o...••....•..............•..•.. 74 a ‘¼ a - — 111 — LIST OF PIGURES Page No. 1. Geographico]. I~oationof Rukwa Region.......................... 5 2. ~oal F~o.tur~eeo~Thzr~ D~~ent ~ ~ . 3. Geogr~ph.toa].Location of Sur’iey Vil].nges....................... 11 4. Monthly Variation in Inoidenoe of Malaria at three Dia~ ~ia$ i.~ S~uib.awn’aaDistrict. ~ 42 5. ~ontbly Variation in. Inoidance o~Drra and Dy~ent.arya1 three Dispensaries in Sumbawonga District. .... .....• • . .. • e.... 43 6. Monthly Varintion in Incidence of Malaria at five Dispensaries in Nkox~aiDistrict. ....•••••••••s•s••••ss••.••••...........•• 44 7. ~ 58
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