United Republic of Tanzania

NATIONAL SAMPLE CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE 2002/2003

Volume Vo: REGIONAL REPORT:

National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Water and Livestock Development, Ministry of Cooperatives and Marketing, Presidents Office, Regional Administration and Local Government December 2007

United Republic of Tanzania

NATIONAL SAMPLE CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE 2002/2003

VOLUME Vi: REGIONAL REPORT: RUKWA REGION

National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Water and Livestock Development, Ministry of Cooperatives and Marketing, Presidents Office, Regional Administration and Local Government, Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs – Zanzibar December 2007

TOC i ______TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of contents...... i Acronyms ...... iv Preface...... v Executive summary...... vi Illustrations...... xii CENSUS RESULTS AND ANALYSIS PART I: BACKGROUND INFORMATION...... 1 1.1 Introduction ...... 1 1.2 Geographical Location and Boundaries...... 1 1.3 Land Area...... 1 1.4 Climate...... 1 1.4.1 Temperature...... 1 1.4.2 Rainfall...... 1

1.5 Population...... 1 1.6 Socio-economic Indicators...... 2

PART II: INTRODUCTION...... 3

2.1 The Rationale for Conducting the National Sample Census of Agriculture...... 3 2.2 Census Objectives ...... 3 2.3 Census Coverage and Scope ...... 4 2.4 Legal Authority of the National Sample Census of Agriculture...... 5 2.5 Reference Period ...... 5 2.6 Census Methodology...... 5 2.6.1 Census Organization...... 5 2.6.2 Tabulation Plan...... 6 2.6.3 Sample Design...... 6 2.6.4 Questionnaire Design and Other Census Instruments ...... 7 2.6.5 Field Pre-Testing of the Census Instruments ...... 7 2.6.6 Training of Trainers, Supervisors and Enumerators...... 7 2.6.7 Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Campaign...... 7 2.6.8 Household Listing...... 8 2.6.9 Data Collection ...... 8 2.6.10 Field Supervision and Consistency Checks ...... 8 2.6.11 Data Processing...... 8 - Manual Editing...... 9 - Data Entry...... 9 - Data Structure Formatting ...... 9 - Batch Validation ...... 9 - Tabulations...... 9 - Analysis and Report Preparations ...... 9 - Data Quality...... 10 2.7 Funding Arrangements...... 10

PART III: CENSUS RESULTS AND ANALYSIS...... 11

3.1 Holding Characteristics...... 11

3.1.1 Type of Holdings...... 11 3.1.2 Livelihood Activities/Source of Income ...... 11 3.1.3 Sex and Age of Heads of Households...... 11 3.1.4 Number of Household Members ...... 15 3.1.5 Level of Education...... 15 - Literacy ...... 15 - Literacy Level for Household Members ...... 15 - Literacy Rates for Heads of Households...... 15 - Educational Status...... 16

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census TOC ii ______3.1.6 Off-farm Income...... 16 3.2 Land Use ...... 17 3.2.1 Area of Land Utilised ...... 17 3.2.2 Types of Land use...... 18

3.3 Annual Crops and Vegetable Production...... 18

3.3.1 Area Planted...... 18 3.3.2 Crop Importance ...... 20 3.3.3 Crop Types...... 20 3.3.4 Cereal Crop Production ...... 22 3.3.4.1 Maize...... 23 3.3.4.2 Paddy...... 23 3.3.4.3 Other Cereals...... 26

3.3.5 Roots and Tuber Crops Production ...... 26 3.3.5.1 Cassava...... 27 3.3.5.2 Irish Potatoes...... 28

3.3.6 Pulse Crops Production ...... 28 3.3.6.1 Beans...... 30

3.3.7 Oil Seed Production...... 32 3.3.7.1 Groundnuts...... 32

3.3.8 Fruits and Vegetables ...... 33 3.3.8.1 Tomatoes ...... 35 3.3.8.2 Cabbage...... 37 3.3.8.3 Chillies...... 37

3.3.9 Other Annual Crops Production...... 40 3.3.9.1 Cotton...... 40 3.3.9.2 Tobacco...... 40

3.4 Permanent Crops...... 40 3.4.1 Coconuts ...... 43 3.4.2 Oranges ...... 45 3.4.3 Banana ...... 45 3.4.4 Cashew Nuts...... 45

3.5 Inputs/Implements Use...... 48 3.5.1 Methods of land clearing...... 48 3.5.2 Methods of soil preparation...... 48 3.5.3 Improved seeds use...... 50 3.5.4 Fertilizers use...... 51 3.5.4.1 Farm Yard Manure Use...... 51 3.5.4.2 Inorganic Fertilizer Use...... 52 3.5.4.3 Compost Use...... 53

3.5.5 Pesticide Use...... 54 3.5.5.1 Insecticide Use...... 54 3.5.5.2 Herbicide Use...... 55 3.5.5.3 Fungicide Use...... 55

3.5.6 Harvesting Methods...... 56

3.5.7 Threshing Methods ...... 56

3.6 Irrigation ...... 56 3.6.1 Area planted with annual crops and under irrigation...... 56 3.6.2 Sources of water used for irrigation ...... 57 3.6.3 Methods of obtaining water for irrigation...... 59 ______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census TOC iii ______3.6.4 Methods of water application ...... 59

3.7 Crop Storage, Processing and Marketing ...... 59

3.7.1 Crop Storage...... 59 3.7.1.1 Method of Storage...... 60 3.7.1.2 Duration of Storage ...... 60 3.7.1.3 Purpose of Storage...... 61 3.7.1.4 The Magnitude of Storage Loss...... 61

3.7.2 Agro processing and by-products...... 62 3.7.2.1 Processing Methods...... 62 3.7.2.2 Main Agro-processing Products...... 62 3.7.2.3 Main use of primary processed Products...... 63 3.7.2.4 Outlet for Sale of Processed Products...... 63

3.7.3 Crop Marketing...... 64 3.7.3.1 Main Marketing Problems...... 64 3.7.3.2 Reasons for Not Selling...... 64

3.8 Access to Crop Production Services...... 65

3.8.1 Access to Agricultural Credits ...... 65 3.8.1.1 Source of Agricultural Credits ...... 65 3.8.1.2 Use of Agricultural Credits ...... 65 3.8.1.3 Reasons for not using agricultural credits...... 66

3.8.2 Crop Extension ...... 66 3.8.2.1 Sources of crop extension messages...... 66 3.8.2.2 Quality of extension ...... 68 3.9 Access to Inputs ...... 68

3.9.2 Inorganic Fertilisers ...... 68

3.9.3 Improved Seeds ...... 69

3.9.4 Insecticides and Fungicide ...... 69

3.10 Tree Planting...... 70

3.11 Irrigation and Erosion Control Facilities ...... 71

3.12 Livestock Results...... 73

3.12.1 Cattle Production ...... 73 3.12.1.1 Cattle Population ...... 73 3.12.1.2 Herd size...... 73 3.12.1.3 Cattle Population Trend ...... 75 3.12.1.4 Improved Cattle Breeds...... 75

3.12.2 Goat Production...... 75 3.12.2.1 Goat Population...... 75 3.12.2.2 Goat Herd Size ...... 77 3.12.2.3 Goat Breeds ...... 77 3.12.2.4 Goat Population Trend ...... 77

3.12.3 Sheep Production...... 77 3.12.3.1 Sheep Population...... 77 3.12.3.2 Sheep Population Trend ...... 79

3.12.4 Pig Production ...... 79 3.12.4.1 Pig Population Trend...... 79 ______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census TOC iv ______

3.12.5 Chicken Production ...... 81 3.12.5.1 Chicken Population ...... 81 3.12.5.2 Chicken Population Trend...... 81 3.12.5.3 Chicken Flock Size...... 81 3.12.5.4 Improved Chicken Breeds (layers and broilers) ...... 82

3.12.6 Other Livestock ...... 82

3.12.7 Pests and Parasites Incidences and Control ...... 82 3.12.7.1 Deworming...... 82

3.12.8 Access to Livestock Services ...... 84 3.12.8.1 Access to livestock extension Services...... 84 3.12.8.2 Access to Veterinary Clinic ...... 84 3.12.8.3 Access to village watering points/dam ...... 85

3.12.9 Animal Contribution to Crop Production...... 85

3.12.9.1 Use of Draft Power...... 85 3.12.9.2 Use of Farm Yard Manure ...... 86 3.12.9.4 Use of Compost ...... 86

3.12.10 Fish Farming...... 86

3.6.0 Access to Infrastructure and Other Services...... 89

3.13 Poverty Indicators...... 89 3.13.1 Access to Infrastructure and Other Services...... 89 3.13.2 Type of Toilets...... 90 3.13.3 Household’s assets...... 90 3.13.4 Sources of Light Energy...... 90 3.13.5 Sources of Energy for Cooking...... 90 3.13.6 Roofing Materials ...... 91 3.13.7 Access to Drink Water...... 91 3.13.8 Food Consumption Pattern...... 92 3.13.8.1 Number of Meals per Day...... 92 3.13.8.2 Meat Consumption Frequencies...... 92 3.13.8.3 Fish Consumption Frequencies...... 92

3.13.9 Food Security...... 92 3.13.10 Main Source of Cash Income ...... 93

PART IV: RUKWA PROFILES...... 95

4.1 Region Profile ...... 96 4.2 District Profiles...... 96 4.2.1 Mpanda ...... 96 4.2.2. Sumbawanga Rural...... 98 4.2.3 Nkasi ...... 100 4.2.4 Sumbawanga Urban...... 102

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census ACRONYMS iv

ACRONYMS

ASDP Agricultural Sector Development Project CSPro Census and Survey Processing Program DFID Department For International Development DIAS District Integrated Agricultural Survey DS District Supervisor EAS Expanded Agricultural Survey EAs Enumeration Areas EU European Union FE Field Enumerator GDP Gross Domestic Product Ha Hectares IAS Integrated Agricultural Survey ICR Intelligent Character Recognition IEC Information, Education and Communication JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency LRS Long Rainy Season, MAFS Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security MCM Ministry of Co-operatives and Marketing MWLD Ministry of Water and Livestock Development NBS National Bureau of Statistics NGO Non Governmental Organization NMS National Master Sample NSCA National Sample Census of Agriculture NSGRP National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty PORALG President’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government PPS Probability Proportional to Size PSU Primary Sampling Unit RAAS Rapid Appraisal Agricultural Survey RS Regional Supervisor RSM Regional Statistical Manager SAC Scotts Agriculture Consultancy Ltd SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science SRS Short Rainy Season TOT Training of Trainers ULG Ultek Laurence Gould UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization VPO Vice President Office

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census PREFACE v ______PREFACE

At the end of the 2002/03 Agriculture Year, the National Bureau of Statistics and the Office of the Chief Government Statistician in Zanzibar in collaboration with the Ministries of Agriculture and Food Security; Water and Livestock Development; Cooperatives and Marketing as well as the Presidents Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PORALG) conducted the Agriculture Sample Census. This is the third Agriculture Census to be carried out in Tanzania, the first one was conducted in 1971/72, the second in 1993/94 and 1994/95 (during 1993/94 data on household characteristics and livestock count were collected and data on crop area and production in 1994/95).

It is considered that this census is one of the largest to be carried out in Africa and indeed in many other countries of the world. The census collected detailed data on crop production, crop marketing, crop storage, livestock production, fish farming, tree farming, access to infrastructures and services and poverty indicators.

In addition to this, the census was large in its coverage as it provides data that can be disaggregated at district level and thus allow comparisons with the 1998/99 District Integrated Agricultural Survey. The census covered smallholders in rural areas only and large scale farms. This report presents Rukwa region data disaggregated to district level. It was very difficult to discuss all variables collected in a single report hence the analysis was based on the most important smallholder variables. The rest of the variables are found in the attached annex of table of results. The analysis in the report includes time series comparisons using data from the previous censuses and surveys.

The extensive nature of the census in relation to its scope and coverage is a result of the increasing demand for more detailed information to assist in the proper planning of this sector and in the administrative decentralization of planning to district level. It is hoped that this report will provide new insights for planners, policy makers, researchers and others involved in the agricultural sector in order to improve the prevailing conditions faced by crop producers and livestock keepers in the country.

On behalf of the Government of Tanzania, I wish to express my appreciation for the financial support provided by the development partners, in particular, the European Union as well as DFID, UNDP, Japanese Government, JICA and others who contributed through the pool fund mechanism.

Finally, my appreciation goes to all those who in one-way or the other contributed to the success of the survey. In particular, I would also like to mention the enormous effort made by the Planning Group composed of professionals from the Agriculture Statistics Department of the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), the Office of the Chief Government Statistician in Zanzibar (OCGS) and the Statistics Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS) with technical assistance provided by Ultec Lawrence Gould (ULG), Scotts Agriculture Consultancy Ltd and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO).

Additionally, I would like to extend my appreciation to all professional staff of the National Bureau of Statistics, the sector Ministries of Agriculture and PORALG, the Consultants as well as Regional and District Supervisors and field enumerators for their commendable work. Certainly without their dedication, the census would not have been such a success.

Albina A. Chuwa The Director General National Bureau of Statistics ______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi ______EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The executive summary highlights the main survey results obtained during the National Sample Census of Agriculture 2002/03. This report covers small-scale agriculture households in rural areas of Rukwa region who were selected using statistical sampling techniques. The results in the report do not cover urban areas and large-scale farmers.

The highlights describe the important findings in relation to agricultural production, productivity, husbandry, access to resources, levels of involvement in agricultural related activities and poverty in Rukwa region activities indicators for one to get an overview, at regional level, of the rural agricultural households and their levels of involvement in agricultural related activities. i) Household Characteristics The number of agricultural households in Rukwa region were 172,261 out of which 114,069 (67.3%) were involved in growing crops only, 416 (0.2%) rearing livestock only and 57,776 (33.5%) were involved in crop production as well as livestock. However, there was no pastoralist which was found in the region.

Most of the agricultural households ranked annual crop farming as an activity that provides most of their cash income followed by tree/forest resources, off-farm income, livestock keeping/herding, permanent crops remittances and fishing/hunting and gathering.

The region has a literacy rate of 72 percent. The highest literacy rate was found in Sumbawanga Rural and Sumbawanga Urban districts with (75%) followed by Nkasi district (71%) and Mpanda district (70%).

The number of heads of agricultural households with formal education in Rukwa region was 118,763 (67%), those without formal education were 53,498 (31%) and those with only adult education were 6,019 (4%). The majority of heads of agricultural households (69%) had primary level education whereas only 3 percent had post primary education.

In Rukwa region 59,888 household members (35%) were involved in one off-farm income generating activity, 53,457 (31%) involved in two off-farm income generating activities and 18,456 (11%) involved in more than two off-farm income generating activities.

ii) Crop Production ƒ Land Area The total area of land available to smallholders was 574,291 ha. The regional average land area utilised for crop production per crop growing household was only 2.4 ha. This figure is below the national average of 2.0 hectares. ƒ Planted Area The area planted with annual crops and vegetables was 303,393 hectares out of which 1,049 hectares (0.3%) were planted during short rainy season and 302,345 hectares (99.7%) during long rainy season.

An estimated area of 203,500 ha (67.3% of the total planted area with annual and vegetable crops) was with cereals, followed by 77,017 hectares (18.0%) of pulses, (37,551 hectares, 12.4%), of roots and tubers, (28,595 hectares, 9.5%), oil seeds (28,178 hectares, 9.3%), cash crops (3,295 hectares (1.1%) and fruits and vegetables, (1,225 hectares (0.4%).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii ______

ƒ Cereal Crop Production

The total production of cereals was 240,623 tonnes from a total planted area of 203,928 hectares. These cereal crops include: Maize, Paddy, Finger Millet, Sorghum, Wheat and Bulrush Millet

ƒ Maize Maize is the dominant annual crop grown in Rukwa region and it had a planted area 4.56 times greater than beans, which had the second largest planted area. The area planted with maize constitutes 73.6 percent of the total area planted with annual crops. Other crops in order of their importance (based on area planted) are paddy, finger millet, sorghum, wheat, bulrush millets.

ƒ Paddy Paddy is the second most important cereal crop in the region in terms of planted area. The number of households that grew paddy in Rukwa region during the long rainy season was 30,132. This represented 17.6 percent of the total crop growing households in Rukwa Region in the long rainy season. • Roots and Tuber Crops Production The total production of roots and tubers crops was 45,702 tonnes from planted area of 28,594 hectares. These root and tuber crops included: cassava, sweet potatoes, irish potatoes, yams and cocoyam. ƒ Cassava The area planted with cassava was larger than any other root and tuber crop in Rukwa in terms of planted area (8.3% of the total area planted with annual crops and vegetables) and it accounted for 87 percent of the area planted with roots and tubers. ƒ Oil Seed Production The total production of oilseed crops was 17,419 tonnes planted on an area of 28,520 hectares. These oil crops included groundnuts, sunflowers, soya beans and simsim.

Pulse Crops Production The total area planted with pulses was 37,831 hectares. This area was planted with beans, bambaranuts, green grams, cowpeas and field peas. ƒ Fruit and Vegetables The total production of fruit and vegetables was 4,211 tonnes. The most cultivated fruit and vegetable crop was tomatoes. The production for this crop was 2,136 tonnes, which amounts to 48 percent of the total fruit and vegetable production, followed by cabbage 3,472 tonnes (18%) and chilies 1,973 tonnes (10%). The production of the other fruit and vegetable crops was relatively small. ƒ Permanent Crops The area of smallholders planted area with permanent crops was 62,403 hectares which is 13 percent of the area planted with annual crops in the region. The most important permanent crop is coconuts which accounts for 24 percent of the total area planted with permanent crops followed by oranges (15%), banana (13%) and cashew (13%).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii ______ƒ Improved Seeds The planted area using improved seeds was 52,089 ha which represents 13 percent of the total planted area with the annual crops and vegetables. The percentage use of improved seed in the short rainy season was 13.4 percent which is slightly higher than the corresponding percentage use for the long rainy season (12.73%).

ƒ Use of Fertilizers Most annual crop growing households do not use any fertiliser. The planted area without fertiliser for annual crops was 367,237 hectares representing 85.6 percent of the total planted area with annual crops. Of the planted area with fertiliser application, farm yard manure was applied to 45,411 ha which represented 10.6 percent of the total planted area (73.3 % of the area planted with fertiliser application). This was followed by compost (12,491 ha, 20.1%). Inorganic fertilizers were used on a very small area and represented only 6.6 percent of the area planted with fertilizers.

ƒ Irrigation In Rukwa region, the area of annual crops and vegetables under irrigation was 41,089 ha representing 9.6 percent of the total area planted. The area under irrigation during the short rainy season was 8,088 ha accounting for 20 percent of the total area under irrigation. However, the percentage of the planted area under irrigation during the long rainy season was 12.3 percent compared with 5 percent in the short rainy season.

ƒ Crop Storage There were 228,187 crop growing households (87% of the total crop growing households) that reported storing various agricultural products in the region.

The most important stored crop was maize with 220,402 households storing 28,187 tonnes as of 1st January 2004. This was followed by beans and pulses (104,155 households and 1,914 tonnes), paddy (14,828 households and 827 tonnes) and groundnuts and bambara nuts (1,674 households and 54 tonnes). The rest of the crops were stored in very small amounts.

ƒ Crop Marketing The number of households that reported selling crop was 197,168 which represents 74.8 percent of the total number of crop growing households. The percent of crop growing households selling crops was highest in Muheza (84%) followed by Lushoto (80%), Rukwa (77%), Kilindi (76%), Pangani (70%) Korogwe (65%) and Handeni (64%).

ƒ Agricultural Credit In Rukwa region, few agricultural households (1,022, 0.4%) accessed credit, out of which 453 (44%) were male-headed households and 569 (56%) were female headed households. In Lushoto district only female headed households got credit for agriculture purposes, whereas in Korogwe, Rukwa and Handeni districts only male households accessed credit. In Muheza district both male and female headed households accessed credit.

ƒ Crop Extension Services The number of agricultural households that received crop extension was 121,486 (46% of total crop growing households in the region). Some districts have more access to extension services than others (Chart 3.96). Korogwe district had a relatively high proportion of households that received crop extension messages (84%), followed by Lushoto (49%), Muheza (43%), Pangani (39%), Kilindi (27%), Handeni (22%) and Rukwa (14%).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix ______ƒ Soil Erosion and Water Harvesting Facilities The number of agricultural households that reported the presence of soil erosion and water harvesting facilities in their farms was 30,288. This number represents 11 percent of total number of agricultural households in the region. The proportion of farmers with soil erosion control and water harvesting facilities was highest in Lushoto District (23%) followed by Korogwe (10%), Muheza (8%), Kilindi (3%), Handeni (2%), Rukwa (1%) Pangani (0.5%).

iii) Livestock and Poultry Production ƒ Cattle The total number of cattle in the region was 378,338. Cattle rearing is the dominant livestock type in the region followed by goats, sheep and pigs. The region had 2.2 percent of the total cattle population on the Tanzanian Mainland. The number of indigenous cattle was 350,210 head (92.6% of the total number of cattle in the region), 27,829 (7%) were dairy breeds and only 298 (1.4%) were beef breeds.

ƒ Goats The number of goat-rearing-households in the region was 68,764 (26% of all agricultural households) with a total of 514,620 goats giving an average of 7 head of goats per goat-rearing-households.

ƒ Sheep The number of sheep-rearing households was 35,381 (13% of all agricultural households) with a total of 164,209 sheep giving an average of 5 heads of sheep per sheep-rearing household.

ƒ Pigs The number of pig-rearing households in the region was 2,601 (1% of the total agricultural households) rearing about 6,281 pigs. This gives an average of 2 pigs per pig-rearing household.

ƒ Chicken The number of households keeping chickens was 176,806, raising 1,788,767 chickens. This gives an average of 10 chickens per chicken-rearing household. In terms of total number of chickens in the country Rukwa ranked eighth out of the 21 Mainland regions.

ƒ Use of Draft Power

The region has 738 oxen and they were only found in two districts, Korogwe and Kilindi with 592 and 146 head respectively. Rukwa region has 0.03 percent of the total 2,233,927 head of oxen found on the Mainland and were used to cultivate 2,653 hectares of land.

ƒ Fish Farming The number of households involved in fish farming was 1,423 (0.5 percent of the total agricultural households in the region). Korogwe was the leading district with 634 agricultural households involved in fish farming (1.4%) followed by Lushoto 430 (0.5%), Muheza 336 (0.7%) and Rukwa 23 (0.3%). Fish farming was not practiced in Pangani and Handeni districts.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census EXECUTIVE SUMMARY x ______iv) Poverty Indicators

ƒ Availability of Toilets It was estimated that 86.5 percent of all rural agricultural households used the traditional pit latrines, 1.8 percent used improved pit latrine and 0.7 percent had flush toilets. The remaining 0.1 percent of households had other unspecified types of toilets. Households with no toilet facilities represent 11 percent of the total agriculture households in the region.

ƒ Household Assets Out of all assets, radios had the highest percent of households owning them (61.3% of households) followed by bicycle (32.1%), iron (18.9%), wheelbarrow (3.4%), mobile phone (1.9%), television/video (1.0%), vehicle (0.9%) and landline phone (0.5%).

ƒ Source of Lighting Energy Wick lamp is the most common source of lighting energy in the region. About 77 percent of the total rural households used this source of energy followed by hurricane lamp (16.6%), pressure lamp (4.2%), mains electricity (1.3%), firewood (0.3%), solar (0.1%), candle (0.1%) and gas or biogas (0.1%).

ƒ Energy for Cooking The most prevalent source of energy for cooking was firewood, which was used by 96.4 percent of all rural agricultural households. The second most common source of energy for cooking was charcoal (2.72%). The rest of energy sources accounted for 0.88 percent. These were bottled gas (0.28%), crop residues (0.28%), mains electricity (0.14%), solar (0.10%), livestock dung (0.04%), parrafin/kerosene (0.03%) and gas/biogas (0.01%).

ƒ Roofing Materials The most used roofing material (for the main dwelling) was grass and/or leaves and it was used by 49.2 percent of the rural agricultural households however, this was closely followed by iron sheets (43.6%). Other roofing materials are grass/mud (4.8%), asbestos (1.1%), tiles (1.0%), concrete (0.1%) and others (0.2%).

ƒ Number of Meals per Day About 72.3 percent of the holders in the region took three meals per day, 25.2 percent took two meals, 2.4 percent took one meal and 0.1 percent took four meals.

ƒ Food Security

Households which seldom had problems in satisfying their food needs represent 42 percent of the total number of agriculture households in the region. Households with recurring food shortage problems represent 8.3 percent whereas those with little problems represent 7.6 percent. About 7 percent of agriculture households always faced food shortages whilst 35 percent had not experienced any food shortage problems.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi ______ƒ Main Source of Cash Income Selling of food crops was the main cash income earning activity reported by 25.5 percent of all rural agricultural households. The second main cash income earning activity was casual labour (20.9%) followed by selling of cash crops (16.8%), businesses (14.3%) and cash remittances (7.4%). Other income earning activities were employment (5.0%), sale of livestock (4.0%), sale of forest products (2.5%), sale of livestock products (1.7%) and fishing (0.9%).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census ILLUSTRATIONS xii ______ILLUSTRATIONS

List of Tables

2.1 Census Sample Size ...... 10 3.1 The Livelihood Activities/Source of Income of the Households Raked in Order of Importance by District .. 22 3.2 Area, Production and Yield of cereal crops by Season ...... 25 3.3 Area Planted and Quantity Harvested by Season and Type of Root and Tuber Crop...... 27 3.4 Area, Quantity Harvested and Yield of Pulses by Season ...... 30 3.5 Area, Quantity Harvested and Yield of Oil Seed Crops by Season...... 37 3.6 Area, Production and Yield of Fruits and Vegetables by Season ...... 35 3.7 Area, Production and Yield of Annual Cash Crops by Season...... 37 3.8 Land Clearing Methods...... 43 3.9 Planted Area by Type of Fertiliser Use and District – Long and Short Rainy Season...... 56 3.11 Number of Households Storing Crops by Estimated Storage Loss and District ...... 61 3.12 Reasons for Not Selling Crop Produce...... 61 3.13 Number of Agricultural Households that Received Credit by Sex of Household head and District ...... 64 3.15 Total Number of Households and Chickens Raised by Flock Size ...... 77 3.16 Head Number of Other Livestock by Type of Livestock and District...... 80 3.17 Mean distances from holders dwellings to infrastructure and services by districts ...... 88 3.18 Number of Households by Number of meals the Household normally has per Day and District ...... 93

List of Charts

3.1 Agricultural Households by Type of Holdings...... 10 3.2 Percentage Distribution of Agricultural Households by Sex of Household Head...... 11 3.3 Percentage Distribution of Population by Age and Sex in 2003...... 11 3.4 Percentage Literacy Level of Household Members by District...... 11 3.5 Literacy Rates for Heads of Household by Sex and District...... 15 3.6 Percentage of Persons Aged 5 years and above by District and Educational Status...... 15 3.7 Percentage of Persons Aged 5 years and Above in Agricultural Households by Education Status ...... 15 3.8 Percentage Distribution of Heads of Household by Educational Attainment ...... 15 3.9 Number of Household by Number of Members with Off-Farm Income – Rukwa Region ...... 16 3.10 Percentage Distribution of Agricultural Households by Number of Off-farm Activities ...... 16 3.11 Utilized and Usable Land per Household by District...... 17 3.12 Land Area by Type of Land Use...... 17 3.13 Area Planted (ha) with Annual Crops by Season ...... 17 3.14 Area Planted with Annual Crops by Season and District...... 18 3.15 Area Planted with Annual Crops per Household by Season and District...... 18 3.16 Planted Area (ha) for the Main Annual Crops...... 21 3.17a Planted Area per Household by Selected Crops 3.17b Percentage Distribution of Area planted with Annual Crops by Crop Type...... 21 3.18 Area planted with Annual Crops by Type of Crops and Season...... 21 3.19 Area Planted and Yield of Major Cereal Crops...... 21 3.20 Time Series Data on Maize Production – Rukwa Region...... 22 3.21 Maize: Total Area Planted and Planted Area per Household by District ...... 22 3.22 Time Series of Maize Planted Area and Yield – Rukwa Region...... 22 3.23 Total Planted Area and Area of Paddy per Household by District ...... 23 3.24 Time Series Data on Paddy Production – Rukwa Region...... 23 3.25 Time Series of Paddy Planted Area and Yield – Rukwa Region...... 23 3.26 Area Planted With Sorghum, Finger Millet, Bulrush Millet and Wheat by District...... 25 3.27 Area Planted and Yield of Major Root and Tuber Crops...... 25 3.28 Area planted with Cassava during the Census/Survey Years ...... 25 3.29 Percent of Cassava Planted Area and percent of Total Land with Cassava by District ...... 27 3.30 Cassava Planted Area per Cassava Growing Households by District ...... 27 3.31 Sweet Potatoes: Total area and Planted Area per Household by District...... 27 3.32 Area Planted and Yield of Major Pulse Crops ...... 28 3.33 Percent of Bean Planted Area and Percent of Total Land with Beans by District ...... 28 3.34 Area Planted per Bean Growing Household by District (Wet Season) ...... 28 3.35 Time Series Data on Beans Production – Rukwa Region...... 28 ______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census ILLUSTRATIONS xiii ______3.36 Time Series of Beans Planted Area and Yield - Rukwa...... 28 3.37 Area Planted and Yield of Major Oil Seed Crops ...... 30 3.38 Time Series Data on Groundnut production – Rukwa Region ...... 30 3.39 Percent of Groundnuts Planted Area and Percent of Total Land with Groundnuts by District ...... 30 3.40 Area Planted per Groundnut Growing Household by District (Wet Season)...... 31 3.42 Area Planted and Yield of Fruit and Vegetables ...... 31 3.43 Percent of Tomato Planted Area and Percent of Total Land with Tomato by District ...... 34 3.44 Area Planted per Tomato Growing Household by District (Wet Season )...... 34 3.45 Percent of Onions Planted Area and Percent of Total Land with Cabbage by District...... 34 3.46 Percent of Cabbage Planted Area and Percent of Total Land with Chillies by District...... 34 3.47 Area planted with Annual Cash Crops ...... 37 3.48 Percent of Tobacco Planted Area and Percent of Total Land with Tobacco by District...... 37 3.49 Area Planted for Annual and Permanent Crops...... 37 3.50 Area Planted with the Main Perennial Crops ...... 38 3.51 Percent of Area Planted and Average Planted Area with Permanent Crops by District ...... 38 3.52 Percent of Area Planted with Lime/Lemon and Average Planted Area per Household by District ...... 38 3.53 Percent of Area Planted with Sugarcane and Average Planted Area per Household by District...... 54 3.54 Percent of Area Planted with Banana and Average Planted Area per Household by District ...... 54 3.55 Percent of Area Planted with Mangoes and Average Planted Area per Household by District...... 43 3.56 Number of Households by Method of Land Clearing During the Wet Season ...... 43 3.57 Area Cultivated by Cultivation Method...... 44 3.58 Area Cultivated by Method of Cultivation and District...... 44 3.59 Planted Area with Improved Seed by Crop Type...... 44 3.60 Planted Area with Improved Seed by Crop Type...... 44 3.61 Percentage of Crop Type by planted Area with Improved Seeds- Annuals ...... 45 3.62 Area of Fertilizer Application by Type of Fertilizer and District ...... 46 3.63 Area of fertilizer Application by Type of Fertiliser and District ...... 46 3.64 Planted Area with Farm Yard Manure by Crop type ...... 46 3.65a Percentage of Planted Area with Farm Yard Manure by Crop Type...... 46 3.65b Proportion of Planted Area Applied with Farm Yard Manure by District ...... 46 3.66 Planted Area with Inorganic Fertiliser by Crop type – Annuals...... 47 3.67a Percentage of Planted Area with Inorganic Fertiliser by Crop Type...... 47 3.67b Proportion of Planted Area Applied with Inorganic Fertiliser by District...... 47 3.68a Planted Area with Compost by Crop Type...... 47 3.68b Percentage of Planted Area with Compost by Crop Type ...... 49 3.68c Proportion of Planted Area Applied with Compost by District ...... 49 3.69 Planted area (ha) by Pesticide Use...... 49 3.70 Planted Area applied with Insecticides by Crop Type ...... 50 3.71 Percentage of Crop Type Planted Area applied with Insecticides ...... 50 3.72 Proportion of Planted Area applied with Insecticides by District...... 50 3.73 Planted Area applied with Herbicides by Crop Type...... 50 3.74 Percentage of Crop Type Planted Area Applied with Herbicides...... 51 3.75 Proportion of Planted Area applied with Herbicides by District during the Long Rainy Season...... 51 3.76 Planted Area applied with Fungicides by Crop Type...... 51 3.77 Percentage of Crop Type Planted Area Applied with Fungicides ...... 51 3.78 Proportion of Planted Area Applied with Fungicides by District...... 52 3.79 Area of Irrigated Land...... 52 3.80 Planted Area Irrigation by District...... 52 3.81 Time Series of Households with Irrigation Practices – Rukwa ...... 53 8.82 Number of Households with Irrigation by Source of Water ...... 53 3.83 Number of Households by Method of Obtaining Irrigation Water...... 53 3.84 Number of Households with Irrigation by Method of Field Application ...... 54 3.85 Number of Households and Quantity Stored by Crop Type ...... 54 3.86 Number of Households by Storage Methods...... 55 3.87 Number of Households by Method of Storage and District (Based on the Mo.st important Household Crop) 55 3.88 Normal Length of Storage for Selected Crops ...... 55 3.89 Quantity of Maize Produced (tonnes), Stored and Percent Stored by District ...... 55 3.90 Number of Households by Purpose of Storage and Crop Type...... 56 3.91a Households Processing Crops...... 58 3.91b Percent of Households Processing Crops by District...... 58 3.92 Percent of Crop Processing Households by Method of Processing...... 58 ______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census ILLUSTRATIONS xiv ______3.93 Percent of Households by Type of Main Processed Product ...... 58 3.94 Number of Households by Type of By-product ...... 59 3.95 Use of Processed Product...... 59 3.96 Percentage of Households Selling Processed Crops by District ...... 59 3.97 Location of Sale of Processed Products...... 59 3.98 Percentage of Households Selling Processed Products by Outlet for sale and District ...... 60 3.99 Number of Crop Growing Households that Selling Crops by District ...... 60 3.100 Percentage Distribution of Households that Reported Marketing Problems by Type of Problem ...... 60 3.101 Percentage Distribution of Households that Received Credit by Main Sources ...... 62 3.102 Number of Households Receiving Credit by Main Source of Credit and District ...... 62 3.103 Proportion of Households Receiving Credit by Main Purpose of the Credit ...... 62 3.104 Reasons for Not using Credit (% of Households) ...... 62 3.105 Number of Households Receiving Extension Advice...... 63 3.106 Number of Households that Received Extension by District...... 63 3.107 Number of Households Receiving Extension Messages by Type of Extension Provider...... 63 3.108 Number of Households Receiving Extension by Reported Quality of Services ...... 63 3.109 Number of Households by Source of Inorganic Fertiliser ...... 64 3.110 Number of Households Reporting Distance to Source of Inorganic Fertiliser...... 66 3.111 Number of Households by Source of Improved Seed...... 66 3.112 Number of Households reporting Distance to Improved Seed ...... 66 3.113 Number of Households by Source of Insecticide/Fungicide...... 67 3.114 Number of Households Reporting Distance to Source of Insecticides/Fungicides...... 67 3.115 Number of Households with Planted Trees by District...... 67 3.116 Number of Planted Trees by Species...... 69 3.117 Number of Trees Planted by Smallholders by Species and District ...... 69 3.118 Number of Trees Planted by Location...... 69 3.119 Number of Households by purpose of Planted Trees...... 69 3.120 Number of Households with Erosion Control/Water Harvesting Facilities ...... 69 3.121 Number and Proportion of Households with Erosion Control/Water Harvesting Facilities by District...... 70 3.122 Number of Erosion Control/Water Harvesting structures by Type of Facility...... 70 3.123 Total Number of Cattle ('000') by District...... 71 3.124 Numbers of Cattle by Type and District...... 71 3.125 Cattle Population Trend ...... 72 3.126 Dairy Cattle Population Trend ...... 72 3.127 Total Number of Goats ('000') by District...... 72 3.128 Goat Population Trend ...... 73 3.129 Total Number of Sheep by District...... 73 3.130 Sheep Population Trend...... 76 3.131 Total Number of Pigs by District...... 76 3.132 Pig Population Trend...... 76 3.133 Total Number of Chicken by District ...... 77 3.134 Chicken Population Trend...... 77 3.135 Number of Improved Chicken by Type and District...... 80 3.136 Layer Population Trend...... 80 3.137 Proportion of Livestock Keeping Households that Reported Tsetse flies and Ticks Problems by District...... 80 3.138 Percent of Livestock Rearing Households that Dewormed Livestock by Livestock Type and District...... 82 3.139 Percentage Distribution of Livestock Rearing Households by Quality of Livestock Extension Services...... 82 3.140 Number of Households by Distance to Veterinary Clinic...... 82 3.141 Number of Households by Distance to Veterinary Clinic and District...... 82 3.142 Number of Households by Distance to Village Watering Point ...... 83 3.143 Number of Households by Distance to Watering Point and District ...... 83 3.144 Number of Households using Draft Animals ...... 83 3.145 Number of Households using Draft Animals by District...... 84 3.146 Number of Households using Organic Fertiliser...... 84 3.147 Area of Application of Organic Fertiliser by District ...... 84 3.148 Number of Households Practicing Fish Farming – Rukwa...... 84 3.149 Number of Households Practicing Fish Farming by District – Rukwa ...... 87 3.150 Fish Production...... 87 3.151 Agricultural Households by Type of Toilet Facility ...... 87 3.152 Percentage Distribution of Households Owning the Assets...... 88 3.153 Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Source of Energy for Lighting ...... 88 ______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census ILLUSTRATIONS xv ______3.154 Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Source of Energy for Cooking ...... 90 3.155 Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Roofing Material ...... 90 Percentage Distribution of Households With Grass/Leaves Roofs by District ...... 92 3.157 Percentage Distribution of Households Reporting Distance to Main Source of Drinking Water by Season....92 3.158 Percentage Distribution of the Number of Households by Main Source of Income...... 92 3.159 Number of Agriculture Households by Number of Meals per day...... 92 3.160 Number of Households by Frequency of Meat and Fish Consumption...... 93 3.161 Percent Distribution of the Number of Households by Main Source of Income...... 93

List of Maps 3.1 Total Number of Agricultural Households by District...... 12 3.2 Number of Agricultural Households per Square Km of Land by District...... 12 3.3 Number of Crop Growing Households by District...... 13 3.4 Percent of Crop Growing Households by District...... 13 3.5 Number of Crop Growing Households per Square Kilometer of Land by District...... 14 3.6 Percent of Crop and Livestock Households by District ...... 14 3.7 Utilized Land Area Expressed as a Percent of Available Land ...... 19 3.8 Total Planted Area (annual crops) by District...... 19 3.9 Area planted and Percentage During the Short Rainy Season by District...... 20 3.10 Area Planted with Cereals and Percent of Total Land Planted with Cereals by District ...... 20 3.11 Planted Area and Yield of Maize by District ...... 24 3.12 Area Planted per Maize Growing Household...... 24 3.13 Planted Area and Yield of Paddy by District ...... 26 3.14 Area Planted per Paddy Growing Household...... 26 3.15 Planted Area and Yield of Cassava by District ...... 26 3.16 Area Planted per Cassava Growing Household...... 3.27 Planted Area and Yield of Onion by District ...... 35 3.28 Planted Area and Yield of Onion by District ...... 35 3.29 Planted Area and Yield of Tobbaco by District ...... 40 3.30 Area Planted per Tobacco Growing Household...... 40 3.24 Area Planted per Cabbage Growing Household...... 36 3.23 Planted Area and Yield of Cabbage by District ...... 36 3.19 Planted Area and Yield of Groundnuts by District ...... 32 3.20 Area Planted per Groundnuts Growing Household...... 32 3.25 Planted Area and Yield of Tomatoes by District...... 33 3.26 Area Planted per Tomatoeso Growing Household...... 33 3.23 Planted Area and Yield of Cabbage by District ...... 36 3.24 Area Planted per Cabbage Growing Household...... 36 3.27 Planted Area and Yield of Cotton by District...... 39 3.28 Area Planted per Cotton Growing Household...... 39 3.33 Planted Area and Yield of Oranges by District ...... 57 3.34 Area Planted per Orange Growing Household...... 57 3.35 Planted Area and Yield of Banana by District ...... 42 3.36 Area Planted per Banana Growing Household...... 42 3.39 Planted Area and Percent of Planted Area with No Application of Fertilizer by District...... 48 3.41 Percent of households storing crops for 3 to 6 weeks by district...... 57 3.42 Number of Households and Percent of Total Households Selling Crops by District...... 57 3.43 Number of Households and Percent of Total Households Receiving Crop Extension Services by District .....65 3.44 Number and Percent of Crop Growing Households using Improved Seed by District ...... 65 3.45 Number and percent of smallholder planted trees by district...... 68 3.47 Cattle population by District as of 1st Octobers 2003...... 74 3.48 Cattle Density by District as of 1st October 2003...... 74 3.49 Goat population by District as of 1st Octobers 2003 ...... 75 3.50 Goat Density by District as of 1st October 2003...... 75 3.51 Sheep population by District as of 1st Octobers 2003 ...... 78 3.52 Sheep Density by District as of 1st October 2003...... 78 3.53 Pig population by District as of 1st Octobers 2003...... 79 3.54 Pig Density by District as of 1st October 2003 ...... 79 3.55 Number of Chickens by District as of 1st October 2003 ...... 81 3.56 Density of Chickens by District as of 1st October 2003 ...... 81 ______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census ILLUSTRATIONS xvi ______3.57 Number and Percent of Households Infected with Ticks by District ...... 85 3.58 Number and Percent of Households Using Draft Animals by District...... 85 3.59 Number and Percent of Households Using Farm Yard Manure by District...... 86 3.60 Number and Percent of Households using Compost by District...... 86 3.61 Number and Percent of Households Practicing Fish Farming by District...... 89 3.62 Number and Percent of Households Without Toilets by District ...... 89 3.63 Number and Percent of Households using Grass/Leaves for roofing material by District ...... 91 3.64 Number and Percent of Households eating 3 meals per day by District ...... 91 3.65 Number and Percent of Households eating Meat Once per Week by District ...... 94 3.66 Number and Percent of Households eating Fish Once per Week by District...... 94 3.67 Number and percent of Households Reporting food insufficiency by District ...... 95

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census INTRODUCTION 1 ______1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1.1 Introduction This part of the report presents a brief description of the regional profile by providing information on geographical location, land area, climate, administrative set up, population and socio-economic indicators. The information will provide the user with a general understanding of the region and its resources.

1.2 Geographical Location and Boundaries Rukwa region is situated in the South West of the country between Latitude 50 and 90degrees south of Equartor and between Longitudes 300 and 33 degrees East. A good part of Rukwa region lies within the Western branch of east African Rift Valley known as the “ Western rift Land Province”

Rukwa region, with an area of 75,240 sq. km, (68,635 sq. km. of land and 6,605sq. km. of inland water), takes up abouit 8% of the total land of Tanzania Mainland.

The region is borded by Zambia in the South West, Lake Tanganyika in the west, Ki8goma region in the North west, Tabora region in the North East and Mbeya region in the East.

The region comprises four districts namely Mpanda Sumbawanga Rural, Nkasi and Sumbawanga Urban.

Land Area The region has an area of over 340,000 square kilometers, of which 28,695 square kilometers are arable land.

1.4 Climate The region enjoys favourable climate conditions, varying from a dry sub-humid climate. Rainfall: Rukwa region has an average rainfall ranging from 800mm. to 1,300mm The region has one main rainy season; from mid November to mid May, that is long rains (Wet) season

Temperature: The Mean annual maximum temperature in the region varies between 240C and 270C and the minimum temperature between 130C and 160C.

1.5 Population According to the 2002 Population and Housing Census, there were 1,642,015 inhabitants in Rukwa region. The population of Rukwa region ranked 10th out of the 21 regions in Tanzania.

1.6 Socio - Economic Indicators The regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at current prices for the year 2003 was estimated to be TShs 348,926 millions with a per capita income of shillings 236,115. The region held 10th position among regions on GDP and contributed about

4.3 percent to the national GDP1 Rukwa region is famous for limestone and gypsum mineral deposits, all of which are used in the cement factory situated in the region. The region is famous for producing both food crops. The main food crops produced in Rukwa region include: maize, paddy, beans and sorghum. Livestock keeping is also an important economic activity in the region.

1 Hali ya Uchumi wa Taifa Katika Mwaka 2003 ______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census INTRODUCTION 2 ______2. INTRODUCTION

This part of the report provides the technical and operational description of the National Sample Census of Agriculture (NSCA), carried out in the rural areas of Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar during the 2002/03 agricultural year. It details the background and the rationale for carrying out the NSCA in 2002/03 agricultural year. It also explains the sampling procedures, designing and implementation of the data processing system.

2.1 The Rationale for Conducting the National Sample Census of Agriculture

In 2003, the Government of Tanzania launched the Agricultural Sample Census as an important part of the Poverty Monitoring Master Plan which supports the production of statistics for advocacy of effective public policy, including poverty reduction, access to services, gender, as well as the standard crop production data normally collected in an agriculture census. The census is intended to fill the information gap and support planning and policy formulation by high level decision making bodies. It is also meant to provide critical benchmark data for monitoring Agriculture Sector Development Programme (ASDP) and other agriculture and rural development programs as well as prioritising specific interventions of most agriculture and rural development programs.

Following the decentralisation of the Government’s administration and planning functions, there has been a pressing need for agriculture and rural development data disaggregated at regional and district levels. The provision of district level estimates will provide essential baseline information on the state of agriculture and support decision making by the Local Government Authorities in the design of District Agricultural Development and Investment Projects (DADIPS). The increase in investment is an essential element in the national strategy for growth and reduction of poverty.

This report (Volume V) is among the 21 regional reports for the mainland. Other Census reports include the Technical Report (Volume I), crop sector at national and regional levels including Zanzibar estimates (Volume II), Livestock Report (Volume III), Smallholder Household Characteristics and Access to Natural Resources Report (Volume IV), 21 Regional Reports for the Mainland (Volume V), Large Scale Farms Report (Volume VI) and a separate report for Zanzibar (Volume VII). In order to address the specific issue of gender, a separate thematic report on gender has been published. Other thematic reports will be produced depending on the demand and availability of funds. In addition to these reports two dissemination applications have been produced to allow users to create their own tabulations, charts and maps.

The report is divided into five main sections: Background Information, Introduction, Results, Evaluation and Conclusion and Appendices. The definitions relating to all aspects of this report can be found in the questionnaire (Appendix III).

2.2 Census Objectives

The 2003 Agriculture Sample Census was designed to meet the data needs of a wide range of users down to district level including policy makers at local, regional and national levels, rural development agencies, funding institutions, researchers, Non government Organisations (NGOs), farmer organisations, etc. As a result, the dataset is both more numerous in its sample and detailed in its scope compared to previous censuses and surveys. To date this is the most detailed Agricultural Census carried out in Africa. The census was carried out in order to:

• Identify structural changes if any, in the size of farm household holdings, crop and livestock production, farm input and implement use. It also seeks to determine if there are any improvements in rural infrastructure and in the level of agriculture household living conditions;

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census INTRODUCTION 3 ______• Provide benchmark data on productivity, production and agricultural practices in relation to policies and interventions promoted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security and other stake holders. • Establish baseline data for the measurement of the impact of high level objectives of the Agriculture Sector Development Programme (ASDP), National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) and other rural development programs and projects. • Obtain benchmark data that will be used to address specific issues such as: food security, rural poverty, gender, agro-processing, marketing, service delivery, etc.

2.3 Census Coverage and Scope

The census was conducted for both large and small scale farms. The National Sample Census of Agriculture covered a total of 3,221 selected rural villages of Tanzania Mainland out of which 215 villages were from Rukwa region.

The census covered agriculture in detail as well as many other aspects of rural development and was conducted using three types of questionnaires: ƒ Small scale farm questionnaire ƒ Community level questionnaire ƒ Large scale farm questionnaire The small scale farm questionnaire was the main census instrument and it includes questions related to crop and livestock production and practices; population demographics; access to services, resources and infrastructure; issues on poverty, gender and subsistence versus profit making production units. The main sections covered are as follows: • Identification (i.e. region, district, ward and village) • Household and holding characteristics • Household information • Land ownership/tenure • Land use • Access and use of resources • Crop and vegetable production • Agro processing and by-Products • Crop storage and marketing • On-farm investment • Access to farm inputs and implements • Use of credit for agricultural purposes • Tree farming/agro-forestry • Crop extension services • Livelihood constraints • Animal contribution to crop production • Livestock • Livestock products • Fish farming • Livestock extension • Labour use

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census INTRODUCTION 4 ______• Access to infrastructure and other services • Household facilities

The community level questionnaire was designed to collect village level data such as access and use of common resources, community tree plantation and seasonal farm gate prices.

The large scale farm questionnaire was administered to large scale farms that were either privately or corporately managed. There will be a national report on large scale farming on Tanzania Mainland.

2.4 Legal Authority of the National Sample Census of Agriculture

The NSCA 2002/03 was conducted under the legal authority of the 2000 National Bureau of Statistics Act which, among other things, makes data collected from individuals strictly confidential and to be used for statistical purposes only.

2.5 Reference Period

Two types of reference periods were used namely the agricultural year and the reference date for livestock enumeration. The agricultural year 2002/03 (that is October 2002 to September 2003) was used for the data items that are related to crop production. The reference date of enumeration for livestock and poultry count was 1st October 2003.

2.6 Census Methodology

The main focus at all stages of the census execution was on data quality and this is emphasised in this section. The main activities undertaken include: - Census organisation - Tabulation plan preparation - Sample design - Design of census questionnaires and other instruments. - Field protesting of the census instruments - Training of trainers, supervisors and enumerators - Information Education and Communication (IEC) campaign - Data Collection - Field supervision and consistency checks - Data processing: Scanning ICR extraction of data Structure formatting application Batch validation application Manual data entry application Tabulation preparation using SPSS - Table formatting and charts using Excel, map generation using Arc-View and Freehand. - Report preparation using Word and Excel.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census INTRODUCTION 5 ______2.6.1 Census Organization

The Census was conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics in collaboration with the sector ministries of agriculture, and the Office of the Chief Government Statistician in Zanzibar. At the national level the Census was headed by the Director General of the National Bureau of Statistics with assistance from the Director of Economic Statistics. The Planning Group, made up of staff from the National Bureau of Statistics, Department of Agricultural Statistics and three representatives from the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (Department of Policy and Planning), oversaw the overall operational aspects of the Census. At the regional level, implementation of census activities was overseen by the Regional Statistical Officer of NBS and the Regional Agriculture Supervisor from the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security. At the District level, two supervisors from the President’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PORALG), managed the enumerators who also came from the same ministry.

Members of the Planning Group had a minimum qualification of a bachelor degree, the regional supervisors were either agricultural economists, statisticians or statistical officers. The district supervisors and enumerators had diploma level qualifications in agriculture.

The Census and Surveys Technical Working Group provided support in sourcing financing, approving budget allocations and technical assistance inputs as well as monitoring the progress of the census. A Technical Committee for the census was established with members from key stakeholder organisations (i.e. NBS, sector ministries of agriculture, President’s Office, Planning and Privatization (POPP), PORALG, University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre (TFNC) and the Office of Chief Government Statistician (OCGS) in Zanzibar). The main function of the committee was to approve the proposed instruments and procedures developed by the Planning Group. It also approved the tabulations and analytical reports prepared from the Census data.

2.6.2 Tabulation Plan

The tabulation plan was developed following three user group workshops and thus reflects the information needs of the end users. It took into consideration the tabulations from previous census and surveys to allow trend analysis and comparisons.

2.6.3 Sample Design

The Mainland sample consisted of 3,221 villages. These villages were drawn from the National Master Sample (NMS) developed by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) to serve as a national framework for the conduct of household based surveys in the country. The National Master Sample was developed from the 2002 Population and Housing Census. In most cases, within each selected village, data was collected from a sub-sample of fifteen agricultural households. In few large villages thirty households were selected. The total Mainland sample was 48,315 agricultural households. In Zanzibar a total of 317 EAs were selected and 4,755 agricultural households were covered. Nationwide, all regions and districts were sampled with the exception of three urban districts (two from Mainland and one from Zanzibar).

In both Mainland and Zanzibar a stratified two stage sample was Table 2.1: Census Sample Size Number of Mainland Zanzibar Total used. In the first stage, villages/enumeration areas (EAs) were selected Households 48,315 4,755 53,070 with probability proportional to the number of villages in each district. Villages/Eas 3,221 317 3,539 In the second stage, 15 households were selected from a list of Districts 117 9 126 Regions 21 5 26 farming households in each Village/EA using systematic random sampling. Table 2.1 gives the sample size of households, villages and districts for Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census INTRODUCTION 6 ______2.6.4 Questionnaire Design and Other Census Instruments

The census questionnaires were designed following user/producer meetings to ensure that the information collected was in line with their data needs. Several features were incorporated into the design of the questionnaire to increase the accuracy of the data: • Where feasible all variables were extensively coded to reduce post enumeration coding error. • The definitions for each section were printed on the opposite page so that the enumerator could easily refer to the instructions whilst interviewing the farmer. • The responses to all questions were placed in boxes printed on the questionnaire, with one box per character. This feature made it possible to use scanning and ICR technologies for data entry. • Skip patterns were used to avoid asking unnecessary questions • Each section was clearly numbered, which facilitated the use of skip patterns and provided a reference for data type coding for the programming of CSPro, SPSS and the dissemination applications.

Besides the questionnaires, there were other instruments used: • Village listing forms that were used for listing households in the villages and from these list a systematic sample of 15 agricultural households were selected from each village. • Training manual which was used by the trainers for the cascade/pyramid training of supervisors and enumerators. This manual was trainers guiding document on the procedures to follow during tha training • Enumerator Instruction Manual which was used as reference material.

2.6.5 Field Pre-Testing of the Census Instruments

The Questionnaire was pre-tested in five locations (Arusha, Dodoma,,Tanga, Unguja and Pemba). This was done purposely to test the wording, flow and relevance of the questions and to finalise crop lists, questionnaire coding and manuals. In addition to this, several data collection methodologies had to be finalised, namely, livestock numbers in pastoralist communities, cut flower production, mixed cropping, use of percentages in the questionnaire and finalising skip patterns and documenting consistency checks.

2.6.6 Training of Trainers, Supervisors and Enumerators

Cascade/pyramid training techniques were employed to maintain statistical standards. The top level training was provided to 66 national and regional supervisors (3 per region plus Zanzibar). The trainers were members of the Planning Group and the trainees were from the National Bureau of Statistics and the sector ministries of agriculture. The second level training was for the district supervisors and enumerators. This training was conducted in the regions. In each region three training sessions were conducted for the district supervisors and enumerators. In addition to training in field level Census methodology and definitions, emphasis was placed on training the enumerators and supervisors in consistency checking. Tests were given to the enumerators and supervisors and the best 50 percent of the trainees were selected to administer the smallholder and community level questionnaires. This increased the number of interviews per enumerator but it also released finance to increase the number of supervisors and hence the Supervisor Enumerator Ratio. The household listing exercise was carried out by all trained enumerators.

2.6.7 Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Campaign

Information, Education and Communication (IEC) is an important aspect of any census/survey undertaking. This is due to the fact that inadequately informed and hence uncooperative citizens may jeopardize the entire census/survey. As far as the ______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census INTRODUCTION 7 ______2002/03 Agricultural Sample Census was concerned, the main objective of the IEC program was to sensitize and mobilize Tanzanians to support, cooperate and participate in the census exercise.

Radio, television, newspapers, leaflets, t-shirts and caps were used to publicise the Sample Census. T-shirts and caps were used by the field staff and the village chairmen as official uniforms during the field work. The village chairmen helped to locate the selected households.

2.6.8 Household Listing

The household listing exercise was done in seven days. During the listing exercise, forms ACLF1 and ACLF2 were administered. The information collected included the number of fields operated by the household, the number of different types of livestock and poultry. This information was used to determine the agricultural households. From the list of agricultural households, 15 households were selected for the interview. The selection was done using the Random Number Table.

2.6.9 Data Collection

Data collection activities for the 2002/2003 Agricultural Sample Census took three months from January to March 2004. The data collection methods used during the census were by interview and no physical measurements, e.g., crop cutting and field area measurement were taken. Field work was monitored by a hierarchical system of supervisors at the top of which was the Mobile Response Team followed by the national, regional, and district supervisors.

The Mobile Response Team consisted of three principal supervisors who provided overall direction to the field operation and responded to queries arising outside the scope of the training exercise. The mobile response team consisted of the Manager of Agriculture Statistics Department, Long-term Consultant and Desk Officer for the Census. Decisions made on definitions and procedures were then communicated back to all enumerators via the national, regional and district supervisors.

District supervision and enumeration were done by staff from the President’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PORALG). National and regional supervisions were provided by senior staff of the National Bureau of Statistics and the sector ministries of agriculture. During the household listing exercise 3,221 extension staff were used. For the enumeration of the small holder questionnaire, 1,611 enumerators were used and additional 5 percent enumerators were held in reserve in case of drop outs during the enumeration exercise.

2.6.10 Field Supervision and Consistency Checks

Enumerators were trained to probe the respondents until they were satisfied with the responses given before they recorded them in the questionnaire. The first check of the questionnaires was done by enumerators in the field during enumeration. The second check was done by the district supervisors followed by regional and national supervisors. Supervisory visits at all levels of supervision focused on consistency checking of the questionnaires. Inconsistencies encountered were corrected, and where necessary a return visit to the respondent was made by the enumerator to obtain the correct information. Further quality control checks were made through a major post enumeration checking exercise where all questionnaires were checked for consistencies by all supervisors in the district offices.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census INTRODUCTION 8 ______2.6.11 Data Processing

Data processing consisted of the following processes: • Manual editing • Data entry • Data structure formatting • Batch validation • Tabulation • Illustration production • Report formatting

Manual Editing Prior to scanning, all questionnaires underwent a manual cleaning exercise. This involved checking that the questionnaire had a full set of pages, correct identification and good handwriting. A score was given to each questionnaire based on the legibility and the completeness of enumeration. This score will be used to assess the quality of enumeration and supervision in order to select the best field staff for future censuses/surveys.

Data entry/Scanning and ICR extraction technologies Scanning and ICR data capture technology was used for the small holder questionnaire. This not only increased the speed of data entry, it also increased the accuracy due to the reduction in keystroke errors. Interactive validation routines were incorporated into the ICR software to track errors during the verification process. The scanning operation was so successful that it is highly recommended that this technology be adopted for future censuses/surveys.

The Census and Surveys Processing Program (CSPro) was used to enter 2,880 of small holder questionnaires that were rejected by the Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR) extraction application.

Data structure formatting A program was developed in visual basic to automatically alter the structure of the output from the scanning/extraction process in order to harmonise it with the manually entered data. The program automatically checked and changed the number of digits for each variable, the record type code, the number of questionnaires in the village, the consistency of the Village Identification (ID) code and saved the data of one village in a file named after the village code.

Batch validation A batch validation program was developed in order to identify inconsistencies within a questionnaire. This is in addition to the interactive validation during the ICR extraction process. The procedures varied from simple range checking within each variable to more complex checking between variables. It took six months to screen, edit and validate the data from the smallholder questionnaire. After the long process of data cleaning, the results were prepared based on a pre-designed tabulation plan.

Tabulations Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to produce the Census results and Microsoft Excel was used to organize the tables and compute additional indicators.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census INTRODUCTION 9 ______Analysis and report preparation The analysis in this report focuses on regional and district production estimates, districts comparisons and time series analysis. Microsoft Excel was used to produce charts; whereas Microsoft Word was used to compile the report. Data quality A great deal of emphasis was placed on data quality throughout the whole exercise from planning, questionnaire design, training, supervision, data entry, validation and cleaning/editing. As a result of this NBS believes that the Census is highly accurate and representative of what was experienced at field level during the Census year. With very few exceptions the variables in the questionnaire are within the norms for Tanzania and they follow expected time series trends when compared to historical data. Standard Errors and Coefficients of Variation for the main variables can be found in the Technical Report (Volume I).

2.7 Funding Arrangements

The Agricultural Sample Census was supported mainly by the European Union (EU) who financed most of the operational activities. Other funds for operational activities came from the Government of Tanzania, Government of Japan, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and other partners in the Pool Fund of the Vice President’s Office (VPO). In addition to this, technical assistance was provided by the European Union (EU), Department for International Development (DFID) and Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Technical assistances were managed by Ultek Laurence Gould Consultants (ULG), Scotts Agriculture Consultancy Ltd (SAC) and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 10 ______3. CENSUS RESULTS This part of the report presents the census results for Rukwa region based on the data tables in Appendix A2. The results are presented in different forms including brief summaries, charts, condensed tables, graphs and maps in order to make it easier for the users to understand. Comparisons are made between related variables and between districts. Comparisons are also made with past censuses/surveys results such as the 1994/95 National Sample Census of Agriculture (NSCA), the 1995/96 and the 1996/97 Expanded Agricultural Survey, the 1997/98 Integrated Agricultural Surveys, the 1998/99 District Integrated Agricultural Survey and the 1999/00 Rapid Agricultural Appraisal Survey. The presentation of results is divided into four main sections which are household characteristics, crop results, livestock results and poverty indicators compared to previous censuses and surveys, more effort has been made in analyzing the results in order to formulate solid conclusions.

3.1 Household Characteristics

3.1.1 Type of Household

The number of agricultural households in Rukwa region Chart 3.1 Agriculture Households by Type - Rukwa Crops Only, was 172,261. The largest number of agriculture households 114,069, 66.2% was in Sumbawanga Rural (68,935) followed by Mpanda (59,533), Nkasi (30,483) and Sumbawanga Urban (13,309) (Map 3.1). The highest density of households was found in Sumbawanga Urban (22 households/km2) and Sumbawanga 2 Rural (13 households/ km ) (Map 3.2). Crops and Livestock, 57,776, Most households (114,069 66.2%) were involved in 33.5% Livestock Only, growing crops only, 416 households (0.2%) rearing Pastoralists, 0, 416, 0% 0.2% livestock only and 57,776 (33.5%) were involved in crop production as well as livestock keeping (Chart 3.1) (Map 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6).

3.1.2 Livelihood Activities/Source of Income

The census results for Rukwa region Table. 3.1 The Livelihood Activities/Source of Income of the Households Ranked in Order of Importance by District indicates that most of the agricultural Lives tock Fishing / households ranked annual crop farming as Annual Keep Off Hunting Tree / Crop Permanent ing / Farm & Forest an activity that provides most of their cash Farmin Crop Herdi Inco Gatherin Resource District g Farming ng me Remittances g s income followed by tree/forest resources, Mpanda 1 5 4 3 6 7 2 Sumbawanga R 1 6 4 3 5 7 2 ff-farm income, livestock keeping/herding, Nkasi 1 7 4 3 6 5 2 Sumbawanga U 1 6 4 3 5 7 2 permanent crops, remittances, and Total 1 5 4 3 6 7 2 fishing/hunting and gathering. (Table 3.1)

Sumbawanga Rural and Sumbawanga Urban were the only districts where remittances were the fifty most important source of livelihood. Moreover, Nkasi was the only district where fishing/hunting and gathering was the fifth most important source of livelihood.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 11 ______3.1.3 Sex and Age of Head of Households

The number of male-headed agricultural households in Chart 3.2 Percentage Distribution of Agricultural Households by Sex of Household Head Rukwa region was 150, 902 (88% of the total regional 10 0 agricultural households) whilst the female-headed households were 21,359 12% of the total regional 75 agricultural households). The mean age of household 50 heads was 41 years (40 years for male heads and 46 years

for female heads) (Chart 3.2) The percentage trend for six 25 Percent of Households of Percent censuses/surveys years shows that there has not been any significant change in the distribution of agricultural 0 NSCA 1994/95 EAS 1995/96 EAS 1996/97 IAS 1997/98 DIAS 1998/99 NSCA 2002/03 households between male and female headed households. Male headed households Female headed households Year

3.1.4 Number and Age of Household Members

Rukwa region had a total rural agricultural Chart 3 3 Percent Distribution of Population by Age and Sex - RUKWA population of 942,269 of which 476,244 (51%) were males and 466,024 (49%) were females. 18 Whereas age group 0-14 constituted 48 percent of the total rural agricultural population, age group 12 15–64 (active population) was only 46 percent. Percent Rukwa region had an average household size of 5.5 6 with Sumbawanga Rural district having the lowest household size of 5. (Chart 3.3) 0

3.1.5 Level of Education Male Female In order to obtain information on the level of Age Group education, data was gathered from all persons aged five years and above in all selected households. Chart 3.4 Percent Literatecy Level of Household Members by District Literacy

The information on literacy level for family 60 members aged five years and above was obtained by asking individual private households if their 40 respective family members could read and write in Kiswahili only, English only, both English and Percent Swahili or in any other language. Literacy is based 20 on the ability to read and write Swahili, English or both. 0 Sumbawanga Urban Nkasi Sumbawanga Rural Mpanda District

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 12

MAP 3.1 RUKWA Total Number of Agricultural Households by District

Mpanda 59,533

Nkasi 30,483 Number of Agricultural Households Sumbawanga Urban 80,000 to 100,000 13,309 60,000 to 80,000 40,000 to 60,000 20,000 to 40,000 Sumbawanga Rural 0 to 20,000 Number of Agricultural Households 68,935

MAP 3.2 RUKWA Number of Agricultural Households Per Square Kilometer of Land by District

Mpanda 3

Nkasi 6

Sumbawanga Urban Number of Agricultural Households 22 Per Square Kilometer 30 to 40 30 to 40 20 to 30 Sumbawanga Rural 10 to 20 13 0 to 10 Number of Agricultural Households Per Square Kilometer

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 13

MAP 3.3 RUKWA Number of Crop Growing Households by District

Mpanda 59,533

Nkasi 30,483 Number of Crop Growing Household Sumbawanga Urban 80,000 to 100,000 13,309 60,000 to 80,000 40,000 to 60,000 20,000 to 40,000 0 to 20,000 Sumbawanga Rural Number of Crop Growing Household 68,520

MAP 3.4 RUKWA Percent of Crop Growing Households by District

Mpanda 100%

Nkasi

100%

Sumbawanga Urban Percent of Crop Growing Household 100% 80 to 100 60 to 80 40 to 60 Sumbawanga Rural 20 to 40 0 to 20 99% Percent of Crop Growing Household

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 14

MAP 3.5 RUKWA Number of Crop Growing Households per Square Kilometer of Land by District

Mpanda

3

Nkasi 6 Number of Crop Growing Household per Square Km 30 to 40 Sumbawanga Urban 30 to 40 22 20 to 30 10 to 20 0 to 10 Sumbawanga Rural Number of Crop Growing Household per Square Kilometer 13

MAP 3.6 RUKWA Percent of Crop and Livestock Households by District

Mpanda

19.5%

Nkasi

35.1% Sumbawanga Urban

Percent of Crop and Livestock 42.8% Household 40 to 50 30 to 40 20 to 30 Sumbawanga Rural 10 to 20 43.2% 0 to 10 Percent of Crop and Livestock Household

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 15 ______Literacy Level for Household Members Rukwa region had a total literacy rate of 61 percent. The highest literacy rate was found in Sumbawanga Urban (66%) followed by Nkasi district (62%) and Sumbawanga Rural district (65%). Mpanda district had the lowest literacy rates of (60%) (Chart 3.4).

Literacy Rates for Heads of Households The literacy rate for the heads of households in the Chart 3.5 Literacy Rates of Head of Household by Sex and District - RUKWA region was 72 percent. The literacy rates among the 100 male and female heads of households were 78 and 36 percent respectively. The literacy rate for male 75 headed of households was higher than that of females in all districts. However, Sumbawanga Rural and 50 Percent Sumbawanga Urban districts had the highest literacy 25 rate amongst heads of households which was (75%) each followed by Nkasi (71%) and Mpanda (70% 0 (Chart 3.5). Sumbawanga Rural Sumbawanga Urban Nkasi Mpanda Educational Status District Male Female Total Information on educational status was collected from individual agricultural households. The results show that 38 percent of the population aged 5 years and above in agricultural households in the region had completed different levels of education and 28 percent were still attending school. Those who have never attended school were 34 percent (Chart 3.6).

Chart 3.6 Percentage of Persons Aged 5 Years and Chart 3.7 Percentage of Population Aged 5 Years and Above by District and Educational Status Never Above by Education Status Attending 50 Attended School 34.1% 27.7% 40

30

Percent 20

10

0 Completed Mpanda Sumbawanga Rur Nkasi Sumbawanga Urb 38.2% Attending School Completed Never Attended District

Agricultural households in Sumbawanga Urban district had Chart 3 .8 Percentage Distribution of Heads the highest percentage (40%) of population aged 5 years and Primary of Household by Educational Attainment Educat ion above who had completed different levels of education. This 65 0% was followed by Nkasi district with (39%) while Sumbawanga Rural and Mpanda had the lowest percentages of (38%) Chart 3.7) NO education Adult Educ 27 6% Post Primary 3 5% The number of heads of agricultural households with formal 3 9% education in Rukwa region was 118,763 (68.9%) and those

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 16 ______without formal education were 53,498 (31.1%) and those with only adult education who were 6,019 (3.5%). The majority of heads of agricultural households (65.0%) had primary level education whereas only (3.9%) had post primary education.

With regard to the heads of agricultural households with primary or secondary education in Rukwa region, Sumbawanga Urban district had the highest percentages (69.2% for primary and 2.8% for secondary). This was followed by Sumbawanga Rural (67.0% primary and 4.8% secondary), Nkasi (65.4% primary and 3.7% secondary) and Mpanda (61.6% primary and 3.3% secondary). (Chart 3.8)

3.1.6 Off-farm Income

Off-farm income refers to cash generated from non-agricultural activities. This can be either from permanent employment (i.e., government, private sector or other), temporary employment or labourers. It also includes cash generated from working on farms belonging to other farmers. Off-farm income is important amongst agriculture households in Rukwa with 76.5 percent of households having at least one member with off-farm income. In Rukwa region there were 59,888 households (34.8%) with only one member aged 5 and above involved in only one off-farm income generating activity, 53,457 households (31.0%) had two members involved in off-farm income generating activities and 18,456 households (10.7 %) had more than two members involved in off-farm income generating activities.

Nkasi district had the highest percentage of agriculture households with off-farm income (over 90% of total agriculture households in the district). Other districts with higher percent of agriculture households with off-farm income were

Chart 3.9 Number of Household by Number Chart 3.10 Percentage Distribution of Agricultural Households by of Members with Off-farm Income Number of Off-farm Activities Two, 100% 53,457, More than Two, 31% 18,456, 11% 80%

60%

Percent 40%

One, 20% 59,888, NO Off-farm, 35% 40,459, 23% 0% Mpanda Sumbawanga Rur Nkasi Sumbawanga Urb

One Two More Than Two NONE Sumbawanga Urban (81%) and Sumbawanga Rural (75%) while Mpanda district had the lowest percent of agriculture households with off-farm income (67%). The district with the highest percent of agriculture households with more than one member with off-farm income was Nkasi (65 %) followed by Sumbawanga Urban (49%), Sumbawanga Rural (43%) and Mpanda (27%)

3.2 Land Use Land area and planted area are two different types of area measurements. Land area refers to the physical area of land and is the same regardless of the number of crops planted on the land in one year. Planted area is the total area of crops planted in a year and the area is summed if there were more than one crop on the same land per year. A number of terms are used in this section which requires defining for clarification as follows: Land available refers to the area of land that has been allocated to smallholders through customary law, official title or other forms of ownership. Land available does NOT mean the total area of land that is designated as agriculture land in the

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 17 ______country, however it is the land that is available to smallholders given the location of villages and lack of access to more remote parcels of unused agriculture designated land.

Usable land refers to the available land minus the land that cannot be used e.g. bare rock, shallow soils, steep slopes, swamp areas etc. It does however include un-cleared bush, Utilised land refers to the land that was used during the year.

Chart 3.11 Utilized and Usable Land per household by 3.2.1 Area of Land Utilised district The total area of land available to smallholders was 4 0 100 0 80 0 574,291 ha. The regional average land area utilised for 3 0 60 0 agriculture per household was only 2.4 ha. This figure is 2 0 40 0 slightly above the national average which is estimated at 2.0 1 0

Area/household 20 0 hectares. Seventy three percent of the total land available to Percentage utilized 0 0 0 0 smallholders was utilised. Only 27.1 percent of usable land Mpanda Sumbawanga Nkasi Sumbawanga Rural Urban available to smallholders was not used (Chart 3.11). Districts

Small differences in land area utilised per household exist Area utilised (Ha) Total Usable Area available (ha) P e rc e n t Utilis a tio n between districts with Sumbawanga Rural and Nkasi utilizing 2.7 and 2.5 ha per household respectively. The smallest land area utilised per household was found in Chart 3.12 Land Area by Type of Use

Mpanda and Sumbawanga Urban with (2.0 ha) each. The Area under Temporary Mono Crops 39.5 Area of Uncultivated Usable Land percentage utilized of the usable land per household was 23.5 Area under Temporary Mixed Crops 13.3 highest in Sumbawanga Urban (86.2%) and lowest in Area under Fallow 9.7 Mpanda (63.2%). Seventy three percent of the total land Area under Natural Bush 3.0 Area Unusable 2.2 available to smallholders was utilised. Only 27 percent of Area under Permanent / Annual Mix 2.2 usable land available to smallholders was not used (Chart Area Rented to Others 1.8 1.5 3.11 and Map 3.7). Area under Pasture Area under Permanent Mixed Crops 1.4 Land Use Area under Plant ed T rees 1.1

3.2.2 Types of Land Use Area under Permanent Mono Crops 0.9

The area of land under temporary monocrop was 226,716 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 hectares (39.5% of the total land available to smallholders Area (hectares) in Rukwa), followed by uncultivated usable land (134,711 ha, 23.5%), temporary mixed crops (76,412 ha, 13.3%), area under fallow (55,734 ha, 9.5%), under natural bush (17,243 ha, 3.0%), permanent/annual mix/area rented to others/unusable area had (2,2%) each and permanent Chart 3.13 Area Planted (Ha) with Annual Crops by Season mono crop/permanent mixed crop/area under pasture/area under planted trees had (1%) each (chart 3.12) Dry Season, 3.3 Annual Crop and Vegetable Production 1,049, Rukwa region has one rainy seasons, namely the wet 0.3% season or the long rainy season (October to March). The quantity of crops produced in the wet season will be used as a base for comparison with the past surveys and censuses. Wet Season, 302,345, 99.7%

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 18 ______3.3.1 Area Planted The area planted with annual crops and vegetables was 303,393 hectares out of which 1,049 hectares (0.3%) were planted during dry season and 302,345 hectares (99.7%) during wet season. The average areas planted per household during the dry and wet rainy seasons was (1.4 ha) and (1.8 ha) respectively (Chart 3.13). The districts with dry season cultivation were Sumbawanga Rural with the average planted area of 1.8 ha per household followed with Nkasi (0.8 ha) and Sumbawanga Urban (0.5 ha). The district with the largest area planted per household in wet season was Sumbawanga Rural (2.0 ha), Nkasi (1.8ha), Mpanda (1.5 ha) and Sumbawanga Urban (1.5 ha).

Chart 3.14 Area Planted with Annual Crops by Season and District 140,000 2.00 The district with the smallest average area planted in 120,000 both dry and wet rainy seasons was Sumbawanga 1.50 100,000 Urban with (56 ha and 20,109 ha ). Therefore, it can be 80,000 concluded that Rukwa Region had mono- agricultural 1.00 60,000 season which is wet season (Chart 3.14 and Map 3.8). Percentage Planted

Area Planted (ha) 40,000 0.50 20,000 The planted area occupied by cereals during the wet 0 0.00 season was 203,500 ha (67.3% of the total area planted Sumbawanga Urban Sumbawanga Rural Nkansi Mpanda Wet Season Dry Season % Area planted in Dry season District with annuals). This was followed by pulses (37,551 hectares, 12.4%), roots and tubers (28,595 hectares, Chart 3.15 Area Planted with Annual Crops per Household 9.5%), oil seeds (28,178 hectares, 9.3%) cash crops by Season and District 3 000 (3,295 hectares (1.1%) and fruits and vegetables (1,225 hectares (0.4%).

2 000 The average area planted per household during the wet season in Rukwa region was 1.8 hectares, however, 1 000 there were large district differences. Sumbawanga (ha) Planted Area Rural had the largest planted area per household (2.0 ha) followed by Nkasi (1.8 ha), Mpanda (1.6 ha) and 0 000 Sum bawan ga Nkansi Mpanda Sumbawanga Sumbawanga Urban (1.5 ha) each. (Chart 3.15 and Rural Urban We t S e a s o n We t S e a s o n Map 3.9). District

Analysis of the Most Important Crops Results on crop production are presented in two different sections. The first section compares the importance of each crop regardless of whether they are annual or permanent. The second section contains a more detailed analysis on production based on crop types.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 19

MAP 3.7 RUKWA Utilized Land Area Expressed as a Percent of Available Land by District

Mpanda 63.2%

Nkasi

72.2%

Sumbawanga Urban Utilized Land Area 86.2% 80 to 100 60 to 80 40 to 60 20 to 40 Sumbawanga Rural 0 to 20 79.1% Utilized Land Area Expressed as a Percent

MAP 3.8 RUKWA Total Planted Area (Annual Crops) by District

Mpanda 96,231 ha

Nkasi 53,306 ha

Sumbawanga Urban

Area Planted Annual Crop 20,109 ha 160,000 to 200,000 120,000 to 160,000 80,000 to 120,000 Sumbawanga Rural 40,000 to 80,000 132,698 ha 0 to 40,000 Area Planted Annual Crop

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 20

MAP 3.9 RUKWA Area Planted and Percentage During the Short Rainy Season by District

Mpanda 0ha 0%

Nkasi 97ha 0.18% Sumbawanga Urban Planted Area (ha) 42ha 0.21% 240 to 290 180 to 240 120 to 180 Sumbawanga Rural 60 to 120 288ha 0 to 60 0.22% Planted Area (ha) Percentage of Area Planted During the Short Rainy Season

MAP 3.10 RUKWA Area Planted with Cereals and Percent of Total Land Planted With Cereals by District

Mpanda

8,741ha 9.1%

Nkasi 1,446ha

2.7% Sumbawanga Urban 1,047ha Planted Area (ha) 5.2% 16,000 to 20,000 12,000 to 16,000 8,000 to 12,000 Sumbawanga Rural 4,000 to 8,000 17,901ha 0 to 4,000 13.5% Planted Area (ha) Percent of Total Land Planted With Cereals Crop

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 21 ______3.3.2 Crop Importance

Maize is the dominant annual crop grown in Rukwa region and it had a planted area 4.6 times greater than beans, which had the second largest planted area. The area planted with maize constitutes 94.8 percent of the total area planted with annual crops in the region. Other crops in order of their importance (based on area planted) are beans, cassava, paddy,

Chart 3.16 Planted Area (ha) for the Main Crops - RUKWA Chart 3.17a Planted Area (ha) per Household by Selected Crop - RUKWA

1.05

120000

0.70

60000 Planted Area (ha) Area Planted Planted Area (ha) Area Planted 0.35

0 s 0.00 ze dy r d toes oes t o e s et ean a eat c as ans ms eas Mai B Pa at lle ddy pe e sava nuts oe P obacco Wheat Maize Pa flow w B s Ya a dnuts otton oyam Cassava om M Wh ar n C c ld Simsim Sorghum T r SorghumTobac un Co Ca b u h Mill Sunflower t Pot T S o Co Fie us Groundnuts e Gr Soya Beans Bam ulr Finger Millet Finge Crop Irish Potatoes B Crop Swe Sweet Potat finger millet, groundnuts, sunflower, sorghum, tobacco, sweet potatoes, wheat and tomatoes. (Chart 3.16) Households that grow finger millet, maize, paddy wheat and sorghum had larger planted areas per household than those growing other crops (Chart 3.17a).

3.3.3 Crop Types Cereals are the main crops grown in Rukwa region. The area planted with cereals during the wet season was 203,500 hectares (67.3% of the total planted area), followed by pulses with (37,551 ha, 12.4%), root and tubers 28,595 hectares

Chart 3.17b Percentage Distribution of Planted Area with Chart 3.18 Area Planted with Annual Crops by Crop Type and Season Annual Crops by Crop Type 27 Cereals 200,000 67 3%

Pulses 150,000 12 4%

100,000 Area (hectares) Roots & Tubers 50,000 279 9 5% 0 3 3 3 7 551 Fruits & 28 595 0 0 28 178 Vegetables Oil Seess & Oil 3 295 Cash Crops 0 1 2 2 5 0 4% Nuts Cereals Pulses Roots & Oil Seeds & Cash Crops Fruits & 1 1% 9 3% Tubers Oil Nuts Veget ables Wet Season Dry Season Crop Type

(9.5%), oil seeds 28,178 hectares (9.3%), cash crops 3 295 hectares (1.1%) and fruits and vegetables 1,225 hectares (0.4%) (Chart 3.17b).

Cereals and pulses are the dominant crops in both seasons and other crop types are of minor importance in comparison. There is little difference in the proportions of the different crop types grown between seasons and because dry season production was very small compared to wet season it is inappropriate to make detailed comparisons between the two seasons (Chart 3.18).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 22 ______3.3.4 Cereal Crop Production

The total production of cereals was 240,623 tonnes.

Maize was the dominant cereal crop with the Table 3.2: Area, Production and Yield of Cereal Crops by Season production of 163,432 tonnes which was 67.9 Wet Season percent of total cereal crops produced, followed by Yield Crop Area Planted (ha) Quantity harvested (tonnes) (kg/ha) paddy (20.6%), finger millet (6.6%) sorghum Maize 150,033 163,432 1,089 (4.1%), wheat (0.8%) and) bulrush millet (0.01). Paddy 25,526 49,520 1,940 (Map 3.10). Finger Millet 18,967 15,798 833 Sorghum 7,405 9,942 1,343 The area planted with maize was dominant and it Wheat 1,979 1,911 966 Bulrush represented 73.6 percent of the total area planted Millet 17 20 1,176 with cereal crops, followed by paddy (12.5%), Total 203,928 240,623 finger millet (9.3%), Sorghum (3.6%), wheat 1.0%), and bulrush millet (0.01%).

Paddy had the highest yield of (1940kg/ha), followed by sorghum (1,343 kg/ha), bulrush millet (1,186 kg/ha), maize (1,089 kg/ha), wheat (966 kg/ha) and finer millet (833 kg/ha) (Chart 3.19).

3.3.4.1 Maize Chart 3.20: Time Series Data on Maize Production - RUKWA

Maize dominated the production of cereal crops in the 200 172 region. The number of households growing maize in

Rukwa region during the wet season was 159,160 (72.0% 150 163 120 126 of the total crop growing households in the region during 126 136 the wet season). The total production of maize during 100 wet season was 163,277 tonnes from a planted area of 70 50 149,606 hectares resulting in a yield of (1.09 t/ha). Production ('000') tonnes

(Chart 3.20) indicates the maize production trend (in 0 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/2000 2002/03 thousand metric tonnes) for the wet season. There was a Census/Survey year sharp decrease in maize production over the period of Chart 3.21 Maize: Total Area Planted and Planted Area per Household by District 1996 to 1998 after which the production increased sharply 70,000 1 20 by the year 1998. In the year 1999 to 2000 the production 60,000 1 00

50,000 was almost stable after which the production increased 0 80 steadily up to the year 2003. The average area planted 40,000 0 60 30,000 with maize per household was 0.94 hectares; however it (Ha) Area 0.40 ranged from 0.78 hectares in Mpanda district to 1.04 20,000 43,301 66,238 0 20 Household Area per Planted hectares in both Sumbawanga rural and Nkasi. (Map 10,000 28,111 3.21). Sumbawanga Rural district had the largest area for 0 12,383 0 00 Sumbawanga Rural Mpanda Nkansi Sumbawanga maize (66,238 ha) followed by Mpanda (43,301 ha), Urban Planted Area (ha) are/hh District Nkasi (28,111 ha). Sumbawanga Urban district had the smallest planted area (12,382 ha) (Chart 3.21 and Map 3.11).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 23 ______Charts (3.20 and 3.22) show that, both production and yield of maize dropped sharply from 1995/96 to 1997/98 after which both increased gradually up to 2002/03. On the other hand Chart 3.22 Time Series of Maize Planted Area & Yield - RUKWA the planted area was almost stable from 1994/95 to 1996/97 160,000 and after increasing rapidly in the year 1997/98 but the 2.3 exceeding years from 1998 to 2003 the yield remained 120,000 almost constant the quantity produced has increased and this 80,000 has been due to a large increase in the area under 1.2 Yield (t/ha) Yield Area (hectares) Area production. The area planted with maize remained constant 40,000 over the period from 1994 to 1996 after which the area 0 0.0 under production expanded gradually until 2000 and the 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2002/03 Agriculture Year area has remained constant ever since. (Chart 3.22) Area Yield

3.3.4.2 Paddy

Paddy is the second most important cereal crop in the region in terms of planted area. The number of households that grew

Chart 3.24 Time Series Data on Paddy Production - TANGA Chart 3.23 Total Planted Area and Area of Paddy per Household by District 30 26 16,000

1.00 12,000 20 16 13 8,000 0.50 Area (Ha) Area household 10 Area planted per per planted Area

4,000 12,505 11,605

Production ('000') Productiontons ('000') 8 7 5 7 0 0.00 0 Sumbawanga Nkansi Mpanda Sumbawanga 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/200 2002/03 Rural Urban Census/Survey year Planted Area (ha) Area /hh District 0 paddy in Rukwa region during the wet season was 30,132.

Chart 3.25 Time Series of Paddy Planted Area and Yield - RUKWA This represented 17.6 percent of the total annual crop 3.0 7500 growing households in Rukwa region in the wet season. 2.5 The total production of paddy was 49,520 tonnes from a 2.0 5000 planted area of 25,526 hectares resulting in a yield of (1.9 1.5 0

t/ha). The district with the largest area planted with (t/ha) Yield

Area (hectares) Area 2500 1.0 Paddy was Sumbawanga Rural (12,505 ha) followed by 0.5 Nkasi (11,605 ha). Mpanda and Sumbawanga Urban did 0 0.0 not grow any paddy. (Map 3.13) There was a small 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/200 2002/03 Agriculture Year Area Planted Yield insignificant variation in the average planted area per crop growing household between the two districts of Nkasi and Sumbawanga Rural ranging from 0.85 hectares to 0.95 hectares respectively (Chart 3.23 and Map 3.14) . There was a sharp decrease in the production of paddy from 1994/95 to 1995/96. From 1997/98 and 1998/99 the production increased. The production dropped from 7,941 tons in 1995/96 to 3642 tonnes in 1997/98 after which it rose to over 6,000 tonnes in the following two years of 1998/99 and 1999/2000. Thereafter the yield had been almost stable fluctuating between (2500 kg/ha ) and 900kg/ha) Charts 3.23 and 3.25

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 24

MAP 3.11 RUKWA Planted Area and Yield of Maize by District

Mpanda 43,301ha

0.9t/ha

Nkasi 28,111ha

1.0t/ha Sumbawanga Urban 12,383ha Planted Area (ha) 1.1t/ha 80,000 to 100,000 60,000 to 80,000 40,000 to 60,000 Sumbawanga Rural 20,000 to 40,000 66,238ha 0 to 20,000 Planted Area (ha) 1.3t/ha Yield (t/ha)

MAP 3.12 RUKWA Area Planted per Maize Growing Household by District

Mpanda

0.8ha

Nkasi 1ha

Sumbawanga Urban 0.9ha Planted Area Per Household 0.96 to 1 0.92 to 0.96 0.88 to 0.92 Sumbawanga Rural 0.84 to 0.88 1ha 0.8 to 0.84 Planted Area per Household

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 25 ______3.3.4.3 Other Cereals Other cereals produced in Rukwa Region included: sorghum (7,405 ha), finger millet (18,967 ha), bulrush millet (17 ha) and wheat (1,979 ha). While bulrush millet was grown in Nkasi district only, wheat was produced in all districts except Mpanda. Chart 3.26 Area Planted with Sorghum, Finger Millet, Bulrush Millet and Wheat by District

(Chart 3.26). 12 ,0 0 0

9,000

3.3.5 Roots and Tuber Crops Production 6,000

The total production of roots and tubers was 45,702 tonnes. Area (Ha) 3,000

0 Cassava production was higher than any other root and tuber Sumbawanga Mpanda Nkasi Sumbawanga Rural Urba n crop in the region with a total production of 39,818 tonnes District representing 87 percent of the total root and tuber crops So r gh um Finger Millet Bulrush Millet Wheat production. This was followed by sweet potatoes (4,699 tonnes,

10%), Irish potatoes with 1,031 tonnes (2%), yams (127t, 0.3%) Table 3.3: Area, Production and Yield of Roots & and coco yams (27t, 0.06%) (Table 3.3) The area planted with Tuber Crops Crops by Season cassava was therefore larger than any other root and tuber crops Wet Season Area and it was the most important root and tuber crop in Rukwa in Planted Quantity harvested Yield Crop (ha) (tonnes) (kg/ha) terms of planted area. It accounted for 89.6 percent of the area Cassava 25,611 39,818 1,555 planted with roots and tubers, followed by sweet potatoes (9.4%), Sweet Potatoes 2,681 4,699 1,753 Irish potatoes 1.0%), cocoyam (0.05%). and cocoyam (0.02%) Irish Potatoes 282 1,031 3,656

Yams 13 127 9,669 There was a significant increase in the area planted with cassava Cocoyam 7 27 3,857 and Irish potatoes from 1994/95 to 2002/03. The area for sweet Total 28,594 45,702 potatoes and yams remained more or less constant. Chart 3.27 Area Planted and Yield of Major Root and Tuber Crops 10,000

30,000 The estimated yield was high for yams (9.7 t/ha) and 8,000 cocoyam (3.9t/ha). Irish potatoes (3.7t/ha), sweet potatoes 6,000 (1.8 t/ha) and cassava (1.6 t/ha) 20,000 4,000 Yield (kg/ha) Area Planted (ha) Planted Area 10,000 3.3.5.1 Cassava 2,000 The number of households growing cassava in the region 0 0 was 53,929. This represents 31.4 percent of the total crop Cassava Sweet Irish Yams Cocoyam Potatoes Potatoes Yield (kg/ha) Crop growing households in the region. The total production of cassava during the census year was 39,818 tonnes from Chart 3.28 Area Planted with Cassava during a planted area of 25,611 hectares resulting in a yield of the Census/Survey Years (1.6t/ha). 45,000

30,000

15,000

0 1994/95 1995/96 1998/99 2002/03 Cassava Year

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 26

MAP 3.15 RUKWA Planted Area and Yield of Cassava by District

Mpanda 12,483ha

1.2t/ha

Nkasi

6,165ha

2.3t/ha Sumbawanga Urban Planted Area (ha) 146ha 12,000 to 13,000 1.6t/ha 9,000 to 12,000 6,000 to 9,000 Sumbawanga Rural 3,000 to 6,000 6,817ha 0 to 3,000 Planted Area (ha) 1.5t/ha Yield (t/ha)

MAP 3.15 RUKWA Area Planted per Cassava Growing Household by District

Mpanda 0.4ha

Nkasi 0.6ha

Sumbawanga Urban Planted Area Per Household 0.3ha 0.54 to 0.61 0.48 to 0.54 Sumbawanga Rural 0.42 to 0.48 0.36 to 0.42 0.5ha 0.3 to 0.36 Planted Area per Household

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 27 ______Previous censuses and surveys indicate that the area planted with cassava increased from 1995/96 to 2002/03 (3.28). The planted area with cassava accounted for 8.5 percent of the total planted with annual crops. Sumbawanga Rural district had the largest planted area of cassava (12,483 ha, 48.7% of the total cassava planted area in the region) followed by Nkasi (6,817 ha, 26.6%), Mpanda ( 6,165 ha, 24.1%) and Sumbawanga Urban (146 ha, 0.6%). (Map 3.15). However, the district with the highest proportion of land planted with cassava was Sumbawanga Rural district (23.4%) followed by Mpanda (6.4%), Nkasi (5.1%) and Sumbawanga Urban (0.7%) (Chart 3.29).

Chart 3.29 Percent of Cassava Planted Area and Percent of Total Chart 3.30: Cassava Planted Area per Cassava Land with Cassava by District Growing Households by District 30 .57 0 3 7 8. 0 60 0.5 50.0 4

0.42 20 0 40 0.27 6 6. 2 .1 24 0 20 25.0 10 Land Area Area Household per Percent of Total Area Planted 0 00 Total of Planted Area Percent 6 Nkasi Sumbawanga Mpanda Sumbawanga 0. Rur Urb 0.0 0 Sumbawanga Rural Nkasi Mpanda Sumbawanga Urban District District % of Area Planted with Cassava Proportion of Land Area

The average cassava planted area per cassava growing household was 0.47 hectares. There were small district variations. The area planted per cassava growing household was greatest in Nkasi (0.57 ha), this was followed by Sumbawanga Rural (0.53 ha), Mpanda (0.42 ha) and Sumbawanga Urban Chart 3.31: Sweet Potatoes: Total Area Planted and (0.27ha) (Chart 3.30 and Map 3.16). Planted Area Per Household 1,500 3.3.5.2 Sweet Potatoes 0.54 The number of households growing sweet potatoes in 1,000 0.36 Rukwa region was 9,530. This was 14.7 percent of the

500

total root and tuber crop growing households during the (ha) Planted Area 0.18 wet season. The total production of sweet potatoes Area Planted perHousehold

0 0.00 during the census year was 4,699 tonnes from a planted Mpanda Sumbawanga Nkasi Sumbawanga Rur Urb area of 2,681 hectares resulting in a yield of (1.75t/ha). District Area Planted Area per Household

Mpanda District has the largest planted area Table 3.4: Area, Production and Yield of Pulses by Season for sweet potatoes (1,400 ha, 52.2%), Wet Season Total Area Quantity Area Quantity followed by Sumbawanga Rural (728 ha, Yield Yield Planted Harvested Planted Harvested (kg/ha) (kg/ha) 27.1%), Nkasi (469 ha, 17.5%) and Crop (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Sumbawanga Urban (85 ha, 3.2%). Beans 37,251 17,265 463 37,530 17,308 461 Bambaranuts 108 93 861 108 93 861 3.3.6 Pulse Crops Production Green Gram 102 151 1,480 102 151 1,480 Cowpeas 68 47 691 68 47 691 The total area planted with pulses was Field Peas 23 11 478 23 11 478 37,831 hectares out of which 37,530 ha Total 37,552 17,567 37,831 17,610 were planted with beans (99.2 percent of the total area planted with pulses), followed by bambaranuts (108 ha, 0.29%), green grams (102 ha, 0.27%), cowpeas (68 ha, 0.18%) and field peas (23 ha, 0.06). Mung beans, pigeon peas and chick peas were not grown in the region.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 28 ______The total production of pulses was 17,610 tonnes. Beans were the most cultivated crop producing Chart 3 32 Area Planted and Yield of Major Pulse Crops 40,000 1,600 17,308 tonnes which accounted for 98.3 percent of the total pulse production. This was followed by 32,000 1,200 green grams (151t, 0.86%), bambaranuts (93t, 0.53%), cowpeas (47t, 0.27%) and field peas (11t, 24,000 800 0.06%). Green grams and bambaranuts had 16,000 relatively higher yields of 1,480 and 861 kgs/ha) (kg/ha) Yield Area Planted (ha) Planted Area 400 respectively. The yields of the rest of the pulses in 8,000 kilograms per hectare were cowpeas (691 kgs/ha), field peas (478 kgs/ha) and beans (461 kgs/ha) 0 Crop0 Bean s Bambaran ut s Green Gram Cowp eas Field P eas (Chart 3.32). Yield (kg/ha)

Chart 3.33 Percent of Bean Planted Area and Percent of Chart 3.34 Area Planted per Bean Growing Household Total Land with Beans by District by District Wet Season 18 6 0 56 0 60 0 45 0 42 0 37 12 4 0 45

0 30

6 2 Total Land Area Percent of Land 0 15 Percent Area Plantedof Area per Household Area per

0 0 0 00 Sumbawanga Mpanda Nkasi Sumbawanga Sumbawanga Sumbawanga Rur Nkasi Mpanda Rur Urb Urb District % of area planted with beans Proportion of land District

3.3.6.1 Beans Beans dominated the production of pulse crops in the region. The number of households growing beans in Rukwa region during the wet season was 78,216. The total production of beans in the region was 17,265 tonnes from a planted area of 37,251 hectares resulting in a yield of (0.46 t/ha).The largest area planted with beans in the region was in Sumbawanga Rural district (17,142 ha, 46.0%) (Chart 3.33 and Map 3.17), however, the largest area planted with beans per beans growing household was in Sumbawanga Rural district (0.56 ha) (Chart 3.34). The average area planted per household in the region during the wet season was (0.48 ha). The variations in area planted with beans per household among districts in the region was not significant important as it ranged from (0.37 ha) in Sumbawanga Urban to (0.45 ha) in Mpanda. (Map 3.18).

Chart 3.35: Time Series Data on Beans Production - Chart 3.36: Time Series of Beans Planted Area & Yield - RUKWA RUKWA

60 42,000 0.45

50 53 37 40 46 28,000 0.30 30 Yield (t/ha) Yield 20 16 Area (hectares) 16 14,000 0.15 Production ('000') tons ('000') Production 10 2 17

0 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/2000 2002/03 0 0.00 1996/97 1998/99 1999/2000 2002/03 Year Agriculture Year Beans (Ha) Yild (kg/ha

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 29

MAP 3.17 RUKWA Planted Area and Yield of Beans by District

Mpanda

10,255ha

0.5t/ha

Nkasi 6,810ha

0.4t/ha Sumbawanga Urban 3,043ha Planted Area (ha) 16,000 to 20,000 0.4t/ha 12,000 to 16,000 8,000 to 12,000 Sumbawanga Rural 4,000 to 8,000 17,142ha 0 to 4,000 Planted Area (ha) 0.5t/ha Yield (t/ha)

MAP 3.18 RUKWA Area Planted per Beans Growing Household by District

Mpanda

0.4ha

Nkasi 0.5ha

Sumbawanga Urban 0.4ha Planted Area Per Household 0.8 to 1 0.6 to 0.8 0.4 to 0.6 Sumbawanga Rural 0.2 to 0.4 0.6ha 0 to 0.2 Planted Area per Household

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 30 ______In Rukwa region, bean production was fluctuating from the year 1995/96 to 1998/99 after which the production increased steadily over the period 1998/99 to 2003 from 16,000 tonnes in 1998/99 to 17,000 tonnes in 2002/2003 (Chart 3.35).

Charts 3.35 and 3.36 shows that whilst the yield of beans remained fairly constant in the last 3 years, the quantity produced had remained stable ranging between 40,000 in the year 1998 to 37,000 tonnes tin 2003 (Chart 3.36).

Table 3 5: Area, Quantity Harvested and Yield of Oil Crops by Season 3.3.7 Oil Seed Production Wet Season Total Area Quantity Area Quantity Crop Yield Planted Harvested Planted Harvested The total production of oilseed crops was 17,419 (kg/ha) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) tonnes planted on an area of 28,520 hectares. Groundnuts 16,522 11,126 16,570 11,126 671 Sunflower 11,758 6,103 11,758 6,103 519 Soya Beans 127 154 127 154 1208 Groundnuts were most important oilseed crop with Simsim 65 35 65 35 540 Total 28,520 17,419 28,520 17,419 16,570 hectares (58.1% of the total area planted with oil seeds), followed by sunflower (11,758 ha, 41.2%), Chart 3.37 Area Planted and Yield of Major Oil Seed Crops soya beans (127 ha, 0.45%) and simsim (65 ha, 0.23%). 1400

15,000 The production of groundnuts was 11,126 tonnes which 1000 accounted for 63.9 percent of the total production of oil 10,000 600 seeds, followed by sunflower (35.0%), soya beans Yield (kg/ha) Area Planted (ha) 5,000 (0.88%) and simsim (0.20%). 200

0 -200 3.3.7.1 Groundnuts Groundnuts Sunflower Soya Beans Simsim Crop Yield (kg/ha) During the wet season the number of households growing

Chart 3.39 Percent of Groundnuts Planted Area and Percent of Chart 3.38 Time Series Data on Groundnuts Planted Area Total Land with Groundnuts by District 20,000 16,570 10.0 1.20 15,000 8,703 10,000 0.80 3,178 5.0 Planted Area 5,000 1,292

Percent of Land 0.40 of Total LandArea 0 Percent Area Planted 1994/95 1995/96 1998/99 2002/03

0.0 0.00 Year Mpanda Sumbawanga Rur Nkasi Sumbawanga Urb

Percent of Land Proportion of Land District groundnuts in that season was 44,997. The total production of groundnuts in the region was 11,055 tonnes from a planted area of 16,522 hectares resulting in a yield of (0.67 t/ha). Area planted had been increased from 1,292 hectares in 1994/95 to 16,570 hectares in 2002/03 (Chart 3.38)

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 31 ______Sixty percent of the area planted with groundnuts was Chart 3.40 Area Planted per Groundnut Growing Households located in Mpanda district (9,874 ha) followed by by District (Wet Season ) Sumbawanga Rural (5,136 ha, 31%), Nkasi (1,333 ha, 8%) 0.60 0.48 and Sumbawanga Urban (180 ha, 1%). (Map 3.19) The district with the highest proportion of land with groundnuts ) ha ( 0.40 0.29 was Sumbawanga Rural, followed by Mpanda, 0.27 0.20 Sumbawanga Urban and Nkasi. (Chart 3.39 and Map 3.20) 0.20 er H ousehold p The largest area planted per groundnut growing household Area Area was found in Mpanda district (0.48 ha) and the lowest was 0.00 Mpanda Nkasi Sumbawanga Rur Sumbawanga Urb in Sumbawanga Urban (0.20 ha). The range between the District district with the highest and the lowest area planted per household depicts small variations in area planted among the districts (Chart 3.40).

3.3.8 Fruit and Vegetables

The collection of fruit and vegetables production data was difficult due to the small quantities produced per household. Most of the data presented here gives the production of smallholders who grew these crops as cash crops and not merely for household consumption.

The total production of fruits and vegetables was 4,211 tonnes. The most cultivated fruit and vegetable crop was tomatoes with a production of 2,136 tonnes (48% of the total Table 3.6: Area, Production and Yield of Fruits and Vegetables by fruit and vegetables produced) followed by onions Season (1,139t, 22%), Cabbage (739t, 14%) and Wet Season Total Crop Area Quantity Area Quantity Yield Yield Planted Harvested Planted Harvested Amaranths (110t, 10%). The production of the (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) other fruit and vegetables crops was relatively Tomatoes 583 2,136 3,665 583 2,136 3,665 Onions 266 1,139 4,279 266 1,139 4,279 small (Table 3.6). Cabbage 176 739 4,212 176 739 4,212 Amaranths 125 110 879 125 110 879 Spinnach 51 68 1,336 51 68 1,336 The yield of tomatoes was 3,665 kg/ha, onions Pumpkins 22 12 540 22 12 540 Carrot 3 7 2 3 7 2 (4,279 kg/ha), cabbage (4,212 kg/ha), Amaranths Total 1,225 4,211 1,225 4,211 (879 kg/ha), spinach (1,336 kg/ha), pumpkins (540 Chart 3.42 Area Planted and Yield of Fruit and Vegetables kg/ha) and carrot (2kg/ha) (Chart 3.42). 5,000

3.3.8.1 Tomatoes 4,000 600 Sumbawanga Rural district had the largest planted area of tomatoes (42% of the total area planted with 3,000 tomatoes in the region), followed by Mpanda (29%), 2,000 300 Yield (kg/ha) Yield Sumbawanga Urban (22%) and Nkasi (6%) (Map 3.21). (ha) Area Planted

1,000

0 0 Crop Tomatoes Onions Cabbage Amaranths Spinnach Pumpkins Carrot

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 32

MAP 3.19 RUKWA Planted Area and Yield of Groundnuts by District

Mpanda 9,874ha

0.7t/ha

Nkasi 1,333ha

1.2t/ha Sumbawanga Urban Planted Area (ha) 180ha 8,000 to 10,000 0.5t/ha 6,000 to 8,000 4,000 to 6,000 Sumbawanga Rural 2,000 to 4,000 0 to 2,000 5,136ha Planted Area (ha) 0.5t/ha Yield (t/ha)

MAP 3.20 RUKWA Area Planted per Groundnuts Growing Household by District

Mpanda 0.5ha

Nkasi

0.3ha

Sumbawanga Urban 0.2ha Planted Area Per Household 0.8 to 1 0.6 to 0.8 0.4 to 0.6 Sumbawanga Rural 0.2 to 0.4 0.3ha 0 to 0.2 Planted Area per Household

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 33

MAP 3.21 RUKWA Planted Area and Yield of Tomatoes by District

Mpanda

173ha

1.9t/ha

Nkasi 35ha

0.9t/ha Sumbawanga Urban Planted Area (ha) 129ha 400 to 500 5t/ha 300 to 400 200 to 300 Sumbawanga Rural 100 to 200 245ha 0 to 100 Planted Area (ha) 4.6t/ha Yield (t/ha)

MAP 3.22 RUKWA Area Planted per Tomatoes Growing Household by District

Mpanda

0.2ha

Nkasi

0.2ha

Sumbawanga Urban 0.2ha Planted Area Per Household 0.18 to 0.2 0.16 to 0.18 0.14 to 0.16 Sumbawanga Rural 0.12 to 0.14 0.1 to 0.12 0.1ha Planted Area per Household

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 34 ______The district with the highest proportion of land with tomatoes was Sumbawanga Rural followed by Sumbawanga Urban district. With exception of Sumbawanga Rural district, the rest of the districts have relatively low percentage of land used

Chart 3.43 Percent of Tomato Planted Area and Percent of Chart 3.44 Area Planted per Tomato Growing Household Total Land with Tomato by District by District (Wet Season ) 60 0.30

0.22 45 0.21 0.24 0.20 0.16 0.14

30 0.16 Land Area Land

Percent of Land 0.10 0.08

15 Percent AreaPlanted of Total

Area per Household (ha).. 0.00 Mpanda Nkasi Sumbawanga Sumbawanga 0 0.00 Urb Rur Sumbawanga Rur Mpanda Sumbawanga Urb Nkasi District District Percent of Land Proportion of land for tomato production (Chart 3.43). The largest area planted per tomato growing household was found in Mpanda district (0.22 ha) followed by Nkasi (0.21 ha), Sumbawanga Urban (0.16 ha) and Sumbawanga Rural (0.14 ha) (Chart 3.44 and Map 3.22). The total area planted Chart 3.45 Percent of Onions Planted Area and Percent of Total Land with Onions by District with tomatoes accounted for 0.19 percent of the total area planted with annual crops and vegetables during 0.45 0.040 the wet season. 0.30 3.3.8.2 Onions 0.020 The number of households growing onions in the Total Land Area Percent of Land 0.15

region during the wet season was 1,718. This Percent Area Planted of represented 1.0 percent of the total crop growing households in the region. 0.00 0.000 Mpanda Sumbawanga Urb Sumbawanga Rur Nkasi District Percent of Land Proportion of Land The district with the largest planted area with onions was Sumbawanga Urban (110 ha, 41.3% of the total area planted with onions in the region), followed by Mpanda (68 ha, 25.6%), Sumbawanga Rural (68 ha, 25.6%) and Nkasi (20 ha, 7.4%) (Chart 3.45 and Map 3.23 and 2,24). The total area planted with onions accounted for 0.09 Chart 3.46 Percent of Cabbage Planted Area and Percent of percent of the total area planted with annual crops Total Land with Cabbage by District and vegetables during the wet seasons. 40.0 0.150

3.3.8.3 Cabbage 30.0 The number of households growing cabbages in the 0.095 region during the wet season was 1,032 households in 20.0 the wet season. This represents 0.6 percent of the Total Land Area total crop growing households in the region. Nkasi Percent of Land 0.040

10.0 Percent Area Plantedof district had the largest planted area of cabbage (60 ha, 34.2% of the total area planted with cabbage in the region), followed by Sumbawanga Rural (59.6 ha, 0.0 -0.015 Nkasi Sumbawanga Rur Sumbawanga Urb Mpanda 33.9.9%), Sumbawanga Urban (42.2 ha, 24.1%) and District Percent of Land Proportion of Land Mpanda (13.6 ha, 7.8%) (Map 3.25 and 3.26)

The district with the largest proportion of the area planted with cabbage was Nkasi district (0.101 ha), followed by Sumbawanga Rural (0.012 ha), Mpanda (0.003%) and Sumbawanga Urban (0.002) (Chart 3.46).

The total area planted with cabbage accounted for 0.06 percent of the total area planted with annual crops and vegetables during the wet seasons. ______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 35

MAP 3.23 RUKWA Planted Area and Yield of Cabbage by District

Mpanda

14ha

3t/ha

Nkasi 60ha

1t/ha Sumbawanga Urban 42ha Planted Area (ha) 80 to 100 4.5t/ha 60 to 80 40 to 60 Sumbawanga Rural 20 to 40 60ha 0 to 20 Planted Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) 7.6t/ha

MAP 3.24 RUKWA Area Planted per Cabbage Growing Household by District

Mpanda

0.1ha

Nkasi 0.3ha

Sumbawanga Urban 0.1ha Planted Area Per Household 0.26 to 0.31 0.22 to 0.26 Sumbawanga Rural 0.18 to 0.22 0.14 to 0.18 0.2ha 0.1 to 0.14 Planted Area per Household

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 36

MAP 3.25 RUKWA Planted Area and Yield of Onions by District

Mpanda

68ha 6.5t/ha

Nkasi 20ha

3.7t/ha Sumbawanga Urban Planted Area (ha) 110ha 120 to 150 2.3t/ha 90 to 120 60 to 90 Sumbawanga Rural 30 to 60 0 to 30 68ha Planted Area (ha) 5.4t/ha Yield (t/ha)

MAP 3.26 RUKWA Area Planted per Onions Growing Household by District

Mpanda

0.3ha

Nkasi

0.1ha

Sumbawanga Urban 0.1ha Planted Area Per Household 0.26 to 0.31 0.22 to 0.26 0.18 to 0.22 Sumbawanga Rural 0.14 to 0.18 0.2ha 0.1 to 0.14 Planted Area per Household

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 37 ______

Table 3.7: Area, Production and Yield of Annual Cash Crops by Season 3.3.9 Other Annual Crop Production Wet Season Total Most of the other annual crops are cash crops. An area of Area Quantity Area Quantity 3,295 ha was planted with cash crops and tobacco was the Planted harvested Planted harvested Crop (ha) (Tons) Yield (ha) (Tons) Yield most prominent followed by cotton. Tobacco 3,256 3,251 998 3,256 3,251 998 Cotton 39 13 333 39 13 333 Pyrethrum 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.3.9.1 Tobacco Jute 0 0 0 0 0 0 The quantity of tobacco produced was 3,251 tonnes. Total 3,295 3,264 3,295 3,264 Tobacco had a planted area of 3,256 hectares with all of being planted in the wet season. Tobacco Chart 3.47 Area planted with Annual Cash Crops production was concentrated in two districts with Tobacco 98.8% Nkasi having the largest planted area (99.3% of total area planted with tobacco in the region) and Sumbawanga Rural had (0.7%). (Chart 3.43) (Map 3.29 and 3.30).

Jute 3.3.9.2 Cotton 0% cotton Pyrethrum 1.2% The production of cotton in Rukwa Region was only 0% 13 tonnes from the planted area of 39 ha. It was produced during the wet season. The crop was only Chart 3.48 Percent of Tobacco Planted Area and Percent of Total Land with Tobacco by District grown in Mpanda district (Map 3.27) with an average 0.0050 planted area of 0.3 hectares per cotton growing 0.08 0.0040 household (Map 3.28) (Chart 3.48)

0.0030 3.4 Permanent Crops 0.04 0.0020

Permanent crops (sometimes referred as permanent Total Land Area Percent of Land crops) are crops that normally take over a year to 0.0010 AreaPercent of Planted mature and once mature can be harvest for a number of 0.00 0.0000 years. For most crops, it is easy to determine if they are Mpanda Sumbawanga Rur Nkasi Sumbawanga Urb District Percent of Land Percent of Land annual or permanent. However, for crops like cassava and bananas the distinction is not so clear. Cassava has Chart 3.49: Area Planted for Annual and Permanent Crops varieties that mature within a year and produces only one Annual , harvest, whilst other varieties survive for more than one 302,344, 97.2% year and produces several harvests. In this census, cassava was treated as an annual crop. Conversely, bananas normally take less than a year to mature but survive for more than one year and are thus treated as a permanent crop. In this report the agriculture census results are presented for the most important permanent Permanent, 8,810, crops in terms of production, yield and area planted. 2.8% Previous censuses and surveys did not measure these variables for permanent crops, therefore no time series analysis is made in this section. ______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 38 ______The area of smallholders planted with permanent crops was 8,810 hectares (2.8% of the area planted with both annual and permanent crops in the region). However, the area planted with annual crops is not the actual physical land Chart 3.50: Area Planted with the Main Perennial Crops Sugarcane, 1,797, area as it double counts the area planted more than once 21% Lime/Lemon, in the same year whilst for the planted area for 3,877, permanent crops is the same as physical planted land 43% area. So the percentage physical area planted with Banana, 1,790, permanent crops would be higher than indicated in 21% Coconut, 60, Mango, 547, 1% (Chart 3.49). 6% Guava, 155, 2% Orange, 190, Palm Oil, 138, 2% Pigeon Pea, 162, The most important permanent crop in Rukwa region is 2% 2% lime/lemon accounts for a planted area of 3,877 ha, (43% of the planted area of all permanent crops) followed by sugarcane (1,797 ha, 21%), banana (1,490 Chart 3.51 Percent of Area Planted and Average Planted Area with Permanent Crops by District ha, 21%), mangoes (547 ha, 6%),orange (190 ha, 2%), 60 4.5 pigeon pea (162 ha, 2%), guava (152 ha, 2%),palm oil 52 (138 ha, 2%) and coconuts (60 ha, 1%). The remaining 40 3.0 permanent crops are produced in very small quantities 25 (Chart 3.50). 18 20Planted 1.5

per Household % of Total Area Area Total % of 6 The district with the largest area planted with Area Planted Average 0 0.0 permanent crops by smallholders was Sumbawanga Sumbawanga Nkasi Mpanda Sumbawanga Rural Urban Rural district (4,635 ha, 52.2%). This is followed by District % of Total Area Planted Average Planted Area per Household Nkasi (2,187 ha, 24.6%), Mpanda (1,554 ha, 17.5%) and Sumbawanga Urban (5.3 ha, 5.7%). However, Sumbawanga Rural district had the largest area planted per permanent crop growing household (0.57 ha) followed by Nkasi (0.28 ha), Sumbawanga Urban (0.18 ha) and Mpanda (0.17 ha)

(Chart 3.51). Chart 3.52 Percent of Area Planted with Lime/Lemon and Average Planted Area per Household by District 60.0 20.00 In terms of area of permanent crops planted expressed 50.0 49.9 as a percentage of the total area planted with crops per 16.00 40.0 district, Sumbawanga Rural had the highest (23%) 12.00 followed by Mpanda (3%), Nkasi (2%) and 8.00 Sumbawanga Urban (0.4%). 20.0 Household

% of Area Total Planted

4.00 Average Planted Area per 3.4.1 Lime/lemon 0.1 0.0 The total production of lime/lemon by smallholders was 0.0 0.00 Sumbawanga Urban Mpanda Nkasi Sumbawanga Rural 133 tonnes. In terms of area planted, lime/lemon was District % of Total Area Planted Average Planted Area per Household the most important permanent crop grown by smallholders in the region. There were 401 lime/lemon growing households (0.23% of the total crop growing households). The average area planted with lime/lemon per household was relatively small at around 9.7 ha per lime/lemon growing household and the average yield obtained by smallholders was (7,389 kg/ha) from a harvest area of 18 hectares.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 39

MAP 3.27 RUKWA Planted Area and Yield of Cotton by District

Mpanda 39ha

0.3t/ha

Nkasi

0ha

0t/ha Sumbawanga Urban 0ha Planted Area (ha) 40 to 50 0t/ha 30 to 40 20 to 30 10 to 20 Sumbawanga Rural 0 to 10 0ha Planted Area (ha) 0t/ha Yield (t/ha)

MAP 3.28 RUKWA Area Planted per Cotton Growing Household by District

Mpanda

0.3ha

Nkasi

0ha

Sumbawanga Urban 0ha Planted Area Per Household 0.24 to 0.31 0.18 to 0.24 Sumbawanga Rural 0.12 to 0.18 0.06 to 0.12 0ha 0 to 0.06 Planted Area per Household

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 40

MAP 3.29 RUKWA Planted Area and Yield of Tobbaco by District

Mpanda

3,233ha

1t/ha

Nkasi

0ha

0t/ha Sumbawanga Urban 0ha Planted Area (ha) 2,800 to 3,300 0t/ha 2,100 to 2,800 1,400 to 2,100 Sumbawanga Rural 700 to 1,400 0 to 700 24ha Planted Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) 1.7t/ha

MAP 3.30 RUKWA Area Planted per Tobbaco Growing Household by District

Mpanda

0.7hhhha

Nkasi

0ha Sumbawanga Urban

0ha Planted Area Per Household 0.56 to 0.7 0.42 to 0.56 0.28 to 0.42 Sumbawanga Rural 0.14 to 0.28 0 to 0.14 0.2ha Planted Area per Household

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 41 ______Sumbawanga Urban district had the largest area planted with lime/lemon (3,877 ha, 50.0%) followed closely by Mpanda (3,866 ha, 49.9%) and Nkasi (11 ha, (0.1%). Sumbawanga Rural did not grow any lime/lemon. (Map 3.31). However, the average area planted with lime/lemon per growing household was highest in Mpanda (14.4 ha) followed by Sumbawanga Urban (9.7 ha) and Nkasi (0.08 ha) (Chart 3.52 and Map 3.32).

Chart 3.53 Percent of Area Planted with Sugarcane and 3.4.2 Sugarcane Average Planted Area per Household by District 2.00 The total production of sugarcane by smallholders was 80 75 54,638 tonnes. In terms of area planted, sugarcane was 1.40 the second most important permanent crop grown by 60 smallholders in the region. There were 4,327 0.80 40

households (2.5% of the total crop growing Household

19 0.20 households). The average area planted with sugarcane 20 % of Total Area Planted Area Total % of Average Planted Area per per Area Planted Average per household was relatively small at around 0.9 ha per 4 0 1 -0.40 sugarcane growing household and the average yield Sumbawanga Rural Nkasi Sumbawanga Urban Mpanda District obtained by smallholders was (13,381 kg/ha) from a % of Total Area Planted Average Planted Area per Household harvest area of 4,083 hectares.

Sumbawanga Rural district had the largest area planted with sugarcane (1,356 ha, 75%) followed by Nkasi (346 ha, 19%), Sumbawanga Urban (74 ha, 4%) and Mpanda (22 ha, 1%) (Map 3.31). However, the average area planted with sugarcane per growing household was highest in Nkasi district (1.43 ha) followed by Sumbawanga Rural (0.43 ha), Mpanda (0.16 ha) Sumbawanga Urban (0.06 ha) (Chart 3.52 and Map 3.32).ha) (Chart 3.53 and Map 3.34).

3.4.3 Banana Chart 3.54 Percent of Area Planted with Banana and The total production of banana by smallholders was 11,471 Average Planted Area per Household by District 0 30 tonnes. In terms of area planted, banana was the third most 42.35 38.79 important permanent crop grown by smallholders in the 40 00 region. It was grown by 7,261 households (4.2% of the total crop growing households). The average area planted with 0 15 banana per household was relatively small at around 0.25 ha 20 00 15 . 2 0 Household per banana growing household and the average yield obtained % of Total Area Planted Average Planted Area per by smallholders was 11,357 kg/ha from a harvested area of 3.66

1010 hectares. Sumbawanga Rural district had the largest 0 00 0 00 Sumbawanga Mpanda Sumbawanga Nkasi planted area of bananas in the region (758 ha, 42%) followed Rural Urban closely by Mpanda (694 ha, 39%), Sumbawanga Urban (272 District % of Total Area Planted Average Planted Area per Household ha, 15%) and Nkasi (66ha, 4%) (Map 3.35). The districts with largest area planted with banana per banana growing household were Sumbawanga Rural and Nkasi having (0.27ha) each followed by Sumbawanga Urban (0.25 ha) and Mpanda (0.23 ha) (Chart 3.49 and Map 3.36).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 42

MAP 3.31 RUKWA Planted Area and Yield of Banana by District

Mpanda

694ha

2t/ha

Nkasi 66ha 7.3t/ha Sumbawanga Urban 272ha Planted Area (ha) 800 to 800 6.1t/ha 600 to 800 400 to 600 Sumbawanga Rural 200 to 400 758ha 0 to 200 Planted Area (ha) 8.2t/ha Yield (t/ha)

MAP 3.32 RUKWA Area Planted per Banana Growing Household by District

Mpanda

0.23ha

Nkasi

0.27ha

Sumbawanga Urban 0.24ha Planted Area Per Household 0.262 to 0.27 0.254 to 0.262 0.246 to 0.254 Sumbawanga Rural 0.238 to 0.246 0.23 to 0.238 0.27ha Planted Area per Household

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 43 ______3 .4.4 Mangoes

The total production of mangoes by smallholders Chart 3.55 Percent of Area Planted with Mangoes and Average Planted Area per Household by District was 15,571 tonnes. In terms of area planted, 78.69 80.00 0.50 mangoes were the fourth most important permanent crop grown by smallholders in the 60.00 region. It was grown by 4,033 households (2.3% of 40.00 0.25

the total crop growing households). The average Area per Planted

15.26 Household 20.00 Average Planted Planted Average area planted with mangoe per household was % of Total Area 6.04 0.00 relatively small at around 0.4 ha per mangoes 0.00 0.00 Nkasi Mpanda Sumbawanga Sum bawan ga growing household and the average yield obtained Rural Urban District by smallholders was (6,537 kg/ha) from a % of Total Area Planted Average Planted Area per Household harvested area of (2,382 ha).

Nkasi has the largest area of mangoes in the region (2,020 ha, 78.7%) followed by Mpanda (392 ha, 15.3%) and Sumbawanga Rural (155 ha, 6.0%). Table 3.8: Land Clearing Methods However, Sumbawanga Urban district Wet Season Total Number of Area Number of Area did not grow any mango (Map 3.37). Method of Land Clearing Households Planted % Households Planted % Moreover, Nkasi district had the Mostly Hand Slashing 150,853 266,794 88 2 150,853 266,794 88.2 No Land Clearing 2,075 3,557 1 2 2,075 3,557 1.2 highest average area planted per Mostly Bush Clearance 10,293 19,399 6.4 10,293 19,399 6.4 mangoes growing household of (1.9 Mostly Burning 7,257 9,070 3.0 7,257 9,070 3.0 Mostly Tractor Slashing 0 3 0.3 ha), Sumbawanga Rural (0.14 ha) and 499 789 499 789 Other 1,283 2,735 0.9 1,283 2,735 0.9 Mpanda (0.13 ha) (Map 3.38). Total 172,261 302,344 100 172,261 302,344 100.0

3.5 Input/Implement Use Chart 3.56: Number of Households by Method of Land Clearing During the Wet Season

Mostly Tractor Slashing 499 3.5.1 Methods of Land Clearing Other 1,283

Land clearing is a common pre-tillage operation No Land Clearing 2,075 practiced by most farmers in the region. Land clearing Mostly Burning 7,257 is divided into two categories: bush clearing, which by Mostly Bush Clearance 10,293 Mostly Hand Slashing 150,853 definition implies either expansion into virgin areas or Clearing Land of Method into areas which have been left fallow for a long period.

The other category, which includes burning, hand Number of Households slashing or tractor slashing, is normally an annual clearing exercise to remove vegetation growth from the previous season.

Hand slashing is the most widespread method used for land clearing. The area cleared by hand slashing in the region during the wet season was 266,794 ha which represented 88.2 percent of the total planted area. Bush clearance, burning and tractor slashing are less important methods for land clearing and they represent 6.4, 3.08 and 0.9 percent respectively (Chart 3.56 and Table 3.8 ).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 44 ______3.5.2 Methods of Soil Preparation Chart 3.57 Area Cultivated by Cultivation Method Oxen ploughing was the most used method for Mostly Hand Hoe P loughing, soil preparation as it was used in an area of 117,273, 39.1% 181,141 ha which represented 60.2 percent of the total prepared area, followed by hand hoe ploughing (119,096 ha, 39.6%) and tractor ploughing (583 ha, 0.2%) (Chart 3.57).

Mostly Oxen In Rukwa region, Sumbawanga Rural district has P loughing, the largest planted area cultivated with oxen 181,643, Mostly Tractor 60.6% Ploughing, 855, (106,662 hectares, 58.7%) followed by Nkasi 0.3% (37,412 ha, 20.6%), Mpanda (19,499, 10.7%) and Sumbawanga Urban (18,070 ha, 9.9%). Chart 3.58 Area Cultivated by Method of Cultivation and 3.5.3 Improved Seed Use-* District 120,000 The planted area using improved seeds during the 100,000 wet season was estimated at 29,135 ha which 80,000 represents 9.6 percent of the total planted with the 60,000 annual crops and vegetables during the season. The 40,000 area planted without using improved seeds was Area Cultivated Area 20,000 (273,210 ha, 90.4%) 0 Sumbawanga Nkansi Mpanda Sumbawanga Rural Urban Mostly Oxen Ploughing Mostly Hand Cultivation District Mostly Tractor Ploughing

Chart 3.60 Planted Area with Improved Seed by Chart 3.59 Area Planted with Improved Seeds - RUKWA Crop Type Without Improved Cereals , Seeds, 273,210, 17,781, Roots &Tubers, 90.4% 61% 1,836, 6%

Pulses, 2,654, Oil seeds, Cash crop, Fruits & 9% 3,404, With Improved 2,919, Vegetables, 12% Seeds, 29,135, 10% 541, 2% 9.60%

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 45 ______Cereals had the largest area planted with improved Table3.9 Planted Area by Type of Fertiliser Use and District - Wet Season seeds (17,781 ha, 61% of the planted area with Fertilizer Use Mostly Mostly No improved seeds) followed by oil seed (3,404 ha, Mostly Farm Yard Inorganic Fertilizer District Compost Manure Fer ilizer Applied Total 12%) cash crops (2,919 ha, 10%) pulses (2,654 ha, Planted Planted Planted Planted Planted Area Area Area Area Area 9%), roots and tubers (1,836 ha, 6%) and fruit and Mpanda 2,746 762 8,030 84,693 96,231 vegetables (541 ha, 2%), (Chart 3.54). However, of Sumbawanga Ru Chart 3.61 Percenta ge of Crop Type Planted Area wi th 32,698 Nk 53,306 all crop types fruits and vegetables had the largest Su Improved Seed - Annuals Ur 20,109 80 proportion of its planted area under improved seeds. To 02,344 with improved seeds (Chart 3.55). 60

3.5.4 Fertilizers Use 40 The use of fertilisers on annual crops was very small 20

with a planted area of only 42,191 ha (14% of the total Percent of Planted Area planted area in the region). The planted area without 0 Cereals Roots & Pulses Oilseeds Fruits & Cash fertiliser for annual crops was 260,153 hectares Tubers Veget ables Crops representing 86 percent of the total planted area with Crop Type annual crops. Of the planted area with fertiliser application, farm yard manure was applied to 26,741 ha which represents 8.8 percent of the total planted area (63.3% of the area planted with fertiliser application in the region). This was followed by Inorganic fertilizers 11,968 ha, 3.9 percent of total area planted (28.3 of the area planted with fertiliser application) compost was used on a very small area (3,518 ha, 1.2%) of the total planted area and 8.3 percent of the area planted with fertilizers.

The highest percentage of the area planted with fertilizer (all types) was in Sumbawanga Urban district (37.3%) followed by Nkasi (12.7%), Sumbawanga Rural (12.3%) and Mpanda (12.0%) (Table 3.9 and Charts 3.62 and 3.63).

Most annual crop growing households used different fertilisers (approximately 171,578 households, 99.6%) (Map 3.39). The percentage of the planted area with applied fertilisers was highest for cereals (89.3% of the area planted with fertilizers). This was far followed by pulses (4.9%), oilseeds & oil nuts together with fruits & vegetables had (2.1%) each and cash crops had (0.4%) (Table 3.9)

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 46 ______Chart 3.62 Area of Fertiliser Application by Type of Fertiliser No Fertilizer Chart 3.63 Area of Fertiliser Application by Type of Applied, Fertiliser and District 260,117, 86% 90,000

60,000 Area (ha) 30,000

Mostly Farm Yard Manure, Mostly 0 Inorganic Mostly 26,741, 9% Mpanda Sumbawanga Nkasi Sumbawanga Fertilizer, Compost, Rural Urban District 11,968, 4% 3,518, 1% No Fertilizer Applied Mostly Compost Mostly Inorganic Fertilizer Mostly Farm Yard Manure

3.5.4.1 Farm Yard Manure Use The total planted area applied with farm yard manure in Rukwa region during wet season was 26,741 hectares, this is equivalent to 8.8 percent of the total area planted during that season. The number of households that applied farm yard in

Chart 3.64 Planted Area with Farm Yard Manure by Crop Chart 3.65a Percentage of Planted Area with Farm Yard Manure Cerals, 23,776, Type - RUKWA by Crop Type - RUKWA 89% 100

80

60

40 Roots & T ubers,

340, 1% Area Planted of Percent 20

Cash Crops, 108, Pulses, 1,300, 5% 0% 0 Fruits & Vegetables, Cerals Roots & Pulses Oil Seeds Fruits & Cash Crops 552, 2% Oil & Oil Nuts, 552, T ubers Veget ables 2% Crop Type

their annual crops during the wet season was 18,756. (Table 3.9). Cereals had the largest area applied with farm yard manure (89.3%), followed by pulses (4.9%). Oil seeds and Chart 3.65b Proportion of Planted Area Applied with Farm Yard oil nuts together with fruits and vegetables had (2.1%), Manure by District - RUKWA roots and tubers (1.3%) and cash crops (0.4%) (Chart 30.0 3.64a).

20.0 Sumbawanga Rural district had the largest area applied with farm yard manure (48.1% of the total planted area in the Percent region) followed by Nkasi (22.5%), Nkasi (6.9%) 10.0 Sumbawanga Urban (19.1%) and Mpanda (10.3%) (Table 3.9). 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban Nkasi Sumbawanga Rural Mpanda

District

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 47 ______The proportion of planted area applied with farm yard manure was highest for cereals (89.3%), followed by pulses (4.9%), fruits and vegetables together with oil seeds and oil nuts had (2.1%) each, roots and tubers and cash crops (0.4%) (Chart 3.65a).

Proportionally, farm yard manure was mostly used in Sumbawanga urban by (25.4% of the total planted area in the district) followed by Nkasi (11.3%), Sumbawanga Rural (9.7%), and Mpanda (2.9%) (Chart 3.65b).

For permanent crops, most farm yard manure was used in Chart 3.66 Planted Area with Inorganic by Crop Type - RUKWA the production of sugarcane (72.7%), followed by banana Cereals, 8,323, 69.5 (19.8%), coconut (6.9%) and guava (0.5%).

3.5.4.2 Inorganic Fertiliser Use

The total planted area applied with inorganic fertilisers in Rukwa region was 11,968 hectares which represents 3.9 Roots & T ubers, Fruits & percent of the total planted area with annuals in the region Cash Crops, 2,990, 32, 0.3% 25% Veget ables, 29, Pulses, 504, 0.2% Oil Seeds , 91, 4.2% and 28.3 percent of the total planted area with fertilisers. 0.8% The number of households that applied inorganic fertilizer on their annual crops during the wet season was 8,412 Cereals had the largest area applied with inorganic fertilizers was on cereals (69.5% of the total area applied with inorganic fertilizers), followed by cash crops (25%), pulses (4.2%), oil seeds (0.8%), roots and tubers (0.3%) and fruit and vegetables (0.2%) (Chart 3.66). However, the proportion of

Chart 3.67a Percentage of Planted Area with Inorganic Chart 3.67b Proportion of Planted Area Applied with Fertilizer by Crop Type - RUKWA Inorganic Fertiliser by District - RUKWA 80.0

9.0 60.0

6.0 40.0 Percent

20.0 3.0 Percent of Planted Area

0.0 0.0 Cereals Roots & Pulses Oil Seeds & Fruits & Cash Crops Mpanda S,mbawanga Rural Nkasi S,mbawanga Urban Tubers Oil Nuts Vegetables

Crop Type District

planted area applied with inorganic fertilizers was highest for Chart 3.68a Planted Area with Compost by Crop Type - RUKWA fruits and vegetables at 12.7 percent followed by roots and Cereals, 2,936, tubers (1.1%), pulses (0.8%) and cereals (0.3%) (Chart 3.67a). 83% Inorganic fertiliser is mostly used in Mpanda (8.3% of the total planted area in the district) followed by Sumbawanga Cash Crops, Rural (2.9%), Nkasi (2.3%) and Sumbawanga Urban (1.4%) 0, 0% (Chart 3.67b). Oil Seeds & Oil Roots & Tubers, Nuts, 68, Pulses, 373, 126, 4% In permanent crops inorganic fertiliser were used on coconut 2% Fruits & 11% (70%), sugarcane (25.6%), banana (6.8%) and guavas (1.9%). Veget ables, 15, 0.4%

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 48

MAP 3.35 RUKWA Planted Area and Percent of Planted Area with No Application of Fertilizer by District

Mpanda 85,095ha

88.4%

Nkasi

49,234ha

92.4% Sumbawanga Urban 11,383ha 56.6% Planted Area with no Fertilizer Applied 120,000 to 150,000 90,000 to 120,000 Sumbawanga Rural 60,000 to 90,000 30,000 to 60,000 113,529ha 0 to 30,000 85.6% Planted Area with no Fertilizer Applied Percent of Planted Area with no Fertilizer Applied

MAP 3.36 RUKWA Area Planted and Percent of Total Planted Area With Irrigation by District

Mpanda

1,138ha

1.2%

Nkasi

1,146ha

2.1% Sumbawanga Urban 2,830ha 14.1% Planted Area with Irrigation Applied 8,000 to 10,000 6,000 to 8,000 Sumbawanga Rural 4,000 to 6,000 9,983ha 2,000 to 4,000 0 to 2,000 7.5% Planted Area with Irrigation Applied Percent of Planted Area with Irrigation Applied

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 49 ______3.5.4.3 Compost Use The total planted area applied with compost was 3,518 hectares; this represents only 1.2 percent of the total planted area

Chart 3.68c Proportion of Planted Area Applied Chart 3.68b Percentage of Planted Area with Compost by Crop Type - RUKWA with Compost Fertiliser by District - RUKWA

100.0 3.0

75.0 2.0

50.0

Percent 1.0

25.0

0.0 Percent of Planted Area Sumbawanga Sumbawanga Mpanda Nkasi 0.0 Urban Rural Cereals Roots & Pulses Oil seeds & Fruits & Cash crops Tubers Oil nuts Vegetables District Crop Type

with annual crops in the region and 8.3 percent of the total planted area with fertiliser in the region. The number of households that applied compost on their annual crops during the wet season was 3,131 which is equivalent to 1.8 percent of the total crop growing households in the region during the wet season (Table 3.9 and Chart 3.68a).

The proportion of area applied with compost was very low for each type of crop (0 to 8.3%); however the distribution of the total area using compost shows that 83 percent of this area was cultivated with cereals, followed by pulses (10.6%), roots & tubers (3.6%), oil seeds & oil nuts (1.9%) and fruits & vegetables (0.4%). No compost manure was applied on cash crops Chart 3.68a).

Compost was mostly used in Sumbawanga Urban (2.4% of the total planted area in the district), and this is closely followed by Sumbawanga Rural (1.5%), Mpanda (0.8%) and Nkasi (0.6%) (Chart 3.68b).

In permanent crops, compost was mostly used to sugarcane (100.0%) Chart 3.69 Planted Area (ha) by Pesticide Use Herbicides, 3.5.5 Pesticide Use Insecticides, 2,578, 8% Pesticides are chemicals used for controlling insects, 27,634, 81% diseases and weeds. This section analyses the use of these chemicals by smallholders on both annual and permanent crops in the region. Pesticides were applied to a planted area of 25,121 ha of annual crops and vegetables.

Insecticides are the most common pesticide used in the region (81% of the total area applied with pesticides). This was followed by fungicides (11%) and herbicides Fungicides, (8%) (Chart 3.69). 3,782, 11%

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 50 ______3.5.5.1 Insecticide Use The planted area applied with insecticides during the wet season was estimated at 27,634 hectares which represented 9.1 percent of the total planted area for annual crops and vegetables.

Chart 3.70 Planted Area Applied with Insecticides by Crop Type Chart 3.71 Percentage of Crop Type Planted Area Applied with Cash Crops, Insecticides 2,444, Cereals, 22,004, 8.8% 79.6% 20

Fruits & 15 Vegetables, 378, 1.4% 10

5

Oil Seeds & Oil Percent of Planted Area Nuts, 583, Roots & Tubers, 2.1% 362, 0 Pulses, 1,864, Cereals Roots & Pulses Oil Seeds & Fruits & Cash Crops 1% 6.7% Tubers Oil Nuts Vegetables

Crop Type

Cereals had the largest planted area applied with insecticides (22,004 ha, 79.6% of the total planted area with insecticides) followed by cash crops (2,444 ha, 8.8%), pulses (1,864 ha, 6.7%), oil seed (583 ha, 2.1%) fruit and vegetables (378 ha, 1.4%) and roots and tubers (362 ha, 1.3%) (Chart 3.70). Chart 3.72 Percent of Planted Area Applied with However, the proportion of area applied with Insecticides by District - RUKWA

insecticides was highest for cash crops and fruits and 45 0 vegetables being (74 and 31% respectively, while in

cereals the proportion was (11%), pulses (5%), oil seeds 30 0 2%) and roots and tubers (1%) (Chart 3.71). Percent 15 0 The annual crops with more than 50 percent insecticide

use was maize (76.9%). The remaining annual crops 0 0 used insecticides on less than 50 percent of the planted Saumbawanga Sum bawan ga Nkasi Mpanda area Urban rural District

Sumbawanga Urban had the highest percent of planted Chart 3.73 Planted Area Applied with Herbicides by area with insecticides (40.4% of the total planted area Crop Type Cereals, 1,664, with annual crops in the district). This was far followed 64% by Sumbawanga Rural (8.3%), Nkasi (6.9%) and Mpanda (5.0%) (Chart 3.72).

3.5.5.2 Herbicide Use The planted area applied with herbicides was 2,578 hectares which represented 0.85 percent of the total

planted area annual crops and vegetables. Cereals had Cash Crops, 0, Roots & Tubers, 427, the largest planted area applied with herbicides (1,664 0% Fruits & Oil Seeds & Oil Pulses, 257, 17% ha, 64.6%) followed by roots & tubers (427 ha, 16.6%), Vegetables, 41, Nuts, 189, 10% pulses (257 ha, 10.0%) oil seeds & oil nuts (189 ha, 2% 7% 7.3%) and fruits & vegetables (41 ha, 1.6%). No herbicides were applied on cash crops (Chart 3.73).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 51 ______

Chart 3.74 Percentage of Crop Type Planted Area Applied with Herbicides Chart 3.75 Proportion of Planted Area Applied with Herbicides by District - TANGA 4.5 1 50

1 20 3.0 0 90

0 60 1.5 Percent 0 30 Percent of Planted Area 0.0 0 00 Cereals Roots & Pulses Oil Seeds Fruits & Cash Sum bawan ga Nkasi Sumbawanga Mpanda T ubers & Oil NutsVeget ables Crops Rural Urban District Crop Type

However, the proportion of planted area applied with herbicides was highest for fruits and vegetables and roots and tubers being (3.3% and 1.5% respectively). The proportion of cereals ( 0.8%) and for oil seeds and oil nuts it was (0.7%) (Chart 3.74). The top six annual crops with highest percentage use of herbicides in terms of planted area were maize (55%), cassava (16.6%), beans (10%), sunflower (6.5%), sorghum (3.6%) and groundnuts (0.9%).

Sumbawanga Rural had the highest percent of planted area applied with herbicides (1.3% of the total planted area with annual crops in the district). It was followed by Nkasi Fruits & Chart 3.76 Planted Area Applied with Fungicides by Crop Type (0.8%) then Sumbawanga Urban and Mpanda had (0.4%) Vegetables, 276, 7% Cash Crops, each (Chart 3.75). 1,905, 51% Oil Seeds & Oil Nuts, 93, 2% 3.5.5.3 Fungicide Use

The planted area applied with fungicides was 3,782 hectares which represented 1.3 percent of the total planted area for annual crops and vegetables. Cash crops had the largest planted area applied with fungicides (1,905ha, 50.4%) Pulses, 260, 7% Roots & Tubers, 340, 9% Cereals, 909, followed by cereals (909 ha, 24.0%), roots and tubers (340 24% ha, 9.0%), fruits and vegetables (276 ha, 7.3%), Chart 3.77 Percentage of Crop Type Planted Area Applied pulses (260 ha, 6.9%) and oil seeds (93 ha, 2.5%) (Chart with Fungicides 3.76). 60.0

However, the proportion of planted area applied with 40.0 fungicides was highest for cash crops and fruits and vegetables being 57.8% and 22.5% respectively. The 20.0 proportion for roots and tubers was (1.2%), pulses (0.7%), Percent of Planted Area cereals (0.4%) and oil seeds (0.3%). (Chart 3.77). 0.0 Cereals Roots & Pulses Oil Seeds Fruits & Cash T ubers & Oil Nuts Veget ables Crops Crop Type

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 52 ______The annual crop with more than 40 percent fungicide use was tobacco (59%).Tomatoes had (34.4%), cassava (1.3%), beans (0.7%), maize (0.6%) and groundnuts (0.4%).

Chart 3.78 Proportion of Planted Area with Fungicides by Mpanda had the highest percent of planted area with District - RUKWA 3.0 fungicides (2.8% of the total planted area with annual 2.4 crops in the district). This was followed by Sumbawanga Urban (2.2%). The smallest percentage use was recorded 1.8 in Sumbawanga Rural and Nkasi districts being (0.2% 1.2 Percent and 0.7% respectively) (Chart 3.78). 0.6

0.0 3.5.6 Harvesting Methods Mpanda Sumbawanga Nkasi Sumbawanga Urban Rural District The main harvesting method for cereals was reported to be by hand. Very small amounts of maize were harvested by machine (0.2%) All other cereals and annual crops were harvested by hand.

3.5.7 Threshing Methods

Hand threshing was the most common method used, with 89 percent of the total area planted with cereals during the long rainy season being threshed by hand. Draft animals, human powered tools and engine driven machines were only used on crops harvested from 0.1%, 0.1 percent and 0.2 percent of Non-Irigated Chart 3.79 Area of Irrigated Land the total planted area respectively. area, 294,921, 98% 3.6 Irrigation Water is the limiting factor to crop production in the majority of areas in Tanzania and without water most other agricultural practices applied to crops do not result in significant increases in yields. This section deals with the area under irrigation for different crops and the means by which water was extracted from the source and applied to Irrigated Area, the field. 7,523, 2%

3.6.1 Area Planted with Annual Crops and Under Chart 2.80 Planted Area with Irrigation by District - RUKWA Irrigation Region In Rukwa region, the area of annual crops under irrigation 4.8 6,000 was (7,523 ha) representing 2 percent of the total area planted (Chart 3.79). Some cereal crops such as maize and 3.2 4,000 ) ation g paddy were predominantly irrigated ha ( Irri 2,000 1.6 Percentage Irrigated A rea The district with the largest planted area under irrigation for annual crops was Sumbawanga Rural (5,487 ha, 73% of the 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Mpanda Sumbawanga Nkansi total irrigated planted area with annual crops in the region). District Rural Urban This was followed by Mpanda (844 ha, 11%), Sumbawanga Area Irrigated Land this Year Percentage of Irrigated Land Urban (730 ha, 10%) and Nkasi (462 ha, 6%).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 53 ______When expressed as a percentage of the total area planted in each district Sumbawanga Rural had the largest area under irrigation at (4.1%). This was followed by Sumbawanga Urban (3.6%). Mpanda and Nkasi districts had (0.9%) each (Chart 3.80 and Map 3.40).

Chart 3.81 Time Series of Households with Irrigation - Of all the different crops and in terms of proportion of the RUKW A 12,000 irrigated planted area, paddy was the most irrigated crop with 35 percent irrigation followed by maize (28%), 9,000 cassava (17%), beans (5%) and tomatoes (2%). 8,958

6,561 In terms of crop type, the area under irrigation for cereals 6,000 was 10,470 hectares (69.4% of the total area under irrigation), followed by roots and tubers with 2,782 3,000 hectares (18.4%), pulses (754 ha, 5%), fruits and Planted Area ubderIrrigation vegetables (601 ha, 4%), cash crops (273 ha, 1.8%) and 0 1995/96 2002/03 oil seeds (218 ha, 1.4%). All of the irrigation for cereals Agriculture Year was applied to paddy and maize Chart 3.82 Number of Households with Irrigation by Source of Water River, 11,225, The number of agricultural households practicing 66% irrigation in Rukwa region appears to have decreased by (26.8%) from 8,958 agricultural households in 1995/96 to 6,561 agricultural households in 2002/03. This may not be statically significant due to the small number of households sampled with irrigation (Chart 3.81) Lake, 148, 1%

Dam, 344, 2% Well, 3,137, 3.6.2 Sources of Water Used for Irrigation Canal, 1,593, 19% Borehole, 435, 9% The main source of water used for irrigation was from 3% River Well Canal Borehole Dam Lake rivers (66% of households with irrigation). This was followed by wells (19%), canal (9%), boreholes (3%), dams Chart 3.83 Number of Households by Method of (2%) and lake (1%). Obtaining Irrigation Water Gravity, 11,028, 65% 3.6.3 Methods of Obtaining Water for Irrigation Gravity was the most common means of getting water for irrigation with 65 percent of households using this method. This was far followed by hand bucket with 29 percent of households. The remaining methods (hand pump, motor pump and others) were of minor importance (Chart 3.76). Hand Bucket, 4,974, 29% Hand Pump, 133, Other, 602, 4% Motor Pump, 1% Gravity was used by most households with irrigation in 146, 1% Gravity Hand Bucket Other Motor Pump Hand P ump Sumbawanga Rural (66%), followed by Sumbawanga Urban

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 54 ______(13%), Mpanda (11%) and Nkasi (10%). Hand bucket was more common in Mpanda with 40 percent of households using the method to obtain water for irrigation, followed by Sumbawanga Urban (26), Sumbawanga Rural (23%) and Nkasi (11%).

Chart 3 84 Number of Households with Irrigation by While the method of obtaining irrigation water by hand Method of Field Application Flood, 11,381, pumps was the most common method in Mpanda district, 67.0% motor pump was the most common method of obtaining irigation water in Nkasi and Sumbawanga Urban.

3.6.4 Methods of Water Application

Most households used flooding (67.4% of households Bucket / Sprinkler, 143, Watering Can, using irrigation) as a method of field application. This 0.8% Water Hose, 248, 5,111, was followed by hand bucket/watering can (30.3%). 1.5% 30.3%

Water hose and sprinklers were not widely used as they Flood Bucket / Watering Can Water Hose Sprinkler were 1.5% and 0.8% of the households respectively.

3.7 Crop Storage, Processing and Marketing Chart 3.85 Number of Households and Q uantity Stored by Crop Type - RUKWA 3.7.1 Crop Storage 160,000 50,000 45,000 Crop storage means keeping a crop for a certain period of 40,000 120,000 35,000 time as food for the household, in order to sell at higher 30,000 prices or as seed for planting in the following season. 80,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 40,000 10,000 The results for Rukwa region show that there were 5,000 164,147 crop growing households (95.3% of the total crop 0 0

e y t e growing households) that stored various agricultural iz d n fe u t o e to Ma let Pad ls ut Whea o tt Cof il u C Tobacc M Cashewn products in the region. & u m ans & P ts/B ambN h Be rg G'nu S o

Crop Q ua ntity (t) N um ber of households The most important stored crop was maize with 152,974 Number of households Quantity stored (Tons) households storing 43,758 tonnes as of 1st January 2004. This was followed by sorghum/millets (24,085 households, 9,873 tons), paddy (26,058 households, 5,923t), beans/pulses (70,698 households, 5,339t) and groundnuts/bambaranuts (32,955 households, 3,463t). Other crops were stored in very small amounts.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 55 ______3.7.1.1 Methods of Storage

The region had 120,769 crop growing households storing Chart 3.86 Number of households by Storage Methods - RUKWA their produce in sacks/open drums (73.6% of households Sacks / Open Drum, 120,769, 73.6% that stored crops in the region). The number of households that stored their produce in locally made traditional cribs was 41,282 (25.1%). This was followed by those that stored their produce in improved locally made cribs (765 households, 0.5%), unprotected piles Other, 201, 0.1%

(651 households, 0.4%), air tight drums (276 households, Locally Made Unprotected Pile, Airtight Drum, Traditional 651, 0.4% 276, 0.2% 0.2%), modern store (203 households 0.1%) and other Improved Locally Structure, 41,282, Made St ructure, 25% Modern Store, 203, (201 households, 0.1%). 765, 0.5% 0.1%

Sacks/open drums were the dominant storage method in all districts, with the highest percent of households in Sumbawanga Urban using this method (89% of the total number of households storing crop products). This is followed by

Nkasi (81%), Sumbawanga Rural (74%) and Mpanda Chart 3.87 Number of Households by Method of Storage and District (based on the most important household crop) (66%) (Chart 3.80). 50.00

40.00 The highest percent of households using locally made structures were in Mpanda and Sumbawanga Rural 30.00 districts 20.00 Percent of households (32% and 25% of the total number of households storing 10.00 crops respectively), followed by Nkasi (18.9%) and 0.00 Sumbawanga Urban (8%) District Mpanda Sumbawanga Rural Nkansi Sumbawanga Urban In Locally Made Traditional Structure In Improved Locally Made Structure In Modern Store In Sacks / Open Drum In Airtight Drum Unprotected Pile Other 3.7.1.2 Duration of Storage

Most households (49.3% of the households storing crops) stored their produce for a period of 3 to 6 months followed by those who stored for a period of over 6 months (45.6%) and those households who stored the crop for the period of less than 3 months were (5.1%) (Chart 3.88)

Chart 3.88 Normal Length of Storage for Selected Chart 3.89 Quantity of Maize Produced (tonnes), Crops S tored and Percent S tored by District 80,000 90,000 35 80,000 30 70,000 25 60,000 60,000 50,000 20 40,000 15 40,000 30,000 10 20,000 10,000 5 Number of households of Number 20,000 0 0 Mpanda Sumbawanga Nkasi Sumbawanga Rural Urban 0 Maize Paddy Beans & Pulses District % Stored Crop Less than 3 Months 3 to 6 Months Over 6 Months Quantity Harvested Quantity Stored % stored Quantity (tonnes)

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 56 ______The proportion of households that stored their produce for the duration of 3 to 6 months was highest in Mpanda district (58%) followed by Nkasi (49%), Sumbawanga Urban (46.2%) and Sumbawanga Rural (41.5%) (Map 3.41).

District comparison of duration of storage cannot be done 3.10: Number of Households Storing Crops By Estimated Storage Loss and District for all crops combined. However, the analysis has been Estimate Storage Loss Between done for maize as it is the most commonly stored crop. In Little or Up to 1/4 1/4 and Over 1/2 District no Loss Loss 1/2 Loss Loss Total general, quantity stored was related to the quantity Mpanda 54,498 3,163 402 269 58,332 Sumbawanga 53,339 9,491 1,168 712 64,708 produced. Districts with greater production had a higher Rural st Nkansi 23,714 3,746 709 78 28,247 percent of their crop stored as on 1 October 2003 (Chart Sumbawanga 10,228 1,885 577 169 12,859 Urban 3.89). However, households in Sumbawanga Urban Total 141,778 18,285 2,856 1,228 164,147 district stored relatively little maize in comparison to the quantity produced indicating that the quantity stored was probably determined by the food and seed requirement of the household and not to sell during the “off-season” when the farm gate price of maize is higher.

3.7.1.3 Purposes of Storage

Subsistence food crops (maize, paddy, sorghum and millet, beans and pulses) are mainly stored for household consumption. The percent of households that stored maize for household consumption as the main purpose of storage was 88.6 percent followed by seed for planting. Practically all stored annual cash crops were stored for selling at higher price (Chart 3.10).

Chart 3.90 Number of Households by Purpose of 3.7.1.4 The Magnitude of Storage Loss Storage and Crop Type About 86.4 percent of households that stored crops had 100% little or no loss; however the proportion of households 80% that experienced a loss up to a quarter was 11.1 percent.

(Table 3.10) 60%

40% The proportion of households that reported a loss of more than a quarter was greatest for sorghum and millet (9.3% Percent of Households 20% of the total number of households that stored crops). This

0% was followed by maize (9.1%), groundnuts and Maize Paddy Sorghum & Beans & G'Nut s/Bamb Wheat Cottton Crop Type Millet Pulses Nuts bambaranut (5.4%), beans and pulses (2.9%) and paddy Food for the Household To Sell for Higher Price Seeds for Planting Other (1.1%). All households that stored cash crops such as seaweed, cloves, cashew nut and tobacco had no loss. Most households storing groundnuts and bambara nuts had little or no storage loss (94%)

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 57

MAP 3.37 RUKWA Percent of Households Storing Crops For 3 to 6 Months by District

Mpanda

57.9%

Nkasi

48.8%

Sumbawanga Urban 46.2%

Percent of Household Storing Crops 54.7 to 57.9 51.4 to 54.7 Sumbawanga Rural 48.1 to 51.4 44.8 to 48.1 41.5% 41.5 to 44.8 Percent of Household Storing Crops

MAP 3.38 RUKWA Number of Households and Percent of Total Households Selling Crops by District

Mpanda

46,242

77.7%

Nkasi

24,110 Sumbawanga Urban 79.17% 10,835 81.47% Number of Households Selling Crops 80,000 to 100,000 Sumbawanga Rural 60,000 to 80,000 40,000 to 60,000 59,911 20,000 to 40,000 0 to 20,000 86.97% Number of Households Selling Crops Percent of Households Selling Crops

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 58 ______3.7.2 Agro processing and By-products Agro processing refers to a process that converts a crop product from one form to another form in order to add value or increase the palatability of the product. Agro-processing was practiced in most crop growing households in Rukwa region (167,155 households, 97% of the total crop growing households) (Chart 3.91a).

Chart 3.91a : Households Processing Crops Chart 3.91b: Percentage of Households Processing Households Crops by District Processing, 167,155, 100 97% 80

60

40 Processing

20 Percent of Households ofPercent Households

0 Households Not Nkansi Sumbawanga Sumbawanga Mpanda Processing, 4,690, Urban Rural 3% District

The percent of households processing crops was very high in most districts (above 80%). Mpanda and Sumbawanga Rural had the lowest percent of households processing crops (96% and 97% of crop growing households respectively) (Chart 3.91b).

3.7.2.1 Processing Methods Chart 3.92: Percent of Crop Processing Hous eholds by Method of Processing 100% Most crop processing households (133,195 households) processed their crops using neighbour’s machines, this 75% representing 80 percent This was followed by those processing on-farm by hand (20,209 households, 12.1%), 50% trader (9,585 households, 5.2%) and on-farm by machine

Percent of Households 25% (3,397 households, 2%). The remaining methods of processing were used by very few households (less than 0% District Mpanda Sumbawanga Rural Nkansi Sumbawanga Urban 1%). On Farm by Hand On Farm by Machine By Neighbour Machine By Co-operative Union By T rader Other By Factory Although processing by machine was the most common Chart 3.93 Percent of Households by Type of Main processing method in all districts in Rukwa region, Flour / M eal Processed Product however district differences existed. Mpanda has a higher 92.8% percent of hand processing than other districts (17%), followed by Nkasi (14%), Sumbawanga Rural (9%) and Sumbaweanga Urban (2%). Processing by trader was more common in Sumbawanga Rurasl and Sumbawanga Urban (14.3% and 0.3% respectively), whilst processing on farm by machine was more prevalent in all four Juice 0.1% Oil Rubber Grain districts of Nkasi, Sumbawanga Urban, Sumbawanga 1.7% 0.04% 5.4% rural and Mpanda (Chart 3.92).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 59 ______3.7.2.2 Main Agro-processing Products

Two types of products can be produced from agro-processing namely, the main product and the by-product. The main product is the major product after processing and the by-product is secondary after processing. For example the main product after processing maize is normally flour whilst the by-product is normally the bran.

Chart 3.94 Number of Households by Type of By-product The main processed product was flour/meal with 155,071 Bran, 29,934, Cake, 7,281, 54% households processing crops into flour (92.8%) followed 13% by grain with 9,077 households (5.4%) and oil 2,751 households (1.7%). The remaining products such as juice and rubber were produced by a small number of households (Chart 3.93). Husk, 13,429,

Other, 284, 24% The number of households producing by-products 1% Juice, 34, Shell, 4,131, 0% accounted for 33.6 percent of the households processing Oil, 201, Fiber, 205, 7% Pulp, 484, 1% crops. The most common by-product produced by crop 0% 0% processing households was bran with 29,934 households (53.5%) followed by Husks (13,429 households, 23.9%), cake (7,281 households, 13%) and shell (4,131 households, 7.4%). The remaining by-products were produced by a small number of households (Chart 3.94). Chart 3.95 Use of Processed Product Household/ human 3.7.2.3 Main Use of Primary Processed Products consumption, 277,966, 97.7% Primary processed products were used for households or human consumption, fuel for cooking, for selling and for animal consumption. The most important use was for household/human consumption which represented 98 percent of the total households that used primary processed Fuel for Cooking, Animal 912, 0.4% Did Not Use, product (Chart 3.95). Mpanda and Sumbawanga Rural were Consumption, Sale Only, 3,510, 710, 0.3% 451, 0.2% 1.2% the only districts that used primary products as fuel for cooking.

Chart 3.97 Location of Sale of Processed Products Chart 3.96 Percentage of Households Selling Neighbours, Processed Crops by District 6,568, Local Market / 61.5% Trade Store, 596, 10.00 5.6%

8.00

6.00

Seco n dary 4.00 Market, 823, Other, 115, 7.7% 2.00 Marketing Co- Percentage ofhouseholds 1.1% Trader at Farm, Large Scale 1,851, operative, 132, 0.00 Farm, 34, Farmers 17.3% 1.2% Mpanda Sumbawanga Sumbawanga Nkansi 0.3% Association, 568, Rural Urban 5.3% District

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 60 ______Out of 10,687 households that sold processed products, 6,158 were from Mpanda (57.6% of the total number of households selling processed products in the region), followed by Sumbawanga Rural with 3,529 households (33%), Nkasi with 654 households (6.1%) and Sumbawanga Urban with 345 households (3.2%) (Chart 3.96). Compared to other districts in Rukwa region, Mpanga had the highest percent of households (10.8%) that sold processed products. This is followed by Sumbawanga Rural (5.3%), Sumbawanga Urban (2.6%), and Nkasi (2.2%).

Chart 3.98 Percent of Households Selling Processed Products by 3.7.2.4 Outlets for Sale of Processed Products Outlet for S ale and District 100% Most houseyholds that sold processed products sold them to neighbours (7,582 households, 35%), local market and trade 80% stores (6,568 households, 61.5% of households that sold 60% crops). This was followed by selling to trader at farm (1,851 households, 17.3%), secondary market (823 40% households, 7.7%), local market trade store (596 20% Percentof Selling Households households, 5.6%), farm associations (568 households 0% (5.3%), marketing co-operatives (132 households, 1.2%), Mpanda Sumbaw anga Nkansi Sumbaw anga District Rural Urban other (115 households, 1.1%) and larege scale farms (34 Neighbours Local Market / T rade Store Marketing Co-operative Farmers Association Large Scale Farm T rader at Farm households, 0.3%) and other places (115 households, Secondary Market Other 1.1%)(Chart 3.97). There are large differences between districts in the proportion of households selling processed products to Chart 3 99 Number of Crop Growing Hous eholds Selling Crops by District neighbours with Mpanda district having the largest 90 0 percentage (57.4%) and Sumbawanga Urban having the 60,000 lowest (0.5%).

60 0 Compared to other districts, Sumbawanga Rural had the 40,000 highest percent of households selling processed products to Percent traders at farm. Both Sumbawanga Rural and Urban districts 20,000 30 0

sold processed produce to farmer associations most. The Number of Households district which had the highest proportion of households 0 0 0 selling processed products to marketing cooperative was Sumbawanga Rural Mpanda Nkansi Sumbawanga District Urban Nkansi. Num be r o f Ho us e ho lds S e lling C ro ps Percentage of Householdss Slling crops 3.7.3 Crop Marketing The number of households that reported selling crops was Chart 3.100 Percentage Distribution of Households that 141,097 which represent 81.9 percent of the total number of Reported Marketing Problems by Type of roblem crop growing households. The percent of crop growing Open Market Price Too Low households selling crops was highest in Sumbawanga Rural 79% (42%) followed by Mpanda (33%), Nkasi (17.1%) and Sumbawanga Urban (8%) (Chart 3.99 and Map 3.42)

Co -o perative Market to o Far, Problems 9624, 0% Transport Cost 0 % Farmers No Transport Too High Association 3% 6% Problems Lack of Market 0% No Buyer Info rmatio n 0% Other 2% 0%

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 61 ______3.7.3.1 Main Marketing Problems

Open market price too low for agricultural produce was the main marketing problem reported by most households (78.1% of crop growing households) followed by longer distances to the markets (10.1%), high transport costs (5.7%), lack of transport (5.7%), lack of market information (2.1%) and other marketing problems are minor and represented less than 1 percent of the total reported problems.

3.7.3.2 Reasons for Not Selling Crops

The main reason for not selling crops was reported as Table 3 12 Reasons for Not Selling Crop Produce “insufficient production to sell” which accounted for 90 percent Number of Household % of the smallholders. The remaining reasons for not selling are in Production Insufficient to Sell 96,997 90.0 Price Too Low 6,450 6.0 such low numbers that it is not appropriate to rank their Other 2,652 2.5 Market Too Far 992 0.9 importance (Table 3.12). This general trend applies to all Trade Union Problems 303 0.3 districts in Rukwa region. Government Regulatory Board Problems 198 0.2 Farmers Association Problems 134 0.1 Total 107,725 100 3.8 Access to Crop Production Services

3.8.1 Access to Agricultural Credit

The census result shows that in Rukwa region very few Table 3.13 Number of Agricultural Households that Received agricultural households (7,365, 4.3%) accessed credit out of Credit by Sex of Household Head and District Male % Female % Total District which 6,833 (93%) were male-headed households and 533 (7%) were female-headed households. In Nkasi district only 4,552 94 270 6 4,821 Sumbawanga 2,146 95 116 5 2,261 female-headed households got agricultural credit whereas in Rural Nkansi 0 0 80 100 80 Sumbawanga Mpanda, Sumbawanga Rural and Sumbawanga Urban districts 135 67 67 33 202 Urban both male and female headed households accessed credit. Total 6,833 93 533 7 7,365 (Table 3.13).

3.8.1.1 Source of Agricultural Credit The major agricultural credit providers in Rukwa region were co-operatives 2,685 agricultural households (35.8% of the total number of households that accessed credit) this was followed by traders/trade stores (34.9%), family, friends and relatives (25.9%), private individuals (2.1%) and religious organization, NGO and projects (1.3%) (Chart 3.101). Co- operative and religious organization, NGO and projects were the sole source of agricultural credit in Mpanda and

Sumbawanga Urban districts respectively. Family, Friends and Relatives provided agricultural credits in all four districts in the region (Chart 3.102).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 62 ______

Chart 3.102: Number of Households Receiving Credit by Main Chart 3.101: Percentage Distribution of Households Source of Credit and District RecievingCredit by Main Source 100% Co-operative 36% 80%

60%

40%

Trader / Trade Percent of Households Store 35% 20% Family, Friend Religious Private Individual and Relative Organisation / 2% 26% NGO / Project 0% Nkansi Sumbawanga Rural Sumbawanga Urban Mpanda 1% District Family, Friend and Relative Co-operative Trader / Trade Store Private Individual Religious Organisation / NGO / Project

3.8.1.2 Use of Agricultural Credit

A large proportion of the agricultural credit provided to agricultural households in the region were used on buying fertilizers (30%), this was followed by hiring labour (20%), buying seeds (18%) and agro-chemicals (17%). The proportion of agricultural credits intended to be used for buying tools/equipments, irrigation structures, and others was very low (Chart 3.103).

Chart 3.103 Proportion of Households Receiving Chart 3.104 Reasons for not Using Credit (% of Households) Credit by Main Purpose of the Credit Seeds, 2,353, Fertilizers, 3,966, Not needed 18% Don't know about Not available 30% 4% credit 32% 19%

Credit granted- Did not want Labour, 2,594, Agro-chemicals, too late Difficult Interest rate- t o go int o debt 20% 2,210, 0% bureaucracy Did not know how Tools / cost too high 13% Other, 270, Irrigation 17% procedure to get credit Equipment, 1,178, 3% Structures, 537, 3% 26% 2% 9% 4%

3.8.1.3 Reasons for Not Using Agricultural Credit

The main reason for not using agricultural credit as a source of finance was that, credits were not available accounting to 31 percent of the agricultural households. This was followed by households reporting the lack of credit awareness (27%), the knowledge of credit (19%). Also other households did not want to go into debits (13%). The rest of the reasons were collectively less than 8 percent of the households.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 63 ______3.8.2 Crop Extension

The number of Agricultural households that received crop extension was 9,046 (17% of total crop growing households in the region) (Chart 3.105). Some districts had more access to extension services than others, with Sumbawanga Rural having a relatively high proportion of households (20%) that received crop extension messages in the district followed by Mpanda (19%), Sumbawanga Urban (15%) and Nkasi (6%) (Chart 3.106 and Map 4.43).

Households Not Chart 3.105 Number of Households Receiving Chart 3.106 Number of Households Receiving Extension by District Receiving Extension Advice 15,000 30 Ex tens ion 3,215, 83% 12,000

20 9,000

6,000 10 Percent ofHouseholds Number ofHouseholds 3,000

Households Receiving 0 0 Extension Sumbawanga Rural Mpanda Sumbawanga Urban Nkansi 9,046, District 17% Number of Households Percentage of Households Receiving Extension

3.8.2.1 Sources of Crop Extension Messages

Of the households receiving extension advice the Government provided the greatest proportion (85%, 24,535 households). NGO/Development projects provided (10.3%), large scale farms (3%), co-operatives (1.1%).The remaining extension source of extension provided only (0.6%) Chart 3.107). However, district differences exist with the proportion of the

Chart 3 107 Number of Households Receiving Extension Chart 3.108 Number of Households Receiving Government Messages by Type of Extension Provider Extension by Quality of Services 85% Good, 16,539, 57.2%

NGO / Development Very Goo d, Other Average, 8,059, Project 1% Large Scale 2,657, 10% Poor, 1,675, 27.9% Farm Cooperative 9.2% 5.8% 3% 1%

households receiving extension advices from government services ranging from between 73 percent and 100 percent in Mpanda to 90 percent in Sumbawanga Urban.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 64 ______3.8.2.2 Quality of Extension An assessment of the quality of extension indicated that 57.2 percent of the households receiving extension ranked the service as being good followed by average (27.9 %), very good (9.2%) and poor (5.8%) (Chart 3.108). However, care should be exercised when making decisions on quality of extension and also other variables in the extension report as all the enumerators were extension agents and some degree of bias is expected.

3.9 Access to Inputs Access to inputs in this section refers to all crop growing Table 2.13 Use of Inputs households in Tanzania regardless of whether the Households With Households Without Type of Input Access to Input Access to Inputs household grew annual or permanent crops. In previous Number % Number % sections the reference was to annual crops. Because of Farm yard manure 19,966 11.6 152,375 88.4 9,018 5 2 163,243 94.8 this, some of the figures presented in this section may be Improved seeds Pestcides/Fungicide 19,503 11 3 152,758 88.7 slightly different from those in previous section on Inorganic fertiliser 11,103 6 5 160,960 93.5 insecticides inputs use (Section 3.5). Data on sources of Compost 11,103 6 5 160,960 93.5 Herbicide 269 0 2 171,991 99.8 inputs is only found in this section and it applies to both annual and permanent crops.

A small number of households use inputs and this is particularly true of inputs that are not produced on farm i.e., improved seeds, fungicides, inorganic fertiliser and herbicides. In Rukwa region farm yard manure was used by 19,966 households which represent 12 percent of the total number of crop growing households. This was followed by households using insecticides/fungicides (11.3%), inorganic fertilisers had (6.5%), improved seeds (5.2%) compost (1.9%) and herbicide (0.2%) (Table 2.13).

Chart 3.109 Number of Households by Source of Inorganic 3.9.2 Inorganic Fertilisers Fertiliser Smallholders that use inorganic fertiliser in Rukwa mostly purchase from the local market/trade store Secondary Market 1.2

(58.8% of the total number of inorganic fertiliser F ertiliser users) followed by co-operatives (24.3%) and crop Local Farmers Group 3.5 Source of Inorganic of Source buyers (12.1%). The remaining sources of inorganic 12.1 fertilisers are minor (Chart 3.109). Crop Buyers

24.3 Co-operative

58.8 Local Market / Trade Store

0 00 00 00 00 2 ,0 4 ,0 6 ,0 8 ,0 Number of Households

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 65

MAP 3.39 RUKWA Number of Households and Percent of Total Households Receiving Crop Extension Services by District

Mpanda 11,351

19.17%

Nkasi 1,834

67% Sumbawanga Urban 2,002 157% Number of Household Receiving Crop Extension Services 12,000 to 15,000 Sumbawanga Rural 9,000 to 12,000 13,859 6,000 to 9,000 3,000 to 6,000 20.17% 0 to 3,000 Percent of Number of Household Receiving Crop Extension Services Number of Household Receiving Crop Extension Services

MAP 3.40 RUKWA Number and Percent of Crop Growing Households Using Improved Seed by District

Mpanda

11,454

19.27%

Nkasi

1,911 Sumbawanga Urban 6.37% 1,964 14.87% Number of Households Growing Crops Using Improved Seed 20,000 to 25,000 Sumbawanga Rural 15,000 to 20,000 19,434 10,000 to 15,000 5,000 to 10,000 28.27% 0 to 5,000 Number of Households Growing Crops Using Improved Seed Percent of Households Growing Crops Using Improved Seed

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 66 ______The source of inorganic fertiliser was mainly Chart 3.110 Number of Households Reporting Distance to more than 10 km from the household with most Source of Inorganic Fertiliser 40 households residing between 10 and 20 km from the source (29%), followed by between 3 and 10 30 km (28%), 20 km and above (20%), between 1 20 km and 3km (14%) and less than 1 km (9%) (Chart 3.110). Due to the very small number of 10 households using inorganic fertilisers coupled Percent of Households 0 with the small number of households Less than 1 Between 1 and Between 3 and Between 10 20 km and km 3 km 10 km and 20 km Above responding to “not available” (12% ) as the Distance (km) reason for not using, it may be assumed that access to inorganic fertiliser is not the main reason for not using it. Other reasons such as cost are more important with 69 percent of households responding to cost factors as the main reason for not using. In other words, it may be assumed that if the cost was affordable the demand would be Chart 3.111 Number of Households by Source of Improved Seed higher and access to inorganic fertiliser would be Large Scale Farm 0.9 made more available. Development Project 1.4

Local Farmers Group 2.9

More smallholders use inorganic fertilisers in Neighbour 5.7

Mpanda than in other districts in Rukwa region Crop Buyers 12.3

(83.4% of households using inorganic fertilisers), Co-operative 20.9 Source of Improved Seed followed by Sumbawanga Urban (8.5%). Other Local Market / T rade Store 55.8 districts use very little inorganic fertiliser. 0 00 00 00 00 ,5 ,0 ,5 ,0 1 3 4 6

Number of Households 3.9.3 Improved Seeds

The percentage of households that used improved seeds was 5.2 percent of the total number of crop growing households. Most of the improved seeds were from the local market/trade store (55.9%) followed by co-operatives (20.9%) and crop buyers (12.3%). Other less important sources of Chart 3.112 Number of Households reporting Distance to improved seed are from neighbours (5.7%), local Source of Improved Seed 40 farmers groups (2.9%), development partners (1.4%) and large scale farms (0.9%) (Chart 3.111). 30

20 Access to improved seed is better than access to chemical inputs with 30 percent of households 10 Percent of Households obtaining the input within 1 km of the household 0 (Chart 3.112). This is in line with the higher use of Less than 1 Between 1 and Between 3 and Between 10 20 km and km 3 km 10 km and 20 km Above improved seed compared to other chemical inputs, Distance (km) which further supports the concept that it is not the availability that is the main issue in the use of inputs but rather other factors such as cost.

The districts that mostly used improved seeds are Mpanda (66.3 percent of the total number of households using improved seeds in Rukwa region), followed by Sumbawanga Rural (20.7%) and Sumbawanga Urban (8.7%) and Nkasi (4.3%) (Map 3.44).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 67 ______Insecticides and Fungicides

Most smallholder households using insecticides and fungicides mainly purchased them from locally produced by households’ (41.9% of the total number of fungicide users) and local farmers group (26.7%). Other sources of insecticides/ fungicides are of minor importance (Chart 3.113).

Chart 3.113 Number of Households by Source of Chart 3.114 Number of Households Reporting Distance to Insecticide/fungicide Source of Insecticides/Fungicides Large Scale Farm 1.0 40

Local Market / Trade Store 5.8 30 Secondary Market 7.5

Neighbour 8.5 20 Crop Buyers 8.6

Local Farmers Group 26.7 10 Percent ofHouseholds Locally Produced by Household 41.9 Source of Insecticide/fungicide Source of Insecticide/fungicide 0 0 00 00 00 00 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 Less than 1 Between 1 and Between 3 and Between 10 20 km and 1 2 3 4 Distance (km) Number of Households km 3 km 10 km and 20 km Above

However, Chart 3.114 shows that there is no distinct pattern for the number of households with varying distances from the source of insecticide/fungicide. The small number of households using insecticides/fungicides coupled with the 7 percent of households responding to “not available” as the reason for not using it may be assumed that access is not the main reason for not using. Other reasons such as cost are more important with 66 percent of households responding to cost factors as the main reason for not using. In other words, it is assumed that if the cost was affordable, the demand would be higher and access to insecticides/fungicides would be made more available. Fungicide is used more in Sumbawanga Urban district (36.1 percent of the total number of households that use fungicide in the region), followed by Sumbawanga Rural 32.1%), Mpanda (24.1%) and Nkasi (7.7%). Households Chart 3.115 Number of Households with Planted 3.9 Tree Planting without Planted Trees - RUKWA Trees, 142822, The number of households involved in tree farming was 83% 29,439 representing 17.1 percent of the total number of agriculture households (Chart 3.115).

The number of trees planted by smallholders on their allocated land was 2,101,632 trees. The average number of trees planted per household planting trees Households with was 71 trees Planted Trees, 29439,

17%

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 68

MAP 3.41 RUKWA Number and Percent of Smallholder Planted Trees by District

Mpanda

1,138

1.2%

Nkasi

1,146

2.1% Sumbawanga Urban 2,830 14.1% Number of Smallhohders Planted Trees 120 to 150 Sumbawanga Rural 90 to 120 60 to 90 9,983 30 to 60 7.5% 0 to 30 Number of Smallhohders Planted Trees Percent of Smallhohders Planted Trees

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 69 ______The main species planted by smallholders is Eucalyptus (1,778,915, 85%), senna spp (222,188, 11%), Gravellia spp (58,385 trees, 3%), jacaranda spp (17,556 trees, 1% and afzelia quanzensis ( 10,399 trees, 0.5%). The remaining trees species are planted in comparatively small numbers (Chart116.).

Chart 2.116 Number of Planted Trees by Species - Chart 3.117 Number of Trees Planted by Smallholders by Species RUKWA and Region Calophylum Leucena Spp Mpanda Sy szy gium Sp p Tectona Grandis Casurina Melicia excelsa Nkansi Trichilia Spp

Azadritachta Spp District Pinus Spp

ree Species Acacia Spp T Sumbawan ga Rural Cyprus Spp Afzelia Quanzensis Jakaranda Spp Gravellis Sen n a Sp p Sumbawan ga Urban Eucalyptus Spp Number of Trees 0 0 180000 360 000 540 000 720 000 900 000 1080 000 0 00 0 ,0 ,000 0 Eucalyptus Spp Senna Spp Gra e lis Afze lia Qua nze ns is 0 0 Cyprus Spp Acacia Spp Pinus Spp M e lic ia e xc e ls a 4 800,000 Number of Trees 1,200 1,600,000 2,000, Casurina Equ s e tfilia Tectona Grandis Jakaranda Spp

Chart 3.118 Number of Trees Planted by Location Mostly in Plantation / Sumbawanga Urban district has the largest number of Coppice, 33,850, 78.4% planted trees than any other district (79.3%) and is dominated by Eucalyptus species. This is followed by Sumbawanga Rural (8.2%) which is dominated by Eucalyptus species, Nkasi (7.3%) and Mpanda (5.2%) Mostly on Field / Mostly Scattered Plot Boundaries, which is mainly planted with Eucalyptus (Chart 3.117 and in Field, 5,027, 4,272, 11.7% Map 3.45.). 9.9%

Chart 3.119 Number of Households by Purpose of Smallholders mostly plant trees on the plantation or Planted Trees 40.00 coppices. The proportion of trees that planted on

30.00 field plantation or copies was 78 percent, followed by scattered around fields (12%) and then trees planted in a 20.00 field or plot boundaries (10%) (Chart 3.118). 10.00 Percent of Households

The main purpose of planting trees is to obtain 0.00 Planks / Fuel for Shade Poles Medicinal Charcoal Other planks/timber (35.9%). This is followed by wood for fuel Timber Wood Use (30.1%), shade (22.7%) and poles (9.8%), medicinal (1.1%), Chart 3.120 Number of Households with Erosion Control/Water Harvesting Facilities charcoal and other had (0.26%) each (Chart 3.119). Household Without Facilities, 155,378, 90% 3.11 Irrigation and Erosion Control Facilities Erosion control and water harvesting facilities are grouped together as they normally have dual purposes of reducing erosion and increasing the amount of water available for crop production. Household With Facilities, 16,883, 10% The number of agricultural households that had soil erosion and water harvesting facilities on their farms was 16,883 which represent 10 percent of the total number of agricultural households in the region (Chart 3.120).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Tree Planting and Erosion Control 70 ______The proportion of households with soil erosion control and water harvesting facilities was highest in Sumbawanga Urban district (16%) followed by Mpanda (12%) and Sumbawanga Rural (8%). Nkasi district had the lowest proportion of (5%) (Chart 3.121).

Erosion control bunds accounted for 82.5 percent of Chart 3.121 Number of Households With Erosion Control/Water Harvesting Facilities the total number of structures, followed by water 8,000 20 harvesting bunds (14%), drainage ditches (2.5%), tree 7,000 16 belts (0.5%), dam (0.4%), terraces and vetiver grass 6,000 15

5,000 had (0.1%) each. However, gabions/sandbags were 12 not used in the district (Chart 3.122) and Map 3.46 4,000 10

8 Percent 3,000 2,000 5 5

Erosion control bunds and water harvesting bunds Number of Households together had 261,070 structures. This represented 1,000 0 0 96.5 percent of the total structures in the region. The Mpanda Sumbawanga Rural Sumbawanga Nkansi Urban remaining 3.5 percentages were shared among the District No of Households Percent rest of the erosion control methods mentioned above. Mpanda and Sumbawanga Rural districts had 260,332 erosion control structures which is Chart 3.122 Number of Erosion Control/Water Harvesting Structures equivalent to 96.2 percent of the total erosion by Type of Facility structures in the region. Gabions / Sandbag 0.0 Terraces 0.1 Vet iver Grass 0.1 Dam 0.4

Type of Facility Tree Belts 0.5 Drainage Ditches 2.5 Water Harvesting Bunds 14.0 Erosion Control Bunds 82.5

0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 Number of Structures

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Livestock Production 71 ______3.12 LIVESTOCK RESULTS

3.12.1 Cattle Production

The total number of cattle in the region was Chart 3.123 Total Number of Cattle ('000') by District 504,727. Cattle were the most dominant livestock type in the region followed by goats, sheep and 250,000 pigs. The region had 3.0 percent of the total cattle 200,000 population on Tanzania Mainland. 150,000

3.12.1.1 Cattle Population 100,000 The number of indigenous cattle in Rukwa region 50,000 was 504,345 (99.7 % of the total number of cattle ('000') Cattle of Number 0 in the region), 1,107 cattle (0.2%) were dairy Sumbawanga Nkansi Mpanda Sumbawanga breeds and 274 cattle (0.1%) were beef breeds. Rural Urban The census results show that 43,551 agricultural Districts households in the region (25.3% of total agricultural households) kept 0.5 million cattle. Therefore, the average number of cattle per household was 12 (Chart 3.123 and Map 3.47).

Chart 3.124 Number of Cattle by Type and District However Sumbawanga Urban district had the highest density (61 head per km2) (Map 3.48).

Although Sumbawanga Rural district had the 220,000 e largest number of cattle in the region, most of it l Catt was indigenous. The number of dairy cattle was f o very small and there was no beef cattle kept in the r 110,000be m respective district. Mpanda district had the largest Nu number of diary cattle in the region. In general, the number of beef cattle in the region was 0 insignificant (Chart 3.124). Sumbawanga Rural Nkansi Mpanda Sumbawanga Urban

Indigenous Improved Beef Improved Dairy Districts 3.12.1.2 Herd Size

Thirteen percent of the cattle-rearing households had herds of size 1-5 cattle with an average of three cattle per household. Herd sizes of 6-30 accounted for about 37 percent of all cattle in the region. Only 14 percent of the cattle rearing households had herd sizes of 31- 100 cattle. About 50.2 percent of total cattle rearing households had herds of size 1-30 cattle and owns 50.1 percent of total cattle in the region, resulting in an average of 6 cattle per cattle rearing household. There were about 463 households with a herd size of more than 151 cattle each (123,239 cattle in total) resulting in an average of 266 cattle per household.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Livestock Production 72 ______3.12.1.3 Cattle Population Trend Cattle population in Rukwa decreased during the period of Chart 3.125 Cattle Population Trend eight years from 426,329 in 1995 to 378,338 cattle in 2003. 426,329 This trend depicts an overall annual negative growth rate of 384,410 378,338 -1.48 percent (Chart 3.125). 450,000

However, there was a very sharp decrease in number of 300,000 cattle for the period of four years from 1995 to 1999 at the rate of –2.55 percent whereby the number dropped from 150,000 426,329 to 384,410. Moreover, the number of cattle was N um ber of cattle estimated to have slightly decreased from 384,410 in 1999 to 378,338in 2003 at the rate of -1.48 percent. - 1995 1999 2003 Year 3.12.1.4 Improved Cattle Breeds

The total number of improved cattle in Rukwa region was 1,328 (1,107 dairy and 274 improved beef). The diary cattle Chart 3 126 Dairy Cattle Population Trend constituted 0.2 percent of the total cattle and 88.4 percent of 3,176 improved cattle in the region. The number of beef cattle in the region was insignificant constituting only 20.6 percent of the total number of the improved cattle and 0.1 percent of 3,000 the total cattle. The number of improved cattle increased from 448 in 1995 to 1,107 in 2003 at an annual growth rate of 12.10. The growth rate was higher for the period from 1995 to 1999 (63.54%) than from 1999 to 2003 when it 1,107 dropped by -23.16 percent (Chart 126). 1,500 448 3.12.2. Goat Production ofNumber cattle Goat rearing was the second most important livestock keeping activity in the region followed by sheep and pig - rearing. In 1995 1999 2003 terms of total number of goats on the Mainland, Rukwa Year region ranked 16 out of the 21 regions with 2.5 percent of the total goats on the Mainland.

3.12.2.1 Goat Population Chart 3.127 Total Number of Goats ('000') by District The number of goat-rearing-households in Rukwa region was 43,150 (25% of all agricultural households in the region) with a total of 292,849 goats giving an average of 7 ). head of goats per goat-rearing-household. Sumbawanga ' 90,000 000

Rural district had the largest number of goats (118,607 ' goats, 40.5% of all goats in the region) followed by Mpanda 60,000 (118,261 goats, 40.4%) and Nkasi (42,696 goats, 14.6%). Sumbawanga Urban district had the least number of goats 30,000 (13,285 goats, 4.5%) (Chart 3.127 and Map 3.49) However both Sumbawanga Urban and Sumbawanga Rural districts Number of G oats ( had the highest density of goats (22 head per km2 ) each 0 Mpanda Sumbawanga Nkansi Sumbawanga (Map 3.50). Rural Urban

District

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Livestock Production 73 ______3.12.2.2 Goat Herd Size

Forty nine percent of the goat-rearing households had herd size of 1-4 goats with an average of 2 goats per goat rearing household. Sixty six percent of total goat-rearing households had herd size of 1-14 goats and owned 66.3 percent of the total goats in the region resulting in an average of 5 goats per goat-rearing households. The region had 321 households (0.7%) with herd sizes of 40 or more goats each (16,877 goats in total), resulting in an average of 53 goats per household.

3.12.2.3 Goat Breeds

Goat husbandry in the region was dominated by the indigenous breeds that constituted 98.6 percent of the total goats in the region. Improved goats for meat and diary goats Chart 3 128 Goat Population Trend constituted 0.8 and 0.6 percent of total goats 292,849 respectively. 241,546

3.12.2.4 Goat Population Trend 183,041 240,000 The overall annual growth rate of goat population from 1995 to 2003 was 6.05 percent. This positive trend 120,000 implies eight years of population increase from 183,041 goats of Number in 1995 to 292,849 in 2003. The number of goats increased from 183,041 in 1995 at an estimated annual - rate of 7.18 percent to 241,546 in 1999. From 1999 to 1995 1999 2003 Year 2003, the goat population increased at an annual rate of 4.93 percent (Chart 128).

3.12.3. Sheep Production Chart 3.129 Total Number of Sheep by District

Sheep rearing was the third important livestock keeping activity in Rukwa region after cattle and goats. 15,000 p The region ranked 16 out of 21 Mainland regions and 10,000 had 0.9 percent of all sheep on Tanzania Mainland.

5,000

3.12.3.1 Sheep Population N um ber ofshee

The number of sheep-rearing households was 4,770 0 Mpanda Sumbawanga Nkansi Sumbawanga (2.8 % of all agricultural households in Rukwa region) Rural Urban rearing 36,073 sheep, giving an average of 8 heads of District sheep per sheep-rearing household. The district with the largest number of sheep was Mpanda with 13,967 sheep (38.7% of total sheep in Rukwa region) followed by Sumbawanga Rural (10,953 sheep, 30.4%) and Nkasi (10,756 sheep, 29.8%). Sumbawanga Urban district had the least number of sheep (397 sheep, 1.1%) (Chart 3.129 and Map 3.51). Sumbawanga Rural and Nkasi districts also had the highest density (2 head per km2 ) (Map 3.52) each.All sheep kept were indigenous breed

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 74

MAP 3.42 RUKWA Cattle Population by District as of 1st Octobers 2003

Mpanda

82,871

Nkasi

149,080

Sumbawanga Urban

36,156 Number of Cattle 400,000 to 500,000 300,000 to 400,000 Sumbawanga Rural 200,000 to 300,000 100,000 to 200,000 236,620 0 to 100,000 Cattle Population

MAP 3.43 RUKWA Cattle Density by District as of 1st October 2003

Mpanda

5

Nkasi

29 Sumbawanga Urban

61 Number of Cattle of per Square Km 49.8 to 61 38.6 to 49.8 Sumbawanga Rural 27.4 to 38.6 16.2 to 27.4 44 5 to 16.2 Cattle Density

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 75

MAP 3.44 RUKWA Goats Population by District as of 1st Octobers 2003

Mpanda

118,261

Nkasi

42,696 Sumbawanga Urban

13,285 Number of Goats 120,000 to 150,000 90,000 to 120,000 Sumbawanga Rural 60,000 to 90,000 30,000 to 60,000 118,607 0 to 30,000 Goats Population

MAP 3.45 RUKWA Goats Density by District as of 1st October 2003

Mpanda

7

Nkasi

8 Sumbawanga Urban 22 Number of Goats of per Square Km 40 to 50 30 to 40 20 to 30 Sumbawanga Rural 10 to 20 22 0 to 10 Goats Density

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULTS – Livestock Production 76 ______

3.12.3.2 Sheep Population Trend Chart 3 130 Sheep Population Trend

The overall annual growth rate of the sheep population 36,073 for the eight year period from 1995 to 2003 is estimated at 22.92 percent. The population increased at an annual rate of 17.11 percent from 6,923 in 1995 to 13,021 in 30,000 1999. From 1999 to 2003, sheep population increased at 13,021 an annual rate of 22.92 percent (Chart 3.130). 15,000 6,923 Number of sheep

3.12.4. Pig Production

- Piggery was the least important livestock keeping 1995 1999 2003 activity in the region after cattle, goats and sheep. The Year region ranked 16 out of 21 Mainland regions and is 0.64 percent of the Mainland total pigs. Chart 3.131 Total Number of Pigs by District The number of pig-rearing agricultural households in Rukwa region was 12,101 (7% of the total agricultural s households in the region) rearing 51,840 pigs. This g 30,000 gives an average of 4 pigs per pig-rearing household.

The district with the largest number of pigs was 15,000

Sumbawanga Rural with 36,455 pigs (70.3% of the Num ber of Pi total pig population in the region) followed by Nkansi 0 (8,396 pigs, 16.2%), Mpanda (4,837 pigs, 9.3%) Sumbawanga Nkansi Mpanda Sumbawanga Rural Urban Sumbawanga Urban (2,152 pigs, 4.2%) (Chart 3.131 District and Map 3.53). However Sumbawanga Urban district had the highest density (3.6 head per km2 ) (Map 3.54). Chart 3.132 Pig Population Trend 3.12.4.1 Pig Population Trend 51,840 The overall annual growth rate of the pig population 60,000 over the eight years period from 1995 to 2003 was 20.33 percent. During this period the population grew 22,341 from 11,794 to 51,840. The pig population increased 30,000 from 11,794 in 1995 to 22,341 in 1999 at a rate of 11,794

17.32 percent. The growth rate increased to 23.42 pigs of Number percent during the following four years from 1999 to 2003 in which pig population increased from 22,341 to - 1995 1999 2003 51,840 (Chart 3.132). Year

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 77 ______3.12.5 Chicken Production

The poultry sector in Rukwa region was dominated by chicken production. The region contributed 3.4 percent to the total chicken population on Tanzania Mainland.

3.12.5.1 Chicken Population Chart 3.133 Total Number of Chickens by District The number of households keeping chicken was

109,912 raising about 1,122,432 chickens. This gives 500,000 an average of 10 chickens per chicken-rearing 400,000 household. In terms of total number of chickens in 300,000 the country, Rukwa region was ranked eighth out of 200,000 the 21 Mainland regions. 100,000

Chickens of Number The District with largest number of chickens was 0 Mpanda Sumbawanga Nkasi Sumbawanga Mpanda (492,601 chickens, 43.9% of the total Rur Urb number of chickens in the region) followed by District Sumbawanga Rural (445,939 39.7%) and Nkasi (130,643, 11.6%). Sumbawanga Urban district had the Chart 3 134 Chicken Population Trend smallest number of chickens (53,250, 4.7%) (Chart 511,221 3.133 and Map 3.55). However Sumbawanga Urban 428,055 2 district had the highest density (90 chicken per km ) 392,442 (Map 3.56). 3.12.5.2 Chicken Population Trend The overall annual chicken population growth rate 300,000 during the eight-year period from 1995 to 2003 was 2.24 percent. The population decreased at a rate of - Number of Chicken of Number 2.15 percent from 1995 to 1999 after which it increased at a rate of 6.83 percent for the four year period from - 1999 to 2003 (Chart 3.134). 1995 1999 2003

Year Ninety nine percent of all chicken in Rukwa region were of indigenous breed. The dominance of indigenous breed makes the population trend for the Table 3.15 Number of Households and Chickens Raised indigenous chicken more-or-less the same as that of the by Flock Size total chickens in the region. Average Number of Number Flock Size % Chicken by 3.12.5.3 Chicken Flock Size Households of Chicken The results indicate that about 86.5 percent of all chicken- Households 1-4 38,452 35.0 92,665 2 rearing households were keeping 1-19 chickens with an 5-9 31,281 28 5 204,580 7 average of 7 chickens per holder. About 13.3 percent of 10 -19 25,278 23.0 321,753 13 holders were reported to be keeping the flock size of 20 to 20-29 6,961 6 3 155,776 22 99 chickens with an average of 32chickens per holder. 30-39 4,248 3 9 136,546 32 40-49 2,087 1 9 87,172 42 50-99 1,365 1 2 87,994 64 Only 0.22 percent of holders kept the flock sizes of 100 100+ 240 0 2 35,946 150 chickens or more at an average of 150 chickens per holder Total 109,912 100 1,122,432 10 (Table 3.14).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 78

MAP 3.46 RUKWA Sheep Population by District as of 1st Octobers 2003

Mpanda

13,967

Nkasi

10,756

Sumbawanga Urban 397 Number of Sheep 12,000 to 14,000 9,000 to 12,000 Sumbawanga Rural 6,000 to 9,000 3,000 to 6,000 10,953 0 to 3,000 Sheep Population

MAP 3.47 RUKWA Sheep Density by District as of 1st October 2003

Mpanda

0.8

Nkasi

2.1

Sumbawanga Urban 0.7 Number of Sheep of per Square Km 1.9 to 2.1 1.6 to 1.9 1.3 to 1.6 Sumbawanga Rural 1 to 1.3 2 0.7 to 1 Sheep Density

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 79

MAP 3.48 RUKWA Pig Population by District as of 1st Octobers 2003

Mpanda

4,837

Nkasi

8,396 Sumbawanga Urban

2,152 Number of Pig 40,000 to 50,000 30,000 to 40,000 20,000 to 30,000 Sumbawanga Rural 10,000 to 20,000 36,455 0 to 10,000 Pig Population

MAP 3.49 RUKWA Pig Density by District as of 1st October 2003

Mpanda

0.3

Nkasi

1.6 Sumbawanga Urban

3.6 Number of Pig of per Square Km 5.2 to 6.8 3.9 to 5.2 2.6 to 3.9 Sumbawanga Rural 1.3 to 2.6 0 to 1.3 6.8 Pig Density

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 80 ______3.12.5.4 Improved Chickens (layers and broilers) Layers chicken population in Rukwa Region increased at an annual rate of 72.35 percent for the period of four years from 823 in 1999 to 7,261 in 2003. The number of improved chicken was most significant in Nkasi district followed by Sumbawanga Rural and Sumbawanga Urban districts (Chart 3.135).

Chart 3.135 Number of Improved Chicken by Type and District Chart 3.136 Improved Chicken Population Trend

10,385 3,703 12,000 3,600

2,414 7,261 8,000 2,400

1,144 1,200 3 4,000

Number of Chickens of Number 21 402 0 0 1,450

Number of layers of Number 725 0 823 615 0 Mpanda Sumbawanga Nkasi Sumbawanga - Rural Urban 1995 1999 2003 District Layers Broilers Year

The overall annual growth rate for broilers during the eight-year period from 1995 to 2003 was 33.38 percent during which the population grew from 725 to 7,261. The annual growth rate was (72.35%) for the period of four years from 1995 to 1999. The broiler population exhibited an increasing trend at the rate of 63.59 percent per annum for the period of four years from 1995 to 1999 before decreasing at an annual rate of -50.67 from 1999 to 2003. The overall annual growth rate for broilers was -10.17 during the eight-years period from 1,450 chicken in 1995 to 615 chicken in 2003 (Chart 3.136).

3.12.6. Other Livestock

There were 88,647 ducks, 2,686 turkeys, 17,876 rabbits and 11,190 donkeys raised by rural agricultural households in Rukwa region. Table 3-16 indicates the number of livestock kept in each district. The biggest number of ducks in the region was found in Sumbawanga Rural district (45.5% Table 3 16 Number of Other Livestock byType of Livestock and District Type of Livestock of all ducks in the region), followed by Mpanda (43.3%) District Ducks Turkeys Rabbits Donkeys Other Mpanda 38,381 0 5,650 4,265 0 and Nkansi (10.5%). Sumbawanga Urban district had the Sumbawanga Rural 40,326 2,516 5,263 3,578 7,644 least number of ducks estimated at 0.7 percent of total Nkasi 9,294 0 3,561 2,629 9,765 ducks in the region. Turkeys were reported in Sumbawanga Urban 646 170 3,402 718 0 Sumbawanga Rural and Sumbawanga Urban districts Total 88,647 2,686 17,,876 11,190 17,409 only (Table 3.16). Chart 3.137 Percentage of Livestock Keeping Households Reporting Tsetseflies and Tick Problems by District. 75 3.12.7 Pest and Parasite Incidence and Control 60 The results indicate that 64 percent and 11 percent of the total livestock-keeping households reported to have 45

encountered ticks and tsetse fly problems respectively. Percent30 (Chart 3.137) shows that there was a predominance of tick 15 related diseases over tsetse related diseases. Incidences of both problems were highest in Mpanda district but lowest 0 Mpanda Sumbawanga Rural Nkasi Sumbawanga Urban in Sumbawanga Rural district (Map 3.57). District Ticks Tsetseflies

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 81

MAP 3.50 RUKWA Chicken Population by District as of 1st Octobers 2003

Mpanda

492,601

Nkasi

130,643 Sumbawanga Urban 53,250 Number of Chicken 400,000 to 500,000 300,000 to 400,000 Sumbawanga Rural 200,000 to 300,000 100,000 to 200,000 445,939 0 to 100,000 Chicken Population

MAP 3.50 RUKWA Chicken Density by District as of 1st October 2003

Mpanda

27.9

Nkasi

25.7 Sumbawanga Urban

89.7 Number of Chicken of per Square Km 70 to 90 60 to 70 40 to 60 Sumbawanga Rural 20 to 40 0 to 20 83.2 Chicken Density

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 82 ______The most practiced method of tick controlling was spraying with 35 percent of all livestock-rearing households in the region using the method. Other methods used were dipping (4%), smearing (2%) and other traditional methods like hand picking (10%). However, 49 percent of livestock-keeping households did not use any method.

The most common method used to control tsetse flies was Chart 3.138 Percent of Livestock Rearing Households that Dewormed spraying which was practiced by 11 percent of livestock- Livestock by Livestock Type and District rearing households This was followed by dipping (6%) and trapping (2%). However, 81 percent of the livestock 60 rearing households did not use any of the three aforementioned methods. 40 Percent 3.12.7.1 Deworming 20

Livestock rearing households that dewormed their animals were 48,587 (57% of the total livestock rearing 0 Mpanda Sumbawanga Rural Nkasi Sumbawanga households in the region). The percentage of the Urban Cattle Goat s Sheep Pigs households that dewormed cattle was 38 percent, goats District (32%), sheep (17%) and pigs (4%) (Chart 3.138).

Chart 3.139 Percentage Distribution of Livestock Rearing Households 3.12.8. Access to Livestock Services by Quality of Livestock Extension Services Good 66% 3.12.8.1 Access to Livestock Extension Services

The total number of households that received livestock advice was 17,928, representing 30.8 percent of the total livestock-rearing households and 10.4 percent of the agricultural households in the region. The main livestock extension agent was the government which provided service to about 93.9 percent of all households receiving livestock extension services. The rest of the households Very Good Average 4% No Good Poor 23% got services from large-scale farmers (3.58%), Co- 3% 4% operatives and others provided (1%) each and NGO/developing Projects had (0.3). Chart 3.140 Number of Households by Distance to Verinary Clinic

Chart 3.141 Number of Households by Distance to Verterinary More than 14km, Clinic and District 34,807, 73%

12,000

6,000 Number of H ouseholds

0 Sumbawanga Rur Mpanda Nkasi Sumbawanga Urb Less than 14km, District 12,808, 27% Less than 14km More than 14km

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 83 ______About 66 percent of livestock rearing households described the general quality of livestock extension services as being good, 23 percent said they were average and 4 percent said they were very good and also 4 percent of livestock rearing households said the service was poor. Moreover, 3 percent of the livestock rearing households said the quality was not good (Chart 3.139).

Chart 3.142 Number of Households by Distance to Village Chart 3.141 Number of Households by Distance to Verterinary W atering Points Clinic and District

5-14 kms, 444, 12,000 Less than 5 4 6% kms, 7,525, 78 8%

6,000

Number of H ouseholds 15 or more 0 kms, 1587, Sumbawanga Rur Mpanda Nkasi Sumbawanga Urb 16 6% District Less than 14km More than 14km

3.12.8.2 Access to Veterinary Clinic

Many veterinary clinics were located very far from livestock rearing households. About 73.1 percent of the livestock rearing households accessed the services, at a distance of more than 14 kilometers. Only 26.9 percent of them accessed the services within 14 kilometers from their dwellings (Chart 3.140). The most affected district was Chart 3.143 Number of Households by Distance to Sumbawanga Rural with almost all livestock rearing Village Watering Point and District households (89%) accessing the services at a distance 4,500 of more than 14 kms. Sumbawanga Urban district was the least affected because about 36 percent of the households could access the service at a distance of 3,000 more than 14 kilometers. (Chart 3.141). 1,500

3.12.8.3 Access to Village Watering Points/dam Number of Households

The number of livestock rearing households residing 0 less than 5 kms from the nearest watering point was Mpanda Sumbawanga Sum bawan ga Nkasi 7,525 (78.8% of livestock rearing households in Rukwa Rural Urban District region) whilst 443 households (4.6%) resided between Less than 5 kms 5-14 kms 15 or more kms 5 and 14 kms. However, 1,587 households (16.6%) had to travel a distance of 15 or more kms to f the nearest watering point (Chart 3.142).

Mpanda and Nkansi districts had the best livestock water supply with all of livestock rearing households residing within 5 kms from the nearest watering point. This was followed by Sumbawanga Rural then Sumbawanga Urban districts. In Sumbawanga rural district about 38 percent of the livestock rearing Less than 14km, households had to travel a distance of more than five 12,808, 27% kilometers to the nearest watering point (Chart 3.143).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 84 ______3.12.9. Animal Contribution to Crop Production

3.12.9.1 Use of Draft Power Use of draft animals to cultivate land in Rukwa region was relatively important with 79,406 households (46% of the total households in the region) using them (Chart 3.144).

3.144 Number of Households Using Draft Amimals Chart 3.145 Number of Households Using Draft Animals by District - RUKWA Using Draft Animals, 79,406, 46% 48,000

32,000

16,000

Not Using Number of Households Draft Animals, 0 92,855, Sum bawan ga Nkansi Sumbawanga Mpanda 54% Rural Urban District

The number of households that used draft animals in Sumbawanga Rural was 47,115 representing 59 percent of the households using draft animals in the region, this was followed by Nkasi (16,622 households, 21%), Sumbawanga Urban (11,547 households, 15%) and Mpanda (4,121 households, 5%) (Chart 3.145 and Map 3.58). Proportionally, the district whose households used more draft animals was Sumbawanga Urban by (87%) followed by Sumbawanga Rural 68%) and Nkansi (55%). Mpanda district made the least use of draft animals (7%) of households only.

The region used 247,856 oxen that cultivated 178,167 hectares. This represents only 5.9 percent of the total number of oxen found on the Mainland. Out of this (140, 521 oxen) were used in sumbawanga rural, Nkasi (55,435 oxen), Sumbawanga Urban (29,683 oxen) and Mpanda (22,217 oxen) The largest area cultivated using oxen was found in Sumbawanga Rural district (259,293 ha, 58.9% of the total area cultivated using oxen).

3.12.9.2 Use of Farm Yard Manure

The number of households using organic fertilizers in Rukwa region was 18,756 (11% of total crop growing households in the region) (Chart 3.146). The total area applied with organic fertiliser was 30,877 hectares or (73.9% of the total area applied with fertilisers or (10.2 %) of the area planted with annual crops and vegetables in Rukwa region during the wet season) was applied with farm yard manure (Map 3.59).

Chart 3.146 Number of Households Using Organic Chart 3.147 Area planted with the Application of Fertilisers - RUKWA Fertilisers Not Using Organic fertilisers, 158,442, 92% 14,000 lication

pp 7,000 A A rea (H a) o f F ertiliser 0 Sumbawanga Rural Sumbawanga Urban Nkasi Mpanda Using Organic fertilisers, 13819, 8% District Farm Yard Manure Compost

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 85

MAP 3.52 RUKWA Number and Percent of Households Infected with Ticks by District

Mpanda

4,616

41.1%

Nkasi

6,637

62.5% Sumbawanga Urban 4,663 82.9% Number of Household Infected with Ticks 40,000 to 50,000 Sumbawanga Rural 30,000 to 40,000 20,000 to 30,000 21,579 10,000 to 20,000 0 to 10,000 72.8% Number of Household Infected with Ticks Percent of Household Infected with Ticks

MAP 3.53 RUKWA Number and Percent of Households Using Draft Animals by District

Mpanda

4,121

6.9%

Nkasi

16,622 Sumbawanga Urban 54.5% 11,547 86.8% Number of Households Using Animal Draft 40,000 to 50,000 Sumbawanga Rural 30,000 to 40,000 47,115 20,000 to 30,000 10,000 to 20,000 68.3% 0 to 10,000 Number of Households Using Animal Draft Percent of Households Using Draft Animal

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 86

MAP 3.54 RUKWA Planted Area and Percent of Planted Area With Farm Yard Manure Application by District

Mpanda

2,746

2.9%

Nkasi 6,028 Sumbawanga Urban 11.3% 5,110 Planted Area with Farm Yard 25.4% Manure Applied 12,000 to 15,000 9,000 to 12,000 Sumbawanga Rural 6,000 to 9,000 12,857 3,000 to 6,000 0 to 3,000 9.7% Planted Area with Farm Yard Manure Applied Percent of Planted Area with Farm Yard Manure Applied

MAP 3.55 RUKWA Planted Area and Percent of Planted Area With Compost Manure Application by District

Mpanda

762 0.8%

Nkasi

308 Sumbawanga Urban 0.6% 475 2.4% Planted Area with Compost Manure Applied 1,600 to 2,000 Sumbawanga Rural 1,200 to 1,600 800 to 1,200 1,974 400 to 800 1.5% 0 to 400 Planted Area with Compost Manure Applied Percent of Planted Area with Compost Manure Applied

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 87 ______3.12.9.4 Use of Compost Only 1,721 hectares (5.4% of the area of organic fertilizer application) was applied with compost. The largest area applied with compost manure was found in Sumbawanga Rural district with 16,082 hectares (67% of the total area applied with compost manure) followed by Sumbawanga urban (3,941 ha, 17%), Nkasi (313 ha, 12%) and Mpanda (109 ha, 4%) (Chart 3.147 and Map 3.60).

3.12.10 Fish Farming

The number of households involved in fish farming in Rukwa region was 80, representing 0.05 percent of the total

Chart 3.149 Number of Households Practicing Fish Farming Chart 3.148 Number of Households Practicing Fish by District - RUKWA Farming - RUKWA Households Not Practicing Fish 100 Farmining, 172181, 99 9% 75

50

25 Number of Households

0 Households Nkasi Mpanda Sumbawanga Sumbawanga Practicing Fish Rural Urban Farmining, 80, 0 05% District

agricultural households in the region (Chart 3.148 and Chart 3.150 Fish Production Map 3.61). Number of T ilapia, 8,018, 100% Fish farming was practiced in Nkasi district only. No fish farming was practiced in any other district of Rukwa region. (Chart 3.149).

The main source of fingerings was from the neighbours. All fish farming households in the region used the Number of natural ponds. Carp, 0, 0%

The number of fish harvested in Rukwa region was 8,018 all of them being tilapia by type. Eighty (80) fish were sold to traders at farm.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 88 ______3.13. POVERTY INDICATORS

The agricultural census collected data on poverty for the purpose of providing a base for tracking progress in poverty reduction strategies undertaken by the government.

3.13.1 Access to Infrastructure and Other Services

The results indicate that among the evaluated services, tarmac roads were a service located very far from most of the household’s dwellings than any other service. It was located at an average distance of 185.2 kilometers from the agricultural household’s dwellings. Other services and their respective average distances in kilometers from the dwellings were regional capital (155.5 km), hospitals (71.6 km), tertiary markets (65.5 km), secondary schools (25.1 km), secondary market (22.4 km), primary markets (16.3 km), health clinics (8 km), all weather roads (5 km), primary school (2.1) and feeder road (1.1) (Table 3.15).

Table 3.17: Mean Distances from Household Dwellings to Infrastructures and Services by District Mean Distance to District All Secondary Primary weather Feeder Health Regional Primary Secondary Tertiary Tarmac Schools Schools roads Roads Hospitals Clinics Capital Markets Market Market Roads Mpanda 27.7 2.9 4.3 1.1 74.4 7.0 283.7 23.3 27.3 70.2 303.4 Sumbawanga 20.9 1.7 5.6 0.9 90.3 9.7 92.4 8.4 19.1 81.4 129.1 Rural Nkasi 36.9 1.9 6.7 1.5 48.6 6.8 109.2 22.6 24.6 42.9 145.8 Sumbawanga 8.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 15.1 5.7 15.4 10.9 12.2 14.3 37.0 Urban Total 25.1 2.1 5.0 1.1 71.6 8.0 155.5 16.3 22.4 65.5 185.2 Only 3 percent of the agricultural households reported the available infrastructures and services as ‘very good’ whereas 29 percent reported them to be average. Twenty four percent of the agricultural households said the infrastructure and services were poor were , and 20 percent said they were ‘no good’. Chart 3.151 Agricultural Households by Type of Toilet Facility Traditional 3.13.2 Type of Toilets Pit Latrine, 159,267, A large number of rural agricultural households used Flush Toilet, 92 5% traditional pit latrines (159,267 households, 92.5% of all 4,395, 2 6% rural agricultural households). Other types of toilets were used as follows: flush toilets (4,395 households (2.6%), No Toilet / Improved Pit improved pit latrines (1,376 households, 0.8%) and other Bush, 7,189, Other Type, Latrine - hh toilets facilities (34 households, 0.02%). However, 7,189 4 2% 34, Owned, 1,376, 0 02% 0 8% households or (4.2%) had no toilet facilities (Chart 3.151). Chart 3.152 Percentage Distribution of Households Owning the Assets

45.0 41.8 The distribution of the households without toilets within 375 the region indicated that 67.6 percent of them were found 30.0 in Sumbawanga Rural district and 20.5 percent were from Percent

Mpanda. The percentages of households without toilets in 15.0 13 . 7 other districts were as follows Nkasi (6.7%) and 3.0 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.2 Sumbawanga Urban (5.2%) Map 3.62). 0.0

io e n e d cl o cl e a y Ir w i o n e R c ro h e o on i r e id h h B ba V V p p el / le e e n i n h o b li si o d W i M an ev L Assets el T

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 89

MAP 3.56 RUKWA Number and Percent of Households Practicing Fish Farming by District

Mpanda

0

0%

Nkasi 80

0.3% Sumbawanga Urban 0 Number of Households 0% Practicing Fish Farming 80 to 100 60 to 80 Sumbawanga Rural 40 to 60 20 to 40 0 0 to 20 0% Number of Households Practicing Fish Farming Percent of Households Practicing Fish Farming

MAP 3.57 RUKWA Number and Percent of Households Without Toilets by District

Mpanda

1,477

2.5%

Nkasi

480 1.6% Sumbawanga Urban 371 2.8% Number of Households Without Toilets 4,000 to 5,000 Sumbawanga Rural 3,000 to 4,000 2,000 to 3,000 4,861 1,000 to 2,000 7.1% 0 to 1,000 Number of Households Without Toilets Percent of Households Without Toilets

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 90 ______3.13.3 Household’s Assets Radios were owned by most rural agricultural households in Rukwa region with 72,043 households (41.8% of the agriculture households in the region) owning the asset this was followed by bicycle ( 64,577 households, 37.5%), iron (23,642 households, 13.7%), wheelbarrows (5,199 households, 3.0%), vehicles (1,070 households, 0.6%), television/video (849 households, 0.5%), mobile phones (784 households, 0.5%) and landline phones (267 households, 0.2%) (Chart 3.152).

Chart 3.153 Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Source of Energy for Lighting 3.13.4 Sources of Lighting Energy Wick Lamp, Wick lamp is the most common source of lighting energy in 131,944, 76.6% the region. with 76.6 percent of the total rural households using this source of energy followed by hurricane lamp Other, 154, (16.9%), pressure lamp (3.4%), firewood (2.6%), mains 0.1% Candles, 187, Hurricane Lamp, electricity (0.3%), candle (0.1%) and others (0.1%) (Chart 0.1% 29,072, 16.9% Mains Electricity, Pressure Lamp, 3.153). 440, 0.3% Firewood, 4,542, 5,922, 3.4% 2.6%

3.13.5 Sources of Energy for Cooking

The most prevalent source of energy for cooking was Chart 3.154 Percentage Distribution of Households by Main Source of Energy for Cooking Firewood, firewood, which was used by 96.8 percent of all rural 166,657, agricultural households in Rukwa region. This was followed 96.8% by charcoal (3.0%), crop residues (0.2%) and livestock dung (0.02%) (Chart 3.154). Livestock Dung, 35, 3.13.6 Roofing Materials 0.02%

The most common material for roofing for the main Crop Residues, Charcoal, 385, 0.2% 5,185, 3.0% dwelling was grass and/or leaves which used by 75.4 percent of the rural agricultural households. This was far followed by iron sheets (18.6%), grass/mud (4.0%), asbestos (1.3%), tiles (0.6%) and concrete (0.1%) (Chart 3.155). Proportionally, Mpanda and Nkasi districts had the highest percentage of households with grass/leaves roofing (80.5%) each followed by Sumbawanga Rural district (71.6%). Sumbawanga Urban district had the lowest percentage (60.7%) of households with grass/leaves as rooting material (23%) (Chart 3.156 and Map 3.63)

Chart 3.155 Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Roofing Material Chart 3.156 Percentage Distribution of Households with Grassy/Leafy Roofs by District Iron Sheets 19% 38 0 36 9 36 0

18 9 Grass/Mud Percent 18 0 4% Grass/Leaves Concrete Asbestos 6 2 75% 0% Tiles 1% 1% 0 0 Sumbawanga Mpanda Nkasi Sumbawanga District Rural Urban

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 91

MAP 3.58 RUKWA Number and Percent of Households Using Grass/Leaves for Roofing Material by District

Mpanda

47,907

80.5%

Nkasi 24,538

80.5% Sumbawanga Urban 8,078 Number of Households Using Grass 60.7% or Leaves for Roofing Material 40,000 to 50,000 30,000 to 40,000 Sumbawanga Rural 20,000 to 30,000 10,000 to 20,000 49,355 0 to 10,000 71.6% Number of Households Using Grass or Leaves for Roofing Material Percent of Households Using Grass or Leaves for Roofing Material

MAP 3.59 RUKWA Number and Percent of Households Eating 3 Meals per Day by District

Mpanda

11,368

19.1%

Nkasi

3,684 Sumbawanga Urban 12.1% 468 3.5% Number of Households Eating 3 Meals per Day 8,000 to 12,000 6,000 to 8,000 Sumbawanga Rural 4,000 to 6,000 4,052 2,000 to 4,000 5.9% 0 to 2,000 Number of Households Eating 3 Meals per Day Percent of Households Eating 3 Meals per Day

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 92 ______

Chart 3.157 Percent of Households by Main Source Chart 3.158 Percentof Households by Distance to Main Source of of Drinking Water and Season 30 Water and Season

30

20

20 Percent 10

10

0 ProtectedUpro t e c te d Surface P iped WateUnpro t e c te dProtected /Unc o ve re d Covered Tanker Other 0 We ll We ll Wa te r (La ke Spring Covered Ra nwater Rainwater Truck DistanceLe s s t ha n 100 - 299 m 300 - 499 500 - 999 1 - 1.9 9 2 - 2.99 3 - 4.99 5 - 9.99 / Dam / Spring CatchmentCatchment 100m m m Km Km Km Km Main source River / We t S ea s o n Dry Season Stream) We t S e a s o n Dry Season

3.13.7 Access to Drinking Water The main source of drinking water for rural agricultural households in Rukwa region was protected wells which were used by 25 percent of the households during both the wet and dry seasons. This was followed by unprotected wells (24% of households during wet season and 26 percent during dry season), surface water (20% of households during the wet season) and 15% in the dry season), piped water (17% of households in the wet season and 15% during dry season) and unprotected spring water (10% of households in both the wet and dry seasons, protected/covered spring (2.4% of households in wet season and 2.5% of households in dry season. The remaining sources had below 1 percent of households in both wet and dry seasons respectively. Chart 3.157)

Chart 3.159 Number of Agriculural Households by Number of About 55 percent of the rural agricultural households Meals per Day in Rukwa region obtained drinking water within a Two Meals, 140,983, distance of less than one kilometer during wet season 82% compared to 46 percent of the households during the dry season. However, 45 percent of the agricultural households obtained drinking water from a distance of one or more kilometers during wet compared to 54 percent of households in the dry season. The most common distance from the source of drinking water Three Meals, 19,573, was between 1 and 2 km (Chart 3.158). 11% Four meals, 82, One Meal, 11,622, 0.05% 7% 3.13.8 Food Consumption Pattern

3.13.8.1 Number of Meals per Day The majority of households in Rukwa region normally had two (2) meals per day (81.8 percent of the households in the region). This was followed by three (3) meals per day (11.4%) and one (1) meal per day (6.7 percent). Only 0.05 percent of the households had (4) meals per day (Chart 3.159).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 93 ______Sumbawanga Urban district had the Chart 3.18: Number of Households by Number of Meals the Household Normally Takes largest percent of households eating one per Day and District meal per day whilst Mpanda district had Number of meals per day District One % Two % Three % Four % Total the highest percent of households eating 3 Mpanda 2,412 4.1 45,753 76 9 11,368 19.1 0 0 59,533 meals per day. (Table 3.16 and Map 3.64) Sumbawanga 5,766 59,117 4,052 0 Rural 8.4 85.8 5.9 0 68,935 Nkasi 950 3.1 25,767 84 5 3,684 12.1 82 0.3 30,483 Sumbawanga 2,495 10,346 468 0 Urban 18.7 77.7 3.5 0.0 13,309 Total 11,622 6.7 140,983 81 8 19,573 11.4 82 0.05 172,261 3.13.8.2 Meat Consumption Frequency The number of agricultural households that consumed meat during the week preceding the census was 93,105 (54.0% of the agricultural households in Rukwa region) out of which 49,584 households (53.3 % of those who consumed meat) consuming meat only once during the respective week. This was followed by those who had meat Chart 3.160 Number of Households by Frequency of Meat and Fish Cosumption twice during the week 27,198 (29.2%). Very few 60,000 households (16,323 households, 12.5%) had meat three or more times during the respective week. 45,000 However, 79,156 (46.0 percent of the agricultural households in Rukwa region did not eat meat during 30,000 the week preceding the census (Chart 3.160 and Map

3.65). 15,000

Households of Number 3.13.8.3 Fish Consumption Frequencies The number of agricultural households that 0 Frequency consumed fish during the week preceding the census Once Twice Three Four Five Six Sev en Times Times Times Times Times was 122,835 (71.3% of the total agricultural Meat Fish households in Rukwa region) of which 30,971 households (25.2% of those who consumed fish twice during the respective week. This was followed by those who had fish three times 17,793 (14.5%). In general, the percentage of households that consumed fish twice or more during the week in Rukwa region was 85,452 (69.6% of the agricultural households that ate fish in the region during the respective period). Moreover, 49,425 (28.7%) of the agricultural households in Rukwa region did not eat fish during the Chart 3.161: Percentage Distribution of the Number of Households by Main Source of Income week preceding the census (Chart 3.160 and Map 3.66). Livestock Products Food Crops 0% 50% 3.13.9 Food Security Other Livestock 1% In Rukwa region, 55,848 households (32.4% of the total 0% not applicable agricultural households in the region) said they rarely 0% experienced problems in satisfying the household food Wages & Salaries requirement. However 11,957 (6.9%) said they 2% Cash Remittance sometimes experience problems, 13,212 (7.7%) often 3% Business Income 16% Cash Crops Forest Products experienced problems and 8,509 (4.9%) always had Other Casual Cash 4% 5% Fishing Earnings problems in satisfying the household food requirement. 5% However, 82,734 (48%) agricultural households said 14% they did not experience any food sufficiency problems (Map 3.67).

3.13.10 Main Sources of Cash Income The main source of cash income for the households in Rukwa region was from selling food crops (48.9 percent of smallholder households), followed by businesses income (16.0%), other casual cash earnings (14.2%), fishing (5.4%), sales of forest products (4.6%) and selling of cash crops (4.2%).

Only (2.5%) of smallholder households reported the cash remittances as their main source of income, this was then followed by wages and salaries in cash (2.3%), sales of livestock (1.1%), other sales (0.5%) and sales of livestock products (0.2%) (Chart 3.161).

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 94

MAP 3.60 RUKWA Number and Percent of Households Eating Meat Once per Week by District

Mpanda

19.1%

Nkasi

7,828 Sumbawanga Urban 12.1% 4,117 Number of Households Eating 3.5% Meat Once per Week 16,000 to 20,000 12,000 to 16,000 Sumbawanga Rural 8,000 to 12,000 4,000 to 8,000 0 to 4,000 5.9% Number of Households Eating Meat Once per Week Percent of Households Eating Meat Once per Week

MAP 3.61 RUKWA Number and Percent of Households Eating Fish Once per Week by District

Mpanda

13,023

21.9%

Nkasi

6,996 23% Sumbawanga Urban 3,645 27.4% Number of Households Eating Fish Once per Week 12,000 to 15,000 Sumbawanga Rural 9,000 to 12,000 6,000 to 9,000 13,719 3,000 to 6,000 19.9% 0 to 3,000 Number of Households Eating Fish Once per Week Percent of Households Eating Fish Once per Week

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census RESULT 95

MAP 3.62 RUKWA Number and Percent of Households Reporting Food Insufficiency by District

Mpanda

32,599

53.5%

Nkasi 14,873

55.6% Sumbawanga Urban 7,821 Number of Households 56.6% Reporting Food Insufficiency 40,000 to 50,000 Sumbawanga Rural 30,000 to 40,000 20,000 to 30,000 31,883 10,000 to 20,000 48.2% 0 to 10,000 Number of Households Reporting Food Insufficiency Percent of Households Reporting Food Insufficiency

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 96 ______

RUKWA PROFILES

This section presents the status of crops and livestock production, access to natural resources and services, demography and poverty for both the region as a whole and for each district.

4.1 Rukwa Rukwa has over 340,000 hectares of land under crops and is dominated by annual cropping. It has one a moderate to high available land area per crop growing household and the smallest percent utilized. Of the 3.0 ha per crop growing household land available only 2 ha was utilized. The number of crop growing households is moderate to low. The region has no short rainy season.

Rukwa has a moderate planted area of cereals the majority of which is maize, however it is the fifth most important region in terms of the quantity produced. Beans and groundnuts are planted in moderate amounts and the region is the fourth most important in terms of quantity produced. Paddy is produced in moderate to small amounts compared to other regions and a small amount of sorghum is also produced. Cassava is produced in moderate to low amounts. Rukwa is not important for vegetable production; however a small amount of tobacco is grown. Rukwa has the smallest percentage of the total planted area of permanent crops in the country.

The area under irrigation in Rukwa is moderate to low compared to other regions and the number of households with irrigation has not changed for 10 years. For the small number of households with irrigation, the source of irrigation water is mostly from rivers, the method of obtaining water is largely by gravity and application of the irrigation water is mostly by flood. More than half of the land cultivation is done by oxen and the region is one of the few regions using non manual cultivation methods. Fertilizer application is almost non existent and little pesticides are used.

Rukwa stores a relatively large amount of maize mostly in sacks/open drums. A high percent of households in the region sells crops. Most processing is by neighbours machine and it also has one of the highest percentages of processing done by traders. Few households sell their processed crops, mostly to neighbours. Rukwa receives the second least amount of extension services per household.

The region has a small number of planted trees by smallholder households, and most of these are eucalyptus. It has a moderate number of households with erosion control/water harvesting facilities and most of them are for erosion control.

4.2.1 Mpanda Mpanda district has a comparative large number of households in the region and it has one of the highest percent of households involved in smallholder agriculture in the region. Most smallholders are involved in crop farming only, followed by crop and livestock farming. It has no livestock only households or pastoralists.

The most important livelihood activity for smallholder households in Mpanda district is Annual Crop Farming, followed by tree/forest resources, off-farm income, livestock keeping, Permanent crops, remittances and fishing/hunting and gathering. However, the district has the lowest percent of households with no off-farm activities and the lowest percent of households with more than one member with off-farm income. Compared to other districts in the region, Mpanda has a relatively high percent of female headed households (49%) and it has the highest average ages of the household head. With an average household size of 6 members per household it is slightly above the average for the region. Mpanda has a

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 97 ______comparatively low literacy rate among smallholder households and this is reflected by the concomitant relatively low level of school attendance in the region. The literacy rates for the heads of household is also slightly lower than most of districts in the region.

It has the smallest utilized land area per household (2.0 ha) and the allocated area is not fully utilized indicating that there is -low level of land pressure. The total planted area is greater than in other districts in the region due to the presence of good wet and dry seasons, however it has the second lowest planted area per household (1.5ha) attributed to the high number of smallholders in the district.

The district is moderately important for maize production in the region with a planted area of over 43,000 ha, however the planted area per household is the lowest in the region. Paddy production is not important as it was not grown in the district and the production of sorghum is very small. Mpanda is the only district in the region which did not grow wheat. Cassava production though small but it is higher accounting for 39 percent of the quantity harvested in the region. Mpanda is the only district in the region that did not grow Irish potatoes. The production of beans in Mpanda is the second highest in the region with a planted area of 10,255 ha. Oilseed crops are important in Mpanda and groundnuts were grown in the district. Vegetable production is important in the district. It has the second largest planted area with tomatoes but lowest in cabbage production, chilies were not grown in the district, it accounts for 27 percent of the tomato production, 8 percent of the cabbage production. Traditional cash crops (e.g. tobacco and cotton) are grown in very small quantities.

Compared to other districts in the region, Mpanda has a moderate planted area with permanent crops which is dominated by Lime/lemon (3,866 ha), banana (694 ha) and mangoes (392 ha). Other permanent crops are either not grown or are grown in very small quantities.

As with other districts in the region, most land clearing and preparation is done by hand, however very slightly more land preparation is done by oxen compared to most other districts.

The use of inputs in the region is very small, however district differences exist. Mpanda has the second largest planted area with improved seed in Rukwa region and this is due to the higher planted area of vegetables. The district has moderate to low planted area with fertilizers (Farm yard manure, compost and inorganic fertilizer), however most of this is inorganic manure. Compared to other districts in the region, Mpanda district has a lowest level of insecticide use. The use of fungicides, although small, was the highest compared to other districts. Virtually no herbicide was used. It has the smallest area with irrigation compared to other districts with 1,138 hectares of irrigated land. The most common source of water for irrigation is from rivers using hand buckets. Bucket and flood and are the most common means of irrigation water application and a very small amount of water hose irrigation is used. No sprinkler used for irrigation.

The most common method of crop storage is in sacks/open drums; however the proportion of households not storing crops in the district is lower than other districts in the region. The district has the largest number of households not selling crops, however for those who did not sell, the main reason for not selling is insufficient production. The lowest percent of households processing crops in Rukwa region is found in Mpanda district and is almost all done by using by neighbours Machines. The district also has a higher percent of households selling processed crops to neighbours than other districts and no sales are neither to market co-operatives, farmer’s associations nor large scale farms. Although very small, access

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 98 ______to credit in the district is to both men and women and the main sources are co-operatives, traders/trade stores, and family friends and relatives.

A comparatively larger number of households receive extension services in Mpanda and all of this is from the government. The quality of extension services was rated between good and average by the majority of the households.

Tree farming is not important in Mpanda district by having planted 2,251 trees only and is mostly senna spp with some eucalyptus and gravellis. The highest proportion of households with erosion control and water harvesting structures is found in Mpanda district and is mostly erosion control bunds however it also has the highest number of water harvesting bunds than other districts.

The district has the third largest number of cattle in the region and they are almost all indigenous. Goat production is the highest when compared to other districts; also, it has the largest population of sheep in the region. It has the second smallest number of pigs in the region but highest number of chickens. Mpanda is the only district in the region which did not have layers. Big number of ducks but small number of rabbits and donkeys both are found in the district. The largest number of households reporting Tsetse and tick problems was in Mpanda district and it had the largest number of households de-worming livestock. The use of draft animals in the district is very small. There was no any household in the district who did practice fish farming.

It has amongst the worst access to secondary schools, primary schools, health clinics and primary and secondary markets compared to other districts. However, it has one of the worst access to all weather roads and regional capital.

Mpanda district has the second lowest percent of households with no toilet facilities and it has the highest percent of households owning bicycles, vehicles and tv/video and mobile phones. It has the second lowest number of households using mains electricity in the region. The most common source of energy for lighting is the wick lamp and practically all households use firewood for cooking. The district has one of the largest percent of households with grass roofs with 16.4 percent of households having iron sheets. The most common source of drinking water is from protected wells. It has the lowest percent of households having two and second lowest district with households having one meal per day compared to other districts and the highest percent with 3 meals per day. The district had the lowest percent of households that did not eat meat but highest number of households that did not eat fish during the week prior to enumeration; however most households seldom had problems with food satisfaction.

4.2.2 Sumbawanga Rural Sumbawanga Rural district has the largest number of households in the region and it has a high percentage of households involved in smallholder agriculture. Most smallholders are involved in crop farming only, followed by crop and livestock farming. It has a very large number of livestock only households and no pastoralists were found in the district.

The most important livelihood activity for smallholder households in Sumbawanga Rural district is Annual Crop Farming, followed by tree/forest resources. The district has the fourth highest percent of households with no off-farm activities although it has the fourth highest percent of households with more than one member with off-farm income. Compared to other districts in the region, Sumbawanga Rural has a relatively high percent of female headed households (23%) and it has

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 99 ______one of the lowest average age of the household head in the region. With a household size of 5 members per household it is average for the region. Sumbawanga Rural has a comparatively high literacy rate among smallholder households and this is reflected by the district having the highest level of school attendance in the region.

It has a highest utilized land area per household (2.7 ha) and 79.1 percent of the allocated area is currently being utilized. The district has the largest planted area in the region and the largest planted area per household (0.8ha in the wet season.

The district is very important for maize production in the region with a planted area of over 65,900 ha, and the planted area per maize growing household is also moderate for the region. The district has the second largest planted area of paddy in the region with 11,605 hectares. Sorghum is also grown in the district. Cassava production is moderate to high, accounting for 25.2 percent of the quantity harvested in the region. The district has a very small planted area of Irish potatoes (49 ha). The production of beans in Sumbawanga Rural district is higher with a planted area of 17,142 ha. Sumbawanga Rural district has the second largest groundnut planted area in Rukwa region with a planted area per groundnut growing household of 0.27 ha. Vegetable production is moderately important in the district. Although small, it has the largest planted area with tomatoes and cabbage and chilies (245 ha and 60 ha respectively). A traditional cash crop (e.g. tobacco) was grown in very small quantities. No cultivation of cotton in the district

Compared to other districts in the region, Sumbawanga Rural has the largest planted area with permanent crops which is dominated by sugarcane (1,356 ha), banana (758 ha) and Mango (155 ha).

As with other districts in the region, most land clearing is done by hand slashing; however there is a substantial area with no land clearing indicating bare ground before planting. Practically all Land preparation is done by hand, however a very small amount of land preparation is done by tractor.

The use of inputs in the region is very small, however district differences exist. Sumbawanga Rural has the largest planted area with improved seed in the region as well as the highest proportion of households using improved seeds. Though small, the district has the second highest planted area with fertilizers (Farm yard manure, compost and inorganic fertilizer), and most of this is with farm yard manure. Compared to other districts in the region, Sumbawanga Rural district has a moderate level of insecticide use. The use of fungicides and herbicides is low. It has the largest area with irrigation compared to other districts with 9,983 ha of irrigated land. The most common source of water for irrigation is from rivers using gravity methods. Flood is the most common means of irrigation water application followed by bucket/watering can and a very small amount of water hose is used.

The most common method of crop storage in Sumbawanga Rural district is in sacks/open drums, however the proportion of households not storing crops is slightly above for the region. Sumbawanga Rural has the highest number of households selling crops, however for those who did not sell, the main reason for not selling is insufficient production. Sumbawanga Rural is among the districts with the lowest percent of households processing crops in Rukwa region and is almost all done by neighbours machine. The district also has the second highest percent of households selling processed crops to neighbours as well as to traders at farm than other districts and no sales is to marketing co-operatives or large scale farms. Access to credit in the district though small but it was second in the region.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 100 ______A comparatively larger number of households receive extension services in Sumbawanga Rural district and all of this is from the government. The quality of extension services was rated between good and average by the majority of the households.

Tree farming is relative important in Sumbawanga Rural (with 3,551 planted trees) and is mostly Eucalyptus, jacaranda and senna spp. The highest proportion of households with erosion control and water harvesting structures is found in Sumbawanga Rural district and is mostly erosion control bunds and water harvesting bunds, however it also has the a number of drainage ditches, tree belts dams terraces and vetiver grasses.

The district has the largest number of cattle in the region and they are almost all indigenous. Goat production is moderate compared to other districts; however it has the second largest population of sheep in the region. It has the largest number of pigs in the region and a moderate number of chickens. Some ducks, rabbits and donkeys are also found in the district. A number of households reported tsetse and tick problems and it has the second largest number of households de-worming livestock. A small number of households use draft animals, however it is the highest in the region. No any households in the district who did practice fish farming.

It has amongst the best access to feeder roads, primary schools, all weather roads, primary markets and health clinics compared to other districts. However, it has one of the worst accesses to tarmac roads.

The percentage of households without toilet facility in Sumbawanga Rural district is comparatively low. It is amongst the districts with the highest percent of households owning wheel barrows, vehicles, bicycles, tv/video and mobile phones. It has the largest number of households using mains electricity in the region. The most common source of energy for lighting is the wick lamp and practically all households use firewood for cooking. The roofing material for most of the households in the district is grass/leaves (72%), however it has the second highest percent of households with iron sheet roofing (19%) compared to most other districts. The most common source of drinking water is from unprotected springs. It is one of the districts with the moderate percent of households having three meals per day. The district had one of the lowest percent of households that did not eat meat or fish during the week prior to enumeration and most households seldom had problems with food satisfaction.

4.2.3 Nkasi Nkasi district has the third largest number of households in the region and it has moderate to higher percent of households involved in smallholder agriculture in the region. Most smallholders are involved in crop farming only, followed by crop and livestock farming. It one of the districts with very small number of livestock only households and no pastoralists were found in the district.

The most important livelihood activity for smallholder households in Njkasi district is Annual Crop Farming, followed by tree/forest resources, off-farm income, livestock keeping, fishing/hunting/gathering, remittances and permanent crops. However, the district has the highest percent of households with no off-farm activities and the second lowest percent of households with more than one member with off-farm income. Compared to other districts in the region, Nkasi a relatively high percent of female headed households (13%) and it has one of the highest averages of the household head in the region. With an average household size of 5 members per household it is the average for the region. Nkasi has a comparatively

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 101 ______high literacy rate among smallholder households and this is reflected by the concomitant relatively high level of school attendance in the region.

The land area utilized per household (2.4 ha) is above the average for the region which is estimated at 2.0 hectares.75 percent of the allocated area is currently being utilized which is moderate to high for the region. Sumbawanga Rural and Nkasi utilizing 2.7 and 2.5 ha per household respectively. The smallest land area utilised per household was found in Mpanda and Sumbawanga Urban with (2.0 ha) each. The percentage utilized of the usable land per household was highest in Sumbawanga Urban (86.2%) and lowest in Mpanda (63.2%). Seventy three percent of the total land available to smallholders was utilised. Only 27 percent of usable land available to smallholders was not

The district is moderately important for maize production in the region with a planted area of over 28,000 ha and the planted area per household is 1.03 ha which is slightly above of average for the region. Paddy production is not important with a planted area of only 1,416 hectares; however it is the third highest in the region. Sorghum, Irish potatoes and wheat are all produced in the district. The district has the second largest planted area of cassava accounting for 27 percent of the cassava planted area in the region. The production of beans in Nkasi is second lower in the region with a planted area of 6,810ha. Oilseed crops are relative important in Nkasi with 8.1 percent of the groundnuts grown in the district. Vegetable production is not important and tobacco was grown in the district.

Permanent crops are very important in Nkasi district (24.6% of the total permanent crop planted area in Rukwa region ) and are more important than any other district in the region. The most prominent permanent crops in the district include mangoes (2,020 ha), sugarcane (74 ha), bananas (66 ha) and coconuts (16 ha). It has one of the lowest area with oranges in the region (4 ha). Other permanent crops are either not grown or are grown in very small quantities. As with other districts in the region, most land clearing is done by hand slashing, however it has the largest area cleared by burning and a relatively small area of bare ground before planting. Practically all Land preparation is done by hand, however a very small amount of land preparation is done by oxen and tractor.

The use of inputs in the region is very small, however district differences exist. Muheza has the smallest planted area with improved seed in Rukwa region and this is due to the dominance of permanent crops which do not need frequent planting. The district also has a small planted area with fertilizers (Farm yard manure, compost and inorganic fertilizer), and practically all is with farm yard manure. Compared to other districts in the region, Muheza district has the smallest area of insecticide and fungicide use and the use of herbicides is relatively small. It has one the smallest area with irrigation in the region with 1,146 ha of irrigated land. The most common source of water for irrigation is from rivers and wells and almost all water application is by using flood and hand buckets.

The most common method of crop storage is in Nkasi is by using sacks or open drums and locally made traditional cribs, and the proportion of households not storing crops in the district is moderate to low for the region. The district has the third highest percent of households selling crops, however for those who did not sell, the main reason for not selling is insufficient production. Nkasi district has a high percent of households processing crops in the region and is almost all done by neighbour machines; however, there was no any household in the district who did process crops by trader. Small quantities of processed crops are sold and very few households have access to credit.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 102 ______A moderate number of households receive extension services in Nkasi district and almost all of this is from the government. The quality of extension services was rated between good and average by the majority of the households.

Tree farming is not important in Nkasi district (with 3,148 planted trees) and is mostly Eucalyptus spp with some Senna Spp and Jacaranda Spp. The lowest proportion of households with water harvesting bunds is found in Nkasi district and it also has the third highest number of erosion control bunds.

The district has a moderate number of cattle in the region and they are almost all indigenous. Goat and sheep production is moderate compared to other districts. It has the second largest number of pigs in the region and the second lowest number of chickens, all of which are indigenous. Virtually no broilers chicken was found in the district. The district has one of the smallest number of ducks, and a small number of rabbits and turkeys are found in the district. A moderate number of households reported tsetse and problems in Nkasi district. A relative small amount of de-worming of livestock is practiced in the district. Draft animals are used in the district. Fish farming is practiced by a small number of households; however it is the only district which did practice fish farming in the region.

It has amongst the best access to feeder roads, all weather roads, and health clinics compared to other districts. However, it has one of the worst accesses to tarmac roads and the regional capital.

The percentage of households without toilet facility in Nkasi district is below the average for the region; however it has the lowest percent of households with no toilet facilities. It has the lowest percent of households owning vehicles and second highest owing tvs/video but NO land line phones. It has the second highest number of households using mains electricity in the region and the most common source of energy for lighting is the wick lamp and practically all households use firewood for cooking. The district has one of the highest percent of households with grass roofs (81%) and only 16 percent of households have iron sheet roofing. The most common source of drinking water is from unprotected wells. Forty four percent of the households in the district reported having one or two meals per day and virtually 82 household reported having more than three meals per day. The district had a moderate percent of households that did not eat meat or fish during the week prior to enumeration and most households seldom had problems with food satisfaction.

4.2.4 Sumbawanga Urban Sumbawanga Urban district has an average number of households for the region and it has the smallest percent of households involved in smallholder agriculture in the region. Most smallholders are involved in crop farming only, followed by crop and livestock farming. It has a very small number of livestock only households and no pastoralists were found in the district.

The most important livelihood activity for smallholder households in Sumbawanga Urban district is annual crop farming followed by trees/forest resources. It has the second highest percent of households with no off-farm activities and the highest percent of households with more than one member with off-farm income. Compared to other districts in the region, Sumbawanga Urban district has a relatively high percent of female headed households (13%) and it has one of the highest average ages of the household head. With an average household size of 5.4 members per household it is average for the region. Sumbawanga Urban district has a comparatively high literacy rate among smallholder households and this is reflected by the concomitant relatively high level of school attendance in the region.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 103 ______It has the second smallest utilized land area per household (2.0 ha) and only 86.2 percent of the allocated land area is utilized. The total planted area is the smallest in the region however it has the second lowest planted area per household (0.61ha in the wet season.

Sumbawanga Urban district is not important for maize production in the region with a planted area of only 12,341 ha, and the planted area per household is among the lowest in the region. Paddy production is also not important as there was no any cultivation of paddy in the district hectares and the production of sorghum is small.

Cassava and bean production in Rukwa district was small and Irish potato and wheat are also grown. Oilseed crops and vegetables are not important in the district however, whist the district has one of the smallest planted area with tomatoes it is the first in terms of tomato planted area per household. Traditional cash crops (e.g. tobacco and cotton) are not grown in the district.

Compared to other districts in the region, Sumbawanga Urban district has the smallest planted area with permanent crops (5.7% of total permanent crop planted area) which is dominated by sugarcane (346 ha), banana (272ha), A small area of orange and coconut are grown. Apart from a minor amount of coffee, lime/lemon and guavas no other permanent crop is grown.

As with other districts in the region, most land clearing and preparation is done by hand, however the smallest land preparation done by oxen is found in the district.

As with other districts in the region, land clearing by hand slashing is predominant and practically all land preparation is by hand.

The use of inputs in the region is very small, however district differences exist. Sumbawanga Urban district has the smallest planted area with improved seed; however it has the lowest planted area per household in the region. The district also has the second smallest percent of planted area with fertilizers (Farm yard manure, compost and inorganic fertilizer), and most of this is with farm yard manure. Compared to other districts in the region, Sumbawanga Urban district has the second highest area planted with insecticide but has the lowest percent of the total planted area in the region. The percent of planted area with fungicides is amongst the highest in the region and is the lowest for herbicides. It has one of the largest areas of irrigation 2,830 ha. The most common source of water for irrigation is from rivers using gravity. Floods and watering cans are the most common means of irrigation water application.

The most common method of crop storage is in sacks/open drums; however the proportion of households not storing crops in Sumbawanga Urban district is one of the highest in the region. The number of households selling crops in the district is also among the biggest in the region, however for those who did not sell, the main reason for not selling is insufficient production. The second biggest percent of households processing crops in the region is found in Sumbawanga Urban district and processing is mostly done by neighbours machine. The district has the smallest number of households processing crops on farm by machine. It also has the lowest number of households processing crops on farm by hand. Most households that sell crops sell to farmers association, traders on farm and large scale farms, but, no sales on local market/trade stores, secondary market nor marketing co-operatives. Access to credit in the district is very small.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census DISTRICT PROFILES. 104 ______A very small number of households receive extension services in Sumbawanga Urban district and almost all of this is from the government. The quality of extension services was rated between good and average by the majority of the households.

Tree farming though small but it is important in Sumbawanga Urban district (with 34,199 planted trees) and almost all of them are Eucalyptus Spp. The largest proportion of households in Sumbawanga Urban district use terraces for erosion control. Sumbawanga Urban district has the smallest number of cattle in the region and most of them are indigenous. It is one of the districts with the least number of goats in the region, however the district has the highest density (87 head per km2) Rukwa is also one of the districts with the smallest number of sheep, pigs and chicken, however it has the largest number of improved chickens (layers) in the region, broilers are not raised in the district. Small numbers of ducks, rabbits, turkeys and donkeys are also found in the district. A moderate number of households reported Tsetse and tick problems in Sumbawanga Urban district and it had one of the smallest numbers of households de-worming livestock. The use of draft animals in the district is very small and very few households practice fish farming.

It is amongst the districts with the best access to secondary schools, primary schools, feeder roads, all weather roads, health clinics, hospitals, regional capital, tarmac roads and tertiary markets compared to other districts. However, it has the worst access to primary and secondary markets.

Sumbawanga Urban district has though small number of households with no toilet facilities but it is the second highest in the region. The district has the highest percent of households owning wheel barrows, vehicles and television/video, land line and mobile phones and it has the second highest percent of households with radio, bicycles and irons. It has one of the smallest numbers of households using mains electricity in the region. The most common source of energy for lighting is the wick lamp and practically all households use firewood for cooking. The district has the lowest percent of households with grass roofs with 33 percent of households having iron sheets. The most common source of drinking water is piped water and it has the highest percent of households having one meal per day and third with households having two meals per day compared to other districts and the fourth lowest percent with 3 meals per day. The district had the second highest percent of households that did not eat meat during the week prior to enumeration but has the second lowest percent of households that did not eat fish. Most households seldom had problems with food satisfaction.

______Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census APPENDIX II 105

4. APPENDICES

APPENDIX I TABULATION LIST ...... 106

APPENDIX II TABLES...... 123

APPENDIX III QUESTIONNAIRES...... 267 APPENDIX II 106

NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS...... 123

2.1 Number of Agricultural Households by type of household and District, the 2002/03 Agriculture Year...... 124

2.2 Number of Agriculture Households By Type of Holding and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 124

HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS...... 125

3.0: Number of Agricultural Households and Average Household Size By Sex of the Head of Household and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 126

3.1 The Livelihood Activities/Source of Income of the Households Ranked in Order of Importance by District...... 126

3.2 Number of Agricultural Household Members By Sex and Age Group, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 127

3.3 Number of Agricultural Household Members By Sex and Age Group, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 127

3.4 Number of Agricultural Household Members By Sex and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 128

3.5 Number of Agriculture Household Members 5 years and above Who Can Read and Write Languages By Type of Language and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 128

3.6 Number of Agricultural Household Members 5 years and above By School Attendancy and District , 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 128

3.7 Number of Agricultural Household Members By Main Activity and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 128 cont…. Number of Agricultural Household Members By Main Activity and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 129

3.8 Number of Agricultural Household Members By Level of involvement in Farming Activivty and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 129

3.9 Number of Agricultural Household Members By Level of Formal Education Completion and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 130

RANK OF IMPORTANCE OF LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES...... 131

3.1a First Most Importance ...... 132

3.1b Second Most Importance...... 132

3.1c Third Most Importance...... 132

APPENDIX II 107

3.1d Fourth Most Importance...... 132

3.1e: Fifth Most Importance...... 133

3.1f: Sixth Most Importance ...... 133

3.1g Seventh Most Importance...... 133

LAND ACCESS/OWNERSHIP...... 135

4.1 Number of Agricultural Households By Type of Land Ownership/Tenure and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 136

4.2 Area of Land by type of Ownership/Tenure (Hectare) and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 136

LAND USE...... 137

5.1 Number of Agricultural Households By Type of Land Use and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 138

5.2 Area of Land (ha) by type of Land Use and District for 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 138

5.3: Number of Agricultural Households by Whether All Land Available to the Household Was Used and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 139

5.4 Number of Agricultural Households by Whether they Consider Having Sufficient Land for the Household and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 139

5.4: Number of Agricultural Households by Whether they Consider Having Sufficient Land for the Household and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 139

ANNUAL CROP AND VEGE PRODUCTION ...... 141

7.1 & 7.2a Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area (ha) by season and District 142

7.1 & 7.2b Number of Crop Growing Households Planting Crops By Season and District ...... 142

7.1 & 7.2c Area Planted (ha) and Quantity Harvested by Season and Crop for the 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 143

7.1 & 7.2d: Area Planted (ha) and Quantity Harvested by Season and Crop for the 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 144

7.1 & 7.2h Number of Agriculture Households and Planted Area By Insecticide Use and District for the 2002/03 agricultural year - Wet & Dry Seasons- Rukwa region...... 145

7.1 & 7.2e Total number of agriculture Households and Planted Area (ha) By Means of Soil Preparation and District - Wet & Dry Seasons- Rukwa Region...... 145 APPENDIX II 108

7.1 & 7.2f Total number of agriculture Households and Planted Area (ha) By Fertiliser Use and District for 2002/03 agricultural year Wet & Dry season - Rukwa Region...... 146

7.1 & 7.2g Total number of agriculture Households and Planted Area (ha) By Irrigation Use and District for 2002/03 agricultural year Wet & Dry season - Rukwa Region...... 146

7.1 $ 7.2j: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Fungicide Use and District During 2002/03 Crop Year WET SEASON ...... 147

7.1&7.2k: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Improved Seed Use and DistrictDuring 2002/03 Crop Year - WET & DRY SEASONS ...... 147

7.1a Number of Households and Planted Area (ha) By Means Used for Soil Preparation and District During 2002/03 Crop Year-DRY SEASON, Rukwa Region ...... 148

7.1b Total number of agriculture Households and Planted Area (ha) By Fertiliser Use and District - DRY SEASON,Rukwa Region...... 148

7.1c Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Irrigation Use and Distric, DRY SEASON, Rukwa Region...... 148

7.1d Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Pesticide Use and District, DRY SEASON, Rukwa Region...... 149

7.1e Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Herbicide Use and District, DRY SEASON, Ruwa Region ...... 149

7.1f Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Fungicide Use and District DRY SEASON, Rukwa Region...... 150

7.1g Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Improved Seed Use and District, DRY SEASON...... 150

7.2a Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area (ha) By Means Used for Soil Preparation and District, WET SEASON, Rukwa Region...... 151

7.2b Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Fertilizer Use and District WET SEASON, Rukwa Region...... 151

7.2c Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Irrigation Use and District During WET SEASON ...... 151

7.2d Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Insecticide Use and District WET SEASON, Rukwa Region...... 152

7.2e Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Herbicide Use and District WET SEASON, Rukwa Region...... 152

7.2j Number of Crop Producing Households Reporting Selling Agricultural Products by District, 2002/03...... 152 APPENDIX II 109

7.2f Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Fungicide Use and District 2002/03 WET SEASON, Rukwa Region...... 153

7.2g Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Improved Seed Use and District, WET SEASON, Rukwa Region...... 153

7.2h Planted Area and Number of Crop Growing Households in WET SEASON During 2002/03 Crop Year By Method of Land Clearing By Crops 2002/03 Agricultural Year154

7.2.1 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Maize Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 155

7.2.2 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Paddy Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 157

7.2.3 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Sorghum Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 157

7.2.4 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Finger millet Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 157

7.2.5 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Bulrush Millet Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 158

7.2.6 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Wheat Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 158

7.2.7 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Cassava Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 158

7.2.8 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Sweet Potatoes Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 158

7.2.9 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) andIrish Potatoes Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 159

7.2.10 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Yams Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 159

7.2.11 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Coco Yams Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 159

7.2.12 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Beans Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 159

7.2.13 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Cowpeas Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 160

7.2.14 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Green Gram Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 160 APPENDIX II 110

7.2.15 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Bambaranuts Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 160

7.2.16 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Field Peas Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 160

7.2.17 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Sunflower Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 161

7.2.18 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Simsim Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 161

7.2.19 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Simsim Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 161

7.2.20 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Soya Beans Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 161

7.2.21 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Onions Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 162

7.2.22 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Cabbage Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 162

7.2.23 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Tomatoes Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 162

7.2.24 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Spinach Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 162

7.2.25 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Carrot Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 163

7.2.26 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Amaranthas Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 163

7.2.27 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Pumpkins Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 163

7.2.28 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Cotton Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 163

7.2.29 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Tobacco Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 164

PERMANENT CROPS ...... 165

7.3 Production of Permanent Crops by Crop Type and District, Rukwa Region...... 166

APPENDIX II 111

AGROPROCESSING ...... 171

8.0a Number of Crop Growing Households reported to have Processed Farm Products by District, 2002/03 agricultural year...... 172

8.0b Number of Crop Growing Households Reporting Processing of Farm Products Produced During 2002/03 Agriculture Year By Method of Processing and District ...... 172

8.1.1 Number of Crop Growing Households Reporting Processing of Farm Products Produced During 2003/04 By Location of Processing and Crop ...... 173

8.1.1a Number of Crop Growing Households Reporting Processing of Farm Products Produced During 2003/04 By Location of Processing and Crop ...... 174

8.1.1 Number of Crop Growing Households Reporting Processing of Farm Products Produced During 2003/04 Agricultural Year By Use of Product and Crop...... 175

8.1.1c Number of Crop Growing Households Reporting Processing of Farm Products Produced During 2003/04 Agricultural Year By Location of Sale of Product and Crop176

8.1.1d Number of Crop Growing Households By Main Product During 2002/03 Agriculture Year and District ...... 178

8.1.1e Number of Crop Growing Households By Use of Primary Processed Product During 2002/03 Agriculture Year and District, Rukwa Region...... 178

8.1.1f Number of Crop Growing Households By Where Product Sold During 2002/03 Agriculture Year and District ...... 179

8.1.1g Number of Crop Growing Households By By-Product During 2002/03 Agriculture Year and District, Rukwa Region...... 179

MARKETING ...... 181

10.1 Number of Crop Producing Households Reported to have Sold Agricultural Produce by District During 2002/03, Rukwa Region...... 182

10.2 Number of Crop Producing Households Reporting Not Selling Agricultural Products During 2003/04 By Reason for Not Selling Crops By District ...... 182

10.3 Proportion of Households who Reported Not Selling Their Crops by District During 2002/03 Agricultural Year, Rukwa Region...... 182

IRRIGATION/EROSION CONTROL ...... 183

11.1: Number and Percent of Households Reporting Use of Irrigation During 2002/03 Agriculture Year By District ...... 184

11.2: Area (ha)of Irrigated and Non Irriga (ha) Land By District...... 184

APPENDIX II 112

11.3: Number of Households Using Irrigation By Source of Irrigation Water During 2003/04 Agricultural Year By District...... 184

11.4: Number of Households Using Irrigation By Method of Irrigation of Obtaining Water By District...... 184

11.5 Number of Households Using Irrigation By Method of Irrigation Application By District...... 185

11.6: Number of Households With Erosion Control/Water Harvesting Facilities on their Land By District ...... 185

11.7 Number of Erosion Control Harvesting Structures By Type and District...... 185

ACCESS TO FARM INPUTS ...... 187

12.1.1 Number of Agricultural Households Using Chemical Fertilizer by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 188

12.1.2 Number of Agricultural Households Using Farm Yard Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 188

12.1.3 Number of Agricultural Households Using COMPOST Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 188

12.1.4 Number of Agricultural Households Using Pesticides/Fungicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 189

12.1.5 Number of Agricultural Households Using Herbicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 189

12.1.6 Number of Agricultural Households using Improved Seeds by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 189

12.1.7 Number of Agricultural Households and Source of Chemical Fertilizer by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 190

12.1.8 Number of Agricultural Households and Source of Farm Yard Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 190

12.1.9 Number of Agricultural Households and Source of COMPOST Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 190

12.1.10 Number of Agricultural Households and Source of Insecticide/Fungicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 191

12.1.11 Number of Agricultural Households and Source of Herbicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 191

12.1.12 Number of Agricultural Households Source of Improved Seeds by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 191 APPENDIX II 113

12.1.13 Number of Agricultural Households and Distance to Source of Chemical Fertilizer by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 192

12.1.14 Number of Agricultural Households and Distance to Source of Farm Yard Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 192

12.1.15 Number of Agricultural Households and Distance to Source of COMPOST Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 193

12.1.18 Number of Agricultural Households and Distance to Source of Improved Seeds by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 193

12.1.16 Number of Agricultural Households and Distance to Source of Insecticides/Fungicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 193

12.1.25 Number of Agricultural Households and Reason for NOT using Chemical Fertilizer by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 194

12.1.26 Number of Agricultural Households and Reason for NOT using Farm Yard Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 194

12.1.27 Number of Agricultural Households and Reason for NOT using COMPOST Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 194

12.1.28 Number of Agricultural Households and Reason for NOT using Pesticides/Fungicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 195

12.1.29 Number of Agricultural Households and Reason for NOT using Herbicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 195

12.1.30 Number of Agricultural Households and Reason for NOT using Improved Seeds by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 195

12.1.31 Number of Agricultural Households and Quality of Chemical Fertilizer by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 196

12.1.32 Number of Agricultural Households and Quality of Farm Yard Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 196

12.1.33 Number of Agricultural Households and Quality of COMPOST Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 196

12.1.34 Number of Agricultural Households and Quality of Pesticides/Fungicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 197

12.1.35 Number of Agricultural Households and Quality of Herbicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 197

12.1.36 Number of Agricultural Households and Quality of Improved Seeds by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 197 APPENDIX II 114

12.1.37 Number of Agricultural Households With Plan to use Next Year Chemical Fertilizer by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 197

12.1.38 Number of Agricultural Households With Plan to use Next Year Farm Yard Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 198

12.1.39 Number of Agricultural Households With Plan to use Next Year COMPOST Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 198

12.1.40 Number of Agricultural Households With Plan to use Next Year Pesticides /Fungicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 199

12.1.41 Number of Agricultural Households With Plan to use Next Year Herbicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 199

12.1.42 Number of Agricultural Households using Improved Seeds by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 199

AGRICULTURE CREDITS ...... 201

13.2a: Number of Households Receiving Credit By Sex of Household Member Receiving Credit By District ...... 202

13.2c: Number of Households Receiving Credit By Source of Credit By District ...... 202

13.1a: Number of Households Receiving Credit By Reason for Not Using Credit By District203

13.1b: Number of Credits Received By Main Purpose of Credit and District ...... 203

TREE FARMING AND AGROFORESTRY ...... 205

14.1: Number of Planted Trees By Species and District, Rukwa Region ...... 205

14.2 Number of Households with Planted Trees on their Land and and Number of Trees by Planting Location and District...... 205

14.3: Main Use of Trees By District...... 205

14.4: Number of Households By Distance to Community Planted Forest (Km) By District...207

14.5: Number of responses by second use of planted trees and District for the 2002/03...... 207

14.6 Number of responses by main use of planted trees and District for the 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 207

CROP EXTENSION ...... 209

15.1 Number of Households Receiving Extension Messages By District ...... 210

APPENDIX II 115

15.1 Number of Households By Quality of Extension Services By District During the 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 210

15.3 Number of Households By Source of Crop Extension Messages By District During 2002/03 Agricultural Year, Rukwa Region...... 210

15.4 Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on Plant Spacing By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 211

15.5: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on the Use of Agro-chemicals By Source of Messages By District Rukwa Region...... 211

15.6: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on the Erosion Control By Source of Messages By District Rukwa Region...... 211

15.7: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on the use of OrganicFertilisers By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 212

158: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on the use of Inorganic Fertilisers By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 212

15.9: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on the use of Improved seeds By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 212

15.9: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on the use of Mechanisation By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 213

15.11: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on the use of Irrigation Technology By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 213

15.12: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on the use of use of Crop storage By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 213

15.13: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on vermin control By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 214

15.14: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on Agro-processing By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 214

15.15: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on Agro-Forestry By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 214

15.16: Number of Households By Receiving Advice on Beekeeping By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 215

15.17: Number of Households By Receiving Advice on Fish Farming By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 215

15.18: Number of Households Receiving and Adapting Extension Messages by Type of Message and (Part 1) During the 2002/03 Agricultural Year, Rukwa Region...... 215

APPENDIX II 116

15.19: Number of Households Receiving and Adapting Extension Messages by Type of Message and (Part 2) During the 2002/03 Agricultural Year, Rukwa Region...... 216

15.20: Number of Households Receiving and Adapting Extension Messages by Type of Message and (Part 3) During the 2002/03 Agricultural Year, Rukwa Region...... 216

15.20: Number of Households Receiving and Adapting Extension Messages by Type of Message and (Part 4) During the 2002/03 Agricultural Year, Rukwa Region...... 217

15.20: Number of Households Receiving and Adapting Extension Messages by Type of Message and (Part 5 During the 2002/03 Agricultural Year, Rukwa Region...... 217

ANIMAL CONTRIBUTION TO CROP PRODUCTION ...... 219

17.1: Number of Households Using Draft Animal to Cultivate Land By District During 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region...... 220

17.2 Type of Draft By Number Owened, Used and Area Cultivated (Acres) By District During 2002/03 Agriculture Year...... 220

17.3 Number of Crop Growing Households Using Organic Fertilizer By Regio During 2002/03 Agriculture Year...... 221

17.4 Area of Farm Yard Manure and Compost Application By District During 2002/03 Agriculture Year...... 221

CATTLE PRODUCTION ...... 223

18.1 Total Number of Households Rearing Cattle By District During 2002/03 Agriculture Year, Rukwa Region ...... 224

18.3 Number of Households Rearing Cattle, Head of Cattle and Average Head per Household by Herd Size as of 2002/03 ...... 224

18.4.1 Number of Cattle by Category and Type of Cattle as of 1st October 2003...... 224

18.2 Number of Cattle By Type and District as of 1st October, 2003 ...... 225

18.5 Number of Indigenous Cattle By Category and as of 1st October, 2003...... 225

18.6 Number of Indigenous Cattle By Category and as of 1st October, 2003 ...... 225

18.7 Number of Indigenous Cattle By Category and as of 1st October, 2003 ...... 226

18.8 Number of Indigenous Cattle By Category and as of 1st October, 2003 ...... 226

GOAT PRODUCTION...... 227

19.1: Total Number of Goats by Type and District as of 2st October, 2003...... 228

APPENDIX II 117

19.2: Total Number of Households Rearing Goats and Heads of Goats by Herd size on 1st October 2003 ...... 228

19.:3 Total Number of Goats by Category and Type of Goat as of 1st October, 2003 and District...... 229

19.4 Number of Indigenous Goat by Category and District as of 1st October, 2003...... 229

19.5: Number of Improved Meat Goat by Category and District as of 1st October, 2003...... 229

19.6: Number of Improved Dairy Goat by Category and District as of 1st October, 2003...... 230

19.7: Number of Total Goat by Category and District as of 1st October, 2003...... 230

SHEEP PRODUCTION...... 231

20.1: Total Number of Sheep By Breed Type During the 2002/03 Agriculture Year...... 232

20.2: Number of Households Rearing Sheep by District as of 1st October, 2002/03 Agriculture Year ...... 232

20.3: Number of Sheep by Type of Sheep and District as of 1st October, 2002/03...... 232

20.4: Number of Sheep per Household by Category and district as of 1st October 2003...... 232

20.5: Number of Households and Heads of Sheep by Herd Size on 1st October 2003...... 233

20.6: Total Number of Indigenous Sheep by Category of Sheep and District as of 1st October, 2002/03 Agriculture Year...... 233

20.8 Total Number of Sheep by Category of Sheep and District as of 1st October, 2002/03 Agriculture Year...... 233

PIGS PRODUCTION ...... 235

21.1 Number of Households Raising Pig by District during 2002/03 Agriculture Year...... 236

21.2: Number of Households Raising Pig by District during 2002/03 Agriculture Year...... 236

21.3: Total Number of Pigs by Category of Pigs and District as of 1st October, 2003...... 236

LIVESTOCK PESTS AND PARASITE CONTROL ...... 237

22.1 Number of Livestock Rearing Households deworming Livestock by District during 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 238`

22.2: Number and Percent of agricultural households reporting to have dewormed animals during 2002/03 Agriculture Year by District and type of dewormed Livestock...... 238 APPENDIX II 118

22.3: Number and Percent of agricultural households reporting to have encountered tsetse flies problems during 2002/03 Agriculture Year by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 238

22.4: Number and Percent of agricultural households by Method of Tsetse flies Control during 2002/03 Agriculture Year and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 238

OTHER LIVESTOCK...... 239

23a: Total number of Other Livestock by Type as of 1st October 2003...... 240

23b: Number of chicken by Category of Chicken and District as of 1st October, 2003 ...... 240

23d: Number of households with chicken and Category of Chicken by Flock Size ...... 240

23c: Number of Households Rearing and number of Other Livestock by Type and District .240

FISH FARMING ...... 241

28.1a: Number of Agricultural Households involved in Fish Farming and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 242

28.2a: Number of Agricultural Households By System of Farming and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 242

28.2b Number of Agricultural Households By Source of Fingerings and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 242

28.2c: Number of Agricultural Households By Location of Selling Fish and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 242

28.5 Total Number of Fish Harvested by Type and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 242

LIVESTOCK EXTENSION...... 243

29.1a: Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Advice By District during the 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 244

29.1b Number of Households By Source of Extension and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year244

29.1c Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Extension Advice on Proper Milking By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 244

29.1d Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Advice on Milk Hygene By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 245

29.1e Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Advice on Disease Control By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 245

29.1f Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Extension Advice on Herd /Flock Size and Selection By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 245 APPENDIX II 119

29.1g Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Advice Pasture Establishment and Selection By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 246

29.1h Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Advice on Group Formation and Strengtherning By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 246

29.1i Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Advice on Calf Rearing By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 246

29.1j Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Extension Advice on Use of Improved Bulls By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 247

29.1j Number of Agricultural Households By Quality of Extension Services and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 247

ACCESS TO INTRASTRUCTURE AND OTHER SERVICES ...... 249

33.01a: Mean distances from horders dwellings to Infrastructures and services by District ...... 250

33.01b: Mean distance from holders dwellings to infrastrures and services by District...... 251

33.01c: Mean distance from holders dwellings to all Weather roads by District...... 251

33.01d: Mean distance from holders dwellings to Feeder Roads by District...... 251

33.01e: Mean distance from holders dwellings to Hospital by District ...... 252

33.01f: Mean distance from holders dwellings to Health Clinic by District ...... 252

33.01g: Mean distance from holders dwellings to Primary School by District...... 252

33.1h: Number of Households to Regional Capital...... 252

33.01j : Number of Households by Distance to Tarmac Road and District for the 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 253

33.01k: Number of Households by Distance to Primary Marketfor the 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 253

33.01l: Number of Households by Distance to Tertiary Market for the 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 253

33.01m: Number of Households by Distance to Secondary Market for the 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 253

SATISFACTION OF USING VETERINARY CLINIC......

33.19b Number of Households by Satisfaction of Using Extension Centre and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 254

APPENDIX II 120

33.19c Number of Households by Satisfaction of Using Research Centre and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 254

33.19d Number of Households by Satisfaction of Using Plant Protection Lab and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 255

33.19e Number of Households by Satisfaction of using Land Registration Office and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 255

33.19f Number of Households by Satisfaction of using Livestock Development centre and Registration Office and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 256

33.19G Number of Households by Level of satisfaction of the Service and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 256

HOUSEHOLD FACILITIES ...... 257

34.1 Number of Agriculture Households by Type of Toilet and District During the 2002/03 Agriculture Year...... 258

34.2 Number of hoseholds reporting average number of rooms and type of Roofing Materials by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 258

34.3 Number of Agricultural Households by Type of Owned Assets and District during 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 258

34.4 Number of Agricultural Households by Main Source of Energy Used for Lighting during 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 259

34.5 Number of Agricultural Households by Main Source of Energy Used for Cooking during 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 259

34.6 Number of Agricultural Households by Main Source of Drinking Water by Season (wet and dry) and District during 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 260

34.7 Proportion of Agricultural Households by Main Source of Drinking Water by Season (wet and dry) and District during 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 260

34.8 Number of Households Reporting Time Spent to and from Main Source of Drinking Water by Season (Wet and Dry) by District for 2002/03 agriculture year...... 261

34.9 Proportion of Households Reporting Time Spent to and from Main Source of Drinking Water by Season (Wet and Dry) by District for 2002/03 agriculture year...... 261

34.10 Number of Agricultural Households by Number of Meals the Household Normally Took per Day by District...... 262

34.11 Number of Households by Number of Days the Household Consumed Meat during the Preceding Week by District...... 262

APPENDIX II 121

34.12 Number of Households by Number of Days the Household Consumed Fish during the Preceding Week by District...... 263

34.13 Number of Households Reporting the Status of Food Satisfaction of the Household during the Preceding Year by District...... 263

34.14 Number of Households by Type of Roofing Materials and District during the 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 264

34.15.1 Number of Households by Main Source of Cash Income and District during 2002/03 Agriculture Year...... 264

34-16 Number of Households by Main Source of Income and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year ...... 265

34.17: Number of hoseholds BY Type of Roofing Materials and District during 2002/03 Agricultural Year...... 266

APPENDIX II 122

APPENDIX II: CROPS Type of Agriculture Household...... 121

Number of Agriculture Households ...... 123

Rank of Importance of Livelihood Activities...... 125

Households Demography ...... 129

Land Access/Ownership...... 137

Land Use………………...... 139

Total Annual Crop and Vege Production Long and short Seasons...... 143

Annual Crop and Vege Production Long Rainy Seasons ...... 151

Permanent Crop Production...... 167

Agro-processing ...... 177

Marketing ...... 181

Irrigation/Erosion Control ...... 183

Access to Farm Inputs ...... 187

Agriculture Credit ...... 203

Tree Farming and Agro-forestry...... 207

Crop Extension ...... 211

Animal Contribution to Crop Production ...... 221

Cattle Production ...... 225

Goat Production ...... 229

Sheep Production ...... 233

Pig Production ...... 237

Livestock Pests and Parasite Control...... 239

Other Livestock ...... 243

Fishing Farming ...... 245

Livestock Extension ...... 247

Access to Infrastructure and other services ...... 255

Household Facilities ...... 263

Appendix II 123

NUMBER OF AGRICULTURAL HOUSEHOLDS

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 124

2.1 TYPE OF AGRICULTURE HOUSEHOLD:Number of Agricultural Households by type of household and District, the 2002/03 Agriculture Year

Agriculture, Non Agriculture and Urban Households

Total Number % of Total % of Total % of Total % of Total Rural Rural Total Rural Urban of Households Rural Rural Rural Rural Households Households Households Households (From 2002 Households Households Households Households Involved in NOT Involved Pop Census) District Agriculture in Agriculture Mpanda 59,533 80 1,212 2 60,745 82 13,476 18 74,221 Sumbawanga 68,935 90 2,874 4 71,809 94 4,892 6 76,701 Nkasi 30,483 73 4,048 10 34,531 83 6,945 17 41,476 Sumbawanga 13,309 44 336 1 13,645 45 16,825 55 30,470 Total 172,261 77 8,469 4 180,730 81 42,138 19 222,868

2.2 TYPE OF AGRICULTURE HOUSEHOLD:Number of Agriculture Households By Type of Holding and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Type of Agriculture Household Total Total Crops Only Livestock Only Crops & Livestock Total Total Number of Number of Number of Households Households Agricultural Growing Rearing District Number % Number % Number % Number % Households Crops Livestock Mpanda 47,900 42 0 0 11,633 20 59,533 35 59,533 59,533 0 Sumbawanga 38,769 34 416 100 29,751 51 68,935 40 68,935 68,520 416 Nkasi 19,786 17 0 0 10,697 19 30,483 18 30,483 30,483 0 Sumbawanga 7,614 7 0 0 5,695 10 13,309 8 13,309 13,309 0 Total 114,069 100 416 100 57,776 100 172,261 100 172,261 171,845 416

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 125

HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 126

3.0: Number of Agricultural Households and Average Household Size By Sex of the Head of Household and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Male Female Total Number of Average Number of Average Number of Average Number of Number of Number of Househod Household Househod Household Househod Household Households Households Households District Members Size Members Size Members Size Mpanda 327,178 52,383 6 30,191 7,150 4 357,369 59,533 6 Sumbawanga Rural 321,441 60,260 5 33,267 8,675 4 354,708 68,935 5 Nkasi 145,125 26,660 5 13,259 3,824 3 158,384 30,483 5 Sumbawanga Urban 65,457 11,599 6 6,351 1,710 4 71,808 13,309 5 Total 859,201 150,902 6 83,068 21,359 4 942,269 172,261 5

Table. 3.1 The Livelihood Activities/Source of Income of the Households Ranked in Order of Importance by District

Livestock Fishing / Annual Crop Permanent Keeping / Off Farm Hunting & Tree / Forest District Farming Crop Farming Herding Income Remittances Gathering Resources Mpanda 1 5 4 3 6 7 2 Sumbawanga Rural 1 6 4 3 5 7 2 Nkasi 1 7 4 3 6 5 2 Sumbawanga Urban 1 6 4 3 5 7 2 Total 1 7 4 6 3 5 2

Tanzania Agriculture sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 127

3.2 HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS: Number of Agricultural Household Members By Sex and Age Group, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Sex Male Female Total Age Group Number % Number % Number % Less than 4 84,200 50 84,323 50 168,523 100 05 - 09 78,168 50 78,480 50 156,649 100 10 - 14 68,091 51 65,523 49 133,614 100 15 - 19 50,935 51 48,417 49 99,352 100 20 - 24 36,308 47 41,500 53 77,808 100 25 - 29 34,203 47 38,194 53 72,397 100 30 - 34 29,158 54 24,656 46 53,814 100 35 - 39 20,352 47 22,881 53 43,234 100 40 - 44 20,166 53 18,053 47 38,219 100 45 - 49 17,029 55 13,959 45 30,988 100 50 - 54 11,148 55 8,976 45 20,123 100 55 - 59 7,123 55 5,779 45 12,902 100 60 - 64 6,290 63 3,721 37 10,010 100 65 - 69 3,878 39 6,170 61 10,048 100 70 - 74 3,314 53 2,944 47 6,258 100 75 - 79 2,943 69 1,329 31 4,272 100 80 - 84 2,274 80 560 20 2,834 100 Above 85 664 54 559 46 1,223 100 Total 476,244 51 466,024 49 942,269 100

3.3 HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS: Number of Agricultural Household Members By Sex and Age Group, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Sex Male Female Total Age Group Number % Number % Number % Less than 4 84,200 18 84,323 18 168,523 18 05 - 09 78,168 16 78,480 17 156,649 17 10 - 14 68,091 14 65,523 14 133,614 14 15 - 19 50,935 11 48,417 10 99,352 11 20 - 24 36,308 8 41,500 9 77,808 8 25 - 29 34,203 7 38,194 8 72,397 8 30 - 34 29,158 6 24,656 5 53,814 6 35 - 39 20,352 4 22,881 5 43,234 5 40 - 44 20,166 4 18,053 4 38,219 4 45 - 49 17,029 4 13,959 3 30,988 3 50 - 54 11,148 2 8,976 2 20,123 2 55 - 59 7,123 1 5,779 1 12,902 1 60 - 64 6,290 1 3,721 1 10,010 1 65 - 69 3,878 1 6,170 1 10,048 1 70 - 74 3,314 1 2,944 1 6,258 1 75 - 79 2,943 1 1,329 0 4,272 0 80 - 84 2,274 0 560 0 2,834 0 Above 85 664 0 559 0 1,223 0 Total 476,244 100 466,024 100 942,269 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 128

3.4 HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS: Number of Agricultural Household Members By Sex and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Sex Male Female Total District Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 181,669 51 175,700 49 357,369 100 Sumbawanga Rur 180,938 51 173,770 49 354,708 100 Nkasi 78,286 49 80,098 51 158,384 100 Sumbawanga Urb 35,352 49 36,456 51 71,808 100 Total 476,244 51 466,024 49 942,269 100

3.5 HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS: Number of Agriculture Household Members 5 years and above Who Can Read and Write Languages By Type of Language and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Ready & Write Swahili Swahili & English Language Don't Read / Write Total District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 170,079 58 6,374 2 133 0 118,192 40 294,777 100 Sumbawanga Rur 161,987 56 12,498 4 357 0 113,807 39 288,649 100 Nkasi 74,949 57 6,426 5 80 0 49,956 38 131,411 100 Sumbawanga Urb 36,843 63 2,087 4 63 0 19,916 34 58,909 100 Total 443,857 57 27,385 4 634 0 301,870 39 773,745 100

3.6 HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS: Number of Agricultural Household Members 5 years and above By School Attendancy and District , 2002/03 Agricultural Year School Attendancy Attending School Completed School Total District Number % Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 85,137 29 112,331 38 97,309 33 294,777 100 Sumbawanga Rur 76,336 26 108,360 38 103,952 36 288,649 100 Nkasi 34,921 27 51,883 39 44,606 34 131,411 100 Sumbawanga Urb 17,898 30 23,288 40 17,724 30 58,909 100 Total 214,292 28 295,862 38 263,591 34 773,745 100

3.7 HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS: Number of Agricultural Household Members By Main Activity and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Main Activity Farming Keeping / Pastoralist Fishing District Number % Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 159,510 54 5,653 2 0 0 2,168 1 Sumbawanga Rur 159,114 55 4,927 2 0 0 4,441 2 Nkasi 69,264 53 3,084 2 80 0 4,085 3 Sumbawanga Urb 29,198 50 642 1 0 0 70 0 Total 417,086 54 14,306 2 80 0 10,764 1

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 129

cont…. HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS: Number of Agricultural Household Members By Main Activity and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Self Unpaid Employed Not Working Family Not Working Housemaker (Non & District Helper (Non & Available / Housewife Farmimg) Unavailable Agriculture) without Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 4,945 2 6,049 2 133 0 132 0 1,077 0 Sumbawanga Rural 3,053 1 7,261 3 100 0 112 0 538 0 Nkasi 2,288 2 554 0 0 0 0 0 71 0 Sumbawanga Urban 1,080 2 1,453 2 0 0 0 0 307 1 Total 11,365 1 15,317 2 233 0 244 0 1,993 0 cont…. HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS: Number of Agricultural Household Members By Main Activity and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Unable to Work / Student Other District Too Old / Retired Total Number % Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 83,953 28 23,434 8 134 0 294,777 100 Sumbawanga Rural 73,975 26 29,323 10 226 0 288,649 100 Nkasi 33,226 25 17,600 13 92 0 131,411 100 Sumbawanga Urban 17,383 30 7,486 13 34 0 58,909 100 Total 208,537 27 77,843 10 486 0 773,745 100

3.8 HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS: Number of Agricultural Household Members By Level of involvement in Farming Activivty and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Involvement in Farming Works Full-time Works Part-time Rarely Works on Never Works on Total on Farm on Farm Farm Farm District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 141,045 48 5,710 2 102,728 35 45,295 15 294,777 100 Sumbawanga Rural 151,379 52 12,759 4 75,999 26 48,511 17 288,649 100 Nkasi 66,110 50 7,032 5 31,508 24 26,761 20 131,411 100 Sumbawanga Urban 27,383 46 1,197 2 22,139 38 8,190 14 58,909 100 Total 385,917 50 26,698 3 232,375 30 128,756 17 773,745 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 130

3.9 HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS: Number of Agricultural Household Members By Level of Formal Education Completion and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Education Level Under Standard One Standard One Standard Two Standard Three District Number % Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 269 0 1,077 1 5,312 5 4,661 4 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 456 0 2,482 2 4,011 4 Nkasi 0 0 695 1 1,144 2 1,410 3 Sumbawanga Urban 104 0 238 1 982 4 747 3 Total 374 0 2,466 1 9,920 3 10,829 4

cont... HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS: Number of Agricultural Household Members By Level of Formal Education Completion and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Training After Standard Seven Standard Eight Pre Form One Form One Primary Education District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 73,010 65 535 0 937 1 390 0 0 0 Sumbawanga Rural 82,194 76 338 0 340 0 0 0 235 0 Nkasi 35,628 69 455 1 222 0 82 0 70 0 Sumbawanga Urban 16,180 69 69 0 101 0 0 0 34 0 Total 207,011 70 1,398 0 1,600 1 472 0 339 0

cont... HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS: Number of Agricultural Household Members By Level of Formal Education Completion and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Training After Secondary District Form Two Form Three Form Four Form Six Education Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 269 0 0 0 1,708 2 0 0 135 0 Sumbawanga Rural 682 1 223 0 2,466 2 241 0 89 0 Nkasi 283 1 70 0 545 1 0 0 217 0 Sumbawanga Urban 135 1 0 0 202 1 0 0 34 0 Total 1,369 0 293 0 4,922 2 241 0 476 0

cont... HOUSEHOLDS DEMOGRAPHS: Number of Agricultural Household Members By Level of Formal Education Completion and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

University & Other District Tertiary Education Adult Education Total Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 0 0 6,044 5 112,331 100 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 1,471 1 108,360 100 Nkasi 72 0 2,020 4 51,883 100 Sumbawanga Urban 33 0 717 3 23,288 100 Total 105 0 10,252 3 295,862 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 131

RANK OF IMPORTANCE OF LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 132

3.1a RANK OF IMPORTANCE OF LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES: First Most Importance Livestock Fishing / Annual Crop Permanent Off Farm Tree / Fores Keeping / Remittances Hunting & Farming Crop Farming Income Resources District Herding Gathering Mpanda 50923 134 269 6285 918 354 926 Sumbawanga Rural 56737 101 699 7005 454 3190 617 Nkasi 25570 82 247 1650 222 2420 152 Sumbawanga Urban 9947 166 301 2188 443 69 233 Total 143176 483 1516 17128 2037 6033 1928

3.1b RANK OF IMPORTANCE OF LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES: Second Most Importance Livestock Fishing / Annual Crop Permanent Off Farm Tree / Fores Keeping / Remittances Hunting & Farming Crop Farming Income Resources District Herding Gathering Mpanda 7,688 7,799 8,388 21,165 1,589 892 12,822 Sumbawanga Rural 11,340 2,461 18,179 15,049 3,077 2,225 16,708 Nkasi 3,972 715 7,213 12,696 879 1,895 3,421 Sumbawanga Urban 2,794 743 3,374 3,999 336 35 2,270 Total 25,794 11,717 37,154 52,909 5,881 5,047 35,222

3.1c RANK OF IMPORTANCE OF LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES: Third Most Importance

Livestock Fishing / Annual Crop Permanent Off Farm Tree / Forest Keeping / Remittances Hunting & Farming Crop Farming Income Resources District Herding Gathering Mpanda 521 6,842 7,574 8,417 1,067 1,045 29,510 Sumbawanga Rural 429 4,188 10,528 11,035 5,462 453 33,603 Nkasi 708 390 3,473 9,129 1,572 138 14,288 Sumbawanga Urban 437 745 1,906 2,704 710 35 5,983 Total 2,095 12,166 23,482 31,285 8,811 1,671 83,384

3.1d RANK OF IMPORTANCE OF LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES: Fourth Most Importance Livestock Fishing / Annual Crop Permanent Off Farm Tree / Fores Keeping / Remittances Hunting & Farming Crop Farming Income Resources District Herding Gathering Mpanda 0 4,356 7,754 2,536 1,180 647 13,111 Sumbawanga Rural 210 5,111 7,900 11,754 5,311 1,068 13,694 Nkasi 151 1,349 5,192 3,947 1,112 292 10,663 Sumbawanga Urban 97 1,028 1,614 1,328 1,407 0 3,469 Total 459 11,844 22,459 19,565 9,011 2,007 40,937

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 133

3.1e: RANK OF IMPORTANCE OF LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES: Fifth Most Importance Permanent Livestock Fishing / Off Farm Tree / Forest Crop Keeping / Remittances Hunting & Income Resources District Farming Herding Gathering Mpanda 748 2,677 917 0 110 2,494 Sumbawanga Rural 3,377 2,981 4,597 2,837 1,059 2,267 Nkasi 1,485 1,707 610 705 0 1,635 Sumbawanga Urban 652 578 443 674 0 1,019 Total 6,262 7,942 6,567 4,216 1,169 7,415

3.1f: RANK OF IMPORTANCE OF LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES: Sixth Most Importance Permanent Livestock Fishing / Off Farm Tree / Forest Crop Keeping / Remittances Hunting & Income Resources District Farming Herding Gathering Mpanda 0 244 244 0 0 0 Sumbawanga Rural 1,170 239 334 701 223 111 Nkasi 244 227 46 0 73 82 Sumbawanga Urban 102 0 69 370 0 134 Total 1,516 710 693 1,072 295 327

3.1g RANK OF IMPORTANCE OF LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES: Seventh Most Importance

Fishing / Annual Crop Off Farm Tree / Forest Remittances Hunting & Farming Income Resources District Gathering Mpanda 266 0 0 132 0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 111 0 118 119 Nkasi 0 0 0 73 0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 33 35 35 0 Total 266 144 35 358 119

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 134

Appendix II 135

LAND ACCESS/OWNERSHIP

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 136

4.1 LAND ACCESS/OWNERSHIP: Number of Agricultural Households By Type of Land Ownership/Tenure and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Land Access

Households Households Households with Area Households Households Households with Area with Area District Households with Area Owned Under with Area with Area wi h Area Shared under O her Total Number Leased/Certificate of Customary Bought From Rented From Borrowed Croped From Forms of of Ownership Law Others Others From O hers Others Tenure Households No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Households % Households % Households % Households % Households % Households % % Mpanda 1,476 2 44,634 75 12,473 21 5,225 9 4,886 8 536 1 1,330 2 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 1,119 2 55,844 81 20,170 29 8,505 12 7,183 10 240 0 2,336 3 68,935 Nkasi 471 2 25,449 83 6,969 23 713 2 3,735 12 322 1 740 2 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 239 2 11,267 85 3,819 29 655 5 954 7 139 1 665 5 13,309 Total 3,305 2 137,194 80 43,431 25 15,099 9 16,758 10 1,238 1 5,072 3 172,261

4.2 LAND ACCESS/OWNERSHIP: Area of Land by type of Ownership/Tenure (Hectare) and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Land Access/ Ownership (Hectare) Area Area Area Owned Area Shared Leased/Certific Under Rented Area Croped Area under ate of Customary Area Bought From Borrowed From Other Forms District Ownership Law From Others Others From Others Others of Tenure Total Mpanda 3,939 133,807 38,583 5,601 4,323 639 1,810 188,703 Sumbawanga Rural 3,245 162,802 50,391 12,332 8,478 85 4,202 241,535 Nkasi 927 85,792 14,801 1,546 7,377 1,215 682 112,339 Sumbawanga Urban 264 22,409 6,112 930 805 140 441 31,102 Total 8,376 404,810 109,887 20,409 20,983 2,079 7,135 573,679

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 137

LAND USE

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 138

5.1 LAND USE: Number of Agricultural Households By Type of Land Use and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Type of Land Use

District Households Households Households Households Households Households with with with with with Households Households Households Households with Total Number Temporary Temporary Permanent Permanent Permanent / Households Households with Natural with Planted with Rented with Uncultivated of Mono Crops Mixed Crops Mono Crops Mixed Crops Annual Mix with Pasture Fallow Bush Trees to Others Unusable Usable Land Households Mpanda 45,386 35,834 2,219 4,819 6,373 1,052 7,942 5,732 5,498 1,736 3,873 32,355 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 62,466 15,414 7,672 3,297 2,652 1,052 15,549 2,927 3,371 3,093 2,894 27,258 68,935 Nkasi 22,834 12,502 1,025 787 968 736 6,658 896 2,590 1,395 3,352 13,406 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 11,239 6,488 1,799 309 639 300 2,179 517 3,846 337 859 4,008 13,309 Total 141,925 70,239 12,714 9,212 10,632 3,140 32,328 10,071 15,306 6,562 10,978 77,028 172,261

5.2 LAND USE: Area of Land (ha) by type of Land Use and District for 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Land Use Area

District Area under Area under Area under Area under Area under Area under Area of Temporary Temporary Permanent Permanent Permanent / Area under Area under Area under Planted Area Rented Area Uncultivated Mono Crops Mixed Crops Mono Crops Mixed Crops Annual Mix Pasture Fallow Natural Bush Trees to Others Unusable Usable Land Total Mpanda 55,296 36,591 452 2,369 5,973 2,319 9,225 10,678 2,341 2,299 3,702 57,458 188,703 Sumbawanga Rural 117,391 19,238 3,419 4,179 4,539 1,667 32,616 5,155 1,209 4,943 3,058 44,733 242,146 Nkasi 39,362 14,666 314 1,511 1,851 4,131 11,735 1,127 1,501 2,274 5,267 28,600 112,339 Sumbawanga Urban 14,667 5,917 712 105 260 324 2,159 282 987 1,056 713 3,920 31,102 Total 226,716 76,412 4,897 8,164 12,623 8,441 55,734 17,243 6,038 10,572 12,739 134,711 574,291 % 3913112110312223100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 139

5.3: Number of Agricultural Households by Whether All Land Available to the 5.4 Number of Agricultural Households by Whether they Consider Having Sufficient Land Household Was Used and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year for the Household and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Was all Land Available to the Hh Used During 2002/03? Do you Consider that you have sufficient land for the Hh? Yes No Total Yes No Total District Number % Number % NumberDistrict Number Percent Number Percent Number Mpanda 17,480 29 42,054 71 59,533 Mpanda 41,743 70 17,790 30 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 27,846 41 40,674 59 68,520 Sumbawanga Rural 43,553 64 24,966 36 68,520 Nkasi 11,375 37 19,109 63 30,483 Nkasi 18,324 60 12,160 40 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 6,850 51 6,459 49 13,309 Sumbawanga Urban 5,302 40 8,007 60 13,309 Total 63,550 37 108,295 63 171,845 Total 108,922 63 62,923 37 171,845

5.4: Number of Agricultural Households by Whether they Consider Having Sufficient Land for the Household and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Do you Consider that you have sufficient land for the Hh? Yes No Total

District Number % Number % Number Percent Mpanda 41,743 70 17,790 30 59,533 100 Sumbawanga Rural 43,553 64 24,966 36 68,520 100 Nkasi 18,324 60 12,160 40 30,483 100 Sumbawanga Urban 5,302 40 8,007 60 13,309 100

Total 108,922 63 62,923 37 171,845 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 140

Appendix II 141

ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 142

7.1 & 7.2a: ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area (ha) by season and District

Total Area % Area Dry Season Wet Season District Planted planted in Number of Number of Planted Area Planted Area (hectare) Dry season Households Households Mpanda 0 0 158400 96231 96231 0.0 Sumbawanga Rural 474 863 177594 132698 133561 0.6 Nkansi 160 130 74856 53306 53436 0.2 Sumbawanga Urban 104 56 32727 20109 20166 0.3 Total 738 1049 443,577 302,344 303,393 0.3

7.1 & 7.2b ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households Planting Crops By Season and District Dry Season Wet Season Number of Total Number Households Number of Households of Crop Households NOT Households NOT Growing Growing Crops Growing Growing Crops Growing Households Crops District Crops Mpanda 0 59533 59533 0 59533 Sumbawanga Rural 118 68817 67939 996 68935 Nkansi 80 30403 30403 80 30483 Sumbawanga Urban 35 13274 13240 69 13309 Total 233 172027 171,116 1,145 172,261

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 143

Table 7.1 & 7.2c: TOTAL ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Area Planted (ha) and Quantity Harvested by Season and Crop for the 2002/03 Agricultural Year Dry Season Wet Season Total Area Planted Quantity Yield (kg/ha) Area Planted Quantity Yield (kg/ha) Area Planted Quantity Yield (kg/ha) (ha) Harvested (ha) Harvested (ha) Harvested Crop (tons) (tons) (tons) CEREALS 427 155 363 203,500 240,468 1,182 203,928 240,623 1,180 Maize 427 155 363 149,606 163,277 1,091 150,033 163,432 1,089 Paddy 0 0 0 25,526 49,520 1,940 25,526 49,520 1,940 Sorghum 0 0 0 7,405 9,942 1,343 7,405 9,942 1,343 Bulrush Millet 0 0 0 17 20 1,186 17 20 1,186 Finger Millet 0 18,967 15,798 833 18,967 15,798 833 Wheat 0 0 0 1,979 1,911 966 1,979 1,911 966 ROOTS & TUBERS 0 0 28,595 45,702 1,598 28,595 45,702 1,598 Cassava 0 0 0 25,611 39,818 1,555 25,611 39,818 1,555 Sweet Potatoes 0 0 0 2,681 4,699 1,753 2,681 4,699 1,753 Irish Potatoes 0 0 0 282 1,031 3,653 282 1,031 3,653 Yams 0 0 0 13 127 9,485 13 127 9,485 Cocoyam 0007273,952 7 27 3,952 PULSES 279 44 156 37,551 17,567 468 37,831 17,610 466 Mung Beans 000000000 Beans 279 44 37,251 17,265 463 37,530 17,308 461 Cowpeas 0 0 0 68 47 687 68 47 687 Green Gram 0 0 0 102 151 1,482 102 151 1,482 Chich Peas 000000000 Bambaranuts 0 0 0 108 93 865 108 93 865 Field Peas 0 0 0 23 11 494 23 11 494 OIL SEEDS & OIL NUTS 343 217 634 28,178 17,201 610 28,520 17,419 611 Sunflower 295 146 11,463 5,957 520 11,758 6,103 519 Simsim 0 0 0 65 35 540 65 35 540 Groundnuts 48 71 16,522 11,055 669 16,570 11,126 671 Soya Beans 0 0 0 127 154 1,208 127 154 1,208 Castor Seed 000000000 FRUITS & VEGETABLES 0 0 0 1,225 4,211 3,437 1,225 4,211 3,437 Okra 000000000 Radish 000000000 Bitter Aubergine 000000000 Onions 0 0 0 266 1,139 0 266 1,139 4,279 Ginger 000000000 Cabbage 0 0 0 176 739 0 176 739 4,212 Tomatoes 0 0 0 583 2,136 0 583 2,136 3,665 Spinnach 0 0 0 51 68 0 51 68 1,336 Carrot 000370372,134 Chillies 0 0 0 0000 Amaranths 0 0 0 125 110 0 125 110 879 Pumpkins 0 0 0 22 12 0 22 12 540 Cucumber 000000000 Egg Plant 000000000 Water Mellon 000000000 CASH CROPS 0 0 0 3,295 3,263 990 3,295 3,263 990 Pyrethrum 000000000 Cotton 0 0 0 39 13 0 39 13 329 Tobacco 0 0 0 3,256 3,251 0 3,256 3,251 998 Jute 000000000 Total 1,049 302,344 303,393

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Table 7.1 & 7.2d: TOTAL ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Area Planted (ha) and Quantity Harvested by Season and Crop for the 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Dry Season Wet Season Number of Area Planted Number of Area Planted Total Area Planted % Area Planted Households (ha) Households (ha) Dry & Wet seasons in Dry Season Crop CEREALS 233 427 220,959 203500 203,928 0.2 Maize 233 427 159160 149606 150033 0.3 Paddy 0 0 30132 25526 25526 0.0 Sorghum 0 0 10613 7405 7405 0.0 Bulrush Millet 0 0 82 17 17 0.0 Finger Millet 0 0 18635 18967 18967 0.0 Wheat 0 0 2337 1979 1979 0.0 ROOTS & TUBERS 0 0 64889 28595 28595 0.0 Cassava 0 0 53929 25611 25611 0.0 Sweet Potatoes 0 0 9530 2681 2681 0.0 Irish Potatoes 0 0 1364 282 282 0.0 Yams 0 0 33 13 13 0.0 Cocoyam 0 0 34 7 7 0.0 PULSES 233 279 78866 37551 37831 0.7 Mung Beans 0 0 78216 0 0 0.0 Beans 233 279 151 37251 37530 0.7 Cowpeas 0 0 120 68 68 0.0 Green Gram 0 0 0 102 102 0.0 Chich Peas 0000 0 0.0 Bambaranuts 0 0 266 108 108 0.0 Field Peas 0 0 112 23 23 0.0 OIL SEEDS & OIL NUTS 272 343 65842 28178 28520 1.2 Sunflower 153 295 19960 11463 11758 2.5 Simsim 0 0 357 65 65 0.0 Groundnuts 118 48 44997 16522 16570 0.3 Soya Beans 0 0 528 127 127 0.0 Castor Seed 0000 0 0.0 FRUITS & VEGETABLES 0 0 1225 1225 0.0 Okra 0000 0 0.0 Radish 0000 0 0.0 Bitter Aubergine 0000 0 0.0 Onions 0 0 0 266 266 0.0 Ginger 0000 0 0.0 Cabbage 0 0 1032 176 176 0.0 Tomatoes 0 0 3499 583 583 0.0 Spinnach 0 0 420 51 51 0.0 Carrot 0 0 34 3 3 0.0 Chillies 0 0 0 0 0.0 Amaranths 0 0 1157 125 125 0.0 Pumpkins 0 0 215 22 22 0.0 Cucumber 0000 0 0.0 Egg Plant 0000 0 0.0 Water Mellon 0000 0 0.0 CASH CROPS 0 0 0 3295 3295 0.0 Pyrethrum 0000 0 0.0 Cotton 0 0 128 39 39 0.0 Tobacco 0 0 4818 3256 3256 0.0 Jute 0000 0 0.0 Total 1,049 302,344 303,393 0.0

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 145

7.1 & 7.2h TOTAL ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Agriculture Households and Planted Area By Insecticide Use and District for the 2002/03 agricultural year - Wet & Dry Seasons- Rukwa region.

Insecticide Use % of Planted District Insecticide Use Insec icide Use Total Area using Number of Number of Number of Insecticide Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Mpanda 0 0 5,092 11,021 158,400 96,231 11.5 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 7,774 19,216 177,594 132,698 14.5 Nkansi 0 0 1,696 6,698 74,856 53,306 12.6 Sumbawanga Urban 35 56 7,736 12,832 32,727 20,109 63.8 Total 35 56 22,298 49,767 443,577 302,344 16.5

7.1 & 7.2iTOTAL ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Agriculture Households and Planted Area By Insecticide Use and District for the 2002/03 agricultural year - Wet & Dry Seasons- Rukwa region.

District Herbicide Use % of Planted Total Insecticide Use Insec icide Use Area using Number of Number of Number of Insecticide Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Mpanda 0 0 403 571 59,533 96,231 0.6 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 460 918 68,401 132,698 0.7 Nkansi 0 0 80 422 30,403 53,306 0.8 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 70 120 13,240 20,109 0.6 Total 0 0 1,013 2,031 171,578 302,344 0.7

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 146

7.1 & 7.2e TOTAL ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Total number of agriculture Households and Planted Area (ha) By Means of Soil Preparation and District - Wet & Dry Seasons- Rukwa Region. Soil Preparation

Mostly Tractor Ploughing Mostly Oxen Ploughing Mostly Hand Cultivation Total District

Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Number of Planted Households Area Households Area Households Planted Area Households Area Mpanda 129 679 0 303,101 53,421 75,999 53,550 192,461 Sumbawanga Rural 119 72 0 177,758 21,908 23,611 22,027 133,561 Nkansi 0 0 0 77,974 14,606 15,748 14,606 53,436 Sumbawanga Urban 69 104 0 21,476 1,968 1,915 2,037 20,166 Total 316 855 0 580,309 91,903 117,273 92,219 303,393

7.1 & 7.2f TOTAL ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Total number of agriculture Households and Planted Area (ha) By Fertiliser Use and District for 2002/03 agricultural year Wet & Dry season - Rukwa Region. Fer ilisers Use Manure Mostly Compost Mostly Inorganic Fertilizer No Fertilizer Applied District Total Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Number of Planted Planted Households Area Households Area Households Planted Area Households Area Area Mpanda 1,200 3,089 134 109 3,894 7,937 113,838 181,326 192,461 Sumbawanga Rural 5,532 16,068 924 1,682 117 1,420 61,947 114,392 133,561 Nkansi 1,426 3,671 391 313 145 88 28,522 49,364 53,436 Sumbawanga Urban 3,941 6,550 272 421 781 1,755 8,282 11,439 20,166 Total 12,098 29,379 1,721 2,524 4,937 11,200 153,055 260,290 303,393

7.1 & 7.2g TOTAL ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Total number of agriculture Households and Planted Area (ha) By Irrigation Use and District for 2002/03 agricultural year Wet & Dry season - Rukwa Region.

Irrigation Use

Household Using Household NOT Using % of Planted Total District Irrigation Irriga ion Area using Insecticide Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Household Area Household Area Household Planted Area Mpanda 1,071 1,980 3,050 5,030 4,121 7,009 28 Sumbawanga Rural 5,971 10,422 16,393 26,815 22,364 37,237 28 Nkansi 948 2,521 3,469 5,991 4,417 8,512 30 Sumbawanga Urban 2,355 4,284 6,639 10,922 8,993 15,206 28 Total 10,344 19,207 29,551 48,758 39,895 67,965 28

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 147

7.1 $ 7.2j: ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Fungicide Use and District During 2002/03 Crop Year WET SEASON Fungicide Use Households Using Households Not Using % of area Total District Fungicide Fungicide planted using Fungicides Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Household Area Household Area Household Area Mpanda 3,227 6,178 56,306 90,053 59,533 96,231 3.4 Sumbawanga Rural 680 597 67,721 132,101 68,401 132,698 0.5 Nkasi 315 705 30,089 52,601 30,403 53,306 0.6 Sumbawanga Urban 583 1,286 12,657 18,823 13,240 20,109 2.9 Total 4,805 8,766 166,773 293,578 171,578 302,344 1.6

7.1&7.2k: ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Improved Seed Use and DistrictDuring 2002/03 Crop Year - WET & DRY SEASONS

Improved Seed Use % of area Households Using Households Not Using Total planted using District Improved Seed Improved Seed Improved Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Seeds Household Area Household Area Household Area Mpanda 3,082 5,507 56,451 90,670 59,533 96,178 5.7 Sumbawanga Rural 6,712 18,377 61,227 111,967 67,939 130,345 14.1 Nkansi 569 1,183 29,834 51,977 30,403 53,160 2.2 Sumbawanga Urban 694 1,990 12,564 18,961 13,258 22,078 9.0 Total 11,057 27,058 160,077 273,576 171,133 302,400 8.9

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 7.1a ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Households and Planted Area (ha) By Means Used for Soil Preparation and District During 2002/03 Crop Year-DRY SEASON, Rukwa Region

Soil Preparation Mostly Hand Mostly Tractor Ploughing Mostly Oxen Ploughing Total District Cul ivation

Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Mpanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 118 863 0 0 118 863 Nkansi 0 0 80 130 0 0 80 130 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 35 56 0 0 35 56 Total 0 0 233 1,049 0 0 233 1,049

7.1b ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Total number of agriculture Households and Planted Area (ha) By Fertiliser Use and District - DRY SEASON,Rukwa Region. Fertilisers Use Mostly Farm Yard Mostly Inorganic Manure Mostly Compost Fer ilizer No Fertilizer Applied Total District

Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Mpanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0 0 0 118 863 118 863 Nkansi 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 130 80 130 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 56 35 56 Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 233 1,049 233 1,049

7.1c ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Irrigation Use and Distric, DRY SEASON, Rukwa Region. Irrigation Use Household Using Household NOT Using Total % of Planted District Irrigation Irrigation Area using Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Insecticide Household Area Household Area Household Area Mpanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 118 863 118 863 0 Nkansi 0 0 80 130 80 130 0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 35 56 35 56 0 Total 0 0 233 1,049 233 1,049 0

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 149

7.1d ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Pesticide Use and District, DRY SEASON, Rukwa Region.

Insecticide Use Household NOT Using Household Using Irrigation Total District Irrigation Number of Number of Number of Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Mpanda 000000 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 118 863 118 863 Nkansi 0 0 80 130 80 130 Sumbawanga Urban 35 56 0 0 35 56 Total 35 56 199 993 233 1,049

7.1e ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Herbicide Use and District, DRY SEASON, Ruwa Region

Herbicide Use Household NOT Using Household Using Irrigation Total % Planted District Irrigation Area using Number of Number of Number of Herbicide Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Mpanda 0000000 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 118 863 118 863 0 Nkansi 0 0 80 130 80 130 0 Sumbawanga Urban 35 56 35 56 0 Total 0 0 233 1,049 233 1,049 0

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 150

7.1f ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Fungicide Use and District DRY SEASON, Rukwa Region. Fungicide Use Household NOT Using % Planted Household Using Irrigation Total District Irrigation Area using Number of Number of Number of Herbicide Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Mpanda 0000000 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 118 863 118 863 0 Nkansi 0 0 80 130 80 130 0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 35 56 35 56 0 Total 0 0 233 1,049 233 1,049 0

7.1g ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Improved Seed Use and District, DRY SEASON

Improved Seed Use Household NOT Using % Planted Household Using Irrigation Total District Irrigation Area using Number of Number of Number of Herbicide Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Mpanda 0000000 Sumbawanga Rural 118 863 0 0 118 863 100 Nkansi 0 0 80 130 80 130 0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 35 56 35 56 0 Total 118 863 115 186 233 1,049 82 % 51 82 49 18 100 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 151

7.2a ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area (ha) By Means Used for Soil Preparation and District, WET SEASON, Rukwa Region

Soil Preparation

Mostly Tractor Ploughing Mostly Oxen Ploughing Mostly Hand Cultiva ion Total District Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Mpanda 129 679 5,984 19,499 53,421 75,999 59,533 96,178 Sumbawanga Rural 119 72 45,912 106,662 21,908 23,611 67,939 130,345 Nkansi 0 0 15,797 37,412 14,606 15,748 30,403 53,160 Sumbawanga Urban 69 104 11,204 18,069 1,968 1,915 13,240 20,088 Total 316 855 78,897 181,643 91,903 117,273 171,116 299,771 % 0.2 0.3 46.1 60.6 53.7 39.1 160.9 100

7.2b ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Fertilizer Use and District WET SEASON, Rukwa Region Fertilisers Use Mostly Inorganic Mostly Farm Yard Manure Mostly Compost No Fertilizer Applied Total Fertilizer District Total Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Mpanda 1,200 3,089 134 109 3,894 7,937 54,305 85,095 59,533 96,231 Sumbawanga Rural 5,532 16,068 924 1,682 117 1,420 61,828 113,529 68,401 132,698 Nkansi 1,426 3,671 391 313 145 88 28,442 49,234 30,403 53,306 Sumbawanga Urban 3,941 6,550 272 421 781 1,755 8,247 11,383 13,240 20,109 Total 12,098 29,379 1,721 2,524 4,937 11,200 152,822 259,241 171,578 302,344

7.2c ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Irrigation Use and District During WET SEASON

Irrigation Use % of Area Households Using Households Not Using Total Planted District Irrigation Irrigation Under Irrigation in Planted Planted Planted Wet Season No.of H/holds Area No.of H/holds Area No.of H/holds Area Mpanda 1,071 1,980 58,463 94,251 59,533 96,231 2.1 Sumbawanga Rural 5,971 10,422 62,430 122,276 68,401 132,698 8 Nkasi 948 2,521 29,455 50,785 30,403 53,306 5 Sumbawanga Urban 2,355 4,284 10,886 15,826 13,240 20,109 21 Total 10,344 19,207 161,234 283,137 171,578 302,344 6.4 % 6 6 94 94 100 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 152

7.2d ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Insecticide Use and District WET SEASON, Rukwa Region

Insecticide Use Households Using Households Not Using Total District Pesticide Pesticide Number of Number of Number of Planted Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Household Area Mpanda 5,092 11,021 54,441 85,210 59,533 96,231 Sumbawanga Rural 7,774 19,216 60,627 113,482 68,401 132,698 Nkasi 1,696 6,698 28,707 46,608 30,403 53,306 Sumbawanga Urban 7,736 12,832 5,504 7,277 13,240 20,109 Total 22,298 49,767 149,280 252,577 171,578 302,344

7.2e ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Herbicide Use and District WET SEASON, Rukwa Region. Herbicide Use Households Using Households Not Using % of Area Total Planted District Herbicide Herbicide Using Number of Number of Number of Planted Herbicide Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Household Area Mpanda 403 571 59,130 95,659 59,533 96,231 0.6 Sumbawanga Rural 460 918 67,941 131,781 68,401 132,698 0.7 Nkasi 80 422 30,323 52,884 30,403 53,306 0.8 Sumbawanga Urban 70 120 13,171 19,990 13,240 20,109 0.6 Total 1,013 2,031 170,565 300,314 171,578 302,344 0.7 % 0.6 0.7 99.4 99.3 100.0 100.0

7.2j Number of Crop Producing Households Reporting Selling Agricultural Products by District, 2002/03

Households that Sold Households that Did not Sold Total Number Produce Produce of Households

District Number % Number % Number Mpanda 46,242 78 13,292 22 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 59,911 87 9,024 13 68,935 Nkansi 24,110 79 6,374 21 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 10,835 81 2,474 19 13,309 Total 141,097 82 31,164 18 172,261

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 153

7.2f ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Fungicide Use and District 2002/03 WET SEASON, Rukwa Region

Fungicide Use Households Using Households Not Using Total % of Planted District Fungicide Fungicide Area Using Fungicide Number of Number of Number of Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Mpanda 3,227 6,178 56,306 90,053 59,533 96,231 6.4 Sumbawanga Rural 680 597 67,721 132,101 68,401 132,698 0.4 Nkasi 315 705 30,089 52,601 30,403 53,306 1.3 Sumbawanga Urban 583 1,286 12,657 18,823 13,240 20,109 6.4 Total 4,805 8,766 166,773 293,578 171,578 302,344 2.9 % 3 3 97 97 100 100

7.2g ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION: Number of Crop Growing Households and Planted Area By Improved Seed Use and District, WET SEASON, Rukwa Region Improved Seed Use Households Using Households Not Using % of Planted Total Area Using District Improved Seed Improved Seed Improved Number of Number of Number of Seed Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Household Planted Area Mpanda 3,082 5,507 56,451 90,670 59,533 96,178 5.7 Sumbawanga Rural 6,712 18,377 61,227 111,967 67,939 130,345 14.1 Nkansi 569 1,183 29,834 51,977 30,403 53,160 2.2 Sumbawanga Urban 676 1,127 12,564 18,961 13,240 20,088 5.6 Total 11,039 26,195 160,077 273,576 171,116 299,771 8.7 % 6 9 94 91 100 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 7.2h Planted Area and Number of Crop Growing Households in WET SEASON During 2002/03 Crop Year By Method of Land Clearing By Crops 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Land Clearing

District Crop Mostly Bush Clearance Mostly Hand Slashing Mostly Tractor Slashing Mostly Burning No Land Clearing Total Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Maize 3,884 1,604 51,453 41,568 0 . 129 47 0 . 55,467 43,219 Paddy 402 136 12,576 12,071 120 194 129 105 0 . 13,227 12,505 Sorghum 0 . 1,568 2,048 0 . 0 . 0 . 1,568 2,048 Finger Millet 0 . 1,464 545 0 . 0 . 0 . 1,464 545 CEREALS 4,286 1,739 67,061 56,232 120 194 258 152 0 . 71,726 58,316 Cassava 3,756 1,488 25,745 10,942 0 . 0 . 0 . 29,501 12,430 Sweet Potatoes 0 . 4,555 1,400 0 . 0 . 0 . 4,555 1,400 ROOTS & TUBERS 3,756 1,488 30,300 12,342 0 . 0 . 0 . 34,056 13,830 Beans 3,085 1,569 20,928 8,655 0 . 129 31 0 . 24,142 10,255 Bambaranuts 133 54 133 54 0 . 0 . 0 . 266 108 PULSES 3,218 1,622 21,061 8,709 0 . 129 31 0 . 24,408 10,363 Sunflower 134 27 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 134 27 Simsim 0 . 135 16 0 . 0 . 0 . 135 16 Groundnuts 2,277 841 18,292 9,007 0 . 133 27 0 . 20,702 9,874 Soya Beans 0 . 269 68 0 . 0 . 0 . 269 68 OIL SEEDS & OIL NUTS 2,411 868 18,696 9,091 0 . 133 27 0 . 21,240 9,986 Onions 0 . 270 68 0 . 0 . 0 . 270 68 Cabbage 0 . 135 14 0 . 0 . 0 . 135 14 Tomatoes 0 . 803 173 0 . 0 . 0 . 803 173 Spinnach 0 . 134 22 0 . 0 . 0 . 134 22 Amaranths 0 . 536 52 0 . 0 . 0 . 536 52 FRUITS & VEGETABLES 0 . 1,878 329 0 . 0 . 0 . 1,878 329 Cotton 0 . 128 39 0 . 0 . 0 . 128 39 Tobacco 134 54 4,566 3,178 0 . 0 . 0 . 4,700 3,233 CASH CROPS 134 54 4,693 3,217 0 . 0 . 0 . 4,827 3,271 Mpanda Total 13,805 5,772 143,689 89,920 120 194 520 210 0 . 158,135 96,096 Sumbawanga Rural Maize 4,642 5,881 53,555 56,992 345 207 4,287 2,623 581 248 63,410 65,951 Paddy 728 736 10,358 8,978 113 46 1,029 649 1,294 1,104 13,522 11,514 Sorghum 355 605 5,958 3,907 0 . 1,078 461 0 . 7,391 4,973 Finger Millet 1,717 2,098 8,410 9,362 0 . 826 407 0 . 10,953 11,867 Wheat 0 . 224 91 0 . 0 . 0 . 224 91 CEREALS 7,441 9,320 78,505 79,331 458 253 7,220 4,140 1,875 1,351 95,500 94,395 Cassava 566 357 8,471 4,107 0 . 0 . 0 . 9,037 4,464 Sweet Potatoes 117 47 2,897 664 111 11 0 . 117 5 3,242 728 Irish Potatoes 101 20 230 28 0 . 0 . 0 . 331 49 ROOTS & TUBERS 784 424 11,598 4,799 111 11 0 . 117 5 12,610 5,240 Beans 2,085 1,278 26,551 14,897 121 98 1,835 791 230 79 30,821 17,142 Sumbawanga Rural Green Gram 0 . 120 102 0 . 0 . 0 . 120 102

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 7.2h Planted Area and Number of Crop Growing Households in WET SEASON During 2002/03 Crop Year By Method of Land Clearing By Crops 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Land Clearing

District Crop Mostly Bush Clearance Mostly Hand Slashing Mostly Tractor Slashing Mostly Burning No Land Clearing Total Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Field Peas 0 . 112 23 0 . 0 . 0 . 112 23 PULSES 2,085 1,278 26,783 15,022 121 98 1,835 791 230 79 31,053 17,266 Sunflower 443 220 10,552 6,997 0 . 918 429 0 . 11,912 7,646 Simsim 0 . 118 24 0 . 0 . 0 . 118 24 Groundnuts 1,126 247 17,249 4,841 111 11 241 37 0 . 18,728 5,136 Soya Beans 0 . 225 46 0 . 0 . 0 . 225 46 OIL SEEDS & OIL NUTS 1,570 467 28,144 11,907 111 11 1,159 466 0 . 30,983 12,851 Onions 0 . 451 68 0 . 0 . 0 . 451 68 Cabbage 0 . 326 60 0 . 0 . 0 . 326 60 Tomatoes 0 . 1,598 241 0 . 0 . 117 5 1,715 245 Spinnach 0 . 218 22 0 . 0 . 0 . 218 22 Amaranths 0 . 452 60 0 . 0 . 0 . 452 60 Pumpkins 0 . 100 10 0 . 115 12 0 . 215 22 FRUITS & VEGETABLES 0 . 3,145 461 0 . 115 12 117 5 3,377 477 Tobacco 0 . 118 24 0 . 0 . 0 . 118 24 CASH CROPS 0 . 118 24 0 . 0 . 0 . 118 24 Total 11,880 11,490 148,293 111,543 801 373 10,329 5,407 2,338 1,439 173,641 130,253 Nkansi Maize 365 361 26,206 26,943 0 . 506 695 73 15 27,149 28,014 Paddy 0 . 3,197 1,409 0 . 0 . 73 7 3,270 1,416 Sorghum 60 7 1,425 359 0 . 0 . 0 . 1,485 366 Bulrush Millet 0 . 82 17 0 . 0 . 0 . 82 17 Finger Millet 165 167 5,375 6,154 0 . 0 . 0 . 5,540 6,321 Wheat 0 . 239 129 80 32 0 . 0 . 319 161 CEREALS 589 535 36,524 35,010 80 32 506 695 145 22 37,845 36,294 Cassava 666 291 9,615 5,681 0 . 60 18 145 29 10,486 6,020 Sweet Potatoes 0 . 1,525 469 0 . 0 . 0 . 1,525 469 Irish Potatoes 0 . 409 149 0 . 0 . 0 . 409 149 ROOTS & TUBERS 666 291 11,549 6,299 0 . 60 18 145 29 12,420 6,638 Beans 163 75 14,524 6,566 0 . 294 167 76 3 15,056 6,810 Cowpeas 82 33 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 82 33 PULSES 245 108 14,524 6,566 0 . 294 167 76 3 15,138 6,844 Sunflower 165 75 3,522 1,806 0 . 70 57 0 . 3,757 1,938 Groundnuts 82 8 4,422 1,202 80 65 70 57 0 . 4,654 1,333 OIL SEEDS & OIL NUTS 247 83 7,944 3,008 80 65 141 114 0 . 8,412 3,270 Onions 0 . 244 20 0 . 0 . 0 . 244 20 Cabbage 0 . 234 60 0 . 0 . 0 . 234 60 Tomatoes 0 . 164 35 0 . 0 . 0 . 164 35 FRUITS & VEGETABLES 0 . 642 115 0 . 0 . 0 . 642 115 Total 1,747 1,017 71,183 50,997 160 97 1,000 994 367 55 74,457 53,160

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 7.2h Planted Area and Number of Crop Growing Households in WET SEASON During 2002/03 Crop Year By Method of Land Clearing By Crops 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Land Clearing

District Crop Mostly Bush Clearance Mostly Hand Slashing Mostly Tractor Slashing Mostly Burning No Land Clearing Total Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Number of Planted Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Households Area Sumbawanga Urban Maize 238 264 9,409 8,601 35 72 2,310 1,885 870 1,404 12,861 12,226 Sorghum 0 . 137 12 0 . 32 7 0 . 169 18 Finger Millet 70 28 470 143 0 . 105 57 0 . 644 228 Wheat 0 . 1,725 1,586 35 70 35 71 0 . 1,794 1,728 CEREALS 308 292 11,740 10,342 69 142 2,482 2,019 870 1,404 15,469 14,199 Cassava 35 28 364 83 0 . 32 13 0 . 431 125 Sweet Potatoes 0 . 69 11 0 . 139 74 0 . 208 85 Irish Potatoes 0 . 589 81 0 . 0 . 35 4 624 85 Yams 0 . 33 13 0 . 0 . 0 . 33 13 Cocoyam 0 . 0 . 0 . 34 7 0 . 34 7 ROOTS & TUBERS 35 28 1,055 188 0 . 205 94 35 4 1,330 314 Beans 69 24 6,460 2,147 35 13 1,008 329 625 531 8,197 3,043 Cowpeas 0 . 69 35 0 . 0 . 0 . 69 35 PULSES 69 24 6,529 2,182 35 13 1,008 329 625 531 8,266 3,078 Sunflower 136 55 3,035 1,353 0 . 846 395 139 49 4,156 1,852 Simsim 0 . 69 11 0 . 0 . 35 14 104 25 Groundnuts 0 . 671 127 0 . 171 31 70 21 913 180 Soya Beans 0 . 34 14 0 . 0 . 0 . 34 14 OIL SEEDS & OIL NUTS 136 55 3,810 1,505 0 . 1,017 426 244 85 5,207 2,070 Onions 0 . 720 107 0 . 34 3 0 . 754 110 Cabbage 33 3 271 32 0 . 34 7 0 . 338 42 Tomatoes 33 3 785 126 0 . 0 . 0 . 818 129 Spinnach 0 . 68 7 0 . 0 . 0 . 68 7 Carrot 0 . 34 3 0 . 0 . 0 . 34 3 Amaranths 0 . 135 10 0 . 34 3 0 . 169 13 FRUITS & VEGETABLES 66 7 2,013 284 0 . 101 14 0 . 2,180 305 Total 613 406 25,147 14,502 104 155 4,813 2,881 1,773 2,023 32,451 19,966

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 157

7.2.1 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Maize Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Maize Dry Season Wet Season Total District Quantity Quantity Quantity No.of Planted Yield No.of Planted Yield Planted Yield Harvested Harvested Harvested H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) Area (ha) (ton/ha) (tons) (tons) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 55,602 43,301 38,976 0.9 43,301 38,976 0.9 Sumbawanga Rural 118 288 118 0.4 63,410 65,951 84,223 1.3 66,238 84,342 1.3 Nkansi 80 97 19 0.2 27,149 28,014 27,028 1.0 28,111 27,047 1.0 Sumbawanga Urban 35 42 17 0.4 12,999 12,341 13,050 1.1 12,383 13,068 1.1 Total 233 427 155 0.4 159,160 149,606 163,277 1.1 150,033 163,432 1.1

7.2.2 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Paddy Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Paddy Dry Season Wet Season Total District Quantity Quantity Quantity No.of Planted Yield No.of Planted Yield Planted Yield Harvested Harvested Harvested H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) Area (ha) (ton/ha) (tons) (tons) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 13,227 12,505 26,729 2.1 12,505 26,729 2.1 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 13,635 11,605 20,209 1.7 11,605 20,209 1.7 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Total 0 0 0 0.0 3,270 1,416 2,583 1.8 1,416 2,583 1.8

7.2.3 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Sorghum Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Sorghum Dry Season Wet Season Total District Quantity Quantity Quantity No.of Planted Yield No.of Planted Yield Planted Yield Harvested Harvested Harvested H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) Area (ha) (ton/ha) (tons) (tons) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 1,568 2,048 4,645 2.3 2,048 4,645 2.3 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 7,391 4,973 5,108 1.0 4,973 5,108 1.0 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 1,485 366 181 0.5 366 181 0.5 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 169 18 8 0.5 18 8 0.5 Total 0 0 0 0.0 10,613 7,405 9,942 1.3 7,405 9,942 1.3

7.2.4 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Finger millet Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Finger millet Dry Season Wet Season Total District Quantity Quantity Quantity No.of Planted Yield No.of Planted Yield Planted Yield Harvested Harvested Harvested H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) Area (ha) (ton/ha) (tons) (tons) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 1,464 545 690 1.3 545 690 1.3 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 10,953 11,867 9,746 0.8 11,867 9,746 0.8 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 5,540 6,321 5,087 0.8 6,321 5,087 0.8 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 679 235 276 1.2 235 276 1.2 Total 0 0 0 0.0 18,635 18,967 15,798 0.8 18,967 15,798 0.8

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 158

7.2.5 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Bulrush Millet Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Bulrush Millet Dry Season Wet Season Total

District Planted Quantity Quantity Quantity No.of Yield No.of Planted Yield Planted Yield Area Harveste Harvested Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) Area (ha) (ton/ha) (ha) d (tons) (tons) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 82 17 20 1.2 17 20 1.2 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Total 0 0 0 0.0 82 17 20 1.2 17 20 1.2

7.2.6 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Wheat Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Wheat Dry Season Wet Season Total

District Planted Quantity Quantity Quantity No.of Yield No.of Planted Yield Planted Yield Area Harveste Harvested Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) Area (ha) (ton/ha) (ha) d (tons) (tons) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 224 91 57 0.6 91 57 0.6 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 319 161 58 0.4 161 58 0.4 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 1,794 1,728 1,796 1.0 1,728 1,796 1.0 Total 0 0 0 0.0 2,337 1,979 1,911 1.0 1,979 1,911 1.0

7.2.7 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Cassava Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Cassava Dry Season Wet Season Total District Planted Quantity Quantity Quantity No.of Yield No.of Planted Yield Planted Yield Area Harveste Harvested Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) Area (ha) (ton/ha) (ha) d (tons) (tons) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 29,632 12,483 15,556 1.2 12,483 15,556 1.2 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 12,877 6,817 10,050 1.5 6,817 10,050 1.5 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 10,885 6,165 13,975 2.3 6,165 13,975 2.3 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 535 146 238 1.6 146 238 1.6 Total 0 0 0 0.0 53,929 25,611 39,818 1.6 25,611 39,818 1.6

7.2.8 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Sweet Potatoes Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Sweet Poatatoes Dry Season Wet Season Total

District Planted Quantity Quantity Quantity No.of Yield No.of Planted Yield Planted Yield Area Harveste Harvested Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) Area (ha) (ton/ha) (ha) d (tons) (tons) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 4,555 1,400 2,548 1.8 1,400 2,548 1.8 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 3,242 728 1,468 2.0 728 1,468 2.0 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 1,525 469 614 1.3 469 614 1.3 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 208 85 69 0.8 85 69 0.8 Total 0 0 0 0.0 9,530 2,681 4,699 1.8 2,681 4,699 1.8

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 159

7.2.9 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) andIrish Potatoes Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Irish Poatatoes Dry Season Wet Season Total

District Planted Quantity Planted Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Yield Yield Area Harveste Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) d (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 331 49 70 1.4 49 70 1.4 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 409 149 618 4.1 149 618 4.1 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 624 85 343 4.1 85 343 4.1 Total 0 0 0 0.0 1,364 282 1,031 3.7 282 1,031 3.7

7.2.10 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Yams Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Yams Dry Season Wet Season Total

District Planted Quantity Planted Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Yield Yield Area Harveste Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) d (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 33 13 127 9.5 13 127 9.5 Total 0 0 0 0.0 33 13 127 9.5 13 127 9.5

7.2.11 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Coco Yams Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Coco Yams Dry Season Wet Season Total

District Planted Quantity Planted Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Yield Yield Area Harveste Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) d (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 34 7 27 4.0 7 27 4.0 Total 0 0 0 0.0 34 7 27 4.0 7 27 4.0

7.2.12 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Beans Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Beans Dry Season Wet Season Total District Planted Quantity Planted Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Yield Yield Area Harveste Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) d (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 24,142 10,255 5,210 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Rural 118 240 24 0.1 30,821 17,142 8,029 0.5 17,382 8,053 0.5 Nkansi 80 32 19 0.6 15,056 6,810 2,747 0.4 6,843 2,767 0.4 Sumbawanga Urban 35 7 1 0.1 8,197 3,043 1,278 0.4 3,050 1,279 0.4 Total 233 279 44 0.2 78,216 37,251 17,265 0.5 37,530 17,308 0.5

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 160 7.2.13 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Cowpeas Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Cowpeas Dry Season Wet Season Total District Quantity Planted Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Planted Yield No.of Yield Yield Harvested Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 82 33 30 0.5 33 30 0.5 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 69 35 17 1.3 35 17 1.3 Total 0 0 0 0.0 151 68 47 0.7 68 47 0.7

7.2.14 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Green Gram Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year.

Green gram Dry Season Wet Season Total District Quantity Planted Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Planted Yield No.of Yield Yield Harvested Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 120 102 151 1.5 102 151 1.5 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Total 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 1.5 0 0 1.5

7.2.15 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Bambaranuts Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year.

Bambaranuts Dry Season Wet Season Total District Quantity Planted Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Planted Yield No.of Yield Yield Harvested Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 266 108 93 0.9 108 93 0.9 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Total 0 0 0 0.0 266 108 93 0.9 108 93 0.9

7.2.16 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Field Peas Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Field Peas Dry Season Wet Season Total District Quantity Planted Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Planted Yield No.of Yield Yield Harvested Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 112 23 11 0.5 23 11 0.5 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Total 0 0 0 0.0 112 23 11 0.5 23 11 0.5

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 161

7.2.17 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Sunflower Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Sunflower Dry Season Wet Season Total District Planted Quantity Planted Quan ity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Yield Yield Area Harvested Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 134 27 24 0.9 27 24 0.9 Sumbawanga Rural 118 288 142 0.5 11,912 7,646 3,976 0.5 7,934 4,118 0.5 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 3,757 1,938 973 0.5 1,938 973 0.5 Sumbawanga Urban 35 7 4 0.6 4,156 1,852 984 0.5 1,859 988 0.5 Total 153 295 146 0.5 19,960 11,463 5,957 0.5 11,758 6,103 0.5

7.2.18 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Simsim Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Sunflower Dry Season Wet Season Total District Planted Quantity Planted Quan ity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Yield Yield Area Harvested Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 134 27 24 0.9 27 24 0.9 Sumbawanga Rural 118 288 142 0.5 11,912 7,646 3,976 0.5 7,934 4,118 0.5 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 3,757 1,938 973 0.5 1,938 973 0.5 Sumbawanga Urban 35 7 4 0.6 4,156 1,852 984 0.5 1,859 988 0.5 Total 153 295 146 0.5 19,960 11,463 5,957 0.5 11,758 6,103 0.5

7.2.19 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Simsim Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Sunflower Dry Season Wet Season Total District Planted Quan ity Planted Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Yield Yield Area Harvested Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 20,702 9,874 6,617 0.7 9,874 6,617 0.7 Sumbawanga Rural 118 48 71 1.5 18,728 5,136 2,820 0.5 5,184 2,891 0.6 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 4,654 1,333 1,535 1.2 1,333 1,535 1.2 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 913 180 84 0.5 180 84 0.5 Total 118 48 71 1.5 44,997 16,522 11,055 0.7 16,570 11,126 0.7

7.2.20 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Soya Beans Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Soya Beans Dry Season Wet Season Total District Planted Quan ity Planted Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Yield Yield Area Harvested Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 269 68 139 2.0 68 139 2.0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 225 46 5 0.1 46 5 0.1 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 34 14 10 0.7 14 10 0.7 Total 0 0 0 0.0 528 127 154 1.2 127 154 1.2

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 162

7.2.21 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Onions Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Onions Dry Season Wet Season Total

District Planted Quantity Planted Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Yield Yield Area Harveste Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) d (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 270 68 443 6.5 68 443 6.5 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 451 68 365 5.4 68 365 5.4 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 244 20 74 3.7 20 74 3.7 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 754 110 257 2.3 110 257 2.3 Total 0 0 0 0.0 1,718 266 1,139 4.3 266 1,139 4.3

7.2.22 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Cabbage Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Cabbage Dry Season Wet Season Total

District Planted Quantity Planted Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Yield Yield Area Harveste Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) d (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 135 14 40 3.0 14 40 3.0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 326 60 451 7.6 60 451 7.6 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 234 60 59 1.0 60 59 1.0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 338 42 189 4.5 42 189 4.5 Total 0 0 0 0.0 1,032 176 739 4.2 176 739 4.2

7.2.23 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Tomatoes Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Tomatoes Dry Season Wet Season Total

District Planted Quantity Planted Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Yield Yield Area Harveste Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) d (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 803 173 331 1.9 173 331 1.9 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 1,715 245 1,122 4.6 245 1,122 4.6 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 164 35 33 0.9 35 33 0.9 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 818 129 651 5.0 129 651 5.0 Total 0 0 0 0.0 3,499 583 2,136 3.7 583 2,136 3.7

7.2.24 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Spinach Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Spinach Dry Season Wet Season Total

District Planted Quantity Planted Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Yield Yield Area Harveste Area Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) d (tons) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 134 22 61 2.8 22 61 2.8 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 218 22 4 0.2 22 4 0.2 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 68 7 3 0.4 7 3 0.4 Total 0 0 0 0.0 420 51 68 1.3 51 68 1.3

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 7.2.25 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Carrot Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Carrot Dry Season Wet Season Total District Planted Quantity Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Planted Yield Yield Area Harvested Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) (tons) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 34 3 7 2.1 3 7 2.1 Total 0 0 0 0.0 34 3 7 2.1 3 7 2.1

7.2.26 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Amaranthas Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Amaranthas Dry Season Wet Season Total District Planted Quantity Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Planted Yield Yield Area Harvested Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) (tons) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 536 52 87 1.7 52 87 1.7 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 452 60 11 0.2 60 11 0.2 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 169 13 11 0.9 13 11 0.9 Total 0 0 0 0.0 1,157 125 110 0.9 125 110 0.9

7.2.27 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Pumpkins Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Pumpkins Dry Season Wet Season Total District Planted Quantity Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Planted Yield Yield Area Harvested Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) (tons) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 215 22 12 0.5 22 12 0.5 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Total 0 0 0 0.0 215 22 12 0.5 22 12 0.5

7.2.28 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Cotton Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Cotton Dry Season Wet Season Total District Planted Quantity Quantity Planted Quantity No.of Yield No.of Planted Yield Yield Area Harvested Harvested Area Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds Area (ha) (ton/ha) (ton/ha) (ha) (tons) (tons) (ha) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 128 39 13 0.3 39 13 0.3 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Total 0 0 0 0.0 128 39 13 0.3 39 13 0.3

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 164

7.2.29 Number of Crop Growing Households, Planted Area (ha) and Tobacco Harevsted (tons) by season and District 2002/03 Agricultural Year. Tobacco Dry Season Wet Season Total District Planted Quantity Planted Quantity Quantity No.of Yield No.of Yield Planted Yield Area Harvested Area Harvested Harvested H/holds (ton/ha) H/holds (ton/ha) Area (ha) (ton/ha) (ha) (tons) (ha) (tons) (tons) Mpanda 0 0 0 0.0 4,700 3,233 3,209 1.0 3,233 3,209 1.0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0.0 118 24 41 1.7 24 41 1.7 Nkansi 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Total 0 0 0 0.0 4,818 3,256 3,251 1.0 3,256 3,251 1.0

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 165

PERMANENT CROPS

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 166

7.3 Production of Permanent Crops by Crop Type and District, Rukwa Region

Planted Area Area Harvested Quantity District/Crop (ha) (ha) Harvested (tons) Yield (Kgs/ha) Mpanda Mangostine . . 12 Pigeon Pea 162 162 40 247 Palm Oil 138 72 2,063 28,598 Coconut . . . 0 Rubber . . 72 0 Sugarcane 22 22 16 741 Mpesheni . . 83 0 Banana 694 299 5,978 20,005 Avocado . . 9 0 Mango 392 283 10,753 38,048 Pawpaw 21 43 1,236 28,751 Orange 81 630 1,343 2,133 Grape Fruit 22 . . 0 Mandarine/Tangerine . . 32 0 Guava 29 38 363 9,512 Lime/Lemon 3,866 5 41 7,581 Total 5,429 1,554 22,040 14,182 Sumbawanga Pigeon Pea . 48 57 1,200 Rural Star Fruit . 0 207 0 Palm Oil . . 289 0 Coconut 2 0 37 0 Coffee 24 24 7 296 Sugarcane 1,356 3,946 43,680 11,069 Banana 758 506 4,132 8,168 Avocado . . 15 0 Mango 155 79 4,180 52,749 Pawpaw . . 12 0 Pineapple . . 2 0 Orange 36 26 160 6,072 Mandarine/Tangerine . . . 0 Guava 120 0 173 0 Pears 6 5 1 247 Lime/Lemon . . . 0 Total 2,456 4,635 52,954 11,426 Nkansi Palm Oil . 8 54 7,008 Coconut 16 16 14 911 Sugarcane 74 57 681 11,873 Jack Fruit . . 4 0 Banana 66 82 602 7,338 Mango . 2,020 638 316 Pawpaw . 0 9 0 Orange . 4 61 15,385 Guava . 0 85 0 Lime/Lemon . . 7 0 Total 155 2,187 2,156 986

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 167

cont……… Production of Permanent Crops by Crop Type and District, Rukwa Region Sumbawanga Urban Sour Soup 7 0 . 0 Coconut 42 42 10 247 Coffee 10 . . 0 Sugarcane 346 301 10,261 34,060 Cardamon 3 3 2 504 Mpesheni . 0 0 0 Banana 272 124 759 6,138 Avocado . . 1 0 Orange 73 10 4 364 Guava 5 8 28 3,438 Plums . 0 3 0 Pitches . 1 5 3,952 Lime/Lemon 11 12 85 7,002 Total 770 503 11,159 22,189 Total Sour Soup 7 0 . 0 Mangostine . . 12 0 Pigeon Pea 162 210 98 464 Star Fruit . 0 207 0 Palm Oil 138 80 2,405 30,144 Coconut 60 58 62 1,064 Coffee 35 24 7 296 Rubber . . 72 0 Sugarcane 1,797 4,327 54,638 12,628 Cardamon 3 3 2 504 Jack Fruit . . 4 0 Mpesheni . 0 83 0 Banana 1,790 1,010 11,471 11,353 Avocado . . 25 0 Mango 547 2,382 15,571 6,537 Pawpaw 21 43 1,257 29,248 Pineapple . . 2 0 Orange 190 671 1,569 2,339 Grape Fruit 22 . . 0 Mandarine/Ta. . 32 0 Guava 155 46 649 14,025 Plums . 0 3 0 Pears 6 5 1 247 Pitches . 1 5 3,952 Lime/Lemon 3,877 18 133 7,554 Total 8,810 8,879 88,310 9,946

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 168

cont…..Area Planted by crop Type - Rukwa Region Crop Area Planted % Lime/Lemon 3,877 44 Sugarcane 1,797 20 Banana 1,790 20 Mango 547 6 Orange 190 2 Pigeon Pea 162 2 Guava 155 2 Palm Oil 138 2 Coconut 60 1 Coffee 35 0 Grape Fruit 22 0 Pawpaw 21 0 Sour Soup 7 0 Pears 6 0 Cardamon 3 0 Mangostine 0 0 Star Fruit 0 0 Rubber 0 0 Jack Fruit 0 0 Mpesheni 0 0 Avocado 0 0 Pineapple 0 0 Mandarine/Tangerine 0 0 Plums 0 0 Pitches 0 0 Total 8,810 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 169

cont…Planted Area with Fertiliser by Fertiliser Type and crop Mostly Mostly Farm Mostly No Fertilizer Inorganic Total Yard Manure Compost Applied Fertilizer Sour Soup 0 0 0 7 7 Pigeon Pea 0 0 0 162 162 Palm Oil 0 0 0 138 138 Coconut 42 0 0 17 60 Coffee 0 0 0 35 35 Sugarcane 444 4 0 1,349 1,797 Cardamon 0 . 0 3 3 Banana 121 3 0 1,665 1,790 Mango 0 0 0 547 547 Pawpaw 0 0 0 21 21 Orange 0 0 0 190 190 Grape Fruit 0 0 0 22 22 Guava 3 0 0 152 155 Pears 0 0 0 6 6 Lime/Lemon 0 0 0 3,877 3,877 Total 611 7 0 8,192 8,810

cont…Planted Area with Fertiliser by Fertiliser Type and crop

Mostly Farm Yard Total Manure % Sour Soup 0 7 0.0 Pigeon Pea 0 162 0.0 Palm Oil 0 138 0.0 Coconut 42 60 70.9 Coffee 0 35 0.0 Sugarcane 444 1,797 24.7 Cardamon 0 3 0.0 Banana 121 1,790 6.8 Mango 0 547 0.0 Pawpaw 0 21 0.0 Orange 0 190 0.0 Grape Fruit 0 22 0.0 Guava 3 155 2.2 Pears 0 6 0.0 Lime/Lemon 0 3,877 0.0 Total 611 8,810 6.9

cont…Planted Area with Fertiliser by Fertiliser Type and crop

Mostly Compos Total % Sour Soup 0 7 0.0 Pigeon Pea 0 162 0.0 Palm Oil 0 138 0.0 Coconut 0 60 0 Coffee 0 35 0 Sugarcane 4 1,797 0 Cardamon . 3 0 Banana 3 1,790 0 Mango 0 547 0 Pawpaw 0 21 0 Orange 0 190 0 Grape Fruit 0 22 0 Guava 0 155 0 Pears 0 6 0 Lime/Lemon 0 3,877 0.0 Total 7 8,810 0.08

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 170

Appendix II 171

AGROPROCESSING

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 172

8.0a Number of Crop Growing Households reported to have Processed Farm Products by District, 2002/03 agricultural year. Households That Households That Did Not Total District Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 57,127 96 2,407 4 59,533 100 Sumbawanga Rural 66,890 97 2,045 3 68,935 100 Nkansi 30,037 99 446 1 30,483 100 Sumbawanga Urban 13,101 98 208 2 13,309 100 Total 167,155 97 5,106 3 172,261 100

8.0b Number of Crop Growing Households Reporting Processing of Farm Products Produced During 2002/03 Agriculture Year By Method of Processing and District Method of Processing By By Co- On Farm by On Farm by Neighbour operative District Hand Machine Machine Union By Trader Other By Factory Tota Mpanda 9,773 400 46,954 0 0 0 0 57,127 Sumbawanga Rural 6,092 1,396 49,404 119 9,550 331 0 66,890 Nkansi 4,073 1,227 24,416 0 0 0 321 30,037 Sumbawanga Urban 270 375 12,422 0 35 0 0 13,101 Total 20,209 3,397 133,195 119 9,585 331 321 167,155

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 173

8.1.1 AGROPROCESSING: Number of Crop Growing Households Reporting Processing of Farm Products Produced During 2003/04 By Location of Processing and Crop Method of Processing By By Co- On Farm by On Farm by Neighbour operative On Large Crop Hand Machine Machine Union By Trader Scale Farm Other By Factory Total Mpanda Maize 4,956 400 48,099 0 0 0 0 0 53,454 Paddy 3,948 130 8,240 0 0 0 0 0 12,318 Sorghum 261 0 1,173 0 0 0 0 0 1,434 Finger Millet 0 0 798 0 0 0 0 0 798 Cassava 12,313 135 3,861 0 0 0 0 0 16,310 Beans 134 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 134 Sunflower 0 0 134 0 0 0 0 0 134 Groundnut 2,745 0 673 0 0 0 0 0 3,417 Soya Beans 0 0 269 0 0 0 0 0 269 Sumbawanga Maize 2,989 1,637 47,050 119 9,441 0 230 0 61,466 Rural Paddy 5,213 929 3,127 0 0 0 316 0 9,584 Sorghum 481 120 5,829 0 109 0 0 0 6,538 Finger Millet 801 118 3,570 0 1,482 0 0 0 5,970 Wheat 0 0 115 0 109 0 0 0 224 Cassava 3,564 229 3,463 0 0 0 0 0 7,257 Sweet Potato 691 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 691 Beans 205 0 119 0 0 0 0 0 324 Sunflower 466 0 1,042 0 3,090 0 0 117 4,714 Groundnut 2,671 0 121 0 0 0 0 0 2,792 Oil Palm 121 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 Banana 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 Nkansi Maize 1,091 1,238 23,775 0 0 0 0 0 26,104 Paddy 1,035 81 2,078 0 0 0 0 0 3,194 Sorghum 148 208 1,046 0 0 0 0 0 1,402 Finger Millet 813 0 3,775 0 0 0 0 0 4,588 Wheat 0 0 78 0 0 0 0 0 78 Cassava 3,776 126 4,961 0 0 0 0 0 8,864 Sweet Potato 158 0 82 0 0 0 0 0 240 Sunflower 78 80 1,274 0 211 0 0 767 2,411 Groundnut 3,556 0 473 0 0 0 0 0 4,030 Sumbawanga Maize 270 375 12,285 0 0 0 0 0 12,930 Urban Sorghum 0 0 99 0 0 0 0 0 99 Finger Millet 68 0 310 0 0 0 0 0 378 Wheat 0 102 621 0 0 0 0 0 723 Cassava 65 0 98 0 0 0 0 0 162 Cocoyams 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 Sunflower 0 34 676 0 136 34 35 103 1,017 Groundnut 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 174

8.1.1 AGROPROCESSING: Number of Crop Growing Households Reporting Processing of Farm Products Produced During 2003/04 Agricultural Year By Location of Sale of Product and Crop Where Sold Local Market Marketing / Trade Secondary Co- Farmers Large Scale Trader at Did not Crop Neighbours Store Market operative Association Farm Farm Other Sell Total Mpanda Maize 3,769 120 253 0 0 0 1,070 0 48,243 53,454 Paddy 534 254 954 0 0 0 1,409 110 9,057 12,318 Sorghum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,434 1,434 Finger Millet 403 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 394 798 Cassava 1,347 0 0 0 0 0 268 0 14,695 16,310 Beans 134 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 134 Sunflower 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 134 134 Groundnut 539 134 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,744 3,417 Soya Beans 134 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 135 269 Total 6,862 508 1,207 0 0 0 2,746 110 76,836 88,269 Sumbawanga Maize 2,044 121 230 0 353 0 115 0 58,602 61,466 Rural Paddy 593 357 111 0 0 0 0 0 8,522 9,584 Sorghum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,538 6,538 Finger Millet 0 0 0 0 0 0 115 0 5,855 5,970 Wheat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 224 224 Cassava 239 0 118 0 0 0 89 0 6,810 7,257 Sweet Potato 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 691 691 Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 324 324 Sunflower 921 462 0 0 0 0 349 0 2,982 4,714 Groundnut 353 118 0 0 0 0 236 0 2,086 2,792 Oil Palm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 121 Banana 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 Total 4,262 1,058 460 0 353 0 905 0 92,754 99,792 Nkansi Maize 165 0 0 72 76 0 69 0 25,723 26,104 Paddy 148 0 0 0 76 0 0 0 2,970 3,194 Sorghum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,402 1,402 Finger Millet 82 0 0 0 0 0 78 0 4,428 4,588 Wheat 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 Cassava 129 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 8,675 8,864 Sweet Potato 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 240 240 Sunflower 453 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 1,807 2,411 Groundnut 152 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,877 4,030 Total 1,208 0 0 132 151 0 217 80 49,123 50,912 Sumbawanga Maize 0 0 0 0 139 34 104 34 12,618 12,930 Urban Sorghum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 99 99 Finger Millet 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 344 378 Wheat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 723 723 Cassava 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 162 162 Cocoyams 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 34 Sunflower 172 34 0 35 0 0 34 33 709 1,017 Groundnut 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 65 Total 172 66 0 35 139 34 172 67 14,724 15,409 Total Maize 5,978 240 484 72 568 34 1,358 34 145,186 153,954 Paddy 1,276 611 1,065 0 76 0 1,409 110 20,550 25,097 Sorghum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,474 9,474 Finger Millet 486 0 0 0 0 0 227 0 11,021 11,734 Wheat 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 948 1,026 Cassava 1,715 0 118 60 0 0 357 0 30,342 32,592 Sweet Potato 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 931 931 Cocoyams 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 34 Beans 134 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 324 458 Sunflower 1,547 496 0 35 0 0 454 113 5,632 8,276 Groundnut 1,045 284 0 0 0 0 236 0 8,740 10,305 Oil Palm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 121 Soya Beans 134 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 135 269 Banana 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 Total 12,505 1,631 1,667 167 643 34 4,040 257 233,437 254,382

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 175

8.1.1a AGROPROCESSING: Number of Crop Growing Households Reporting Processing of Farm Products Produced During 2003/04 By Location of Processing and Crop

District Crop Method of Processing By By Co- On Farm On Farm by Neighbour operative On Large By by Hand Machine Machine Union By Trader Scale Farm Other Factory Total Mpanda Maize 4,956 400 48,099 0 0 0 0 0 53,454 Paddy 3,948 130 8,240 0 0 0 0 0 12,318 Sorghum 261 0 1,173 0 0 0 0 0 1,434 Finger Millet 0 0 798 0 0 0 0 0 798 Cassava 12,313 135 3,861 0 0 0 0 0 16,310 Beans 134 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 134 Sunflower 0 0 134 0 0 0 0 0 134 Groundnut 2,745 0 673 0 0 0 0 0 3,417 Soya Beans 0 0 269 0 0 0 0 0 269 Sumbawanga Maize 2,989 1,637 47,050 119 9,441 0 230 0 61,466 Rural Paddy 5,213 929 3,127 0 0 0 316 0 9,584 Sorghum 481 120 5,829 0 109 0 0 0 6,538 Finger Millet 801 118 3,570 0 1,482 0 0 0 5,970 Wheat 0 0 115 0 109 0 0 0 224 Cassava 3,564 229 3,463 0 0 0 0 0 7,257 Sweet Potatoes 691 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 691 Beans 205 0 119 0 0 0 0 0 324 Sunflower 466 0 1,042 0 3,090 0 0 117 4,714 Groundnut 2,671 0 121 0 0 0 0 0 2,792 Oil Palm 121 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 Banana 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 Nkansi Maize 1,091 1,238 23,775 0 0 0 0 0 26,104 Paddy 1,035 81 2,078 0 0 0 0 0 3,194 Sorghum 148 208 1,046 0 0 0 0 0 1,402 Finger Millet 813 0 3,775 0 0 0 0 0 4,588 Wheat 0 0 78 0 0 0 0 0 78 Cassava 3,776 126 4,961 0 0 0 0 0 8,864 Sweet Potatoes 158 0 82 0 0 0 0 0 240 Sunflower 78 80 1,274 0 211 0 0 767 2,411 Groundnut 3,556 0 473 0 0 0 0 0 4,030 Sumbawanga Maize 270 375 12,285 0 0 0 0 0 12,930 Urban Sorghum 0 0 99 0 0 0 0 0 99 Finger Millet 68 0 310 0 0 0 0 0 378 Wheat 0 102 621 0 0 0 0 0 723 Cassava 65 0 98 0 0 0 0 0 162 Cocoyams 34 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 Sunflower 0 34 676 0 136 34 35 103 1,017 Groundnut 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 176

8.1.1 AGROPROCESSING: Number of Crop Growing Households Reporting Processing of Farm Products Produced During 2003/04 Agricultural Year By Use of Product and Crop

Product Use d / Human Consumpt Fuel for Animal Crop ion Cooking Sale Only Consumption Did Not Use Other Total Mpanda Maize 53,454 0 0 0 0 0 53,454 Paddy 12,318 0 0 0 0 0 12,318 Sorghum 1,434 0 0 0 0 0 1,434 Finger Millet 798 0 0 0 0 0 798 Cassava 16,175 0 0 0 135 0 16,310 Beans 134 0 0 0 0 0 134 Sunflower 134 0 0 0 0 0 134 Groundnut 2,878 539 0 0 0 0 3,417 Soya Beans 135 134 0 0 0 0 269 Total 87,461 674 0 0 135 0 88,269 Sumbawanga Maize 60,298 0 582 238 233 115 61,466 Rural Paddy 8,658 122 704 100 0 0 9,584 Sorghum 6,425 0 0 113 0 0 6,538 Finger Millet 5,735 0 235 0 0 0 5,970 Wheat 224 0 0 0 0 0 224 Cassava 6,897 0 239 0 121 0 7,257 Sweet Potatoes 691 0 0 0 0 0 691 Beans 324 0 0 0 0 0 324 Sunflower 3,542 117 940 0 116 0 4,714 Groundnut 2,203 0 589 0 0 0 2,792 Oil Palm 121 0 0 0 0 0 121 Banana 111 0 0 0 0 0 111 Total 95,228 239 3,290 451 469 115 99,792 Nkansi Maize 26,104 0 0 0 0 0 26,104 Paddy 3,049 0 73 0 73 0 3,194 Sorghum 1,402 0 0 0 0 0 1,402 Finger Millet 4,506 0 0 0 0 82 4,588 Wheat 78 0 0 0 0 0 78 Cassava 8,864 0 0 0 0 0 8,864 Sweet Potatoes 240 0 0 0 0 0 240 Sunflower 2,331 0 80 0 0 0 2,411 Groundnut 4,030 0 0 0 0 0 4,030 Total 50,604 0 153 0 73 82 50,912 Sumbawanga Maize 12,930 0 0 0 0 0 12,930 Urban Sorghum 99 0 0 0 0 0 99 Finger Millet 378 0 0 0 0 0 378 Wheat 723 0 0 0 0 0 723 Cassava 162 0 0 0 0 0 162 Cocoyams 0 0 0 0 34 0 34 Sunflower 949 0 68 0 0 0 1,017 Groundnut 65 0 0 0 0 0 65 Total 15,307 0 68 0 34 0 15,409 Total Maize 152,786 0 582 238 233 115 153,954 Paddy 24,025 122 777 100 73 0 25,097 Sorghum 9,361 0 0 113 0 0 9,474 Finger Millet 11,416 0 235 0 0 82 11,734 Wheat 1,026 0 0 0 0 0 1,026 Cassava 32,098 0 239 0 255 0 32,592 Sweet Potatoes 931 0 0 0 0 0 931 Cocoyams 0 0 0 0 34 0 34 Beans 458 0 0 0 0 0 458 Sunflower 6,956 117 1,088 0 116 0 8,276 Groundnut 9,177 539 589 0 0 0 10,305 Oil Palm 121 0 0 0 0 0 121 Soya Beans 135 134 0 0 0 0 269 Banana 111 0 0 0 0 0 111 Total 248,601 912 3,510 451 710 198 254,382

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 177

8.1.1c AGROPROCESSING: Number of Crop Growing Households Reporting Processing of Farm Products Produced During 2003/04 Agricultural Year By Location of Sale of Product and Crop Where Sold Marketing Large Local Market Secondary Co- Farmers Scale Trader Did not Crop Neighbours / Trade Store Market operative Association Farm at Farm Other Sell Total Mpanda Maize 3,769 120 253 0 0 0 1,070 0 48,243 53,454 Paddy 534 254 954 0 0 0 1,409 110 9,057 12,318 Sorghum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,434 1,434 Finger Millet 403 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 394 798 Cassava 1,347 0 0 0 0 0 268 0 14,695 16,310 Beans 134 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 134 Sunflower 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 134 134 Groundnut 539 134 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,744 3,417 Soya Beans 134 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 135 269 Total 6,862 508 1,207 0 0 0 2,746 110 76,836 88,269 Sumbawanga Maize 2,044 121 230 0 353 0 115 0 58,602 61,466 Rural Paddy 593 357 111 0 0 0 0 0 8,522 9,584 Sorghum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,538 6,538 Finger Millet 0 0 0 0 0 0 115 0 5,855 5,970 Wheat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 224 224 Cassava 239 0 118 0 0 0 89 0 6,810 7,257 Sweet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 691 691 Potatoes Beans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 324 324 Sunflower 921 462 0 0 0 0 349 0 2,982 4,714 Groundnut 353 118 0 0 0 0 236 0 2,086 2,792 Oil Palm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 121 Banana 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 Total 4,262 1,058 460 0 353 0 905 0 92,754 99,792 Nkansi Maize 165 0 0 72 76 0 69 0 25,723 26,104 Paddy 148 0 0 0 76 0 0 0 2,970 3,194 Sorghum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,402 1,402 Finger Millet 82 0 0 0 0 0 78 0 4,428 4,588 Wheat 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 Cassava 129 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 8,675 8,864 Sweet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 240 240 Potatoes Sunflower 453 0 0 0 0 0 70 80 1,807 2,411 Groundnut 152 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,877 4,030 Total 1,208 0 0 132 151 0 217 80 49,123 50,912 Sumbawanga Maize 0 0 0 0 139 34 104 34 12,618 12,930 Urban Sorghum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 99 99 Finger Millet 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0 344 378 Wheat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 723 723 Cassava 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 162 162 Cocoyams 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 34 Sunflower 172 34 0 35 0 0 34 33 709 1,017 Groundnut 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 65 Total 172 66 0 35 139 34 172 67 14,724 15,409 Total Maize 5,978 240 484 72 568 34 1,358 34 145,186 153,954 Paddy 1,276 611 1,065 0 76 0 1,409 110 20,550 25,097 Sorghum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9,474 9,474 Finger Millet 486 0 0 0 0 0 227 0 11,021 11,734 Wheat 78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 948 1,026 Cassava 1,715 0 118 60 0 0 357 0 30,342 32,592 Sweet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 931 931 Potatoes Cocoyams 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 34 Beans 134 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 324 458 Sunflower 1,547 496 0 35 0 0 454 113 5,632 8,276 Groundnut 1,045 284 0 0 0 0 236 0 8,740 10,305 Oil Palm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 121 Soya Beans 134 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 135 269 Banana 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111 Total 12,505 1,631 1,667 167 643 34 4,040 257 233,437 254,382

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 178

8.1.1d AGRO PROCESSING: Number of Crop Growing Households By Main Product During 2002/03 Agriculture Year and District

Main Product

District Flour / Meal Grain Oil Juice Rubber Total Mpanda 53,178 3,949 0 0 0 57,127 Sumbawanga Rural 61,492 3,148 2,135 116 0 66,890 Nkansi 27,574 1,911 481 0 71 30,037 Sumbawanga Urban 12,827 69 135 69 0 13,101 Total 155,071 9,077 2,751 185 71 167,155

8.1.1e AGRO PROCESSING: Number of Crop Growing Households By Use of Primary Processed Product During 2002/03 Agriculture Year and District, Rukwa Region.

Product Use Household / Human Animal District Consumption Sale Only Consumption Did Not Use O her Total Mpanda 57,127 0 0 0 0 57,127 Sumbawanga Rural 65,380 691 351 354 115 66,890 Nkansi 29,892 73 0 73 0 30,037 Sumbawanga Urban 13,101 0 0 0 0 13,101 Total 165,499 764 351 426 115 167,155

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 179

8.1.1f AGRO PROCESSING: Number of Crop Growing Households By Where Product Sold During 2002/03 Agriculture Year and District Where Sold Local Market / Marketing Large Trade Secondary Co- Farmers Scale Trader Did not District Neighbours Store Market operative Association Farm at Farm Other Sell Total Mpanda 3,769 254 593 0 0 0 1,543 0 50,968 57,127 Sumbawanga Rural 2,398 342 230 0 353 0 205 0 63,362 66,890 Nkansi 366 0 0 132 76 0 0 80 29,383 30,037 Sumbawanga Urban 34 0 0 0 139 34 104 34 12,756 13,101 Total 6,568 596 823 132 568 34 1,851 115 156,468 167,155

8.1.1g AGRO PROCESSING: Number of Crop Growing Households By By-Product During 2002/03 Agriculture Year and District, Rukwa Region By Product No by- District Bran Cake Husk Juice Fiber Pulp Oil Shell product Other Total Mpanda 19,440 134 6,481 0 133 134 0 1,209 29,461 134 57,127 Sumbawanga Rural 9,309 3,907 4,360 0 0 350 121 817 48,028 0 66,890 Nkansi 658 2,389 2,588 0 72 0 80 2,105 21,995 150 30,037 Sumbawanga Urban 528 851 0 34 0 0 0 0 11,688 0 13,101 Total 29,934 7,281 13,429 34 205 484 201 4,131 111,172 284 167,155

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 180

Appendix II 181

MARKETING

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 182

10.1 Number of Crop Producing Households Reported to have Sold Agricultural Produce by District During 2002/03, Rukwa Region Number of Households Households that sold that Did not Sell Total District Number % Number % Number Mpanda 46,242 78 13,292 22 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 59,911 87 9,024 13 68,935 Nkansi 24,110 79 6,374 21 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 10,835 81 2,474 19 13,309 Total 141,097 81.9 31,164 18.1 172,261

10.2 Number of Crop Producing Households Reporting Not Selling Agricultural Products During 2003/04 By Reason for Not Selling Crops By District Main Reasons for Not Selling Crops Production Farmers Regulatory Price Too Insufficient Market Too Association Trade Union Board Not District Low to Sell Far Problems Problems Problems Other applicable Total Mpanda 1,200 44,338 535 134 0 0 537 12,788 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 3,294 30,710 456 0 233 115 1,123 32,085 68,016 Nkansi 1,408 15,404 0 0 0 82 958 12,510 30,362 Sumbawanga Urban 547 6,545 0 0 69 0 35 6,078 13,275 Total 6,450 96,997 992 134 303 198 2,652 63,461 171,186

10.3 Proportion of Households who Reported Not Selling Their Crops by District During 2002/03 Agricultural Year, Rukwa Region. Main Reasons for Not Selling Crops Production Farmers Regulatory Price Too Insufficient Market Too Association Trade Union Board Not District Low to Sell Far Problems Problems Problems Other applicable Total Mpanda 2.02 74.48 0.90 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.90 21.48 100.00 Sumbawanga Rural 4.84 45.15 0.67 0.00 0.34 0.17 1.65 47.17 100.00 Nkansi 4.64 50.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27 3.15 41.20 100.00 Sumbawanga Urban 4.12 49.30 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.00 0.26 45.79 100.00 Total 3.77 56.66 0.58 0.08 0.18 0.12 1.55 37.07 100.00

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 183

IRRIGATION/EROSION CONTROL

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 184

Table 11.1: Number and Percent of Households Reporting Use of Irrigation During 2002/03 Agriculture Year By District

Households Practicing Households not Irrigation Practicing Irrigation Total Number of Number of Number of District Household % Household % Household Mpanda 3,343 6 56,190 94 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 8,564 12 60,371 88 68,935 Nkansi 1,718 6 28,766 94 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 3,258 24 10,051 76 13,309 Total 16,883 10 155,378 90 172,261

11.2: Area (ha)of Irrigated and Non Irrigatable (ha) Land By District Area Irrigated Irrigated Land this District Area Year % Mpanda 915 844 92 Sumbawanga Rural 9,278 5,487 59 Nkansi 799 462 58 Sumbawanga Urban 1,588 730 46 Total 12,578 7,523 60

11.3: Number of Households Using Irrigation By Source of Irrigation Water During 2003/04 Agricultural Year By District Source of Irrigation Water District River Lake Dam Well Borehole Canal Total Mpanda 1,877 0 0 1,065 401 0 3,343 Sumbawanga Rural 7,058 0 344 592 0 571 8,564 Nkansi 788 148 0 474 0 307 1,718 Sumbawanga Urban 1,502 0 0 1,005 35 715 3,258 Total 11,225 148 344 3,137 435 1,593 16,883

11.4: Number of Households Using Irrigation By Method of Irrigation of Obtaining Water By District Method of Obtaining Water Hand District Gravity Bucket Hand Pump Motor Pump Other Total Mpanda 1,204 2,006 133 0 0 3,343 Sumbawanga Rural 7,296 1,150 0 0 118 8,564 Nkansi 1,099 541 0 78 0 1,718 Sumbawanga Urban 1,429 1,277 0 68 484 3,258 Total 11,028 4,974 133 146 602 16,883

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 185

11.5 IRRIGATION: Number of Households Using Irrigation By Method of Irrigation Application By District Method of Application Bucket / Water Watering District Flood Sprinkler Hose Can Total Mpanda 1,206 0 133 2,004 3,343 Sumbawanga Rural 7,305 0 115 1,144 8,564 Nkansi 1,027 76 0 615 1,718 Sumbawanga Urban 1,843 67 0 1,348 3,258 Total 11,381 143 248 5,111 16,883 % 67 1 1 30 100

11.6: IRRIGATION: Number of Households With Erosion Control/Water Harvesting Facilities on their Land By District Does the Household Have Any Erosion Control/Water Harvesting Have facility Does Not Have Total District Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 6,967 12 52,566 88 59,533 100 Sumbawanga Rural 5,546 8 63,389 92 68,935 100 Nkansi 1,549 5 28,934 95 30,483 100 Sumbawanga Urban 2,143 16 11,166 84 13,309 100 Total 16,206 9 156,055 91 172,261 100

11.7 EROSION CONTROL: Number of Erosion Control Harvesting Structures By Type and District Type of Erosion Control Erosion Water Contro Gabions / Vetiver Tree Harvesting Drainage District Terraces Bunds Sandbag Grass Belts Bunds Ditches Dam Tota Mpanda . 105,686 . . 532 28,191 2,000 . 136,409 Sumbawanga Rural . 111,614 . . 595 8,675 2,315 723 123,923 Nkansi 0 3,452 . . . 73 606 234 4,365 Sumbawanga Urban 136 2,414 . 299 208 964 1,783 . 5,804 Total 136 223,167 . 299 1,336 37,903 6,705 957 270,502

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 186

Appendix II 187

ACCESS TO INPUTS

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 188

Table 12.1.1 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households Using Chemical Fertilizer by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

NOT Using Chemical Total Crop Using Chemical Fertilizers Fertilizers Growing No. of Households District Households % No. of Households % Mpanda 9,261 16 50,273 84 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 454 1 68,363 99 68,817 Nkasi 439 1 29,964 99 30,403 Sumbawanga Urban 949 7 12,360 93 13,309 Total 11,103 6 160,960 94 172,063

Table 12.1.2 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households Using Farm Yard Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Farm Yard Manure NOT Using Farm Yard Manure Total Crop Growing No. of Households District Households % No. of Households % Mpanda 2,273 4 57,260 96 59,533 Sumbawanga Rur 9,319 14 59,616 86 68,935 Nkasi 2,940 10 27,623 90 30,563 Sumbawanga Urb 5,434 41 7,875 59 13,309 Total 19,966 12 152,375 88 172,341

Table 12.1.3 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households Using COMPOST Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year NOT Using COMPOST Using COMPOST Manure Manure Total Crop Growing No. of Households District Households % No. of Households % Mpanda 666 1 58,867 99 59,533 Sumbawanga Rur 1,406 2 67,529 98 68,935 Nkasi 686 2 29,797 98 30,483 Sumbawanga Urb 540 4 12,769 96 13,309 Total 3,298 2 168,962 98 172,261

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 189

Table 12.1.4 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households Using Pesticides/Fungicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Total Using NOT Using number of Insecticide/Fungicides Pesticides/Fungicides Growing Households District No. of Households % No. of Households % Mpanda 4,699 8 54,834 92 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 6,263 9 62,672 91 68,935 Nkasi 1,504 5 28,980 95 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 7,038 53 6,271 47 13,309 Total 19,503 11 152,758 89 172,261

Table 12.1.5 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households Using Herbicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Number of Agricultural Total Households NOT Using number of Using Herbicides Herbicides Growing Households District No. of Households % No. of Households % Mpanda 269 0 59,264 100 59,533 Sumbawanga Rur 0 0 68,935 100 68,935 Nkasi 0 0 30,483 100 30,483 Sumbawanga Urb 0 0 13,309 100 13,309 Total 269 0 171,991 100 172,261

Table 12.1.6 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households using Improved Seeds by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Total Using Improved Seeds OT Using Improved Seed number of Growing District No. of Households % No. of Households % Households Mpanda 5,977 10 53,556 90 59,533 Sumbawanga Rur 1,869 3 67,067 97 68,935 Nkasi 388 1 30,096 99 30,483 Sumbawanga Urb 784 6 12,525 94 13,309 Total 9,018 5 163,243 95 172,261

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 190

Table 12.1.7 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Source of Chemical Fertilizer by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Local Local Marke Secondary Crop Not Co-operative Farmers / Trade Total Marke Buyers applicable Group Store District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 2,694 5 395 1 4,691 8 134 0 1,347 2 50,273 84 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0 454 1 0 0 0 0 68,363 99 68,817 Nkasi 0 0 0 0 439 1 0 0 0 0 29,964 99 30,403 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0 949 7 0 0 0 0 12,360 93 13,309 Total 2,694 2 395 0 6,533 4 134 0 1,347 1 160,960 94 172,063

Table 12.1.8 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Source of Farm Yard Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Local Market Local Farmers Secondary Locally Produced by Co-operative / Trade Large Scale Farm Neighbour Group Market Household Store Other Not applicable Total District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,735 3 403 1 0 0 57,260 96 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 233 0 224 0 121 0 0 0 0 0 4,334 6 4,408 6 0 0 59,616 86 68,935 Nkasi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 78 0 1,422 5 1,283 4 157 1 27,623 90 30,563 Sumbawanga Urb 0 0 35 0 70 1 34 0 0 0 3,114 23 2,182 16 0 0 7,875 59 13,309 Total 368 0 258 0 190 0 34 0 78 0 10,605 6 8,275 5 157 0 152,375 88 172,341

Table 12.1.9 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Source of COMPOST Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Local Marke Locally / Trade Produce Neighbour Not applicable Store d by Total District Number % Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 134 0 532 1 0 0 58,867 99 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 476 1 692 1 238 0 67,529 98 68,935 Nkasi 0 0 611 2 76 0 29,797 98 30,483 Sumbawanga Urb 68 1 472 4 0 0 12,769 96 13,309 Total 679 0 2,306 1 314 0 168,962 98 172,261

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 191

Table 12.1.10 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Source of Insecticide/Fungicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Loca Loca Large Locally Co- Farmers Market / Secondary Crop Scale Produced by Not District operative Group Trade Store Market Buyers Farm Household Neighbour applicable Total Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 2,155 4 261 0 1,611 3 0 0 672 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 54,834 92 59,533 Sumbawanga Rur 0 0 115 0 4,141 6 230 0 0 0 0 0 1,186 2 591 1 62,672 91 68,935 Nkasi 0 0 0 0 1,106 4 316 1 0 0 82 0 0 0 0 0 28,980 95 30,483 Sumbawanga Urb 34 0 101 1 4,445 33 69 1 35 0 0 0 2,250 17 103 1 6,271 47 13,309 Total 2,190 1 477 0 11,303 7 616 0 706 0 82 0 3,436 2 694 0 152,758 89 172,261

Table 12.1.11 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Source of Herbicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Loca Market / Trade Crop Not District Store Buyers applicable Total Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 135 0 135 0 59,264 100 59,533 Sumbawanga Rur 0 0 0 0 68,935 100 68,935 Nkasi 0 0 0 0 30,483 100 30,483 Sumbawanga Urb 0 0 0 0 13,309 100 13,309 Total 135 0 135 0 171,991 100 172,261

Table 12.1.12 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households Source of Improved Seeds by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Loca Loca Large Co- Farmers Market / Development Crop Scale Not District operative Group Trade Store Project Buyers Farm Neighbour applicable Total

Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 1,886 3 261 0 2,626 4 128 0 1,077 2 0 0 0 0 53,556 90 59,533 Sumbawanga Rur 0 0 0 0 1,354 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 515 1 67,067 97 68,935 Nkasi 0 0 0 0 306 1 0 0 0 0 82 0 0 0 30,096 99 30,483 Sumbawanga Urb 0 0 0 0 750 6 0 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 12,525 94 13,309 Total 1,886 1 261 0 5,036 3 128 0 1,111 1 82 0 515 0 163,243 95 172,261

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 192

Table 12.1.13 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Distance to Source of Chemical Fertil

Less than Between 1 Between 3 Between 10 20 km and District 1 km and 3 km and 10 km and 20 km Above Total

Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 941 10 1,209 13 2,551 28 2,955 32 1,605 17 9,261 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 454 100 454 Nkasi 0 0 297 68 0 0 72 16 70 16 439 Sumbawanga Urban 67 7 69 7 543 57 169 18 100 11 949 Total 1,008 9 1,576 14 3,094 28 3,195 29 2,230 20 11,103

Table 12.1.14 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Distance to Source of Farm Yard Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Less than Between 1 Between 3 20 km and District 1 km and 3 km and 10 km Above Total Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 2,004 88 135 6 0 0 134 6 2,273 Sumbawanga Rural 6,441 69 1,848 20 1,031 11 0 0 9,319 Nkasi 2,453 83 243 8 165 6 78 3 2,940 Sumbawanga Urban 4,385 81 612 11 437 8 0 0 5,434 Total 15,283 77 2,838 14 1,632 8 213 1 19,966

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 193

Table 12.1.15 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Distance to Source of COMPOST Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Less than 1 Between 1 km and 3 km Tota District Number % Number % Number Mpanda 666 100 0 0 666 Sumbawanga Rural 1,297 92 0 0 1,297 Nkasi 611 89 76 11 686 Sumbawanga Urban 371 69 33 6 405 Total 2,946 89 109 3 3,054

Table 12.1.18 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Distance to Source of Improved Seeds by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Between 20 km Less than 1 Between 1 Between 3 10 and 20 and km and 3 km and 10 km km Above Total

District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 135 2 940 16 1,210 20 1,471 25 2,221 37 5,977 Sumbawanga Rur 317 17 107 6 542 29 0 0 903 48 1,869 Nkasi 0000001534023460388 Sumbawanga Urb 0 0 34 4 475 61 68 9 208 27 784 Total 452 5 1,081 12 2,226 25 1,693 19 3,566 40 9,018

Table 12.1.16 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Distance to Source of Insecticides/Fungicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Between 20 km Less than 1 Between 1 Between 3 10 and 20 and km and 3 km and 10 km km Above Total District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 135 3 1,209 26 809 17 1,345 29 1,201 26 4,699 Sumbawanga Rur 1,296 21 460 7 471 8 468 7 3,569 57 6,263 Nkasi 149 10 82 5 407 27 0 0 867 58 1,504 Sumbawanga Urb 1,734 25 581 8 2,447 35 862 12 1,414 20 7,038 Total 3,313 17 2,332 12 4,134 21 2,675 14 7,050 36 19,503

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 194

Table 12.1.25 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Reason for NOT using Chemical Fertilizer by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Labour Do not Know Not Available Price Too High No Money to Buy Required How to Use Input is of No Use Other Total

District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 1,574 3 36,226 72 778 1.5 0 0.0 269 0.5 11,299 22.5 128 0.3 50,273 Sumbawanga Rural 10,835 16 43,471 64 1,204 1.8 109 0.2 1,769 2.6 10,540 15.4 435 0.6 68,363 Nkasi 6,028 20 19,705 66 78 0.3 0 0.0 1,935 6.5 2,218 7.4 0 0.0 29,964 Sumbawanga Urban 311 3 11,614 94 34 0.3 0 0.0 70 0.6 297 2.4 34 0.3 12,360 Total 18,748 12 111,016 69 2,094 1.3 109 0.1 4,043 2.5 24,353 15.1 597 0.4 160,960

Table 12.1.26 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Reason for NOT using Farm Yard Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Too Much Locally Labour Do not Know Produced by Not Available Price Too High No Money to Buy Required How to Use Input is of No Use Household Other Total

District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 26,484 46 3,994 7 11,704 20 1,210 2 2,945 5 10,520 18 135 0 270 0 57,260 Sumbawanga Rural 5,333 9 4,586 8 28,681 48 10,556 18 2,454 4 6,848 11 0 0 1,158 2 59,616 Nkasi 4,938 18 2,021 7 14,055 51 1,538 6 2,251 8 2,494 9 0 0 327 1 27,623 Sumbawanga Urban 2,676 34 912 12 2,297 29 1,853 24 69 1 0 0 0 0 68 1 7,875 Total 39,431 26 11,513 8 56,736 37 15,157 10 7,719 5 19,861 13 135 0 1,823 1 152,375

Table 12.1.27 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Reason for NOT using COMPOST Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Too Much Locally Labour Do not Know Produced by Not Available Price Too High No Money to Buy Required How to Use Input is of No Use Household Other Total

District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 1,733 3 4,137 7 18,643 32 2,273 4 20,896 35 10,916 19 0 0 269 0 58,867 Sumbawanga Rur 2,950 4 2,838 4 20,937 31 7,945 12 24,297 36 6,822 10 1,049 2 691 1 67,529 Nkasi 3,751 13 1,761 6 8,556 29 384 1 12,490 42 2,691 9 0 0 163 1 29,797 Sumbawanga Urb 2,011 16 905 7 3,002 24 1,411 11 5,239 41 202 2 0 0 0 0 12,769 Total 10,445 6 9,642 6 51,138 30 12,013 7 62,922 37 20,631 12 1,049 1 1,123 1 168,962

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 195

Table 12.1.28 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Reason for NOT using Pesticides/Fungicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Locally No Money to Too Much Labour Do not Know Produced by Not Available Price Too High Buy Required How to Use Input is of No Use Household Other Total District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 8,422 15 40,479 74 1,040 2 245 0 269 0 4,252 8 0 0 128 0 54,834 Sumbawanga Rural 14,759 24 38,491 61 1,169 2 352 1 3,005 5 4,212 7 0 0 683 1 62,672 Nkasi 7,282 25 17,512 60 235 1 242 1 2,347 8 1,363 5 0 0 0 0 28,980 Sumbawanga Urban 1,142 18 4,489 72 103 2 0 0 66 1 403 6 35 1 34 1 6,271 Total 31,605 21 100,971 66 2,547 2 838 1 5,687 4 10,230 7 35 0 845 1 152,758

Table 12.1.29 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Reason for NOT using Herbicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

No Money to Too Much Labour Do not Know Not Available Price Too High Buy Required How to Use Input is of No Use Other Total District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 12,565 21 40,102 68 1,042 2 0 0 674 1 4,500 8 381 1 59,264 Sumbawanga Rural 18,549 27 28,428 41 941 1 235 0 15,179 22 5,032 7 571 1 68,935 Nkasi 8,833 29 17,691 58 244 1 0 0 2,262 7 1,453 5 0 0 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 173 1 9,195 69 208 2 0 0 2,359 18 1,339 10 34 0 13,309 Total 40,121 23 95,416 55 2,435 1 235 0 20,475 12 12,324 7 986 1 171,991

Table 12.1.30 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Reason for NOT using Improved Seeds by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Locally No Money to Too Much Labour Do not Know Produced by Not Available Price Too High Buy Required How to Use Input is of No Use Household Other Total District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 8,739 16 40,567 76 638 1 0 0 134 0 3,082 6 134 0 262 0 53,556 Sumbawanga Rural 23,987 36 37,828 56 934 1 235 0 1,861 3 1,757 3 0 0 464 1 67,067 Nkasi 6,799 23 19,916 66 395 1 240 1 1,483 5 1,102 4 161 1 0 0 30,096 Sumbawanga Urban 2,640 21 9,302 74 172 1 35 0 69 1 169 1 70 1 69 1 12,525 Total 42,165 26 107,613 66 2,138 1 510 0 3,547 2 6,109 4 365 0 796 0 163,243

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 196

Table 12.1.31 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Quality of Chemical Fertilizer by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Excellent Good Average Poor Total

District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 3,086 33 5,639 61 536 6 0 0 9,261 Sumbawanga Rural 117 26 117 26 220 49 0 0 454 Nkasi 70 16 369 84 0 0 0 0 439 Sumbawanga Urban 239 25 576 61 68 7 66 7 949 Total 3,512 32 6,701 60 824 7 66 1 11,103

Table 12.1.32 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Quality of Farm Yard Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Excellent Good Average Poor Tota

District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 1,208 53 930 41 135 6 0 0 2,273 Sumbawanga Rural 3,141 34 5,423 58 648 7 107 1 9,319 Nkasi 1,039 35 1,822 62 78 3 0 0 2,940 Sumbawanga Urban 1,844 34 3,452 64 138 3 0 0 5,434 Total 7,233 36 11,627 58 999 5 107 1 19,966

Table 12.1.33 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Quality of COMPOST Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Excellent Good Average Poor Tota

District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 0 0 539 81 0 0 128 19 666 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 1,182 84 224 16 0 0 1,406 Nkasi 0 0 611 89 76 11 0 0 686 Sumbawanga Urban 35 6 370 69 135 25 0 0 540 Total 35 1 2,702 82 434 13 128 4 3,298

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 197

Table 12.1.34 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Quality of Pesticides/Fungicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Excellent Good Average Total District Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 1,744 37 2,955 63 0 0 4,699

Sumbawanga Rural 1,024 16 4,293 69 946 15 6,263 Nkasi 230 15 1,274 85 0 0 1,504

Sumbawanga Urban 2,239 32 4,595 65 204 3 7,038 Total 5,236 27 13,116 67 1,150 6 19,503

Table 12.1.35 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Quality of Herbicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Excellent Total District Number % Number Mpanda 269 100 269 Total 269 100 269

Table 12.1.37 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Table 12.1.36 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households and Quality of Improved Households With Plan to use Next Year Chemical Fertilizer by Seeds by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Excellent Good Average Poor TotalNumber of Number of Total District Number % Number % Number % Number % NumberDistrict Number % Number % Number Mpanda 932 16 5,045 84 0 0 0 0 5,977 Mpanda 14,215 24 45,319 76 59,533 Sumbawanga Sumbawanga Rural 352 19 1,277 68 120 6 120 6 1,869 Rural 10,256 15 58,561 85 68,817 Nkasi 70 18 317 82 0 0 0 0 388 Nkasi 3,265 11 27,139 89 30,403 Sumbawanga Sumbawanga Urban 309 39 440 56 35 4 0 0 784 Urban 1,847 14 11,462 86 13,309 Total 1,665 18 7,079 78 155 2 120 1 9,018 Total 29,582 17 142,480 83 172,063

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 198

Table 12.1.38 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households With Plan to use Next Year Farm Yard Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Agricultural Agricultural Households Households With With Plan to use NO Plan to use Tota Next Year Farm Next Year Farm Yard Manure Yard Manure

District Number % Number % Number Mpanda 2,794 5 56,739 95 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 19,435 28 49,500 72 68,935 Nkasi 6,710 22 23,854 78 30,563 Sumbawanga Urban 7,162 54 6,147 46 13,309 Total 36,102 21 136,239 79 172,341

Table 12.1.39 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households With Plan to use Next Year COMPOST Manure by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Agricultural Agricultural Households Households With With Plan to use NO Plan to use Next Year District Next Year COMPOST COMPOST Manure Manure Tota

Number % Number % Number Mpanda 1,060 2 58,474 98 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 4,615 7 64,321 93 68,935 Nkasi 1,470 5 29,013 95 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 813 6 12,496 94 13,309 Total 7,958 5 164,302 95 172,261

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 199

Table 12.1.40 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households With Plan to use Next Year Pesticides/Fungicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Agricultural Households Agricultural Households With With Plan to use Next NO Plan to use Next Year Total Year Pesticides/Fungicides Pesticides/Fungicides

District Number % Number % Number Mpanda 6,152 10 53,381 90 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 15,043 22 53,892 78 68,935 Nkasi 3,496 11 26,987 89 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 8,071 61 5,238 39 13,309 Total 32,762 19 139,499 81 172,261

Table 12.1.41 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households With Plan to use Next Year Herbicides by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Agricultural Households Agricultural Households With With Plan to use Next NO Plan to use Next Year Total Year Herbicides Herbicides

District Number % Number % Number Mpanda 1,185 2 58,348 98 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 1,624 2 67,312 98 68,935 Nkasi 705 2 29,779 98 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 35 0 13,274 100 13,309 Total 3,549 2 168,712 98 172,261

Table 12.1.42 ACCESS TO INPUTS: Number of Agricultural Households using Improved

Agricultural Households Agricultural Households With With Plan to use Next NO Plan to use Next Year Tota Year Improved Seeds Improved Seeds

District Number % Number % Number Mpanda 7,039 12 52,494 88 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 9,022 13 59,913 87 68,935 Nkasi 2,291 8 28,192 92 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 1,821 14 11,488 86 13,309 Total 20,175 12 152,086 88 172,261

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 200

Appendix II 201

AGRICULTURE CREDITS

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 202

13.2a: AGRICULTURE CREDIT: Number of Households Receiving Credit By Sex of Household Member Receiving Credit By District

Male Female District Number % Number % Total Mpanda 4,552 94 270 6 4,821 Sumbawanga Rural 2,146 95 116 5 2,261 Nkansi 0 0 80 100 80 Sumbawanga Urban 135 67 67 33 202 Total 6,833 93 533 7 7,365 %937

13.2c: AGRICULTURE CREDIT: Number of Households Receiving Credit By Source of Credit By District

Family, Religious Co- Trader / Private Friend and Organisation / Total operative Trade Store Individual District Relative NGO / Project Mpanda 653 2,685 1,616 0 0 4,954 Sumbawanga Rural 1,174 0 966 121 0 2,261 Nkansi 80 0 0 0 0 80 Sumbawanga Urban 34 0 34 34 101 202 Total 1,941 2,685 2,616 155 101 7,499 % 26 36 35 2 1 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 203

13.1a: AGRICULTURE CREDIT: Number of Households Receiving Credit By Reason for Not Using Credit By District

Don't Did not Interest Did not know Difficult Credit Not Not know want to go rate/cost how to get bureaucrac granted Tota needed available about into debt too high credit y procedure too late credit District Mpanda 2,395 10,223 5,567 2,355 19,074 3,151 0 11,814 54,579 Sumbawanga Rural 2,296 27,400 11,635 1,772 11,677 567 115 11,211 66,674 Nkansi 999 9,302 2,750 881 9,917 313 76 6,165 30,403 Sumbawanga Urban 508 4,732 1,947 654 2,912 444 202 1,706 13,107 Total 6,198 51,657 21,899 5,662 43,580 4,476 393 30,897 164,762

13.1b: AGRICULTURE CREDIT: Number of Credits Received By Main Purpose of Credit and District Agro- Tools / Irrigation Labour Seeds Fertilizers Other District chemicals Equipment Structures Mpanda 388 2,285 3,898 2,143 1,078 537 0 Sumbawanga Rural 2,025 0 0 0 0 0 237 Nkansi 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sumbawanga Urban 101 68 68 67 101 0 34 Total Credits 2,594 2,353 3,966 2,210 1,178 537 270

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 204

Appendix II 205

TREE FARMING AND AGROFORESTRY

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 206

14.1: ON FARM TREE PLANTING: Number of Planted Trees By Species and District, Rukwa Region Casuri Afzelia Azadrit Senna Jakaranda Acacia Cyprus Trichilia Melicia na Tectona Leucena Syszygiu Calophylum Eucalyptus Spp Gravellis Quanzens Pinus Spp achta Tota Spp Spp Spp Spp Spp excelsa Equiset Grandis Spp m Spp Inophyllum s Spp filia 342 1,480 419 . 3 . . . . 2 5 . . . . . 2,251 3,487 22 . . 23 8 . . 3 6 . . . . 2 . 3,551 2,593 276 24 . 152 . 69 10 10 . . 5 5 2 . 2 3,148 33,724 . 10 300 67 82 16 ...... 34,199 40,146 1,778 453 300 245 90 85 10 13 8 5 5 5 2 2 2 43,149 93 4 1 1 1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

14.2 TREE FARMING: Number of Households with Planted Trees on their Land and and Number of Trees by Planting Location and District

Mostly on Field / Plot Mostly Scattered in Mostly in Plantation / Total Boundaries Field Coppice

District Number Number Number Number of of Number of Number of of Number of of Number of Household Househo Trees Trees Househol Trees Househ Trees s ds ds olds

Mpanda 61 925 43 1,016 2 310 106 2,251 Sumbawanga Rural 33 531 11 1,813 11 1,207 55 3,551 Nkansi 39 462 5 107 11 2,579 55 3,148 Sumbawanga Urban 49 2,354 22 2,091 65 29,754 136 34,199 Total 182 4,272 81 5,027 89 33,850 352 43,149

14.3: ON FARM TREE PLANTING: Main Use of Trees By District Main Use Planks / Fuel for District Timber Poles Charcoa Wood Shade Medicinal Other Total Mpanda 1 9 0 41 60 1 0 112 Sumbawanga Rural 34 11 0 4 9 2 0 60 Nkansi 17 1 0 27 15 1 1 62 Sumbawanga Urban 84 16 1 42 2 0 0 145 Total 136 37 1 114 86 4 1 379

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 207

14.4: TREE FARMING: Number of Households By Distance to Community Planted Forest (Km) By District Distance to Community Planted Forest (km) District 0-9 1-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 60+ Tota Mpanda 2,281 3,198 2,618 378 0 131 8,606 Sumbawanga Rural 4,364 1,339 1,554 628 0 2,555 10,440 Nkansi 6,357 619 81 493 329 326 8,205 Sumbawanga Urban 5,592 1,950 996 611 136 0 9,285 Total 18,593 7,105 5,250 2,110 465 3,012 36,536 % 5119146 1 8100

14.5: TREE FARMING: Number of responses by second use of planted trees and District for the 2002/03

Second Use District Planks / Fuel for Poles Charcoal Shade Medicina Other Tota Timber Wood Mpanda 1 11 4 59 35 0 2 112 Sumbawanga Rural 6 21 1 26 5 2 0 61 Nkansi 12 10 0 19 18 2 1 62 Sumbawanga Urban 29 30 0 81 3 2 0 145 Total 48 72 5 185 61 6 3 380

14.6: TREE FARMING: Number of responses by main use of planted trees and District for the 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region Main Use Planks / Fuel for Poles Charcoal Shade Medicinal Other Total District Timber Wood Mpanda 1 9 0 41 60 1 0 112 Sumbawanga Rural 34 11 0492060 Nkansi 17 1 0 27 15 1 1 62 Sumbawanga Urban 84 16 1 42 2 0 0 145 Total 136 37 1 114 86 4 1 379

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 208

Appendix II 209

CROP EXTENSION

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 210

15.1 CROP EXTENSION" Number of Households Receiving Extension Messages By District Households No Households Receiving Total Number Receiving Extension Extension of Households Advice Advice District Number % Number % Number Mpanda 11,351 19 48,182 81 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 13,859 20 55,076 80 68,935 Nkansi 1,834 6 28,649 94 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 2,002 15 11,307 85 13,309 Total 29,046 17 143,215 83 172,261

15.1 CROP EXTENSION: Number of Households By Quality of Extension Services By District During the 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region Very Good Good Average Poor Total District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 667 6 6,021 53 3,023 27 1,640 14 11,351 Sumbawanga Rural 1,661 12 7,930 58 4,151 30 0 0 13,742 Nkansi 225 12 927 51 682 37 0 0 1,834 Sumbawanga Urban 103 5 1,660 83 203 10 35 2 2,002 Total 2,657 9 16,539 57 8,059 28 1,675 6 28,930

15.3: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Source of Crop Extension Messages By District During 2002/03 Agricultural Year, Rukwa Region

NGO / Large Scale Government Developmen Cooperative Other Not Total Farm District Project Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 8,141 73 2,405 21 135 1 401 4 135 1 11,217 81 11,217 Sumbawanga Rural 13,037 94 350 3 117 1 355 3 0 0 13,859 80 13,859 Nkansi 1,596 87 82 4 78 4 78 4 0 0 1,834 94 1,834 Sumbawanga Urban 1,761 90 138 7 0 0 33 2 35 2 1,967 85 1,967 Total 24,535 85 2,975 10 330 1 867 3 170 1 28,877 83 28,877

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 211

15.4: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Receiving Advice on Plant Spacing By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region.

Spacing Total District NGO / Large Househol Total Number % of total Government Development Cooperative Scale Other ds of number of Projec Farm receiving Households households advice Mpanda 6,231 2,151 135 133 135 8,785 59,533 15 Sumbawanga Rural 11,794 238 0 120 0 12,152 68,935 18 Nkansi 1,362 82 78 78 0 1,601 30,483 5 Sumbawanga Urban 1,693 138 0 33 0 1,864 13,309 14 Total 21,080 2,610 213 364 135 24,402 172,261 14

15.5: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Receiving Advice on the Use of Agro-chemicals By Source of Messages By District Rukwa Region Use of Agrochemicals District NGO / Large Not Total Number % of total Government Development Cooperative Scale applica Total of number of Projec Farm ble Households households Mpanda 2,112 1,346 134 0 0 3,591 59,533 6 Sumbawanga Rural 8,108 119 117 116 120 8,579 68,935 12 Nkansi 387 82 78 0 70 618 30,483 2 Sumbawanga Urban 1,218 241 0 33 0 1,492 13,309 11 Total 11,825 1,787 329 149 190 14,280 172,261 8

15.6: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Receiving Advice on the Erosion Control By Source of Messages By District Rukwa Region

Erosion Control

District NGO / Large Not Total Number % of total Government Development Cooperative Scale applica Total of number of Projec Farm ble Households households

Mpanda 1,587 269 0 0 0 1,857 59,533 3 Sumbawanga Rural 7,115 119 117 116 115 7,580 68,935 11 Nkansi 527 82 78 0 0 687 30,483 2 Sumbawanga Urban 881 207 0 0 0 1,088 13,309 8 Total 10,110 676 195 116 115 11,212 172,261 7

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 212

15.7: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on the use of OrganicFertilisers By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region. Organic Fertilizer Use

NGO / Total Number % of total District Large Scale Government Development Cooperative Other Total of number of Farm Project Households households

Mpanda 1,460 0 135 0 0 1,594 59,533 3 Sumbawanga Rural 10,561 357 0 361 0 11,279 68,935 16 Nkansi 452 82 78 0 0 612 30,483 2 Sumbawanga Urban 1,217 308 0 35 35 1,594 13,309 12 Total 13,689 746 213 396 35 15,080 172,261 9

15.8: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on the use of Inorganic Fertilisers By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region. Inorganic Fertilizer Use

NGO / Total Number % of total District Large Scale Not Government Development Cooperative Total of number of Farm applicable Project Households households

Mpanda 1,998 2,019 133 0 135 4,285 59,533 7 Sumbawanga Rural 5,735 348 0 0 120 6,203 68,935 9 Nkansi 446 82 78 0 0 606 30,483 2 Sumbawanga Urban 1,213 103 0 67 0 1,384 13,309 10 Total 9,392 2,553 212 67 255 12,478 172,261 7

15.9: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on the use of Improved seeds By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region. Use of Improved Seed

NGO / Total Number % of total District Large Scale Not Government Development Cooperative Total of number of Farm applicable Project Households households

Mpanda 5,516 1,616 0 0 135 7,267 59,533 12 Sumbawanga Rural 8,837 822 115 0 120 9,893 68,935 14 Nkansi 820 82 0 78 0 980 30,483 3 Sumbawanga Urban 1,384 103 0 0 68 1,555 13,309 12 Total 16,557 2,623 115 78 323 19,696 172,261 11

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 213

15.9: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on the use of Mechanisation By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region.

Mechanisation / LST NGO / Total Number % of total District Not Government Development Total of number of applicable Project Households households Mpanda 402 0 0 402 59,533 1 Sumbawanga Rural 1,559 0 122 1,681 68,935 2 Nkansi 152 70 0 222 30,483 1 Sumbawanga Urban 0 35 33 68 13,309 1 Total 2,113 105 155 2,373 172,261 1

15.11: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on the use of Irrigation Technology By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region.

Irrigation Technology NGO / Total Number % of total District Large Scale Government Development Cooperative Other Total of number of Farm Project Households households Mpanda 529 404 0 133 0 1,066 59,533 2 Sumbawanga Rural 4,520 119 0 120 0 4,758 68,935 7 Nkansi 451 0 78 0 0 529 30,483 2 Sumbawanga Urban 341 104 0 0 35 480 13,309 4 Total 5,840 628 78 253 35 6,834 172,261 4

15.12: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on the use of use of Crop storage By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region.

Crop Storage

NGO / Total Number % of total District Large Scale Government Development Cooperative Total of number of Farm Project Households households

Mpanda 6,548 270 0 0 6,818 59,533 11 Sumbawanga Rural 10,437 119 109 121 10,785 68,935 16 Nkansi 992 0 78 78 1,149 30,483 4 Sumbawanga Urban 1,148 206 0 0 1,354 13,309 10 Total 19,125 595 187 199 20,106 172,261 12

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 214

15.13: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on vermin control By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region. Vermin Control

NGO / % of total District Large Scale Not Total Number Government Development Cooperative Total number of Farm applicable of Households Project households Mpanda 803 0 0 135 0 938 59,533 2 Sumbawanga Rural 3,700 118 121 121 0 4,060 68,935 6 Nkansi 379 0 78 78 0 536 30,483 2 Sumbawanga Urban 342 35 0 0 35 412 13,309 3 Total 5,225 153 199 334 35 5,946 172,261 3 % 88 3 3 6 1 100

15.14: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on Agro-processing By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region. Agro-progressing

NGO / Total % of total District Not Government Development Other Total Number of number of applicable Project Households households

Mpanda 1,467 0 135 0 1,602 59,533 3 Sumbawanga Rural 4,820 119 0 0 4,939 68,935 7 Nkansi 299 0 0 0 299 30,483 1 Sumbawanga Urban 207 136 0 35 378 13,309 3 Total 6,793 255 135 35 7,218 172,261 4

15.15: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Receivingf Advice on Agro-Forestry By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region. Agro-Forestry NGO / % of total District Large Scale Not Total Number of Government Development Cooperative Other Total number of Farm applicable Households Project households Mpanda 132 390 135 135 133 0 924 59,533 2 Sumbawanga Rural 3,813 119 121 121 0 121 4,293 68,935 6 Nkansi 377 78 0 0 0 0 455 30,483 1 Sumbawanga Urban 847 237 0 33 0 0 1,116 13,309 8 Total 5,168 823 255 289 133 121 6,789 172,261 4 % 76 12 4 4 2 2 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 215

15.16: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Receiving Advice on Beekeeping By Source of Messages By District during Beekeeping

District Total % of total Number of number of Households households Government Total Mpanda 0 0 59,533 0 Sumbawanga Rural 602 602 68,935 1 Nkansi 0 0 30,483 0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 13,309 0 Total 602 602 172,261 0 % 100 100

15.17: EXTENSION MESSAGES: Number of Households By Receiving Advice on Fish Farming By Source of Messages By District during 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region. Fish Farming

District Total % of total Number of number of Households households Government Total Mpanda 0 0 59,533 0.0 Sumbawanga Rural 241 241 68,935 0.4 Nkansi 0 0 30,483 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 13,309 0.0 Total 241 241 172,261 0.0

15.18: CROP EXTENSION" Number of Households Receiving and Adapting Extension Messages by Type of Message and (Part 1) During the 2002/03 Agricultural Year, Rukwa Region.

Spacing Use of Agrochemicals Erosion Control Received Adopted % Received Adopted %Received Adopted District % Mpanda 8,785 6,538 74 3,591 2,386 66 1,857 803 43 Sumbawanga Rural 12,152 11,556 95 8,579 3,184 37 7,461 3,331 45 Nkansi 1,601 1,530 96 548 322 59 687 534 78 Sumbawanga Urban 1,864 1,629 87 1,492 1,188 80 1,088 685 63 Total 24,402 21,252 87 14,209 7,080 50 11,093 5,352 48

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 216

15.19: CROP EXTENSION" Number of Households Receiving and Adapting Extension Messages by Type of Message and (Part 2) During the 2002/03 Agricultural Year, Rukwa Region.

Organic Fertilizer Use Inorganic Fertilizer Use Use of Improved Seed District Received Adopted % Received Adopted % Received Adopted % Mpanda 1,594 531 33 4,153 3,225 78 7,267 2,922 40 Sumbawanga Rural 11,286 5,040 45 5,972 932 16 9,893 2,548 26 Nkansi 612 310 51 606 70 12 980 305 31 Sumbawanga Urban 1,525 1,221 80 1,314 405 31 1,554 372 24 Total 15,017 7,101 47 12,045 4,633 38 19,694 6,147 31

15.20: CROP EXTENSION" Number of Households Receiving and Adapting Extension Messages by Type of Message and (Part 3) During the 2002/03 Agricultural Year, Rukwa Region. Mechanisation / LST Irrigation Technology Crop Storage District Received Adopted % Received Adopted % Received Adopted % Mpanda 135 0 0 800 671 84 6,818 4,829 71 Sumbawanga Rural 1,442 0 0 4,530 1,539 34 10,785 10,659 99 Nkansi 222 153 69 459 236 52 1,149 1,149 100 Sumbawanga Urban 35 103 296 380 309 81 1,319 1,253 95 Total 1,833 255 14 6,169 2,755 45 20,071 17,889 89

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 217

15.20: CROP EXTENSION" Number of Households Receiving and Adapting Extension Messages by Type of Message and (Part 4) During the 2002/03 Agricultural Year, Rukwa Region.

Vermin Control Agro-progressing Agro-forestry District Received Adopted % Received Adopted % Received Adopted % Mpanda 804 670 83 1,602 1,468 92 924 536 58 Sumbawanga Rural 4,060 3,346 82 4,707 4,467 95 4,293 2,870 67 Nkansi 536 536 100 299 299 100 373 225 60 Sumbawanga Urban 174 277 159 343 276 81 1,116 716 64 Total 5,573 4,830 87 6,951 6,510 94 6,707 4,347 65

15.20: CROP EXTENSION" Number of Households Receiving and Adapting Extension Messages by Type of Message and (Part 5 During the 2002/03 Agricultural Year, Rukwa Region.

Agro-forestry Beekeeping Fish Farming District Received Adopted % Received Adopted % Received Adopted % Mpanda 924 536 58 0 0 0 0 0 Sumbawanga Rural 4,293 2,870 67 481 240 50 241 0 0 Nkansi 373 225 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sumbawanga Urban 1,116 716 64 0 0 0 34 0 0 Total 6,707 4,347 65 481 240 50 241 34 0

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 218

Appendix II 219

ANIMAL CONTRIBUTION TO CROP PRODUCTION

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 220

17.1: ANIMAL CONTRIBUTION TO CROP PRODUCTION: Number of Households Using Draft Animal to Cultivate Land By District During 2002/03 agricultural year, Rukwa Region

Households Using Household Not Using Draft Animals Draft Animals Total District No. of No. of households Households % Households % Mpanda 4,121 7 55,412 93 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 47,115 68 21,820 32 68,935 Nkansi 16,622 55 13,861 45 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 11,547 87 1,762 13 13,309 Total 79,406 46 92,855 54 172,261

17.2 ANIMAL CONTRIBUTION TO CROP PRODUCTION: Type of Draft By Number Owened, Used and Area Cultivated (Acres) By District During 2002/03 Agriculture Year

Type of Craft Oxen Bulls Cows Donkeys Total Area Area Area Area Area Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Cultivated Number Used Cultivated Cultivated Cultivated Cultivated Owned Used Owned Owned Used Owned Used Owned Used District (acres) (acres) (acres) (acres) (acres) Mpanda 15,523 22,217 38,844 8,368 0 0 35,062 0 0 392 392 1,308 59,346 22,609 40,152 Sumbawanga Rural 60,728 140,521 259,293 35,116 333 0 86,142 3,684 0 2,493 116 0 184,479 144,654 259,293 Nkansi 30,126 55,435 97,932 16,222 3,150 23 28,090 0 0 5,708 0 0 80,146 58,585 97,955 Sumbawanga Urban 13,079 29,683 44,003 5,342 2,255 51 17,338 1,469 17 6,535 336 0 42,294 33,743 44,071 Total 119,456 247,856 440,072 65,048 5,738 74 166,631 5,153 17 15,128 844 1,308 366,264 259,592 441,471

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 221

17.3 ANIMAL CONTRIBUTION TO CROPS: Number of Crop Growing Households Using Organic Fertilizer By Regio During 2002/03 Agriculture Year Did you apply organic fertilizer during 2002/03?

Using Organic Not Using Organic District Total Fertilizer Fertilizer Number % Number % Number Mpanda 2,401 12 56,864 38 59,266 Sumbawanga Rural 9,358 45 59,577 39 68,935 Nkansi 3,476 17 27,007 18 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 5,361 26 7,948 5 13,309 Total 20,597 100 151,397 100 171,993

17.4 ANIMAL CONTRIBUTION TO CROPS: Area of Farm Yard Manure and Compost Farm Yard Manure Compost Area Applied Total Area Applied District Area (%) % Area (%) % Area (%) % Mpanda 1,063 7 357 65 1,420 9 Sumbawanga Rural 7,851 50 63 11 7,914 49 Nkansi 3,398 22 80 15 3,478 22 Sumbawanga Urban 3,286 21 52 9 3,338 21 Total 15,598 100 551 100 16,150 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 222

Appendix II 223

CATTLE PRODUCTION

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 224

18.1 CATTLE PRODUCTION: Total Number of Households Rearing Cattle By District During 2002/03 Agriculture Year, Rukwa Region

Tota Tota Households Rearing Households Not Rearing Livestock Agricultura Cattle Cattle Keeping Households Households

District Number % Number % Mpanda 4,580 8 54,954 92 59,533 0 Sumbawanga Rural 24,593 36 44,342 64 68,935 416 Nkansi 9,021 30 21,463 70 30,483 0 Sumbawanga Urban 5,357 40 7,952 60 13,309 0 Total 43,551 25 128,710 75 172,261 416

18.3 CATTLE PRODUCTION: Number of Households Rearing Cattle, Head of Cattle and Average Head per Household by Herd Size as of 2002/03

Average Number of Number of % % Number Per Herd Size Household Cattle Household Number % Number % Number 1-5 25,854 59 66,582 13 3 6-10 7,656 18 58,255 12 8 11-15 3,971 9 51,045 10 13 16-20 1,471 3 26,283 5 18 21-30 2,033 5 51,019 10 25 31-40 650 1 23,832 5 37 41-50 573 1 27,494 5 48 51-60 347 1 20,178 4 58 61-100 233 1 18,672 4 80 101-150 299 1 38,128 8 127 151+ 463 1 123,239 24 266 Total 43,551 100 504,727 100 12

18.4.1 CATTLE PRODUCTION: Number of Cattle by Category and Type of Cattle as of 1st October 2003 Number of Number of Number of % Improved % Improved % Total Cattle Indigenous Type Beef Dairy % Bulls 36,029 99 171 0 214 1 36,413 7 Cows 170,403 100 0 0 504 0 170,907 34 Steers 124,331 100 0 0 0 0 124,331 25 Heifers 68,310 100 104 0 213 0 68,627 14 Male Calves 42,726 100 0 0 142 0 42,868 8 Female Ca ves 61,546 100 0 0 33 0 61,580 12 Total 503,345 100 274 0 1,107 0 504,727 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 225

18.2 CATTLE PRODUCTION: Number of Cattle By Type and District as of 1st October, 2003 Indigenous Improved Beef Improved Dairy Total Cattle Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of % % % District Households Cattle Households Cattle Households Cattle Households Cattle % Mpanda 4,447 82,470 100 0.0 0 0 401 401 0.5 4,580 82,871 16.41898276 Sumbawanga Rural 24,593 236,511 100 0.0 0 0 109 109 0.0 24,593 236,620 46.88081187 Nkansi 8,949 148,683 100 0.0 0 0 235 397 0.3 9,021 149,080 29.5367702 Sumbawanga Urban 5,357 35,682 99 69 274 1 133 200 0.6 5,357 36,156 7.163435173 Total 43,345 503,345 100 69 274 0.1 878 1,107 0.2 43,551 504,727 100

18.5 CATTLE PRODUCTION: Number of Indigenous Cattle By Category and as of 1st October, 2003 Category - Indigenous District Bulls Cows Steers Heifers Male Calves Female Total Mpanda 6,334 24,220 18,083 17,232 7,648 8,952 82,470 Sumbawanga Rural 18,228 89,268 60,245 22,211 17,518 29,041 236,511 Nkansi 8,757 46,112 34,172 25,138 14,651 19,852 148,683 Sumbawanga Urban 2,709 10,802 11,831 3,730 2,908 3,701 35,682 Total 36,029 170,403 124,331 68,310 42,726 61,546 503,345

18.6 CATTLE PRODUCTION: Number of Indigenous Cattle By Category and as of 1st October, 2003 Number - Improved Beef Cattle District Bulls Cows Steers Heifers Male Calves Female Total Mpanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nkansi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sumbawanga Urban 171 0 0 104 0 0 274 Total 171 0 0 104 0 0 274

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 226

18.7CATTLE PRODUCTION: Number of Indigenous Cattle By Category and as of 1st October, 2003

Category - Improved Beef Cattle District Bulls Cows Steers Heifers Male Calves male Calves Total Mpanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nkansi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sumbawanga Urban 171 0 0 104 0 0 274 Total 171 0 0 104 0 0 274

18.8 CATTLE PRODUCTION: Number of Indigenous Cattle By Category and as of 1st October, 2003 Category - Total Cattle

District Bulls Cows Steers Heifers Male Calves male Calves Total Mpanda 6,468 24,354 18,083 17,365 7,648 8,952 82,871 Sumbawanga Rural 18,228 89,268 60,245 22,211 17,627 29,041 236,620 Nkansi 8,838 46,349 34,172 25,218 14,651 19,852 149,080 Sumbawanga Urban 2,880 10,935 11,831 3,834 2,942 3,734 36,156 Total 36,413 170,907 124,331 68,627 42,868 61,580 504,727

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 227

GOAT PRODUCTION

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 228

19.1: GOAT PRODUCTION: Total Number of Goats by Type and District as of 2st October, 2003 Indigenous Improved for Meat Improved Dairy Total Goat Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of District Households Goat % Households Goat % Households Goat % Households Goat Mpanda 16,384 116,377 98 134 806 1 269 1,077 1 16,384 118,261 Sumbawanga 16,895 116,919 99 346 1,044 1 107 645 1 16,895 118,607 Nkansi 6,538 42,696 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,538 42,696 Sumbawanga 3,334 12,869 97 104 416 3 0 0 0 3,334 13,285 Total 43,150 288,862 99 584 2,265 1 377 1,722 1 43,150 292,849

19.2: GOAT PRODUCTION: Total Number of Households Rearing Goats and Heads of Goats by Herd size on 1st October 2003

Average Number of Number of Herd Size % % Number Per Household Goat Household 1-4 20,967 48.6 51,397 17.6 2 5-9 12,819 29.7 82,580 28.2 6 10-14 5,226 12.1 60,060 20.5 11 15-19 1,578 3.7 26,125 8.9 17 20-24 1,199 2.8 24,764 8.5 21 25-29 558 1.3 15,316 5.2 27 30-39 482 1.1 15,731 5.4 33 40+ 321 0.7 16,877 5.8 53 Total 43,150 100.0 292,849 100.0 7

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 229

19.:3 GOAT PRODUCTION: Total Number of Goats by Category and Type of Goat as of 1st October, 2003 and District

Number of Improved for Number of Improved Number of Indigenous Total Goat Category of Goats Mea Dairy Number % Number % Number % Number % Billy Goat 45,529 95 1,775 4 645 1 47,949 16 Castrated Goat 4,372 94 0 0 269 6 4,641 2 She Goat 149,160 100 70 0 0 0 149,229 51 Male Kid 45,118 98 109 0 808 2 46,035 16 She Kid 44,684 99 311 1 0 0 44,995 15 Total 288,862 99 2,265 1 1,722 1 292,849 100

19.4 GOAT PRODUCTION: Number of Indigenous Goat by Category and District as of 1st October, 2003 Type

Billy Goat Castrated Goat She Goat Male Kid She Kid Total District Mpanda 19,821 1,679 60,811 17,727 16,339 116,377 Sumbawanga Rural 16,410 1,944 59,624 18,309 20,632 116,919 Nkansi 7,557 618 21,169 7,358 5,994 42,696 Sumbawanga Urban 1,741 130 7,555 1,724 1,719 12,869 Total 45,529 4,372 149,160 45,118 44,684 288,862

19.5: GOAT PRODUCTION: Number of Improved Meat Goat by Category and District as of 1st October, 2003 Number of Improved for Meat

Billy Goat Castrated Goat She Goat Male Kid She Kid Total District Mpanda 806 0 0 0 0 806 Sumbawanga Rural 691 0 0 109 243 1,044 Nkansi 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sumbawanga Urban 278 0 70 0 68 416 Total 1,775 0 70 109 311 2,265

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 230

19.6: GOAT PRODUCTION: Number of Improved Dairy Goat by Category and District as of 1st October, Number of Improved Dairy Castrated Billy Goat She Goat Male Kid She Kid Total District Goat Mpanda . 269 . 808 . 1,077 Sumbawanga Rural 645 . . . . 645 Nkansi ...... Sumbawanga Urban ...... Total 645 269 . 808 . 1,722

19.7: GOAT PRODUCTION: Number of Total Goat by Category and District as of 1st October, 2003

Total Goat Castrated Billy Goat She Goat Male Kid She Kid Total District Goat Mpanda 20,627 1,948 60,811 18,535 16,339 118,261 Sumbawanga Rural 17,746 1,944 59,624 18,418 20,876 118,607 Nkansi 7,557 618 21,169 7,358 5,994 42,696 Sumbawanga Urban 2,019 130 7,625 1,724 1,787 13,285 Total 47,949 4,641 149,229 46,035 44,995 292,849

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 231

SHEEP PRODUCTION

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 232

20.1: SHEEP PRODUCTION: Total Number of Sheep By Breed Type During the 2002/03 Agriculture Year Number of Number of % Improved for % Total Sheep Indigenous Breed Mutton % Ram 6,365 100 0 0 6,365 18 Castrated Sheep 134 100 0 0 134 0 She Sheep 18,517 100 0 0 18,517 51 Male Lamb 5,311 100 0 0 5,311 15 She Lamb 5,746 100 0 0 5,746 16 Total 36,073 100 0 0 36,073 100

20.2: SHEEP PRODUCTION: Number of Households Rearing Sheep by District as of 1st October, 2002/03 Agriculture Year Total Households Raising Households Not Raising Tota Livestock Sheep Sheep Numbver of Keeping District Households Households Number % Number % Mpanda 1,955 3 57,579 97 59,533 0 Sumbawanga Rural 1,478 2 67,457 98 68,935 416 Nkansi 1,237 4 29,246 96 30,483 0 Sumbawanga Urban 99 1 13,210 99 13,309 0 Total 4,770 3 167,491 97 172,261 416

20.3: SHEEP PRODUCTION: Number of Sheep by Type of Sheep and District as of 1st October, 2002/03

Number of Improved for Number of Indigenous Total Sheep Mutton

District Number % Number % Number % Mpanda 13,967 100 0 0 13,967 39 Sumbawanga Rural 10,953 100 0 0 10,953 30 Nkansi 10,756 100 0 0 10,756 30 Sumbawanga Urban 397 100 0 0 397 1 Total 36,073 100 0 0 36,073 100

20.4: Number of Sheep per Household by Category and district as of 1st October 2003. Number of Improved for Total Number of Indigenous Mutton Households Average Number of Average Number of Average Raising Sheep District Households Sheep Households Sheep Sheep Mpanda 1,955 0 0 0 1,955 7 Sumbawanga Rural 1,478 0 0 0 1,478 7 Nkansi 1,237 0 0 0 1,237 9 Sumbawanga Urban 99 0 0 0 99 4 Total 4,770 0 0 0 4,770 8

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 233

20.5: Number of Households and Heads of Sheep by Herd Size on 1st October 2003.

Average Number of Number of Herd Size % % Number Per Household Sheep Household 1-4 2,021 42 5,313 15 3 5-9 1,574 33 11,157 31 7 10-14 448 9 4,833 13 11 15-19 442 9 7,296 20 17 20-24 130 3 2,608 7 20 30-39 154 3 4,866 13 32 Total 4,770 100 36,073 100 8

20.6: SHEEP PRODUCTION: Total Number of Indigenous Sheep by Category of Sheep and District as of 1st October, 2002/03 Agriculture Year

Number of Indigenous Sheep Castrated Total Number of She Sheep Male Lamb She Lamb District Ram Sheep Indigenous Mpanda 1,801 134 7,073 2,216 2,743 13,967 Sumbawanga Rural 2,184 0 5,422 1,734 1,613 10,953 Nkansi 2,281 0 5,756 1,361 1,357 10,756 Sumbawanga Urban 99 0 265 0 33 397 Total 6,365 134 18,517 5,311 5,746 36,073

20.8 SHEEP PRODUCTION: Total Number of Sheep by Category of Sheep and District as of 1st October, 2002/03 Agriculture Year Total Sheep Castrated She Sheep Male Lamb She Lamb Total Sheep District Ram Sheep Mpanda 1,801 134 7,073 2,216 2,743 13,967 Sumbawanga Rural 2,184 . 5,422 1,734 1,613 10,953 Nkansi 2,281 . 5,756 1,361 1,357 10,756 Sumbawanga Urban 99 . 265 . 33 397 Total 6,365 134 18,517 5,311 5,746 36,073

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 234

Appendix II 235

PIGS PRODUCTION

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 236

21.1 PIG PRODUCTION: Number of Households Raising Pig by District during 2002/03 Agriculture Year

Households Raising Pig Herds of Pigs Average Number Per District Number % Number % Household 1-4 8,000 66 13,781 27 2 5-9 2,769 23 19,645 38 7 10-14 859 7 9,228 18 11 15-19 163 1 2,526 5 16 30-39 194 2 5,968 12 31 40+ 115 1 691 1 6 Total 12,101 100 51,840 100 4

21.2: PIG PRODUCTION: Number of Households Raising Pig by District during 2002/03 Agriculture Year

Average Number of Number of Number Per Household Pig District Household Mpanda 1,343 4,837 4 Sumbawanga Rural 8,350 36,455 4 Nkansi 1,007 8,396 8 Sumbawanga Urban 1,400 2,152 2 Total 12,101 51,840 4

21.3: PIG POPULATION: Total Number of Pigs by Category of Pigs and District as of 1st October, 2003 Pigs Type District Castrated Boar Sow / Gilt Male Piglet She Piglet Tota Male Mpanda 804 . 1,074 1,076 1,883 4,837 Sumbawanga Rural 3,968 334 11,131 10,305 10,716 36,455 Nkansi 608 80 1,722 3,557 2,428 8,396 Sumbawanga Urban 373 35 1,508 136 101 2,152 Total 5,753 449 15,435 15,074 15,128 51,840

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 237

LIVESTOCK PESTS AND PARASITE CONTROL

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 238

22.1 LIVESTOCK PESTS AND PARASITE CONTROL: Number of Livestock Rearing Households deworming Livestock by District during 2002/03 Agricultural Year

No. of Households No. of Households NOT Demworming Total Demworming Livestock their animals

District Number % age Number % age Number Mpanda 6,198 53 5,435 47 11,633 Sumbawanga Rural 8,564 28 21,602 72 30,166 Nkasi 3,538 33 7,159 67 10,697 Sumbawanga Urban 2,720 48 2,975 52 5,695 Total 21,021 36 37,171 64 58,192

22.2: LIVESTOCK PESTS AND PARASITE CONTROL: Number and Percent of agricultural households reporting to have dewormed animals during 2002/03 Agriculture Year by District and type of dewormed Livestock

Dewormed Goats Dewormed Cattles Dewormed Sheep Dewormed Pigs District Number of Number of Number of Number of % % % % Households Households Households Households Mpanda 3,163 53 4,357 27 130 10 803 25 Sumbawanga Rural 1,754 29 5,881 37 930 72 1,661 53 Nkasi 768 13 3,147 20 226 18 317 10 Sumbawanga Urban 265 4 2,583 16 0 0 380 12 Total 5,950 100 15,968 100 1,286 100 3,161 100

22.3: LIVESTOCK PESTS AND PARASITE CONTROL: Number and Percent of agricultural households reporting to have encountered tsetse flies problems during 2002/03 Agriculture Year by District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

NO Tsetse Flies Tsetse Flies Problems Total Problems District No. of No. of No. of Households % age Households % age Households Mpanda 1,604 14 9,493 86 11,097 Sumbawanga Rur 3,226 11 25,665 89 28,891 Nkasi 1,668 16 9,028 84 10,697 Sumbawanga Urb 100 2 5,527 98 5,627 Total 6,598 12 49,714 88 56,312

22.4: LIVESTOCK PESTS AND PARASITE CONTROL: Number and Percent of agricultural households by Method of Tsetse flies Control during 2002/03 Agriculture Year and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Method of Tsetse Flies Control

District None Spray Dipping Trapping Total No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Households % age Households % age Households % age Households % age Households Mpanda 531 33 539 34 401 25 134 8 1,604 Sumbawanga Rur 3,226 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,226 Nkasi 1,514 91 154 9 0 0 0 0 1,668 Sumbawanga Urb 65 65 35 35 0 0 0 0 100 Total 5,336 81 727 11 401 6 134 2 6,598

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 239

OTHER LIVESTOCK

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 240

23a: OTHER LIVESTOCK: Total number of Other Livestock by Type as of 1st October 2003

Chicken Others Type Number % Type Number Indigenous Chicken 1,114,556 99 Ducks 88,647 Layer 7,261 1 Turkeys 2,686 Broiler 615 0 Rabbits 17,876 0 Donkeys 11,190 Total 1,122,432 100 120,399

23b: OTHER LIVESTOCK: Number of chicken by Category of Chicken and 23c: OTHER LIVESTOCK: Number of Households Rearing and number of Other District as of 1st October, 2003 Livestock by Type and District

Number of Chicken Type of Livestock District Indigenous District Layer Broiler Total Chicken Ducks Turkeys Rabbits Donkeys Other Mpanda 492,601 . 0 492,601 Mpanda 38,381 0 5,650 4,265 0 Sumbawanga Rural 443,312 2,414 213 445,939 Sumbawanga Rural 40,326 2,516 5,263 3,578 7,644 Nkasi 129,096 1,144 402 130,643 Nkasi 9,294 0 3,561 2,629 9,765 Sumbawanga Urban 49,547 3,703 0 53,250 Sumbawanga Urban 646 170 3,402 718 0 Total 1,114,556 7,261 615 1,122,432 Total 88,647 2,686 17,876 11,190 17,409 1,122,432 23d: OTHER LIVESTOCK: Number of households with chicken and Category of Chicken by Flock Size

Chicken rearing Households Average Number of chicken per chicken Number household Flock Size % 1 - 4 38,452 35 92,665 2 5 - 9 31,281 28 204,580 7 10 - 19 25,278 23 321,753 13 20 - 29 6,961 6 155,776 22 30 - 39 4,248 4 136,546 32 40 - 49 2,087 2 87,172 42 50 - 99 1,365 1 87,994 64 100+ 240 0 35,946 150 Total 109,912 100 1,122,432 10

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 241

FISH FARMING

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 242

28.1a: FISH FARMING: Number of Agricultural Households involved in Fish Farming and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Was fish farming carried out by this household during 2002/03? District Yes No Total Number % Number % Number Mpanda 0 0.0 59,533 100.0 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0.0 68,935 100.0 68,935 Nkasi 80 0.3 30,403 99.7 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0.0 13,309 100.0 13,309 Total 80 0.0 172,181 100.0 172,261

28.2a: FISH FARMING: Number of Agricultural Households By System of Farming and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

System of Fish Farming District Natural Pond Total Nkasi 80.2 80.2 Total 80.2 80.2

28.2b FISH FARMING: Number of Agricultural Households By Source of Fingerings and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Source of Fingerlings Neighbour Total District Number Number Nkasi 80 80 Total 80 80

28.2c: FISH FARMING: Number of Agricultural Households By Location of Selling Fish and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Where sold Trader at Farm Total District Number Number Nkasi 80 80 Total 80 80

28.5 FISH FARMING: Total Number of Fish Harvested by Type and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Number of Number of Number of Tilapia District Carp Others Nkasi 8,018 0 0 Total 8,018 0 0

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 243

LIVESTOCK EXTENSION

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 244

29.1a: LIVESTOCK EXTENSION: Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Advice By District during the 2002/03 Agricultural Year Total Number Did NOT Receiving District Received Livestock Advice of households Livestock Advice Total raising Number % Number % livestock % Mpanda 3,632 6 55,901 94 59,533 11,633 31.2 Sumbawanga Rural 9,265 13 59,671 87 68,935 29,751 31.1 Nkasi 1,999 7 28,485 93 30,483 10,697 18.7 Sumbawanga Urban 2,170 16 11,139 84 13,309 5,695 38.1 Total 17,065 10 155,195 90 172,261 57,776 29.5

29.1b Livestock Extension Providers: Number of Households By Source of Extension and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Source of Advice NGO / District Governmen Development Co- Large Scale t Project operative Farmer Other Mpanda 2,565 0 0 134 0 Sumbawanga Rur 5,522 0 121 120 120 Nkasi 1,399 0 0 78 0 Sumbawanga Urb 1,967 35 0 134 0 Total 11,452 35 121 466 120

29.1c LIVESTOCK EXTENSION: Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Extension Advice on Proper Milking By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Advice Total Number % receiving of households NGO / advice out raising Governmen Development of total District t Project Total livestock Mpanda 135 0 135 11,633 1 Sumbawanga Rur 1,425 0 1,425 29,751 5 Nkasi 0 0 0 10,697 0 Sumbawanga Urb 169 33 202 5,695 4 Total 1,729 33 1,762

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 245

29.1d LIVESTOCK EXTENSION: Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Advice on Milk Hygene By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Source of Advice on Milk Hygene Total Number % receiving NGO / of households advice out Governmen Development raising of total District t Project Other Total livestock Mpanda 135 0 0 135 11,633 1.2 Sumbawanga Rural 1,662 0 0 1,662 29,751 5.6 Nkansi 0 0 0 0 10,697 0.0 Sumbawanga Urban 238 33 0 271 5,695 4.8 Total 2,035 33 0 2,068 57,776 3.6 % 98 2 0 100

29.1e LIVESTOCK EXTENSION: Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Advice on Disease Control By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Source of Advice on Disease Control Total Number of % receiving NGO / Large Governmen households advice out Development Co-operative Scale Other Total t raising of total Project Farmer District livestock Mpanda 2,565 0 0 134 0 2,699 11,633 23 Sumbawanga Rur 5,522 0 121 120 120 5,882 29,751 20 Nkasi 1,399 0 0 78 0 1,477 10,697 14 Sumbawanga Urb 1,967 35 0 134 0 2,135 5,695 37 Total 11,452 35 121 466 120 12,193 57,776 21 % 93.9 0.3 1.0 3.8 1.0 100.0

29.1f LIVESTOCK EXTENSION: Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Extension Advice on Herd /Flock Size and Selection By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Source of Advice on Herd Flock/Flock Size Total Number % receiving NGO / of households advice out Governmen Development raising of total District t Project Other Total livestock Mpanda 403 0 0 403 11,633 3 Sumbawanga Rur 1,556 0 120 1,676 29,751 6 Nkasi 153 0 0 153 10,697 1 Sumbawanga Urb 69 35 0 104 5,695 2 Total 2,182 35 120 2,337 57,776 4 % 93.4 1.5 5.1 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 246

29.1g LIVESTOCK EXTENSION: Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Advice Pasture Establishment and Selection By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Source of Advice on Pasture Total Establishment Number of % receiving NGO / Total households advice out Governmen Development Other raising of total t District Project livestock Mpanda 134 0 0 134 11,633 1 Sumbawanga Rural 1,302 117 0 1,419 29,751 5 Nkansi 0 0 0 0 10,697 0 Sumbawanga Urban 170 100 0 270 5,695 5 Total 1,606 216 0 1,823 57,776 3 % 88 12 0 100

29.1h LIVESTOCK EXTENSION: Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Advice on Group Formation and Strengtherning By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Source of Advice on Group Formation Total Number of % receiving NGO / Total households advice out Governmen Development Co-operative raising of total t District Project livestock Mpanda 267 0 0 267 11,633 2 Sumbawanga Rural 2,934 0 240 3,174 29,751 11 Nkasi 150 0 0 150 10,697 1 Sumbawanga Urban 337 234 0 571 5,695 10 Total 3,688 234 240 4,163 57,776 7 % 89 6 6 100

29.1i LIVESTOCK EXTENSION: Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Advice on Calf Rearing By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Source of Advice on Calf Rearing Total Number of % receiving NGO / Governmen Total households advice out Development Other t raising of total Project District livestock Mpanda 404 0 0 404 11,633 3 Sumbawanga Rural 2,143 0 0 2,143 29,751 7 Nkasi 78 82 0 160 10,697 1 Sumbawanga Urban 205 101 0 306 5,695 5 Total 2,830 183 0 3,013 57,776 5 % 94 6 0 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 247

29.1j LIVESTOCK EXTENSION: Number of Agricultural Households Receiving Extension Advice on Use of Improved Bulls By Source and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Source of Advice on the Use of Improved Bulls Total Number % receiving of households NGO / advice out Co- raising Government Development Total of tota operative livestock District Project Mpanda 269 0 0 269 11,633 2 Sumbawanga Rural 1,782 0 121 1,902 29,751 6 Nkasi 162 0 0 162 10,697 2 Sumbawanga Urban 169 101 0 270 5,695 5 Total 2,382 101 121 2,604 57,776 5 % 91 4 5 100

29.1j LIVESTOCK EXTENSION: Number of Agricultural Households By Quality of Extension Services and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Quality of Service Total Very Good Good Average Poor No Good District Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number Mpanda 130 3 1,734 44 1,309 33 742 19 0 0 3,916 Sumbawanga Rural 362 4 6,295 66 2,284 24 0 0 600 6 9,542 Nkasi 78 4 1,618 81 302 15 0 0 0 0 1,999 Sumbawanga Urban 69 3 2,097 85 305 12 0 0 0 0 2,472 Total 641 4 11,745 66 4,200 23 742 4 600 3 17,928

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 248

Appendix II 249

ACCESS TO INTRASTRUCTURE AND OTHER SERVICES

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 250

Table 33.01a: Mean distances from horders dwellings to Infrastructures and services by District Mean Distance to

Secondary Primary All weather Feeder Health Regional Primary Secondary Tertiary Tarmac District Schools Schools roads Roads Hospitals Clinics Capital Markets Market Market Roads Mpanda 28 3 4 1 74 7 284 23 27 70 303 Sumbawanga Rural 21 2 6 1 90 10 92 8 19 81 129 Nkasi 37 2 7 2 49 7 109 23 25 43 146 Sumbawanga Urban 81111561511121437 Total 25 2 5 1 72 8 156 16 22 66 185

Regional Capital 75 All Weather Roads 5 Tarmac Roads 185 Hospitals 72 Tertiary Markets 66 Secondary Market 22 Secondary Schools 25 Primary Markets 16 Health Clinics 8 Primary Schools 2

Feeder Roads 1

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 251

33.01b: Mean distance from holders dwellings to infrastrures and services by District Distance to Secondary School Less than 1 km 1 - 2.9 km 3 - 9 9 km 10 - 19.9 km Above 20 km District Total Number Mean Number of Number of Number of Number of of Households Distance households households households households % % % %% Mpanda 934 2 1,601 3 11,759 20 15,719 26 29,520 50 59,533 28 Sumbawanga Rural 4,649 7 1,376 2 12,239 18 14,916 22 35,755 52 68,935 21 Nkasi 0 0 162 1 7,603 25 8,571 28 14,147 46 30,483 37 Sumbawanga Urban 138 1 1,889 14 6,894 52 4,077 31 311 2 13,309 8 Total 5,721 3 5,029 3 38,495 22 43,283 25 79,733 46 172,261 25

33.01c: Mean distance from holders dwellings to all Weather roads by District Distance to All Weather Roads Less than 1 km 1 - 2.9 km 3 - 9 9 km 10 - 19.9 km Above 20 km District Total Number Mean Number of Number of Number of Number of of Households Distance households households households households % % % %f households % Mpanda 29,251 49 9,341 16 13,400 23 4,877 8 2,664 4 59,533 4 Sumbawanga Rural 34,480 50 9,650 14 9,880 14 6,289 9 8,636 13 68,935 6 Nkasi 13,091 43 2,678 9 6,953 23 4,475 15 3,287 11 30,483 7 Sumbawanga Urban 9,369 70 2,289 17 1,583 12 68 1 0 0 13,309 1 Total 86,191 50 23,957 14 31,816 18 15,709 9 14,587 8 172,261 5

33.01d: Mean distance from holders dwellings to Feeder Roads by District Distance to Feeder Road Less than 1 km 1 - 2.9 km 3 - 9 9 km 10 - 19.9 km Above 20 km District Total Number Mean Number of Number of Number of Number of of Households Distance households households households households % % % % Number of h % Mpanda 38,481 65 11,972 20 8,281 14 800 1 0 0 59,533 1 Sumbawanga Rural 52,920 77 9,216 13 5,452 8 1,025 1 322 0 68,935 1 Nkasi 20,915 69 4,101 13 3,958 13 1,509 5 0 0 30,483 2 Sumbawanga Urban 10,323 78 2,400 18 550 4 0 0 35 0 13,309 1 Total 122,639 71 27,690 16 18,242 11 3,333 2 357 0 172,261 1

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 252

33.01e: Mean distance from holders dwellings to Hospital by District Distance to Hospital Total District Less than 1 km 1 - 2.9 km 3 - 9 9 km 10 - 19.9 km Above 20 km Mean Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Distance Households households % households % households % households % f households % Mpanda 134 0.2 134 0.2 1,302 2 9,918 17 48,045 81 59,533 74 Sumbawanga Rural 119 0.2 120 0.2 566 1 669 1 67,462 98 68,935 90 Nkasi 71 0.2 513 1.7 4,196 14 4,765 16 20,939 69 30,483 49 Sumbawanga Urban 68 0.5 0 0.0 4,669 35 5,993 45 2,579 19 13,309 15 Total 392 0.2 767 0.4 10,732 6 21,344 12 139,025 81 172,261 72

33.01f: Mean distance from holders dwellings to Health Clinic by District Distance to Health Clinic Less than 1 km 1 - 2.9 km 3 - 9 9 km 10 - 19.9 km Above 20 km Total District Mean Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Distance households % households % households % households % f households % Households Mpanda 7,488 13 7,807 13 27,274 46 13,941 23 3,023 5 59,533 7 Sumbawanga Rural 19,914 29 10,046 15 19,684 29 10,335 15 8,957 13 68,935 10 Nkasi 3,950 13 2,872 9 16,362 54 5,859 19 1,440 5 30,483 7 Sumbawanga Urban 3,342 25 2,512 19 6,166 46 1,254 9 35 0 13,309 6 Total 34,694 20 23,236 13 69,486 40 31,390 18 13,455 8 172,261 8

33.01g: Mean distance from holders dwellings to Primary School by District Distance to Primary School

Less than 1 km 1 - 2.9 km 3 - 9 9 km 10 - 19.9 km Above 20 km Total District Number of Number of Number of No of No of Number of households households households households households Households % % % % % Mpanda 16,818 28 20,799 35 19,800 33 1,060 2 1,056 2 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 34,714 50 21,967 32 10,886 16 1,246 2 122 0 68,935 Nkasi 19,494 64 5,768 19 4,927 16 82 0 212 1 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 7,602 57 4,372 33 1,266 10 68 1 0 0 13,309 Total 78,629 46 52,906 31 36,880 21 2,456 1 1,389 1 172,261

33.1h: Number of Households to Regional Capital

Mean Less than 1 Above Distance District km 3 - 9 9 km 10 - 19.9 km 20 km Total Mpanda 0 0 135 59,398 59,533 283.7 Sumbawanga Rural 0 111 0 68,824 68,935 92.4 Nkasi 162 155 0 30,167 30,483 109.2 Sumbawanga Urban 35 4,532 6,128 2,614 13,309 15.4 Total 196 4,798 6,263 161,003 172,261 155.5

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 253

33.01j : Number of Households by Distance to Tarmac Road and District for the 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Total Mean District Less than 1km 1 - 2.9 km 3 - 9 9 km 10 - 19.9 km Above 20 km Households Distance Mpanda 135 132 0 135 59,131 59,533 303 Sumbawanga Rural 716 0 119 120 67,980 68,935 129 Nkasi 78 0 0 81 30,323 30,483 146 Sumbawanga Urban 225 0 4,205 5,504 3,375 13,309 37 Total 1,155 132 4,324 5,840 160,809 172,261 185

33.01k: Number of Households by Distance to Primary Marketfor the 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Total Mean District Less than 1km 1 - 2.9 km 3 - 9 9 km 10 - 19.9 km Above 20 km Households Distance

Mpanda 4,917 12,259 9,400 14,247 18,711 59,533 23 Sumbawanga Rural 20,032 9,266 16,216 10,622 12,800 68,935 8 Nkasi 8,131 664 7,436 5,989 8,262 30,483 23 Sumbawanga Urban 3,764 2,184 3,140 2,655 1,566 13,309 11 Total 36,844 24,373 36,192 33,513 41,338 172,261 16

33.01l: Number of Households by Distance to Tertiary Market for the 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Total Mean District Less than 1km 1 - 2.9 km 3 - 9 9 km 10 - 19.9 km Above 20 km Households Distance

Mpanda 267 398 4,384 9,254 45,230 59,533 70 Sumbawanga Rural 1,736 1,838 1,068 2,235 62,058 68,935 81 Nkasi 1,030 954 4,988 4,565 18,946 30,483 43 Sumbawanga Urban 67 0 4,671 5,992 2,579 13,309 14 Total 3,100 3,191 15,111 22,047 128,813 172,261 66

33.01m: Number of Households by Distance to Secondary Market for the 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Total Mean District Less than 1 km 1 - 2.9 km 3 - 9 9 km 10 - 19.9 km Above 20 km Households Distance

Mpanda 3,637 2,932 12,910 15,920 24,135 59,533 27 Sumbawanga Rural 7,399 4,489 11,568 15,679 29,801 68,935 19 Nkasi 1,849 1,442 11,843 6,901 8,448 30,483 25 Sumbawanga Urban 1,299 581 5,190 3,695 2,544 13,309 12 Total 14,184 9,443 41,510 42,195 64,928 172,261 22

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 254

33.19a TYPE OF SERVICE: Number of Agricultural Households by Satisfaction of Using Veterinary Clinic and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Satisfaction of Using Veterinary Clinic

Very Good No good Total District Good Average Poor Number of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Households Households % Households % Households % Households % Households % Mpanda 1,200 0.3 1,458 0.4 1,304 0.4 1,197 0.3 132 0.0 357,200 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0.0 1,148 0.3 2,639 0.6 2,754 0.7 6,552 1.6 413,611 Nkasi 158 0.1 2,800 1.5 2,815 1.5 2,973 1.6 1,032 0.6 182,900 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0.0 752 0.9 276 0.3 570 0.7 35 0.0 79,854 Total 1,358 0.1 6,158 0.6 7,035 0.7 7,494 0.7 7,751 0.7 1,033,565

33.19b TYPE OF SERVICE: Number of Households by Satisfaction of Using Extension Centre and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Extension Centre Very Good Good Average Poor No good Total District No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Number of Households % Households % Households % Households % Households % Households Mpanda 399 22 791 43 257 14 401 22 0 0 1,848 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 117 6 689 33 363 18 905 44 2,073 Nkasi 80 2 1,307 38 1,162 34 687 20 219 6 3,454 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 35 52 0 0 32 48 0 0 67 Total 479 6 2,250 30 2,107 28 1,483 20 1,123 15 7,442

33.19c TYPE OF SERVICE: Number of Households by Satisfaction of Using Research Centre and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Research Station Very Good Good Average Poor No good Total District No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Number of Households % Households % Households % Households % Households % Households Mpanda 0 0 0 0 0 0 265 100 0 0 265 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 112 6 0 0 363 21 1,244 72 1,718 Nkasi 78 5 157 9 862 51 442 26 147 9 1,686 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 70 34 0 0 134 66 0 0 203 Total 78 2 338 9 862 22 1,204 31 1,391 36 3,873

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 255

33.19d TYPE OF SERVICE: Number of Households by Satisfaction of Using Plant Protection Lab and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Plant Protection Lab. Very Good Good Average Poor No good District Total Number No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of of Households Households Households Households Households Households % % % % % Mpanda 0 0 0 0 135 100 0 0 0 0 135 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0 0 0 482 25 1,463 75 1,945 Nkasi 0 0 0 0 0 0 522 78 147 22 669 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 100 0 0 32 Total 0 0 0 0 135 0 1,036 37 1,610 58 2,781

33.19e TYPE OF SERVICE: Number of Households by Satisfaction of using Land Registration Office and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Land Registration Office Very Good Good Average Poor No good District Total Number No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of of Households Households Households Households Households Households % % % % % Mpanda 532 40 269 20 135 10 262 20 132 10 1,330 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 0 0 808 33 601 25 1,018 42 2,426 Nkasi 0 0 0 0 0 0 369 71 147 29 516 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 205 30 208 30 238 35 35 5 686 Total 532 11 474 10 1,150 23 1,470 30 1,332 27 4,958

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 256

33.19f TYPE OF SERVICE: Number of Households by Satisfaction of using Livestock Development centre and Registration Office and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Livestock Development Centre Very Good Good Average Poor No good District Total Number No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of of Households Households Households Households Households Households % % % % % Mpanda 0 0 135 35 120 31 135 35 0 389 Sumbawanga Rural 0 0 688 23 1,143 38 583 20 565 19 2,979 Nkasi 0 0 0 0 78 12 442 66 147 22 667 Sumbawanga Urban 0 0 103 76 0 0 32 24 0 0 135 Total 0 0 925 22 1,341 32 1,191 29 713 17 4,170

33.19G TYPE OF SERVICE: Number of Households by Level of satisfaction of the Service and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

LEVEL OF SATISFACTION OF THE SERVICE Very Good Good Average Poor No good TYPE OF SERVICE Total Number No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of of Households Households Households Households Households Households % % % % % Veterinary Clinic 1,358 0 6,158 1 7,035 1 7,494 1 7,751 1 1,033,565 Extension Services 479 6 2,250 30 2,107 28 1,483 20 1,123 15 7,442 Research Station 78 2 338 9 862 22 1,204 31 1,391 36 3,873 Plant Protection Lab 0 0 0 0 135 5 1,036 37 1,610 58 2,781 Land Registration Office 532 11 474 10 1,150 23 1,470 30 1,332 27 4,958 Livestock Development Centre 0 925 22 1,341 32 1,191 29 713 17 4,170

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 257

HOUSEHOLDS FACILITIES

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 258

34-1: Number of Agricultural Households by Type of TOILET by Districtduring the 2002/03 Agricultural Year Type of Toilet Improved Total Pit Number District Flush Traditional Pit No Toilet Latrine - Other Type of Toilet Latrine hh Househol Owned ds Mpanda 1,477 1,749 55,910 397 0 59,533 Sumbawanga Rural 4,861 2,426 61,307 341 0 68,935 Nkasi 480 150 29,316 538 0 30,483 Sumbawanga Urban 371 69 12,734 101 34 13,309 Total 7,189 4,395 159,267 1,376 34 172,261 % 4 3 92 1 0 100

34-2: Number of Agricultural Households Reported Average Number of Rooms and Type of Roofing Materials by District for the 2002/03 Agricultural Year Type of Roofing materials Average Total Number Number of Iron Concreat Grass/Le Tiles Asbestos Grass & Mud Other of rooms per sheet e aves Households District Household Mpanda 3 9,757 270 135 536 47,907 929 0 59,533 Sumbawanga Rur 2 12,882 445 0 1,371 49,355 4,883 0 68,935 Nkasi 2 5,006 213 82 278 24,538 367 0 30,483 Sumbawanga Urb 2 4,437 35 0 0 8,078 759 0 13,309 Total 2 32,082 962 216 2,186 129,877 6,937 0 172,261 % 19 1 0 1 75 4 0 100

34.3: Number of Agricultural Households by Type of Owned Assets and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year District Total Mpanda Sumbawanga Rural Nkasi Sumbawanga Urban Type of Owned Asset Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Households % Households % Households % Households % Households % Radio 29,457 41 23,873 33 14,229 20 4,484 6 72,043 42 Landline phones 267 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 267 0 Mobile Phones 134 17 359 46 290 37 0 0 784 0 Iron 9,486 40 7,846 33 4,613 20 1,698 7 23,642 14 Wheelbarrow 1,570 30 2,793 54 397 8 439 8 5,199 3 Bicycles 34,455 53 17,544 27 7,564 12 5,014 8 64,577 37 Vehicles 529 49 459 43 82 8 0 0 1,070 1 Television/Video 535 63 107 13 207 24 0 0 849 0 Total Number of Households 76,433 44 52,980 31 27,383 16 11,635 7 172,261 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 259

34.4 Number of Agricultural Households by Main Source of Energe Used for Lighting and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

District Sumbawanga Total Mpanda Nkasi Sumbawanga Urban Main Source of Rural Energe for Lighting Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Households Households Households Households Households % % % % % Mains Electricity 133 30 235 53 72 16 0 0 440 0 Hurricane Lamp 11,300 39 9,321 32 7,648 26 803 3 29,072 17 Pressure Lamp 2,239 38 2,410 41 1,064 18 209 4 5,922 3 Wick Lamp 45,056 34 53,197 40 21,462 16 12,228 9 131,944 77 Candles 0 0 115 61 72 39 0 0 187 0 Firewood 806 18 3,538 78 164 4 34 1 4,542 3 Other 0 0 120 78 0 0 34 22 154 0 Total Number of Households 59,533 35 68,935 40 30,483 18 13,309 8 172,261 100

34.5: Number of Agricultural Households by Main Source of Energe Used for Cooking and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

District Sumbawanga Total Mpanda Nkasi Sumbawanga Urban Main Source of Rural Energe for Lighting Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Households Households Households Households Households % % % % % Charcoal 1,877 36 1,526 29 1,620 31 162 3 5,185 3 Firewood 57,657 35 67,095 40 28,793 17 13,112 8 166,657 97 Crop Residues 0 0 314 82 70 18 0 0 385 0 Livestock dung 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 100 35 0 Total Number of Households 59,533 35 68,935 40 30,483 18 13,309 8 172,261 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 260

34.6: Number of Agricultural Households by Main Source of Drinking Water by Season ( Wet and Dry) and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Source District Season Sumbawanga Mpanda Nkas Sumbawanga Urban Rural Piped Water Wet 11,669 11,568 2,105 4,523 Dry 11,012 9,437 2,176 3,977 Protected Well Wet 14,432 12,777 14,981 1,468 Dry 15,098 12,462 14,115 1,367 Protected / Covered Spring Wet 940 2,066 141 970 Dry 805 2,421 141 935 Uprotected Well Wet 13,336 18,799 4,796 3,534 Dry 14,894 21,297 4,797 3,669 Unprotected Spring Wet 6,247 5,363 3,995 1,779 Dry 5,985 5,837 3,637 1,877 Surface Water (Lake / Dam / River / Stream Wet 12,392 17,780 4,068 551 Dry 11,215 17,021 5,373 1,067 Covered Rainwater Catchment Wet 0 0 152 0 Dry 0 0 80 0 Uncovered Rainwater Catchment Wet 383 583 165 452 Dry 389 460 82 417 Tanker Truck Wet 134 0 0 0 Dry 134 0 0 0 Other Wet 0 0 81 32 Dry 0 0 81 0 Total Agricultural Households per District 59,533 68,935 30,483 13,309

34.7: Proportion of Agricultural Households by Main Source of Drinking Water by Season ( Wet and Dry) and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Source District Season Sumbawanga Mpanda Nkas Sumbawanga Urban Rural Piped Water Wet 20 17 7 34 Dry 18 14 7 30 Protected Well Wet 24 19 49 11 Dry 25 18 46 10 Protected / Covered Spring Wet 2 3 0 7 Dry 1 4 0 7 Uprotected Well Wet 22 27 16 27 Dry 25 31 16 28 Unprotected Spring Wet 10 8 13 13 Dry 10 8 12 14 Surface Water (Lake / Dam / River / Stream Wet 21 26 13 4 Dry 19 25 18 8 Covered Rainwater Catchment Wet 0 0 0 0 Dry 0 0 0 0 Wet 1 1 1 3 Uncovered Rainwater Catchment Dry 1 1 0 3 Wet 0 0 0 0 Tanker Truck Dry 0 0 0 0 Wet 0 0 0 0 Other Dry 0 0 0 0

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 261

34.8 Number of Agricultural Households Reporting Distance to Main Source of Drinking Water by Season (Wet and Dry) and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

Distance to main District Source of Drinking Season Water Mpanda Sumbawanga Rura Nkas Sumbawanga Urban Less than 100m Wet 2,257 6,975 960 232 Dry 1,860 6,855 984 100 100 - 299 m Wet 13,639 13,807 9,151 2,842 Dry 12,599 12,188 8,889 2,809 300 - 499 m Wet 6,570 6,549 5,759 2,044 Dry 6,307 5,480 5,462 1,979 500 - 999 m Wet 16,234 14,640 9,572 4,718 Dry 16,231 15,700 9,364 4,682 1 - 1.99 Km Wet 12,611 18,849 3,994 2,383 Dry 11,672 15,726 4,269 2,276 2 - 2.99 Km Wet 4,103 5,700 966 918 Dry 5,414 8,134 1,471 1,259 3 - 4.99 Km Wet 3,449 2,072 0 102 Dry 4,244 3,582 0 134 5 - 9.99 Km Wet 671 343 82 69 Dry 1,206 1,270 46 69

34.9 Proportion of Agricultural Households Reporting Distance to Main Source of Drinking Water by Season (Wet and Dry) and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year Distance to main District Source of Drinking Season Water Mpanda Sumbawanga Rura Nkas Sumbawanga Urban Less than 100m Wet 4 10 3 2 Dry 3 10 3 1 100 - 299 m Wet 23 20 30 21 Dry 21 18 29 21 300 - 499 m Wet 11 9 19 15 Dry 11 8 18 15 500 - 999 m Wet 27 21 31 35 Dry 27 23 31 35 1 - 1.99 Km Wet 21 27 13 18 Dry 20 23 14 17 2 - 2.99 Km Wet 7 8 3 7 Dry 9 12 5 9 3 - 4.99 Km Wet 6 3 0 1 Dry 7 5 0 1 5 - 9.99 Km Wet 1 0 0 1 Dry 2 2 0 1

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 262

34.10: Number of Agricultural Households by Time spent to and from Main Source of Drinking Water by Season (Wet and Dry) and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year

District Distance to main Source Season Sumbawanga of Drinking Water Mpanda Sumbawanga Rural Nkasi Urban Wet 808 1,687 151 132 Less than 10 Dry 672 1,330 151 136 Wet 12,900 12,596 12,451 3,315 10 - 19 Minutes Dry 11,843 12,142 12,136 3,349 Wet 6,191 9,872 5,629 2,420 20 - 29 Minutes Dry 5,925 8,218 5,617 2,420 Wet 15,369 21,137 5,495 3,730 30 - 39 Minutes Dry 15,105 20,338 5,601 3,285 Wet 4,598 5,824 1,212 1,157 40 - 49 Minutes Dry 4,456 6,273 1,080 1,159 Wet 5,052 3,156 3,267 883 50 - 59 Minutes Dry 4,521 3,281 3,229 852 Wet 14,615 14,663 2,279 1,672 above one Hour Dry 17,011 17,354 2,670 2,109

34.11: Proportion of Agricultural Households by Time spent to and from Main Source of Drinking Water by Season (Wet and Dry) and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year District Distance to main Source Season Sumbawanga of Drinking Water Mpanda Sumbawanga Rural Nkasi Urban Wet 1 2 0 1 Less than 10 Dry 1 2 0 1 Wet 22 18 41 25 10 - 19 Minutes Dry 20 18 40 25 Wet 10 14 18 18 20 - 29 Minutes Dry 10 12 18 18 Wet 26 31 18 28 30 - 39 Minutes Dry 25 30 18 25 Wet 8 8 4 9 40 - 49 Minutes Dry 7 9 4 9 Wet 8 5 11 7 50 - 59 Minutes Dry 8 5 11 6 Wet 25 21 7 13 above one Hour Dry 29 25 9 16

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 263

34.12: Number of Households by Number of Meals the Household Normally Took per Day by District District Sumbawanga Total Number of Mpanda Sumbawanga Rural Nkasi Meals per Urban Day Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of % % % % % Households Households Households Households Household One 2,412 21 5,766 50 950 8 2,495 19 11,622 7 Two 45,753 32 59,117 42 25,767 18 10,346 78 140,983 82 Three 11,368 58 4,052 21 3,684 19 468 4 19,573 11 Four 0 0 0 0 82 100 0 0 82 0 Total 59,533 35 68,935 40 30,483 18 13,309 8 172,261 100

34.13: Number of Households by Number of Days the Household Consumed Meat during the Preceding Week by District District Total Mpanda Sumbawanga Rural Nkasi Sumbawanga Number of Days Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of % % % % % Households Households Households Households Household Not Eaten 24,155 31 36,652 46 12,615 16 5,733 7 79,156 46 One 19,522 39 18,118 37 7,828 16 4,117 8 49,584 29 Two 10,142 37 9,995 37 4,699 17 2,362 9 27,198 16 Three 3,326 31 2,993 28 3,630 34 722 7 10,671 6 Four 1,852 48 707 18 1,014 26 275 7 3,848 2 Five 269 32 122 15 407 49 35 4 833 0 Six 135 65 0 0 72 35 0 0 207 0 Seven 133 17 348 46 217 28 65 9 763 0 Total 59,533 35 68,935 40 30,483 18 13,309 8 172,261 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 264

34.14: Number of Households by Number of Days the Household Consumed Fish during the Preceding District Sumbawanga Total Mpanda Nkasi Sumbawanga Urban Number of Rural Days Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of % % % % % Households Households Households Households Household

Not Eaten 22,709 46 18,803 38 5,145 10 2,768 6 49,425 29 One 13,023 35 13,719 37 6,996 19 3,645 10 37,383 22 Two 11,770 38 10,652 34 4,573 15 3,976 13 30,971 18 Three 5,460 31 7,596 43 2,936 17 1,801 10 17,793 10 Four 2,535 25 4,907 48 1,998 20 687 7 10,127 6 Five 669 11 3,053 49 2,215 35 332 5 6,268 4 Six 255 7 2,235 59 1,275 34 0 0 3,766 2 Seven 3,113 19 7,970 48 5,345 32 100 1 16,528 10 Total 59,533 35 68,935 40 30,483 18 13,309 8 172,261 100

34-15: Number of Agricultural Households Reporting the Status of Food Satisfaction of the Household during the Preceeding Year by District District Total Mpanda Sumbawanga Nkasi Sumbawanga Urban Status of Food Satisfaction Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of % % % % % Households Households Households Households Household

Never 27,693 33 35,734 43 13,537 16 5,770 7 82,734 48 Seldom 20,904 37 21,058 38 9,689 17 4,198 8 55,848 32 Sometimes 3,196 27 5,964 50 1,777 15 1,020 9 11,957 7 Often 5,207 39 4,221 32 2,376 18 1,408 11 13,212 8 Always 2,533 30 1,958 23 3,105 36 914 11 8,509 5 Total 59,533 35 68,935 40 30,483 18 13,309 8 172,261 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 265

34-16: Number of Households by Main Source of Income and District, 2002/03 Agricultural Year District Sumbawanga Total Mpanda Nkasi Sumbawanga Urban Rural Main Source of Cash Income Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of % % % % % Households Households Households Households Household

Sales of Food Crops 30,051 36 36,355 43 12,760 15 5,141 6 84,309 49 Sale of Livestock 370 20 902 48 325 17 267 14 1,864 1 Sale of Livestock Products 134 32 0 0 82 20 204 48 420 0 Sales of Cash Crops 6,437 90 237 3 76 1 439 6 7,189 4 Sale of Forest Products 6,462 23 12,781 46 5,615 20 2,761 10 27,620 16 Business Income 6,462 23 12,781 46 5,615 20 2,761 10 27,620 16 Wages & Salaries in Cash 1,204 31 1,435 37 889 23 403 10 3,931 2 Other Casual Cash Earnings 9,401 38 7,637 31 4,707 19 2,743 11 24,488 14 Cash Remittance 1,028 24 1,938 45 856 20 509 12 4,331 3 Fishing 329 4 4,708 50 4,298 46 35 0 9,370 5 Other 383 48 0 0 79 10 335 42 796 0 Total 59,533 35 68,935 40 30,483 18 13,309 8 172,261 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa Appendix II 266

34.17: Number of hoseholds BY Type of Roofing Materials and District during 2002/03 Agricultural Year District Sumbawanga Sumbawanga Total Mpanda Nkasi Roofing Rural Urban Materials Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of % % % % % Households Households Households Households Household Iron Sheets 9,757 30 12,882 40 5,006 16 4,437 14 32,082 19 Tiles 270 28 445 46 213 22 35 4 962 1 Concreate 135 62 0 0 82 38 0 0 216 0 Asbestos 536 25 1,371 63 278 13 0 0 2,186 1 Grass/leaves 47,907 37 49,355 38 24,538 19 8,078 6 129,877 75 Grass & Mud 929 13 4,883 70 367 5 759 11 6,937 4 Other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 59,533 35 68,935 40 30,483 18 13,309 8 172,261 100

Tanzania Agriculture Sample Census - 2003 Rukwa 267

APPENDIX III QUESTIONNAIRES Appendix III 268

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Confidential

Page Number ………………….

Agriculture Sample Census 2002/03

ACLF 1: Sub-village leader listing form

Region Code Ward ______Code

District ______Code Village ______Code

Name of Village Chairman:…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Number of households Sub-village Name of sub-village leader Comments leader number From office After register enumeration (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Total

Name of enumerator……………………………… Signature ……………………………. Date…………….

Name of supervisor…………………………………Signature ……………………………. Date…………….

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Water and Livestock Development, Ministry of Cooperatives and Marketing and the National Bureau of Statistics Appendix III 269

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Confidential

Interval Starting point Page Number……………….. Agriculture Sample Census 2002/03

ACLF: 2 Household listing form - form for listing household heads and their agriculture activities

Region Code Name of Sub-village Leaader ______District Code Subvillage leader code Ward Code Village Code Name of Sub-village ______

Number of

Cattle 3 if the respodent Farmer Serial Household Number Household head name qualifies to Numbers be a farmer É * Fields Total Number Adult male cattle Calves Sheep Pigs poultry/ducks Adult female female Adult cattle Goats Rabbit (1)(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

Totals

* NOTE: (Column 13) Place a " 3" if the household has at least 1 field over 25m2 and/or keeps at least 1 Cow, 5 Goats/Sheep/Pigs or 50 Chicken/poultry or ducks É(Column 3) A field must be at least 25 m2 Name of enumerator…………………………………….. Signature ……………………………. Date……………………..….

Name of supervisor…………………………………. Signature ……………………………. Date………………..……….

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Water and Livestock Development, Ministry of Cooperatives and Marketing and the National Bureau of Statistics Appendix III 270

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

Confidential

National Agriculture Sample Census 2002/03 ACLF: 3 Household listing of 15 selected farmers

Region Code District Code Ward Code Village Code

Sub village Agriculture S/N Number of leader Name of sub-village leader hh serial Name of selected head of household Poultry Rabbits Fields Cattle Goat Sheep Pig number number /ducks (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (12) 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15

Name of Enumerator:______Signature______Date______

Name of Supervisor______Signature______Date______

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Water and Livestock Development, Ministry of Cooperatives and Marketing and the National Bureau of Statistics 271

United Republic of Tanzania

ACQ 1 CONFIDENTIAL

Small holder/Small Scale Farmer Questionnaire

Agriculture Sample Census 2002/2003

Enumerator Name Signature Hour Minutes / / Start time Date Enumerated End time d d m m y y

Field level checking by: To be completed by the supervisor ONLY after District Supervisor: Name signature Date / / field/farm level checking of the enumeration process. Regional Supervisor: Name signature Date / / This should be countersigned by the National Supervisor: Name signature Date / / enumerator.

District checking in Office: All questionnaires must be checked at the district District Supervisor Name signature Date / / office.

For Use at National Level only:

Data Entered by Name signature Date / / See back page for details of query Queried Name signature Date / /

Executed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, Ministry of Water and Livestock Development, Ministry of Cooperatives and Marketing and National Bureau of Statistics 272

1.0 IDENTIFICATION DETAILS 1.1 Location S/N Location Name Codes

1.1.1 Region ……………………………………………………………………

1.1.2 District ……………………………………………………………………

1.1.3 Ward ……………………………………………………………………

1.1.4 Village ……………………………………………………………………

1.2 Details of the respondent and household head S/N Codes

1.2.1 Name & number of local leader ………………………………………..

1.2.2 Name & number of household head ………………………………………..

1.2.3 Sex of household head (Male = 1, Female = 2)

1.2.4 Name of respondent ………………………………………..

1.2.5 Relationship of Respondent to Household Head Relationship to household head codes (Q 1.2.5) Head of Household…...1 Son/Daughter ……...3 Grandson/Granddaughter …...5 Other (friend, employee, etc)…8 Spouse ……………..…2 Father/Mother …...…4 Other relative..………………...6

2.0 ACTIVITIES OF THE HOUSEHOLD

2.1 Type of Agriculture Household Agriculture household codes(Q2.1) Crops only.…………..1 Livestock only …………….2 Pastoralist……………..3 Crops and Livestock …………….4

2.2 Rank the following livelihood activities/source of income of the household in order of importance

Rank in order How important are each S/N Livelihood/source of income activity. of importance of these activities 1=most 7=least expressed in percentage. (1) (2) (3)

2.2.1 Annual Crop farming %

2.2.2 Permanent crop farming %

2.2.3 Livestock keeping/herding %

2.2.4 Off Farm Income %

2.2.5 Remittances %

2.2.6 Fishing/hunting and gathering %

2.2.7 Tree/forest resources (eg honey, firewood, timber,etc) %

1 0 0 % 273

Definition and working page for page 1 General Definitions Small holder hh/small scale farm: Should have between 25sq metres and 20 Hectares under production, and/or between 1 and 50 head of Cattle, and/or between 5 and 100 head of Sheep/Goats/Pigs, and/or between 50 and 1000 chickens/turkeys/ducks/rabbits. Household: A group of people who occupy the whole or part of one or more housing units and makes joint provisions for food and/or other essentials for living. Household Head: A person who is acknowledged by all other members of the household either by virtue of his age or standing in the household as the head. He/she should be a permanent resident of the house and he/she is the main person responsible for making decissions. Agricultural Holding: This is an economic unit of agricultural production under single management. It consists of all livestock kept and all land used for agricultural production without regard to title. For the purpose of this survey, the agricultural holdings are restricted to those which meet one of the following conditions: - Having or operated at least 25 sq meter of arable land - Own or keep at least one head of cattle or five goats/sheep/pigs or fifty chicken/ducks/turkeys during the agricultural year 2002/03 (October 2002 to September 2003) . Question Specific Definitions: Procedures for Questions: Type of Agriculture Holdings Codes (Q2.1):

- Crops only: A holding is referred to be a crops only holding if it has cultivated a piece of land equal or exceeding 25 sq Meter. This also applies to all households owning or have kept livestock whose number does not qualify such household to be an agricultural holding (No cattle, less than 5 Q 2.1 Type of agriculture household/holding goats/sheep/pigs, less than 50 chickens/turkeys/ducks/rabbits) 1. Using the options under the question - Livestock only: A holding is referred to be a Livestock only holding if it has classify the type of agriculture hh/holding exercised Livestock husbandry only during the agricultural year. The livestock can be herded in search for areas of pasture, but the core Note: If the hh had 1 acre of crops and raised 40 household unit always remains in the same place and the herder is rarely chickens during 2002/03 it is classified as 'Crops away from this place for long periods at a time. only' as the number of chickens do not qualify the hh as keeping livestock. - Livestock pastoralism: This refers to a household which practices livestock production as its major income generating activity and a means of subsistence, but moves from one place to another searching for water and pasture for the livestock. This movement usually involves long distances and in many cases the whole household unit moves with the livestock and they Q 2.2 Important hh livelihood activities have no permanent place of residence. /source of income

For both livestock only and pastoralism , the number of livestock has to be at least 1 1. Read the list in column 1 to the respondent and head of cattle, 5 goats/sheep/pigs or 50 chickens/turkeys/ ducks/rabbits. This also ask him to rank them in order of importance during the applies to all households owning or have cultivated a piece of land less than 25 sq reference year. meter, which does not qualify such household be an agricultural holding. 2. In column 2 Indicate the importance of each - Both crops and livestock: A holding is referred to be a both crops and activity by placing '1' against the most important, '2' livestock if it has cultivated a piece of land equal or exceeding 25 sq meter against the second most important, etc until you reach and if such households is owning or have kept livestock whose number '7' the least important activity/source of income. qualify such household be an agricultural holding. Note: You must attempt to fill in all boxes. Most Important livelihood activities/source of income (Q 2.2): households will carry out these activities to a greater or lesser degree. You will normally have to - Crop farming: This refers to a household where crop production is its probe to get remittances. major means of subsistence and income generation. If the hh did not undertake an activity during the - Livestock farming/herding/pastoralism: This refers to a household where 2002/2003 agriculture year then mark the livestock farming/herding is its major means of subsistence & income appropriate box in column 2 with an 'X'. generation. 3. For each activity/source of income assign a - Off Farm Income This refers to cash generated from activities other than percentage. The enumerator should assist the from the households holding. This can be from permanent employment (eg respondent in assigning the percentage based on the government/other), temporary employment/labouring and includes cash information provided by the farmer. generated from working on other farmers farms. 4. After completing column 3 make sure the -Remittances: Assistance from family members who are not currently part of percentages add up to 100. the household, or from a relative or family friend. This assistance is usually in the form of cash but it can also be in-kind (eg food, clothes, building material, Note: It is not essential to be 100% accurate. This farm tools, etc). The money is a gift and is not paid back. question is just to give the relative importance of the different items in general terms -Fishing/hunting and gathering The use of non farmed resources for food eg fishing, hunting wildlife and gathering mushrooms, berries, wild honey roots from uncultivated land. 274

3.0 HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION 3.1 Give details of personal particulars of all household members beginning with the head of the household Not applicable for ch ldren under 5 years of age Rela- Age Survival of Read Edu- Invol- Main Off-farm ion- Sex (if age is aboveParents & ca- Education vement activity Income Names of household S/N ship to M=1 99 years then Mo- Fa- Write tion Level in (for aged 5 Yes=1 members head F=2 write 99) ther ther Status reached farming & above) No=2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)(10) (11) (12) 1 3.1.1 …………………

3.1.2 …………………

3.1.3 …………………

3.1.4 …………………

3.1.5 …………………

3.1.6 …………………

3.1.7 …………………

3.1.8 …………………

3.1.9 …………………

3.1.10 …………………

3.1.11 …………………

3.1.12 …………………

3.1.13 …………………

3.1.14 …………………

3.1.15 …………………

3.1.16 …………………

Relation to head (Col 2) Education Status (Col 8) Involvement in farming Main activity (Col 11) Head of household ……….1 Attending School …………..1 activities (Col 10) Crop Farming ...... 01 Spouse …………………….2 Completed ……….....……...2 Works full time on farm ...1 Livestock Keeping/Herding..02 Son/daughter ……………..3 Never attended School ……3 Works part-time on farm 2 Livestock Pastoralism...... 03 Father/Mother ………….…4 Rarely works on farm ….3 Fishing ...... 04 Grandson/granddaughter .5 Never works on farm..….4 Paid employment: Other Relative ………….....6 - Government/parastatal ....05 Others …………………..…8 Education Level Reached (Col 9) - Private- NGO/mission/etc .06 Primary Education Secondary Education Self employed (non farming) Survival of Parents Not of school age ...... NA Form one ...... 11 - with employees ...... 07 (Col 5 & 6) Under Standard One .... 00 Form two ...... 12 - without employees ...... 08 Yes ………………………..1 Standard One ...... 01 Form three ...... 13 Unpaid family helper (non No ………………………..2 Standard Two ...... 02 Form four ...... 14 agriculture) ...... 09 Don't know ……………….3 Standard Three ...... 03 Form five ...... 15 Not working & available...... 10 Standard Four ...... 04 Form six ...... 16 Not working & unavailable...11 Read & Write (Col 7) Standard Five ...... 05 Training after Secondary Housemaker/housewife ...... 12 Swahili ……………………1 Standard Six ...... 06 Education ...... 17 Student ...... 13 English ……………………2 Standard Seven ...... 07 University & other tertiary Unable to work /too old/ Swahili & English ………...3 Standard Eight ...... 08 Education ...... 18 Retired/sick/disabled)...... 14 Any other language ……..4 Training after Primary Adult Education ...... 19 Other ...... 98 Don’t Read/ Write ……….5 Education ...... 09 Not applicable ...... 99 Pre Form One ...... 10 275

Definition and working page for page 2 Question Specific Definitions: Overview to section 3.0 Relation to head (Col 2): Section 3.0 - Preliminary note - Household Head: A person who is acknowledged by all other members of the household either by virtue of their age or standing as the household head. 1. Make sure that you define the hh properly to ensure that all the members of the hh are S Wif H included. Make sure you stress that the hh is not Read and Write (Col 7): just the hh heads direct family and that it includes other people living and eating together with the - Any other language: Must be a written language. family. For someone who can read and write in Swahili and any other language apart from English, the correct code is 1. For one who can read and write in 2. If you notice that his house is large or you English and any other language apart from Swahili the correct code is 2. see many people around his house and he has Code 4 should only be used for another language but not English or Swahili only given you small number of hh members enquire further until you are sure that you have captured all the hh members. Education Level Reached (Col 9):

Indicate the highest level only. For those still attending school fill in the last year reached before the survey period. For example if a hh member is currently in standard 7 this year his highest grade reached is standard 6 Procedures for questions

Main Activity (Col 11): Section 3.0 - Household Information

- Crop farming: The persons main activity is crop production. This can be 1. For each household member complete annual crops, vegetables, permanent crops or tree farming. columns 1, 2 & 3.

- Livestock farming/herding: The persons main activity is livestock 2. After completing columns 1, 2 & 3 for farming/herding. The livestock can be herded in search for areas of pasture, each household member go back to but the core household unit always remains in the same place and the herder the first household member and is rarely away from this place for long periods at a time. This category also complete the remaining columns for includes fish farming but not fishing. that member.

- Livestock pastoralism: The persons main activity is in moving livestock 3. Repeat step 2 for the rest of the from one place to another searching for water and pasture for the livestock. household members This movement usually involves long distances and in many cases the whole household unit moves with the livestock and they may have no permanent IMPORTANT NOTE: place of residence. Cross check responses in columns 11 and 12 with section 2 especially in relation to -Paid employment - In full time employment earning a cash income off-farm income - if a hh member was involved in - Government/Parastatal - In full time employment for a government off farm income then there should be a response Ministry, Department or Board that is controlled by the Government in question 2.2.4 and vice versa. - Private/NGO/Mission/etc - employed by Non public/government organisation

-Self employee - works for own business for cash income

- With employees - Works for own business for cash and employs other workers - Without employees - Works for own business for cash but does not employ other workers

- Not working but available to work - No productive activity but would like to have one.

- Not working & nor available for work - No productive activity and does not want to have one.

- Unable to work too old, too young, retired, disabled, etc

Off-farm Income (Col 12) - Income made from activities NOT on the HH's farming activities. This can be any off farm income generation activity and includes working for cash on other peoples farms.

Indicate whether each member was involved in an off farm income generating activity during 2002/03 276

4.0 LAND ACCESS/OWNERSHIP/TENURE 4.1 Details of area "owned" by the household in the 2002/03 agricultural year. Give area reported by the respondent in "acres". Area in Acres . 4.1.1 Area Leased/Certificate of ownership 4.2 Was all land available to the hh used . 4.1.2 Area owned under Customary Law during 2002/03 (Yes=1, No=2) . 4.1.3 Area Bought from others . 4.1.4 Area Rented from others 4.3 Do you consider that you have . 4.1.5 Area Borrowed from others sufficient land for the hh (Yes=1, No=2) . 4.1.6 Area Share -cropped from others . 4.1.7 Area under Other forms of tenure ……… 4.4 Do any female members of the hh own or have Total area . customary right to land (Yes=1, No=2) 5.0 LAND USE 5.1 Area operated by household under different forms of land use during 2002/03 agriculture year. Give area reported by the respondent in "acres". Area in Acres Calculation area

5.1.1 Area under Temporary Mono-crops .

5.1.2 Area under Temporary Mixed crops (eg Maize & beans) .

5.1.3 Area under Permanent Mono-crops .

5.1.4 Area under Permanent Mixed crops (eg bananas, coffee & trees) .

5.1.5 Area under Permanent/temporary mix (eg bananas & maize) .

5.1.6 Area under Pasture .

5.1.7 Area under Fallow .

5.1.8 Area under Natural Bush .

5.1.9 Area under Planted Trees .

5.1.10 Area Rented to others .

5.1.11 Area Unusable .

5.1.12 Area of Uncultivated Usable land (excluding fallow) . Total area . 6.0 ACCESS AND USE OF RESOURCES 6.1 In the following table indicate the distance to the different fields used by the household S/N Distance (in kilometres) from field to: Distance codes Field Number Homestead Nearest road Nearest Market less than 100m …………1 between 2 and 3km ….6 6.1.1 1 between 100 and 300m .2 between 3 and 5km …..7 between 300 and 500m .3 between 5 and 10 km ..8 6.1.2 2 between 500 and 1km....4 Over 10 km …………...9 6.1.3 3 between 1 and 2km .…..5 6.2 In the following table indicate the distance and use of the following communal resources Communal Distance to resource (km) Main S/N Instructions for distance to resource Resource dry season wet season hh use (Col 2 and 3): (1) (2) (3) (4) If under 1km, write 0 6.2.1 Water for humans If above 1km round to whole numbers 6.2.2 Water for livestock eg 1.5km= 2km, 1.25km= 1km 6.2.3 Communal Grazing Main hh use (Col 4) Home or farm Consumption/utilisation…..1 6.2.4 Communal Firewood Sold to Neighbours...... …...…..…..2 6.2.5 Wood for Charcoal Sold to trader on the farm…...... …...3 Sold to village market ….…...... …..4 6.2.6 Building poles Sold to local wholesale market...... 5 Sold to major wholesale market ...... 6 6.2.7 Forest for bees (honey) Not used by household.………...... 7 6.2.8 Hunting(animal products) Not available ...... 8 6.2.9 Fishing (Fish) 277

Definition and working page for page 3 Question Specific Definitions Distance to fields (Q6.1): Section 4.1 - Land Access/Ownership -fields A field is a contiguous piece of land Lease/Certificate of Ownership Area under lease/certificate of ownership holding which the farmer considers as a single refers to the area for which the household possesses a government issued entity. The field may be divided into plots for leasehold title or certificate of ownership. The land will normally be officially growing different crops. A holding may consist of surveyed and boundaries marked. This includes leased land bought from one or more fields in different localities. others where the lease/certificate of ownership has been transferred. Use of Communal Resources (Q6.2): Customary Law: This refers to the land which the hh does not have an -Communal resources - refers to the place on official government title to but its right of use is granted by the traditional leaders. This user-right agreement does not have to be granted directly by which all individual households can have access the village leaders as right of access may be passed on through heredity. to. It is not individually owned or controlled by one hh. Bought: This refers to the area of customary land that has been bought from others. This land does not have an official title and therefore is not leasehold. NOTE: The listed resources refers to communal resources and not those Rented from others: Land rented from others for Cash or for a fixed amount individually owned or part shared. The in crop produce (eg fixed number of bags at harvest). resource has to be freely accessible to the whole village Borrowed: Use granted by land owner free of charge. Land owner can either be a lease holder or has right of access through customary law. Overview to section 4 Section 4.0 - Preliminary note Share Cropping: where the hh is permitted to use land which is then paid for Land Access/ Ownership from a percentage of the harvested crop. Access/Ownership refers to the area utilized by the members of the household. This does not include communal land where the resources are shared between households. It does include official communal land that the hh has sole access to eg a plot for crop Section 5.0 Land Use farming in the communal area. - Temporary crops: are sown and harvested during the same agricultural year Procedures for Questions - Permanent crops: are sown or planted once and then , they occupy the land Section 4.0 - Land Ownership for some years and need not to be replanted after each annual harvest. Permanent crops are mainly trees (e.g., apples) but also bushes and shrubs 1. Ask the respondent if he knows the total area of land (e.g., berries), palms (e.g., dates), vines (e.g., grapes), herbaceous stems the household has sole access to. If he knows make a (e.g., bananas) and stemless plants (e.g., pineapples). note in the calculation space

- Mixed Crops: This is a mixture of two or more crops planted together 2. Ask the respondent the area of the different land and mixed in the same plot/field. The two crops can either be randomly ownership categories the household has sole access planted together or they can be planted in a particular patterm eg to (Q4.1.1 to 4.1.7) and record in the appropriate intercropping (1 row of maize and 1 row of beans). A field that has spaces. been divided into plots for different crops is not mixed. This is further subdivided into: 3. Add up the area of the different categories of land Permanent Mixed -two or more permanent crops grown together, and compare it with the total area obtained in step 1 (if Permanent/Temporary Mix - permanent crop and annual crop together, the respondent provided the information). Temporary Mixed - two or more temporary, annual crops grown together. 4. If the total area is different find out which one is - Pasture Land: This is an area of owned/allocated land which is set aside for correct and make amendments where appropriate. livestock grazing. It can be improved pasture where the farmer has planted grass, applied fertilized or applied other production increasing technologies to Section 5.0 - Land Use improve the grazing. Or it can be rough pasture. 1. Ask the respondent the area of the different - Fallow: This is the area of land that is normally used for crop production, but landuse categories the household has sole access to is not used for crop production during a year or a number of years. This is (Q5.1.1 to 5.1.12) and record in the appropriate spaces. normally to allow for self generation of fertility/soil structure and is often an integral part of the crop rotation system. 2. Add up the area of the different categories of land and compare it with the total area obtained in section - Natural Bush: Land which is considered productive but is not under 4.0. The total area should be the same. cultivation or used extensively for livestock production and has naturally growing shrubs and trees. 3. If the total area is different find out which one is correct and make amendments where appropriate. -Planted trees: Land which is used for planting trees for poles or timber

- Unusable: Land that is known to be non-productive for agriculture purposes Section 6.2 Communal resources Uncultivated Usable: This is land that was not used for reasons other than fallow. The reasons could be lack of inputs/money/rainfall/etc Note: the code "Not available" means that the resource does not exist. The code "Not Used" means that the resource does exist but is not used by the hh. 278

7.0 ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION - SHORT RAINY SEASON

7.1.1 Did the hh plant any crops during the Short Rainy season? (Yes = 1, No=2) If the response is 'NO' give main reason Then go to section 7.2 Main Reason (Above) No rains.....1 Rains came too late …..2 Does not plant annual crops ...... 3 No money 4 Don’t get Vuli season ..5 Illness/social problems ...... 6 7.1.2 For each crop planted during 2002/03 Short Rainy season provide the following information Has irrigation & does not follow season (give annual production in Masika) ...... 7 Planting Inputs Harvesting & Storage Marketing Soil % Irrig Fer Her Fun Pest main Land prepActual impr -at -til -bic -gic -tic How HowArea prodQuantity Quantity Quantity Mostly CropCrop Clea -aratPlanned Planted -oved -ion -iser -ide -ide -ide harv thresHarvested -uctharvested Stored sold sold NameCode -ring -ionarea (acres) area (acres) seed use use use use use ested hed(acres) code(Kgs) (kgs) (kgs) to (1) (2)(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)(15) (16)(17) (18) (19) (20) ……. … … … ……. … … … ……. … … … ……. … … … ……. … … … ……. … … … ……. … … … ……. … … … ……. … … …

Total Planned/Planted… … Total area harvested …

7.1.3 Main reason for difference between Area Planned and Area Planted 7.1.4 Main reason for difference between Area Planted and Area Harvested

Land Clearing (Col 3) Improved seed Use Fertiliser codes (Col 9) Threshed/harvested Mostly sold to (Col Reason for difference between area planned and Reason for difference Mostly bush clearance ...1 (Col 7) Mostly Farm Yard Manure 1 (Col13 & 14) 20) planted (Q7.1.3) between area planted and By hand …………………….1 Mostly hand slashing .....2 all Improved …………....1 Mostly Compost ….………2 Neighbour………...01 Drought …………………………………………...... …....1 harvested (Q7.1.4) By draft animal …………….2 Mostly tractor slashing ...3 approx 3/4 improved…..2 Mostly Inorganic fertiliser ..3 Local market/trade Floods ……………………………………...... …………...2 Drought …………………..1 By human powered tool…...3 Mostly burning …………4 approx 1/2 improved…..3 No fertiliser applied …… ..4 store ...... 02 Access to land preparation tools (Draft animal/tractors).3 Rain/flood damage ………2 By engine driven machine...4 No land clearing………..5 approx 1/4 improved…..4 Secondary Market..03 Credit ...……………………………………...…………….4 Fire damage ……………..3 Not applicable ……………..9 less than 1/4 improved ..5 Tertiary Market …..04 Access to seeds/planting material...... 5 Pest damage …………….4 No improved seed used.6 Marketing Coop ….05 Agrochemical use codes Main product (Col 16) Access to other inputs ...... 6 Animal damage ………….5 Farmer Association06 Dry Grain…………...……1 Other ...... …...... ……………………………….8 Theft ……………………...6 Soil preparation Method Irrigation Use (Col 8) (Col 10,11 &12) Largescale farm ....07 Green cob/green pod...…2 Not applicable ..………...………………………………...9 Illness/social problems ...... 7 (Col 4) Used on all crop …….….1 Used on all crop …………1 Trader at Farm ….08 Green leaves & Stem……3 Other ……….……………8 Mostly tractor ploughing .1 Used on 3/4 of crop ……2 Used on 3/4 of crop …….2 Contract Partner ...09 Straw, dry stems etc …….4 Not applicable .…………..9 Mostly Oxen ploughing ..2 Used on 1/2 of crop..…..3 Used on 1/2 of crop…..…3 Did not sell ……….10 Root, tuber, etc ….……...5 Mostly Hand cultivation ..3 Used on 1/4 of crop …...4 Used on 1/4 of crop ..…...4 Other ………....….98 Used on less than 1/4….5 Used on less than 1/4 …..5 Flower eg pyrethrum …...6 Not used …………….…6 Not used …………………6 Fruit/bunch ...…………...7 Other………...…………..8 Not harvested yet ………9 279

Definitions and working page for page 4 Land Clearing: Refers to removing trees/bush/grass prior to ploughing Working table for the calculation Soil Preparation: Refers to the seedbed preparation (ploughing, harrowing, etc) of area occupied by annual crop Total area Ground Total no. Total ground Planned Area: Area in Acres the household planned to plant before the season started in a mixture Crop of mix area/plant of plants area of plants Actual Planted Area: The area in Acres the household was able to plant. Crop mixture 1 Name (acre) (ACRE) (ACRES) Area Harvested: The area in Acres that produced a harvest. This is the same as the area planted minus the area that was destroyed by major flood/pest/ animal/etc damage. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 0.00 Temporary/Annual Crop: Crop Codes (Cereals Vegetable Codes: Permanent crop 1 0 . Crop Codes 0 Crops which are planted and /tubers/roots): Co Crop Legumes Oil & fruit: 0.00 0 . Permanent crop 2 harvested within a period of 12 Code Crop -de Code Crop 0 months after which time the 11 Maize 0.00 . 86 Cabbage 31 Beans Permanent crop 3 0 plants die. Most annual crops 12 Paddy 0 87 Tomatoes 32 Cowpeas 0.00 0 . are planted and harvested on a 13 Sorghum Permanent crop 4 seasonal basis. 14 Bulrush Millet 88 Spinach 33 Green gram 89 Carrot 35 Chick peas Total Area of permanent crops in mix 0 . 15 Finger Millet 16 Wheat 90 Chillies 36 Bambara nuts . REMAINING AREA UNDER TEMPORARY CROPS Cash Crop Codes: 17 Barley 91 Amaranths 37 Field peas Code Crop 22 Sweet Potatos 92 Pumpkins 41 Sunflower crop% crop area 50 Cotton 23 Irish potatos 93 Cucumber 42 Simsim . 24 Yams Temporary/permanent crop name 1 51 Tobacco 94 Egg Plant 43 Groundnut 53 Pyrethrum 25 Cocoyams 95 Water Mellon 47 Soyabeans . 26 Onions Temporary/permanent crop name 2 62 Jute 96 Cauliflower 48 Caster seed . 19 Seaweed 27 Ginger Temporary/permanent crop name 3 . . Instructions for calculating the area of mixed crops in a mixture. Total area check Crop total check A. If the mixed crop is mixed annual only enter the total area of the field in the REMAINING AREA UNDER Total area Ground Total no. Total ground TEMPORARY CROPS. and goto step 1 of these instructions. Crop of mix area/plant of plants area of plants B. If the mixed crop is mixed permanent and annual try to get the % occupied by the different crops and calculate Crop mixture 2 Name (acre) (ACRE) (ACRES) the area of annual crops outlined in step 1. Otherwise use the number of trees method to calculate the area of annual crops in the mix, Step C (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) C. Number of trees method to calculate annual crop areas in a peranent-annual crop mix/ 0.00 Permanent crop 1 0 . (i) list each of the permanent crops in column b and enter the ground area per acre for each permanent crop 0 (from instructions for page 6) in column 'd'. 0.00 Permanent crop 2 0 . (ii) obtain the number of permanent trees in the mix from the respondent and enter the number in column 'e'. 0 (iii) calculate the area occupied by each crop by multiplying column 'd' with column 'e' and sum these to obtain 0.00 0 . Permanent crop 3 the total area of permanent crops in the mix. 0.00 (iv) subtract the total area of permanent crops in the mix from the total area of mix and enter the result in the total Permanent crop 4 0 . 0 area under temporary crops. Total Area of permanent crops in mix 0 . (v) proceed to step 1 to calculate the area under each temporary crop. 1. Enter the name of each annual crop in the mix & estimate the percentage of each crop. REMAINING AREA UNDER TEMPORARY CROPS . 2. Using the percentages for each crop calculate the area of each crop from the REMA NING AREA UNDER crop% crop area TEMPORARY CROPS. . 3. After completing this exercise for all fields, sum the area of each crop in the mix plus any monocrops and enter Temporary/permanent crop name 1 totals in section 7.1 col 6. . 4. Obtain an estimate of the planned area for each crop and enter it in column 5 Temporary/permanent crop name 2 5. If the area harvested is different to the area planted estimate the harvest area . Temporary/permanent crop name 3 6. Once the quantity harvested is obtained calculate the Yield (Metric tonnes/acre) & compare the figure with the norms given in the crop codes box. If it is excessively different check the area and the amount harvested. . . Total area check Crop total check 280

7.2 ANNUAL CROP AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION - LONG RAINY SEASON

7.2.1 Did the hh plant any crops during the LONG RAINY season? (Yes=1 No=2) If the response is 'NO' give main reason Then go to section 7.3 Main Reason (Above) No rains.....1 Rains came too late …..2 Does not plant annual crops ...... 3 No money 4 Illness/social problems ..5 7.2.2 For each crop planted during 2002/03 Long Rainy season provide the following information Planting Inputs Harvesting & Storage Marketing Soil % Irrig Fer Her Fun Pest main Land prep Actual impr -at -til -bic -gic -tic How How Area prod Quantity Quantity Quantity mostly Crop Crop Clea -arat Planned Planted -oved -ion -iser -ide -ide -ide harv thres Harvested -uct harvested Stored sold sold Name Code -ring -ion area (acres) area (acres) seed use use use use use ested hed (acres) code (Kgs) (Kgs) (kgs) to (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) ……. … … … ……. … … … ……. … … … ……. … … … ……. … … … ……. … … … ……. … … … ……. … … … ……. … … … … … … Total Planned/Planted Total area harvested

7.2.3 Main reason for difference between Area Planned and Area Planted 7.2.4 Main reason for difference between Area Planted and Area Harvested

Land Clearing (Col 3) Improved seed Use Fertiliser codes (Col 9) Threshed/harvested Mostly sold to (Col Reason for difference between area planned and Reason for difference Mostly bush clearance ...1 (Col 7) Mostly Farm Yard Manure 1 (Col13 & 14) 20) planted (Q7.2.3) between area planted By hand ……………………..1 Mostly hand slashing .....2 all Improved …………....1 Mostly Compost ….………2 Neighbour………...01 Drought …………………………………………...... …....1 and harvested (Q7.2.4) By draft animal ……………..2 Mostly tractor slashing ...3 approx 3/4 improved…..2 Mostly Inorganic fertiliser ..3 Local market/trade Floods ……………………………………...... …………...2 Drought …………………..1 By human powered tool……3 Mostly burning …………4 approx 1/2 improved…..3 No fertiliser applied …… ..4 store ...... 02 Access to land preparation tools (Draft animal/tractors).3 Rain/flood damage ………2 By engine driven machine…4 No land clearing ……….5 approx 1/4 improved…..4 Secondary Market..03 Credit ...……………………………………...…………….4 Fire damage ……………..3 Not applicable ……………..9 less than 1/4 improved ..5 Tertiary Market …..04 Access to seeds/planting material...... 5 Pest damage …………….4 No improved seed used.6 Agrochemical use Main product (Col 16) Marketing Coop ….05 Access to other inputs ...... Animal damage ………….5 Farmer Association06 Other ...... …...... ……………………………….8 Theft ……………………...6 Soil preparation Method codes (Col 10,11 &12) Dry Grain…………...………1 Largescale farm ....07 Illness/social problems ...... 7 Irrigation Use (Col 8) Used on all crop …………1 Green cob/green pod...…...2 Not applicable ..………...………………………………...9 (Col 4) Trader at Farm ….08 Other ………..……………8 Used on all crop ……….1 Used on 3/4 of crop …….2 Green leaves & Stem……...3 Mostly tractor ploughing .1 Contract Partner ...09 Not applicable..…………..9 Used on 3/4 crop …..…2 Used on half of crop….....3 Straw, dry stems etc ……...4 Mostly Oxen ploughing ..2 Did not sell ……….10 Used on 1/2 crop ……..3 Used on 1/4 of crop ..…...4 Root, tuber, etc ….………..5 Mostly Hand cultivation ..3 Other ………....….98 Used on 1/4 of crop…...4 Used on less than 1/4 …..5 Flower eg pyrethrum ……..6 Used on less than 1/4 …5 Not used …………………6 Fruit/bunch.………………..7 Not used …………….…6 Others ……………………..8 Not harvested yet ………...9 281

Definitions and working page for page 5 Land Clearing: Refers to removing trees/bush/grass prior to ploughing Working table for the calculation Soil Preparation: Refers to the seedbed preparation (ploughing, harrowing, etc) of area occupied by annual crop Total area Ground Total no. Total ground Planned Area: Area in Acres the household planned to plant before the season started in a mixture Crop of mix area/plant of plants area of plants Actual Planted Area: The area in Acres the household was able to plant. Crop mixture 1 Name (acre) (ACRE) (ACRES) Area Harvested: The area in Acres that the household got most of its production from. This is the same as the area planted minus the area that was destroyed by major flood/pest/ animal/etc damage (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 0.00 Temporary/Annual Crop: Crop Codes (Cereals Vegetable Codes: Crop Codes Permanent crop 1 0 . 0 Crops which are planted and /tubers/roots): Code Crop Legumes Oil & fruit: 0.00 Permanent crop 2 0 . harvested within a period of 12 Code Crop 27 Ginger Code Crop 0 months after which time the 11 Maize 0.00 0 . 86 Cabbage 31 Beans Permanent crop 3 plants die. Most annual crops 12 Paddy 87 Tomatoes 32 Cowpeas 0 are planted and harvested on 13 Sorghum 0.00 0 . 88 Spinach 33 Green gram Permanent crop 4 a seasonal basis. 14 Bulrush Millet 89 Carrot 35 Chick peas Total Area of permanent crops in mix 0 . 15 Finger Millet 16 Wheat 90 Chillies 36 Bambara nuts REMAINING AREA UNDER TEMPORARY CROPS . Cash Crop Codes: 17 Barley 91 Amaranths 37 Field peas Code Crop 22 Sweet Potatos 92 Pumpkins 41 Sunflower Temp crop% Temp crop area 50 Cotton 23 Irish potatos 93 Cucumber 42 Simsim . 51 Tobacco 24 Yams 94 Egg Plant 43 Groundnut Permanent/Temporary crop name 1 53 Pyrethrum 25 Cocoyams 95 Water Mellon 47 Soyabeans . 62 Jute Permanent/Temporary crop name 2 26 Onions 96 Cauliflower 48 Caster seed 19 Seaweed 27 Ginger . 20 Garlic Permanent/Temporary crop name 3 Instructions for calculating the area of mixed crops in a mixture. . . Total area check Temoporary crop total check A. If the mixed crop is mixed annual only enter the total area of the field in the REMAINING AREA UNDER Total area Ground Total no. Total ground TEMPORARY CROPS. and goto step 1 of these instructions. B. If the mixed crop is mixed permanent and annual try to get the % occupied by the different crops and calculate Crop of mix area/plant of plants area of plants the area of annual crops outlined in step 1. Otherwise use the number of trees method to calculate the area of Crop mixture 2 Name (acre) (ACRE) (ACRES) annual crops in the mix (Step C). (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) C. Number of trees method to calculate annual crop areas in a peranent-annual crop mix 0.00 0 . (i) list each of the permanent crops in column b and enter the ground area per acre for each permanent crop Permanent crop 1 (from instructions for page 6) in column 'd'. 0.00 (ii) obtain the number of permanent trees in the mix from the respondent and enter the number in column 'e'. Permanent crop 2 0 . 0 (iii) calculate the area occupied by each crop by multiplying column 'd' with column 'e' and sum these to obtain 0.00 Permanent crop 3 0 . the total area of permanent crops in the mix. 0 (iv) subtract the total area of permanent crops in the mix from the total area of mix and enter the result in the total 0.00 0 . Permanent crop 4 area under temporary crops. 0 . (v) proceed to step 1 to calculate the area under each temporary crop. Total Area of permanent crops in mix 1. Enter the name of each annual crop in the mix & estimate the percentage of each crop. REMAINING AREA UNDER TEMPORARY CROPS . 2. Using the percentages for each crop calculate the area of each crop from the REMAINING AREA UNDER TEMPORARY CROPS. Temp crop% Temp crop area 3. After completing this exercise for all fields, sum the area of each crop in the mix plus any monocrops and enter . totals in section 7.1 col 6. Temporary/permanent crop name 1 4. Obtain an estimate of the planned area for each crop and enter it in column 5 . 5. If the area harvested is different to the area planted estimate the harvest area Temporary/permanent crop name 2 6. Once the quantity harvested is obtained calculate the Yield (Metric tonnes/acre) & compare the figure with the . Temporary/permanent crop name 3 norms given in the crop codes box. If it is excessively different check the area and the amount harvested. . . Total area check Temoporary crop total check 282

7.3 PERMANENT/PERENNIAL CROPS AND FRUIT TREE PRODUCTION

7.3.1 Does your household have any permanent/perennial crops or fruit trees (Yes=1, No=2) 1

7.3.2 For each of the permanent crops and fruit trees owned by the household provide the following information Size of production unit MONOCROP MIXED CROP Inputs Harvesting & Storage Marketing Perm Perman Area of Plants/ Area covered by Number of Irrig Fert Herb Fun Pest main If no -anent -ent crop/ trees/Bushes Permanent Crop permanent -at -ilis -ic -gic -ici Area Number of prod Quantity harvest Quantity Quantity mostly Crop fruit tree in MONO CROP in a MIXED CROP Plants/trees in a -ion -er -ide -ide -de Harvested mature -uct harvested give re Stored sold sold Name crop Code (acres) (acre) MIXED CROP use use use use use (acres)plants code (kgs) -ason (Kgs) (kgs) to (1) (2) (3) (4)(5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)(13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) …… . . . …… . . . …… . . . …… . . . …… . . . …… . . . …… . . . …… . . . …… . . .

Irrigation Use (Col 6) Fertiliser codes (Col 7) Agrochemical use codes (Col 8, Main product (Col 13) Main Reason for no harvest(Col 15) Mostly sold to (Col 18) Used on all crop . .1 Mostly Farm Yard Manure ...1 9 & 10) Dry Grain ... 1 Crop not harvested yet ...1 Neighbour ...... 01 Used on most crop .2 Mostly Compost 2 Used on all crop 1 Green cob/green pod..2 Drought ....2 Local market/trade store.....02 Used on half crop . ..3 Mostly Inorganic fertiliser .3 Used on 3/4 of crop .2 Green leaves & Stem..3 Rain/flood damage .....3 Secondary Market ...... 03 Used on small amount of crop..4 No fertiliser applied ..4 Used on 1/2..of crop .....3 Straw, dry stems etc ...4 Fire damage 4 Tertiary Market ...... 04 Not used on crop . . .5 Used on 1/4 of crop .. ...4 Root, tuber, etc . ..5 Pest damage ...5 Marketing Coop ...... 05 less than 1/4 of crop .5 Flower ..6 Animal damage ...6 Farmer Association ...... 06 Not used 6 Fruit/bunch .. 7 Theft .7 Largescale farm ...... 07 Other ..8 Other ...... 8 Trader at farm ...... 08 Not harvested yet ..9 Not applicable . 9 Contract Partner ...... 09 Did not sell ...... 10 Other ...... 98 283

Definitions and working page for page 6

Permanent Crop: Permanent crops (oils): Permanent Crops: Permanent crops: are sown or planted once and then , they occupy the land for some years and need not to be replanted after each annual harvest. Permanent crops are mainly trees (e.g., apples) but Code Crop Ground area/plant also bushes and shrubs (e.g., berries), palms (e.g., dates), vines (e.g., grapes), herbaceous stems Code Crop Ground area/plant 44 Palm Oil 0.00049 (e.g., bananas) and stemless plants (e.g., pineapples). 70 Passion Fruit 0.00074 45 Coconut 0.00037 71 Banana 0.00037 46 Cashewnut 0.00062 72 Avocado 0.00099 Total number of plants: 73 Mango 0.00099 This includes both mature harvestable plants and immature non harvestable plants. Permanent (Cash crops) 74 Papaw 0.00037 76 Orange 0.00074 Number of mature plants: This is the number of plants which bared harvest. Code Crop Ground area/plant 77 Grapefruit 0.00074 53 Sisal 0.00012 78 Grapes 0.00012 54 Coffee 0.00049 79 Mandarin 0.00074 Instructions for Permanent crop mono stands and mixtures 55 Tea 0.00037 80 Guava 0.00074 56 Cocoa 0.00049 81 Plums 0.00074 82 Apples 0.00074 A. For fields that are monocrop permanent, ONLY enter the area of plants in column 3. 57 Rubber 0.00099 83 Pears 0.00074 58 Wattle 0.00099 84 Peaches 0.00074 B. For fields that are mixed permanent calculate the area of each crop based on the % 59 Kapok 0.00124 85 Lime/lemon 0.00074 occupied by each crop method (NOT using the number of trees method) and ONLY 60 Sugar Cane 0.00012 68 Pomelo 0.00099 enter the area in column 4 61 Cardamom 0.00049 63 Tamarin 0.00099 69 Jack fruit 0.00074 97 Durian 0.00074 C. For fields that are mixed permanent/annual either: 64 Cinamon 0.00124 98 Bilimbi 0.00074 - ONLY enter the area in column 4 if the area of the permanent crop was based on 65 Nutmeg 0.00099 99 Rambutan 0.00074 the % occupied by each crop method 66 Clove 0.00074 67 Bread fruit 0.00099 18 Black Pepper 0.00037 34 Pigeon pea 0.00025 38 Malay apple 0.00074 OR 39 Star fruit 0.00074 21 Cassava 0.00019 - ONLY enter the number of trees in column 5 if the number of permanent crop plants 75 Pineapple 0.00006 was provided

Working Area/calculation space 284

7.4 Main use of Secondary Products

7.5 Did you use Secondary Products from any of your crops during the 2002/03 year. (Yes=1, No=2) If the response is 'NO' go to section 8.0

7.6 List the main crops with secondary products and provide the following details: Crop Crop Secondary Prod Used Total no of No of units Total value S/N name Codeproduct code for Unit Units sold of sold units (Tsh.) (1)(2) (3)(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

7.6.1 …………. ………………

7.6.2 …………. ………………

7.6.3 …………. ………………

7.6.4 …………. ………………

7.6.5 …………. ………………

7.6.6 …………. ……………… Main product (Col 4) Mainly used for (Col 5) Unit (Col 6) Green leaves & Stem..1 Flower …4 Feeding to livestock ..1 Consumed by hh .……….4 Loose Bundle/bunch ..……1 kg …………...…5 Straw, dry stems etc …2 Fruit …...5 Building material …...2 Sold …………………….....5 Compressed bunch/Bail….2 Stems ………….6 Root, tuber, etc ….…..3 Other …..8 Fuel for cooking ….. 3 Did not use….....……….…6 Tin ……………………….. 3 Sack ……………7 Bucket …………………....4 Other ………..…8

8.0 AGROPROCESSING AND BY-PRODUCTS

8.1 Did the household process any of the products harvested on the farm during 2002/03 (Yes=1, No=2) If the response is 'NO' go to section 9.0 8.2 List the main crops processed and provide the following details: Main By- S/N Proc Prod Quantity Whe Prod Quantity Quan Crop Crop -ess -uct Used of main Quantity -re -uct Used of by- -tity name Code -ed code for Unit product Sold sold code for Unit product Sold (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)(10) (11) (12) (13) (14)

8.2.1 …….

8.2.2 …….

8.2.3 …….

8.2.4 …….

8.2.5 …….

8.2.6 …….

Processed (Col 3) Main product code Used for (Col 5 & 11) Where sold (Col 9) By-product code On farm by hand…...……1 (Col 4) Household/human consumption ..1 Neighbour…………..…1 (Col 10) Fuel for cooking ………………….2 On farm by machine…….2 Flour/meal..……….1 Local market/trade Bran ……………...01 Sale …..………………...………..3 By neighbours machine...3 Grain………………2 store ………….……….2 Cake ……………..02 Animal consumption……………..4 By farmers association …4 Oil .. ………………3 Secondary Market …..3 Husk ……………..03 Did not use ………………………5 By Cooperative union …..5 Juice………………4 Marketing Coop …...…4 Juice ……………..04 Other ………...…………………..8 By trader ………………...6 Fiber..……………..5 Farmer Association .….5 Fiber ……………..05 On Large scale farm …...7 Pulp ………………6 Unit (Col 6 & 12) Largescale farm ………6 Pulp ……………...06 Trader at farm …….….7 Oil ………………..07 By factory ………...... 9 Sheet ………..……7 Loose bundle/bunch ..……1 Did not sell …………….9 Shell ……………..08 Other ...... 8 Other …………….8 Compressed bunch/bail….2 Other ………...... …..8 Other ……….……98 Tin ….…………….……….3 Bucket …………………….4 kg …………...…………….5 litre ………………………..6 Other ……………………..8 285

Definition and working page for page 7 Temporary/annual crop codes for section 7.4 col 2 General Definition for Section 7.4 Secondary Agroprocessing & bi-products Secondary Products: Second most Crop Crop Product Main Products Bi-product (Sect 8.0) important product from a crop. Eg a Code Name Question 7.4 (Section 8.0) 1 2 household may consider the grain from 11 Maize Stems/straw Flour Bran maize as the primary product and the 12 Paddy Stems/straw polished rice grain husk stems/straw as the secondary product. 13 Sorghum Stems/straw flour 14 Bulrush Millet Stems/straw flour 15 Finger Millet Stems/straw flour Note: Secondary products are NOT the 16 Wheat Stems/straw flour Bran same as bi-products. By-products are 17 Barley Stems/straw flour Bran the result of a processing activity and 21 Cassava Leaves/stems flour are dealt with in section 8.0. 22 Sweet Potatoes Leaves 23 Irish potatoes Procedures for Questions 24 Yams Q 7.6 Details of Secondary Products: 25 Cocoyams 26 Onions 27 Ginger 1. From the list of crops in Q 7.1.2, 31 Beans straw/stems 7.2.2 & 7.3.2, ask the respondent if the hh 32 Cowpeas straw used any secondary products. List the 33 Green gram straw crop names and codes in column 1 and 2 34 Pigeon peas stems for those crops that the hh used 35 Chick peas straw secondary products. 36 Bambara nuts straw/stems oil cake 2. For the listed crops give details of 41 Sunflower Stems oil Cake 42 Simsim straw oil Cake the secondary products used. 43 Groundnut straw oil Cake 3. If no units were sold, enter "0" in 47 Soya beans straw oil Cake columns 8 & 9. 48 Caster seed straw oil Cake 75 Pineapple Juice Q 8.0 Agroprocessing & bi-products: 50 Cotton straw fibre/seed oil cake 1. From the list of crops in Q 7.1.2, 51 Tobacco 7.2.2 & 7.3.2, ask the respondant if the hh 53 Pyrethrum straw insecticide 62 Jute fibre processed any of these crops during the 86 Cabbage 2002/03 agriculture year. List the crop 87 Tomatoes names and codes in column 1 and 2 for 88 Spinach those crops that were processed by the 89 Carrot hh. 90 Chillies dried powder 2. For the listed crops give details of 91 Amaranths the secondary crops used. 92 Pumpkins leaves 3. If no main product or bi-product was 93 Cucumber 94 Egg Plant sold enter "0" in columns 8 & 14. 95 Water Mellon 4. If no bi-product was produced enter 96 Cauliflower "0" in columns 10, 11, 12, 13 &14. 44 Oil Palm leaves oil outer oil inner cake 45 Coconut leaves/husk milk 46 Cashewnut Fruit fruit juice shell liquid Question Specific Definitions 52 Sisal stems fibre oil Agroprocessing and bi-products (Q 8.2) 54 Coffee stems beans husks (Note: Agroprocessing refers to the 55 Tea stems 56 Cocoa stems cocoa cocoa butter processing of crops for hh utilisation 57 Rubber stems and for sale) 58 Wattle stems 59 Kapok stems Main Product (Col 5): 60 Sugar Cane sugar/juice molasses ethanol Main Product after processing. Eg for 61 Cardamom Paddy it may be the polished grain. For 71 Banana leaves/stems juice Maize it may be flour. 72 Avocado stems 73 Mango stems Juice Bi-Product code (Col 11): is the 74 Paw paw Juice secondary residue after processing, eg for 76 Orange stems Juice rice it may be the husk. for maize it may 77 Grape fruit stems Juice be the bran. 78 Grapes stems Juice 79 Mandarin stems Juice Mainly used for (Col 5 & 11): 80 Guava stems - Consumed by household can mean 81 Plums stems 82 Apples stems eaten or utilised in another way (eg by 83 Pears stems animals) by the hh. 84 Pitches stems 85 Lime/Lemon stems juice 286

9.0 CROP STORAGE 9.1 Did the household store any crops during the 2002/03 agriculture year? (Yes =1, No=2) If the response is 'NO' go to section 10.0 9.2 For each of the listed crops provide the following details on storage Main method of Storage (Col 4) Stor Current Normal Estimate In locally made traditional structure..1 S/N Crop Name -edQuantity Method duration Main Estimate In Improved locally made structure .2 Y=1Stored of of pur Storage In modern store …...... ……...3 In Sacks/open drum...... ……...4 No=2(kg) Storage storage -pose loss In airtight drum …………………….5 (1) (2)(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Unprotected pile ...... 6 9 2.1 Maize Other ...... ………………...... 8

9 2 2 Paddy Duration of Storage (Col 5) Less than 3 months …....……...... 1 9 2 3 Sorghum/Millet Between 3 and 6 months ...... 2 Over 6 months …………...... 3 9 2.4 Beans, peas, etc Main purpose of storage (Col 6) 9 2 5 Wheat Food for the household ………………1 To sell for higher price ……………….2 9 2.6 Coffee seed for planting.……………………..3 Other ………...……………………….8 9 2.7 Cashewnut Storage loss (Col 67) 9 2.8 Tobacco Little or no loss …………...1 Up to 1/4 loss …………….2 9 2 9 Cotton Between 1/4and 1/2 loss ..3 9 2.10 Groundnuts/bambara Over 1/2 loss …..………...4

10.0 MARKETING 10.1 Did the household sell any crops from the 2002/03 agriculture year? (Yes=1, No=2) (If the response is 'YES' or 'NO' go to section 10.2)

10.2 For each of the following crops what was the main marketing problem faced by the household during 02/03 Main Main 10.3 From the list of marketing Crop problem Crop problem problems below, for all produce (1) (2) (1) (2) rank the five most important problems 10.2.1 Maize 10.2 9 Vegetables 10.2.2 Rice 10.2.10 Tree Fruits 1 2

10.2.3 Sorghum/millet 10.2.11 Cashewnut 10.3.1 Biggest problem

10.2.4 Wheat 10.2.12 Cotton 10.3.2 2nd problem

10.2.5 Beans, peas etc 10.2.13 Tobacco 10.3.3 3rd problem

10.2.6 Cassava 10.2.14 Groundnuts/bamabara 10.3.4 4th problem

10.2.7 Bananas 10.2.15 Trees/timber/poles 10.3.5 5th problem 10.2.8 Coffee 10.2.16 Fish Market problems (Q10.2 & 10.3 (Col 2)) Open market price too low …....01 Market too far ………………...... 05 Government Regulatory board problems...09 No transport ………...... ……....02 Farmer association problems .....06 Lack of market Information ...... 10 Transport cost too high ….....…03 Cooperative Problems ...... 07 Other (specify) ...... ……………………....98 No buyer ………………...... …..04 Trade Union problems ...... 08 Not Applicable ...... 99

10.4 What was the main reason for not selling crops during 2002/03 year ………………………………… Reason for not selling crops (Q10.4) Price too low …………...... 1 Farmer association problems ..…...... 4 Government regulatory board problems ....7 Production insufficient to sell…….....2 Cooperative Problems...... 5 Other (specify) .……………………...... 8 Market too far ……………………. ...3 Trade Union problems ...... 6 Not Applicable ……………………...... 9 287

Definition and working page for page 8 Question Specific definitions (Section 9.0) Procedures for Questions Crop Storage, Section 9 Q 9.2 Details of Crop Storage: Method of Storage (column 4) 1. For the crops listed indicate if the - Locally made structure: The structures that have been inherited household stored any during 2002/03 in from their fore fathers column 2.

- Improved locally made structure: Traditional structures that 2. Check that the crops correspond to the have been improved using modern technology. crop lists in Q 7.1.2, 7.2.2 & 7.3.2. If there is a difference inquire on the reason why. It is - Normal duration of storage: Often there are stored stocks from possible that a crop was missed during the different seasons and different years. The normal duration refers to enumeration of these questions and if so the number of months that the most of the crop is stored for. make necessary amendments

3. For the listed crops give details of storage.

Marketing problems Q 10.2 and 10.3 col 2: Q 10.2 Details on Crop Marketing:

- Farmer Association: A village or community based group of 1. For each of the crops listed indicate the farmers who have formed an organisation to purchase main problems in marketing during 2002/03 in inputs/sell/store their products in order to achieve a better price for column 2. their products. 2. Check if the crops correspond to the - Cooperative Union: Large inter-village /community organisation crop lists list in Q 7.1.2, 7.2.2 & 7.3.2. If there set up on a district/regional or national basis for providing inputs, is a difference inquire on the reason why. It marketing and storing farmers products. is poss ble that a crop was missed during the enumeration of these questions and if so - Government Regulatory board: Government control body for make necessary amendments setting prices and controlling quality of certain agriculture commodities. Q 10.3 Ranking of market problems:

Rank in order of importance the 5 most important marketing problems from the codes in the Market Problems code box.

Working Area/calculation space 288

11.0 ON-FARM INVESTMENT 11.1 Does the household practice irrigation (Yes=1, No=2) If the response is 'NO' go to section 11.3

Source of Method of Method of Irrigatable Area of irrig S/N Irrigation obtaining applic area ated land this water water -ation (acres) year (acres) (1)(2) (3) (4) (5) . . 11.1.1 Method of application (Col 3) Source of irrigation water (Col 1) Method of obtaining water (Col 2) Flood …………………….1 River ………1 Borehole ……………..5 Gravity ………………………1 motor pump ……….4 Sprinkler …………………2 Lake ……...2 Canal …………………6 Hand bucket ……………….2 Other ………..……8 water hose.………………3 Dam ………3 Tap Water ……………7 Hand pump ………………...3 Bucket/watering can ……4 Well ……....4

11.2 Does the household have any erosion control/water harvesting facilities on their land (Yes=1, No=2) If the response is 'NO' go to section 12.0 Type of erosion control/ Number Year of Type of erosion control/ Number Year of S/N water harvesting of con- water harvesting of con- structure structures struction structure structures struction (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3)

11.2.1 Terraces 11.2.5 Tree belts

11.2.2 Erosion control bunds 11.2.6 Water harvesting bunds

11.2.3 Gabions/Sandbags 11.2.7 Drainage ditches

11.2.4 Vetiver Grass 11.2.8 Dam

12.0 ACCESS TO FARM INPUTS AND IMPLEMENTS 12.1 Give details of farm inputs used during the 2002/03 agriculture year Used Distance Source Reason Plan to use S/N Yes=1 Source to of Fin for not Quality of next year Input name No=2 Source -ance using Input Yes =1,No=2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

12.1.1 Chemical Fertiliser

12.1.2 Farm Yard Manure

12.1.3 Compost

12.1.4 Pesticide/fungicide

12.1.5 Herbicide

12.1.6 Improved Seeds

12.1.7 Other ……………. Source (Col 3) Distance to source (Col Source of finance (Col Reason for not using (Col Quality of input Cooperative ……………...... 01 4) 5) 6) (Col 7) Local farmers group …...... 02 Less than 1 Km ………….1 Sale of farm products .1 Not available ……...... …1 Excellent ...... …1 Local market/Trade Store ...03 Between 1 and 3km …….2 Other income Price too high ...... …...... 2 Good ...... …..2 Secondary Market ...... 04 between 3 and 10 km.. …3 generating activities ….2 No money to buy ...... 3 Average ……...3 Development project …...... 05 Between 10 and 20 km …4 Remittances …...……..3 Too much labour required..4 Poor ...... 4 Crop buyers …………...... 06 20km and above ...... …….5 Bank Loan/Credit.…….4 Do not know how to use...... 5 Does not work .5 Large scale farm …….….....07 not applicable ..… ….…..9 produced on farm ...….5 Input is of no use ...... 6 not applicable...9 Locally produced by hh ...... 08 Other ……….. ...……..8 Locally produced by hh ...... 7 Neighbour ...... 09 Not applicable ..……….9 Other ...... …………...... 8 Other (specify) ………...... 98 Not applicable ....……….....9 Not applicable …………...... 99 289

Definition and working page for page 9 Overview of Investment activities (Section 11.0) Investment activities:

Investment activities refer to medium to long term farm development structures and projects. This can be Irrigation structures, erosion and water harvesting structures or other permanent or semi-permanent investment made on the land that the household owns.

Question Specific Definitions (Q 11.1) Source of irrigation Water (Col 1): The main source of water from which water is obtained for irrigation. Q 11.1 Irrigation Method of obtaining water (Col 2): The mechanism by which the water is extracted from the source, 1. If the hh practices irrigation give details on the main source, main method Application Method (Col 3): How the water is applied on the field. of obtaining and applying water. - Flood - is the application of water down the slope of the land by means of gravity 2. Cross check column 8, Q 7.1.2, - Sprinkler - is the application of pressurised water through pipes. 7.2.2 & 7.3.2 to check if irrigation was The water passes through a device which sprays the used on any crops. water onto the crop from above.

Irrigatable Area (Col 4): The area the irrigation system is designed to cover in acres.

Area of irrigated land this year (Col 5): Area of land under irrigation during the 2002/03 agric year. This is the physical area and NOT the cumulative area of 2 or more croppings. Question Specific Definitions (Q 11.3) Erosion control/water harvesting structure (Col 1) Q 11.3 erosion control/water Terraces: Are structures constructed on the side of a hill to provide a level ground to harvesting plant crops. They are often used to trap water for paddy/lowland rice production. 1. Number of structures refers to the Erosion Control Bunds: These are banks of earth/stones built perpendicular to number of working/maintained structures the slope to slow down water and prevent erosion. They are different to Terraces in and does not include derelict or that the soil behind the banks are not level. irreparable structures.

Gabions: A gabion is a wire mesh box filled with rocks/stones and used to control 2. Year of construction refers to the or prevent gully erosion year that the structures were first constructed. It is not the year that the Sandbags Used to prevent or control gully erosion structures were last maintained. Tree belts/Wind breaks: A band of trees planted perpendicular to the prevailing wind whose main purpose is to slow down wind speed

Water Harvesting bunds: A bank of earth constructed horizontal to the slope of the land to trap water. They are usually banana shaped.

Dam: A bank of earth/material which traps river water to form a catchment of water Q 12.0 Farm Inputs behind it. 1. Indicate in column 1 whether each of the inputs are used or not. Farm Inputs (Q 12.1.1 to 12.1.7)

Farm yard Manure: An organic fertiliser made on farm composed of animal dung. 2. Complete cols 3, 4, 6, and 7 for inputs that are used and place '9' in Compost: An organic fertiliser made on farm from decomposed plant material column 5 (for not applicable).

Pesticide: Chemical used to either protect the plant from or kill insects, birds, 3. Complete cols 5 & 7 for inputs not molluscs, mites, etc attacking the plant used.

Fungicide: is a chemical that s used to protect the plant from or control a fungal NOTE: Cross check column 6, 7, 8 & disease. 9 , Q 7.1.2, 7.2.2 & 7.3.2 to check what Herbicide: A chemical used to control weeds. inputs were used. 290

12.2 Give details of farm implements and assets used and owned by the household during 2002/03 agriculture year NumberUsed in Source Source Plan to use S/N Equipment/Asset Name rent 2002/03 of Equip of Fin Reason for next year Owned -ed Yes 1,No=2 -ment -ance not using Yes=1,No=2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 12 2.1 Hand Hoe 12 2.2 Hand Powered Sprayer 12 2.3 Oxen 12 2.4 Ox Plough 12 2.5 Ox Seed Planter 12 2.6 Ox Cart 12 2.7 Tractor 12 2.8 Tractor Plough 12 2.9 Tractor Harrow 12 2.10 Shellers/threshers Source of equipment (Col 5) Source of finance (Col 6) Reason for not using (Col 7) Neighbour...... …1 Development project .....5 Sale of farm products ……………...1 Not available ……...... …...1 Cooperative ...... 2 Government ...... 6 Other income generating activities .2 Price too high ...... …... …..2 Local farmers association…....3 Large scale farm ...…....7 Remittances ………………………..3 No money to buy/rent...... …..3 market/Trade store ...... 4 Other (specify) ...... 8 Bank Loan ………………………….4 Too much labour required….4 Credit ……………………………….5 Equipment/Asset of no use …5 Other ……….. ……………………..8 Other ……….………………..8 Not applicable ..…………………….9 Not applicable ...... …9 13.0 USE OF CREDIT FOR AGRICULTURE PURPOSES 13.1 During the year 2002/03 did any of the hh members borrow money for agriculture (Yes = 1, No = 2) (if the response is 'NO' go to section 13.3) 13.2 Give details of the credit obtained during the agricultural year 2002/03 (if the credit was provided in kind , for example by the provision of inputs, then estimate the value in 13.2.9) Source "a" Source "b" Source "c" use codes to indicate source Provided to Male = 1, Female 2 tick the boxes below to tick the boxes below to indicate tick the boxes below to indicate indicate the use of the credit the use of the credit the use of credit 13 2.1 Labour 13 2.2 Seeds 13 2.3 Fertilisers 13 2.4 Agrochemicals 13 2.5 Tools/equipment 13 2.6 Irrigation structures 13 2.7 Livestock 13 2.8 Other ……………. 13 2.9 Value of Credit (Tsh.)

13.2.10 Value of repayment (Tsh.)

13.2.11 Period of repayment (months) Source of credit (Q 13.2-a, b and c)) Family, friend or relative....1 Commercial Bank…..2 Cooperative …...3 Savings & credit Soc ...... 4 Trader/trade store ……..5 Private individual ……...6 Religious Organisation/NGO/Project …7 Other (Specify)...... 8

13.3 If the answer to question 13.1 above is 'NO' what is the reason for not using Credit? Reason for not using credit (Q13.3) Not needed …1 Not available ...2 Did not want to go into debt.....3 Interest rate/cost too high...... 4 Did not know how to get credit....5 Difficult bureaucratic procedure ...6 Credit granted too late ...7 Other (specify) ...8 Dont know about credit ....9 291

Definition and working page for page 10 Question Specific Definitions (Q 12.2) Procedures for questions Farm Implements (Col 1): Q 12.0 Farm Inputs

Hand powered Sprayer: Knapsack or bicycle pump sprayer 1. Indicate in column 2 and 3 whether each of the implements were used or not. Reason for not using (Col 6): Be careful about using "too much labour required" as this code generally refers to hand hoes only. The codes for this should "NOT" be read out to the farmer as a prompt. 2. Complete cols 4, 5, 6, and 8 for inputs that are used and place '9' in column 7 (for not Note: If remittance is given as the main source of finance check for a applicable). response to remittances in question 2.2.5 3. Complete cols 7 & 8 for inputs not used. Question Specific Definitions (Q 13.0) Section 13.0 Credit for Agriculture Purposes

Credit is defined as finance in the form of cash or in-kind contr butions (eg direct provision of inputs, machinery, livestock or other material) for the purpose of crop and livestock production whereby the value of the credit must be paid back to the borrower. The value of repayment may either be with interest or interest free. Section 13.2 Source of agriculture credit

Credit may be paid back in the form of cash or agriculture produce. If the farmer obtained credit from more than one source then use the columns "a" , "b" and "c" for the different sources of credit. Section 13.0 Credit for Agriculture Purposes Start with the main source of credit in column "a". Value of credit: is the amount in cash received from the borrower. If the credit was paid in-kind, estimate the value of this. NOTE: Check for use of inputs in column 7, 8 & 9 of questions 7.1.2, 7.2.2 & 7.3.2. Value of repayment: This is the amount to be repaid to the borrower and includes the principal amount (value of credit) plus any interest repayment. If the credit is paid back in agriculture produce, then the cash value of this must be estimated.

Period of repayment: This is the time in months the borrower has given for full repayment.

Working Area/calculation space 292

14.0 TREE FARMING/AGROFORESTRY

14.1 Did your household have any Planted Trees on your land during 2002/03 agric year? (Yes =1, No=2) If the response is 'NO' go to section 14.3 14.2 Give details of the planted trees you have on your land. Whe Ma Sec Number of Number of hh utilised S/N Tree Number re pl -in -ond Plank trees Pole trees Number of Total Value Code of trees anted Use Use Sold Sold Poles Timber (Tsh.) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

14 2.1

14 2.2

14 2.3

14 2.4 Where Planted (Col 3) Use (Col 4 & 5) Mostly on field/plot boundaries.1 Planks/Timber….....1 Shade ……...…5 Mostly scattered in fields …….2 Poles ………...……2 Medicinal……....6 Mostly in plantation/coppice …3 Charcoal ………….3 Other ………….8 Fuel wood ...……...4

14.3 Does your village have a Community tree planting scheme (Yes=1, No=2) If the response is 'NO' go to section 15.0 14.4 Household involvement in community tree planting scheme Distance to com Main Main use S/N -munity planted hh Involve purpose during forest (Km) -ment 2002/03 (1) (2) (3) (4) .

HH involvement (Col 2) Main Purpose (Col 3) Main Use during 02/03(Col 4) Only planting ………………….....1 Erosion control………..1 Environment rehaiblitation …4 Poles ………….1 Not ready to use …...5 Only protection and thinning…....2 Production of poles …..2 Restoration of wildlife ………5 Timber logs …..2 Not allowed to use …6 Only cutting …………………...…3 production of firewood..3 Other (specify) …….………8 Charcoal ….. ...3 Other (specify) …….8 Most or all activities……………...4 Firewood ……..4

15.0 CROP EXTENSION SERVICES

15.1 Did your household receive extension advice for crop production during 2002/03 (Yes=1,No=2) If the response is 'NO' go to section 16.0 Source of If you pay for Contact farmer No. of visits No. of message S/N extension extension, what /group member by extension adopted in the Quality of Extension Provider (Y=1,N=2) is the cost/yr (Yes=1,No=2) agency per year last 3 years Service (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

15.1.1 Government extension

15.1.2 NGO/development project

15.1.3 Cooperative

15.1.4 Large Scale farmer

15.1.5 Other………………… Quality of service (Col 7) Very good .………...1 good …..…….2 Average……. …3 Poor…………4 No Good ………5 293

Definition and working page for page 11 General Definitions for section 14.0 Section 14.2 Details of planted trees Tree Farming/Agroforestry 1. Enter the tree codes of the main species This section refers to trees planted for wood (firewood, poles, planks, grown by the hh carving, charcoal, medicinal, etc, but NOT fruit trees). It does not include naturally growing trees on the farm (unless special care has been given to promote their establishment) or trees growing naturally on the communal 2. If no planks or poles are sold enter a "0" areas. in columns 8, & 9.

Tree farming is the planting of trees on an area of land for which the main 3. Total value includes both value of hh purpose is the production and regeneration of trees for wood on that land. utilised trees and sold trees.

Agroforestry: is the planting of trees on land for the purpose of 4. If no trees were utilised by the hh or sold complementing other farming activities like crop and animal production. For enter "0" in column 10 the purpose of this questionnaire Agroforestry trees are trees planted on boundaries and scattered throughout fields. The main productive unit in this case is Crops and Livestock.

Question Specific Definitions Tree farming (Section 14.0) Section 15.1 Crop Extension Services Pole trees (Col 6): These are young trees which have a maximum diameter of 6 inches at the bottom and are often used for house construction. They 1. For each of the extension providers ask are often the thinning harvest after 3 - 5 years. if the hh received extension during 2002/2003 agriculture year and indicate in column 2. Plank trees (Col 7): Trees for sawing into timber planks. 2. For each of the providers complete the Animal shade: Trees grown for the purpose of providing shade to animals. rest of the columns

Community tree planting scheme (Section 14.3)

Community Forest: A forest planted on the communal land which is planted, replanted or spot planted by the members of the village.

Crop Extension Services (Section 15.1)

Contact Farmer: A farmer who is used by the extension agent as a focal point to demonstrate new interventions. The contact farmer then passes on the message to other farmers

Group member: Member of a group under which the contact farmer leads

Adoption: This is the uptake of an intervention for 2 or more years

Tree Name Guide Col 1

Code Local Name Botanical Name English Name Code Local Name Botanical Name English Name 01 Senna siamea Cassod tree 16 02 Msongoma Gravellia Silver oak 17 03 Mbarika Afzelia quanzensis Pod mahogony 18 04 Mkeshia Acacia spp Umbrella thorn 19 05 Msindano Pinus spp Pine 20 06 Mkaratusi Eucalyptus spp Red River Gum 21 07 Cyprus spp Cyprus tree 22 08 Mtondoo Calophylum inophyllum 23 09 Mvule Melicia excelsa Iroko 24 10 Mvinji Casurina equisetfilia Whistling oak 25 11 Msaji Tectona grandis Teak 26 12 Mkungu wa kienyeji Terminalia catapa Sea almond 27 13 Mkungu india Terminilia ivorensis Black afara 28 14 Muhumula Maesopsis berchemoides 29 15 30 294

15.2 Crop Extension Messages

Received Adopted Source of Received Adopted Source of S/N Advice Crop S/N Advice Crop Yes=1 Yes=1 Extension Yes=1 Yes=1 Extension Extension Message No=2 No=2 Extension Message No=2 No=2 (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4)

15.2.1 Spacing 15 2 9 Crop Storage

15.2.2 Use of agrochemicals 15 2.10 Vermin control

15.2.3 Erosion control 15 2.11 Agro-processing

15.2.4 Organic fertiliser use 15 2.12 Agro-forestry

15.2.5 Inorganic fertiliser use 15 2.13 Bee Keeping

15.2.6 Use of improved seed 15 2.14 Fish Farming

15.2.7 Mechanisation/LST 15 2.15 Other

15.2.8 Irrigation Technology Source of extension (Col 4) Government …..1 NGO/Dev project ..2 Cooperative …3 Large scale farmer …..4 Other (Specify) …8 Not applicable …….9

16.0 LIVELIHOOD CONSTRAINTS From the list of constraints on the right select: List of constraints

16.1 the 5 most important problems 16 2 the 5 least important problems 1. Access to Land Order of most importance Constraint Order of least importance Constraint 2. Ownership of Land 3. Poor farm Inputs (1) (2) (1) (2) 4. Soil Fertility 5. Access to improved seed 16.1.1 most important 16 2.1 Least important 6. Irrigation facilities 16.1.2 2nd most important 16 2.2 2nd least important 7. Access to chemical Inputs 8. Cost of Inputs 16.1.3 3rd most important 16 2.3 3rd least important 9. Extension Services 16.1.4 4th most important 16 2.4 4th least important 10.Access to forest resources 11. Hunting and Gathering 16.1.5 5th most important 16 2.5 5th least important 12. Access to potable water 13. Access to credit 14. Harvesting 15. Threshing 16. Storage 17.0 ANIMAL CONTRIBUTION TO CROP PRODUCTION 17. Processing 17.1 Did you use Draft animals to cultivate 17.2 Did you apply organic fertiliser 18. Market Information 19. Transport costs your land during 02/03 (Yes=1, No=2) during 02/03 (Yes=1, No=2) 20. Distruction by animals (If no, go to question 17.2) (If no, go to question 18) 21. Stealing 22. Pests and Diseases Area S/N Area 23. Local government taxation 24. Access to off Farm Income S/N Type of Number Number cultivated Type of organapplied Draft owned used (acres) Fertiliser (acres) (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) 17.1.1 Oxen . 17.2.1 FYM . 17.1.2 Bulls . 17.2.2 Compost . 17.1.3 Cows 17.1.4 Donkeys . 295

Definitions and working page for page 12 Question Specific Definitions Crop Extension Advice (Section 15.2) Section 16.0 Livelihood constraints Mechanisation/LST: LST means Labour Saving Technology 16.1 List the five most important problems in order of most importance:

1. Read out the list of constraints to the respondent and ask him to select the ones that are a problem. Place a 3 against the constraints that are a problem.

2. Read the selected constraints and ask the farmer to select 5 which create the largest problems

3. Ask the farmer to list these in order of importance and enter in column 2

16.2 List the five least important problems in order of least importance:

1. Read out the list of constraints to the respondent and ask him to select the ones that are NOT a problem. Place an 2 against the constraints that are NOT a problem.

2. Read the selected constraints and ask the farmer to select 5 which create the least problems

3. Ask the farmer to list these in order of least importance and enter in column 2 296

18.0 CATTLE POPULATION, INTAKE AND OFFTAKE

18.1 Did the household own, raise or manage any CATTLE during 2002/03 agriculture year? (Yes =1 No =2) (If no go to section 19.0) 18.2 Cattle Population as of 1st October 2003 18.3 Cattle Intake during 2002/2003 Number of Number of Improved Number Number given Number Total Intake Average Value Total S/N Cattle type Indigenous Beef Dairy S/N Purchased /obtained Born of Cattle per head (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

18.2.1 Bulls 18.3.1 X X X

18.2.2 Cows 18.3.2 X X X

18.2.3 Steers 18.3.3 X X X

18.2.4 Heifers 18.3.4 X X X

18.2.5 Male Calves 18.3.5

18.2.6 Female Calves 18.3.6 Grand Total Total Intake 18.5 Cattle diseases 18.4 Cattle Offtake during 2002/2003 Last Main Number Number con Number given Number Total Cattle Average valueS/NDisease/ Number Number No. Rec Number vacci Sou S/N Cattle type Sold/traded sumed by hh away/stolen died Offtake per head parasite Infected Treated -overed Died nated -rce (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (1)(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Tick Borne 18.4.1 Bulls 18.5.1 diseases

18.4.2 Cows 18.5.2 CBPP Trypanosomiasi 18.4.3 Steers 18.5.3 s X X Lumpy Skin 18.4.4 Heifers 18.5.4 Disease

18.4.5 Male Calves 18.5.5 Helmenthioitis X X

18.4.6 Female Calves 18.5.6 FMD Total Offtake Last Vaccinated (Col 6) 18.6 Milk Production 2003 ……………1 2000 …………....4 Litres of No. of cattle Sold/day 2002 …………....2 before 2000 …...5 Sold to Q18.6 Col 5) 2001 …………....3 Not Vaccinated...6 S/N Season milk/day milked/day Value/litre Sold to (Litres) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Neighbour……...... 1 Largescale farm ..5 Local Market..……...2 Trader at Farm ...6 Main Source of vaccine (Col 7) 18.6.1 Wet Season Secondary Market ...3 Did not sell ...... 7 Private Vet Clinic ..1 Other ………..….8 Processing industry .4 Other ………...... 8 District Vet Clinic ..2 Not applicable ….9 NGO/Project…....3 18.6.2 Dry Season 297

Definitions and working page for page 13 General definitions for page 13 Section 18.0 Cattle Population, Intake & Offtake. Cattle Intake during 2002/03: Cattle purchased, given or born which increases the number of cattle in the herd. NOTE: Section 18.1 is for the current population (as of 1st October 2003); Section 18.2 and 18.3 is for movement in and out of the herd Cattle Offtake during 2002/03: Cattle removed from the herd, either by selling, hh consumption, given away or stolen. during the 2002/03 agriculture year. Section 18.4 is for diseases encountered during the agriculture year. Question Specific Definitions (Section 18.0) 1. If the household has cows, you would normally expect them to have calves Cattle type (Q 18.2 & 18.4, Col 1) in column 8

Bull: Mature Uncastrated male cattle used for breeding 2. If calves are reported in column 2, 3, or 4 (18.2.6, 18.2.5) then there must be at least that number repeated in column 8 Cow: Mature female cattle that has given birth at least once Note: If the farmer reports sales of cattle the importance of this must be Steer: Castrated male cattle over 1 year reflected in Q 2.2.3

Heifer: Female cattle of 1 year up to the first calving Section 18.5 If cattle are reported to have died in Column 5 then at least Calves: Young cattle under 1 year of age that number should be reported in 18.4 col 4

Working area for page 13 Average Value per Head (Q 18.3, (Col 7 & 9) & 18.4 (Col 3, 5 & 7))

In these columns give the average value per head during 2002/03. For given, traded, consumed by the hh & given away/stolen estimate the value.

Cattle vaccination (18.5 col 1)

ECF: East Coast Fever

FMD: Foot and Mouth Disease

CBPP: Contagious Bovine Pleura Pneumonia 298

19.0 GOAT POPULATION, INTAKE AND OFFTAKE

19.1 Did the household own, raise or manage any GOATS during the 2002/03 agriculture year? (Yes =1 No =2) (If no go to section 20.0) 19.2 Goat Population as of 1st October 2003 19.3 Goat Intake during 2002/2003 Number of Number of Improved NumberNumber given Number Total Intake Average Value Total S/N Goat type Indigenous for meat DairyS/N Purchased /obtained Born of Goats per head (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)(6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

19.2.1 Billy Goat 19.3.1 X X X

19.2.2 Castrated Goat 19.3.2 X X X

19.2.3 She Goat 19.3.3 X X X

19.2.4 Male Kid 19.3.4

19.2.5 She Kid 19.3.5 Grand Total Total Intake

19.4 Goat Offtake during 2002/2003 19.5 Goat diseases Number Number con Number given Number Total Goat Average value Last Main S/N Goat type Sold/traded sumed by hh away/stolen died Offtake per head S/NDisease/ Number Number No. Rec Number vacci Sou (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) parasite Infected Treated -overed Died nated -rce

19.4.1 Male goat (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) X X 19.4.2 Castrated Goat 19.5.1 Foot Rot

19.4.3 She Goat 19.5.2 CC PP X X 19.4.4 Male Kid 19.5.3 Helminthiosis

19.4.5 She Kid 19.5.4 Tetanus

Total Offtake 19.5.5 Mange X X 19.6 Milk Production Last Vaccinated (Col 6) Sold to Q19.6 Col 5) Litres of No. of Goats Sold/day 2003 ……………1 2000 …………....4 Neighbour……...... 1 Largescale farm ..5 S/N Season milk/day milked/day Value/litre Sold to (Litres) 2002 …………....2 before 2000 …...5 Local Market..……...2 Trader at Farm ...6 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 2001 …………....3 Not Vaccinated...6 Secondary Market ...3 Did not sell ...... 7 19.6.1 Wet Season Processing industry .4 Other ………...... 8 Main Source of vaccine (Col 7)

19.6.2 Dry Season Private Vet Clinic ..1 Other ………..….8 District Vet Clinic ..2 Not applicable ….9 NGO/Project…....3 299

Definitions and working page for page 14 Goat definitions for page 14 Section 19.0 Goat Population, Intake & Offtake. Goat Intake during 2002/03: Goat purchased, given or born which increases the number of goats NOTE: Section 19.1 is for the current population (as of 1st October 2003); in the herd. Section 19.2 and 18.3 is for movement in and out of the herd Goat Offtake during 2002/03: during the 2002/03 agriculture year. Goat removed from the herd, either by selling, hh consumption, given away or stolen. Section 19.4 is for diseases encountered during the agriculture year.

Question Specific Definitions (Section 19.0) 1. If the household has she goats, you would normally expect them to have kids in column 8

2. If kids are reported in column 2, 3, or 4 (19.2.6, 19.2.5) then there must be Goat type (Q 19.2 & 19.4, Col 1) at least that number repeated in column 8 Billy Goat (he-goat): Mature Uncastrated male goat used for breeding Note: If the farmer reports sales of goats the importance of this must be Castrated goat: Male goat that has been castrated. reflected in Q 2.2.3

She Goat: Mature female goat over 9 months of age Section 19.5 If goats are reported to have died in Column 5 then at least that number should be reported in 19.4 col 4 Kid: Young goat under 9 months of age.

Working area for page 14

Average Value per Head (Q 19.3, (Col 7 & 9) & 19.4 (Col 3, 5 & 7))

In these columns give the average value per head during 2002/03. For given, traded, consumed by the hh & given away/stolen estimate the value.

Goat vaccination (19.5 col 1)

FMD: Foot and Mouth Disease

CCPP: Contagious Caprine Pleura Pneumonia

LSD: Lumpy Skin Disease 300

20.0 SHEEP POPULATION, INTAKE AND OFFTAKE

20.1 Did the household own, raise or manage any SHEEP during the 2002/03 agriculture year? (Yes =1 No =2) (If no go to section 21.0) 20.2 Sheep Population as of 1st October 2003 20.3 Sheep Intake during 2002/2003 Number of Number of Improved Number Number givenNumber Total Intake Average Value Total S/N Sheep type Indigenous for Mutton DairyS/N Purchased /obtained Born of Sheep per head (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

20.2.1 Ram X X X 20.3.1 X X X

20.2.2 Castrated Sheep X X X 20.3.2 X X X

20.2.3 She Sheep X X X 20.3.3 X X X

20.2.4 Male lamb X X X 20.3.4

20.2.5 She lamb X X X 20.3.5 Grand Total

20.4 Sheep Offtake during 2002/2003 20.5 Sheep diseases Number Number con Number given Number Total Sheep Average value Last Main S/N Sheep type Sold/traded sumed by hh away/stolen died Offtake per headS/N Disease/ Number Number No. Rec Number vacci Sou (1) (2)(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) parasite Infected Treated -overed Died nated -rce

20.4.1 Ram (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) X X 20.4.2 Castrated Sheep 20.5.1 Foot Rot

20.4.3 She Sheep 20.5.2 CC PP X X 20.4.4 Male lamb 20.5.3 Helminthiosis Trypa 20.4.5 She lamb 20.5.4 nsomiasis

Total Offtake 20.5.5 FMD Last Vaccinated (Col 6) 2003 ……………1 2000 …………....4 2002 …………....2 before 2000 …...5 2001 …………....3 Not Vaccinated...6

Main Source of vaccine (Col 7) Private Vet Clinic ..1 Other ………..….8 District Vet Clinic ..2 Not applicable ….9 NGO/Project…....3 301

Definitions and working page for page 15 Section 20.0 Sheep Population, Intake & Offtake. Sheep definitions for page 15 Sheep Intake during 2002/03: Sheep purchased, given or born which increases the number of NOTE: Section 20.1 is for the current population (as of 1st October 2003); Sheep in the herd. Section 20.2 and 20.3 is for movement in and out of the herd during the 2002/03 agriculture year. Sheep Offtake during 2002/03: Sheep removed from the herd, either by selling, hh consumption, given away or stolen. Section 20.4 is for diseases encountered during the agriculture year.

Question Specific Definitions (Section 20.0) 1. If the household has ewes, you would normally expect them to have kids in column 8

2. If lambs are reported in column 2, 3, or 4 (20.2.6, 20.2.5) then there must Sheep type (Q 20.2 & 20.4, Col 1) be at least that number repeated in column 8

Ram: Mature Uncastrated male goat used for breeding Note: If the farmer reports sales of Sheep the importance of this must be reflected in Q 2.2.3 Castrated sheep: Male sheep that has been castrated.

Ewe: Mature female sheep over 9 months of age Section 20.5 If Sheep are reported to have died in Column 5 then at least that number should be reported in 20.4 col 4 Lamb: Young sheep under 9 months of age. Working area for page 15

Average Value per Head (Q 20.3, (Col 7 & 9) & 20.4 (Col 3, 5 & 7))

In these columns give the average value per head during 2002/03. For given, traded, consumed by the hh & given away/stolen estimate the value.

Sheep vaccination (20.5 col 1)

FMD: Foot and Mouth Disease

CCPP: Contagious Caprine Pleura Pneumonia 302

21.0 PIG POPULATION AND PRODUCTION

21.1 Did the household own, raise or manage any PIGS during the 2002/03 agriculture year (Yes =1 No =2) (If no go to section 22.0) 21.2 PIG Population as of 1 st October 2003 21.3 Pig increase during 2002/2003 Number Number given Number Total Pig Average Value S/N Pig type Number S/N Purchased /obtained Born Increase per head (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (9) (10)

21.2.1 Boar 21.3.1 X X X

21.2.2 Castrated male 21.3.2 X X X

21.2.3 Sow/Gilt 21.3.3 X X X

21.2.4 Male piglet 21.3.4

21.2.5 She piglet 21.3.5 Grand Total

21.4 Pig decrease during 2002/2003 21.5 Pig diseases/pests/conditions Number Number con Number given Number Total Pig Average value Last Main S/N Pig type Sold/traded sumed by hh away/stolen died Offtake per head Disease/ Number Number No. Rec Number vacci Sou (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) S/N parasite Infected Treated -overed Died nated -rce

21.4.1 Boar (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

21.4.2 Castrated male 21.5.1 Anthrax

21.4.3 Sow/Gilt 21.5.2 ASF

21.4.4 Male piglet 21.5.3 Anemia X X

21.4.5 She piglet 21.5.4 Helmenthiosis X X Total Offtake Last Vaccinated (Col 6) 22.0 LIVESTOCK PEST & PARASITE CONTROL 22.3 Do you normally encounter a tick problem (Yes=1,No-2) 2003 ..1 2000 ………….4 (If the response is 'NO' go to section 22.5) 2002 ..2 before 2000 ….5 22.1 Did you deworm your animals during 2002/03 (Yes=1, No-2) 22.4 Which methods of tick control did you use 2001 ..3 Not Vaccinated.6 Control method (Q 22.4) None..1 Spraying ..2 Dipping..3 Smearing ..4 Other.8 (If the response is 'NO' go to section 22.3) Main Source (Col 7) 22.5 Do you normally encounter a tsetse fly problem (Y=1,N=2) Private Vet Clinic ..1 22.2 Which animals did you deworm? (Tick appropriate boxes) (If the response is 'NO' go to section 23.0) District Vet Clinic ..2 NGO/Project….....3 Cattle Goats Sheep Pigs 22.6 Which methods of control did you use Other ……….....…8 Control method (Q22.6) None .1 Spray .2 Dipping .3 Trapping .4 Other .8 Not applicable ...…9 303

Definitions and working page for page 16 Section 21.0 Pig Population, Intake & Offtake. Pigs definitions for page 16 Pig Intake during 2002/03: Pigs purchased, given or born which increases the number of Pigs in NOTE: Section 21.1 is for the current population (as of 1st October 2003); the production unit. Section 21.2 and 21.3 is for movement in and out of the herd during the 2002/03 agriculture year. Pig Offtake during 2002/03: Section 21.4 is for diseases encountered during the agriculture Pigs removed from the production unit, either by selling, hh consumption, given away or stolen. year.

Question Specific Definitions (Section 21.0) 1. If the household has sows, you would normally expect them to have piglets in column 8

2. If piglets are reported in column 2, 3, or 4 (20.2.6, 20.2.5) then there must Pigs type (Q 21.2 & 21.4, Col 1) be at least that number repeated in column 8

Boar: Mature Uncastrated male pig used for breeding Note: If the farmer reports sales of Pigs the importance of this must be reflected in Q 2.2.3 Castrated Pig: Male pig hat has been castrated.

Sow: Mature female pig that has given birth to at least one litter of pigs. Section 20.5 If Pigs are reported to have died in Column 5 then at least that number should be reported in 20.4 col 4 Gilt: Female pig of 9 months up to the first farrowing. Working area for page 16 Piglet: Young pig under 3 months of age.

Average Value per Head (Q 21.3, (Col 7 & 9) & 21.4 (Col 3, 5 & 7))

In these columns give the average value per head during 2002/03. For given, traded, consumed by the hh & given away/stolen es imate the value.

Pig vaccination (21.5 col 1)

ASF: African Swine Fever 304

23.0 Other Livestock currently available and details of consumption and sales during the last 12 months Current Sold during 2002/03 Consumed during 2002/03 Animal type Number Number Average Value/head Number Average Value/head (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

23.1 Indigenous Chicken

23 2 Layer

23 3 Broiler

23.4 Ducks

23 5 Turkeys

23.6 Rabbits

23.7 Donkeys

23.8 Horses X X X X X X X X

23 9 Other …………… 24.0 CHICKEN DISEASES Number infected Number Treated Number Died Number Recovered

24.1 Newcastle Disease

24 2 Gumboro

24 3 Coccidiosis

24.4 Chorysa

24 5 Fowl typhoid 25.0 LIVESTOCK PRODUCT Sold during 2002/03 Consumed/utilised during 2002/03 Number Average Value/unit Number Average Value/unit

25.1 Eggs X

25 2 Hides

25 3 Skins 26.0 List in order of importance the outlets for 27.0 Access to functional Livestock structures the sale of Livestock /accessories Impo Out Outl Outlets Type Source Distance -rtan Outlets -lets Outlets -ets for S/N of of to struct S/N -ce of for for for for Chick structure/accessory Structure -ure (Km) outlet Cattle Goat Sheep Pigs -ens (1) (2) (3) . (1) (2)(3) (4) (5) (6) 27.1 Cattle Dip . 26.1 1st 27.2 Spray Race . 26 2 2nd 27.3 Hand powered sprayer . 26 3 3rd 27.4 Cattle crush . 26.4 4th 27.5 Primary Market . 26 5 5th 27.6 Secondary Market . Outlet code (Col 2, 3, 4 & 5) 27.7 Abattoir Trader at farm….………….….1 Abattoir/factory..………5 . Local Market ……….. ……..…2 Another farmer ………6 27.8 Slaughter Slab Secondary market/auction.…..3 Other (Specify)……….8 . 27.9 Hide/skin shed Neighbour …………………….4 . 27.10 Input supply Source of structure (Q27.0 - Col 2) . Owns …………………………..1 NGO …………………..…6 27.11 Veterinary Clinic . Cooperative ...... ……..2 Large scale farm ……..…7 27.12 Village holding ground Local farmers association …... 3 Other ...... …………...8 . Gov extension/veterinary …….4 Not applicable .………...... 9 27.13 village watering point/dam Development project ……. …..5 . 27.14 Drencher 305

Definition and working page for page 17 Question Specific Definitions Section 26.0) Procedures for questions

Section 23.0 - Other Livestock:

1. The current number includes both adult and young animals. For example The number of chickens in col 1 would include adults and chicks.

Question Specific Definitions Section 27.0)

Access to functional Livestock Structures/accessories (Section 27.0): Section 26.0 - Outlets for livestock: NOTE: The structures must be functional. If they are not working/derelict then they should not be included. The distance to Using the codes enter the outlets for the sale of the next nearest functional structure should be taken. different livestock in order of importance. If there are, for example, only 2 outlets mark the rest with Spray Race: A fixed spray structure on an animal race for spraying a "X". acaricide

Cattle crush: Corridor structure for restraining cattle.

Abattoir: Large building designed for slaughtering a large amount of animals. It normally has complex structures to assist in the slaughter and storage and a high level of hygiene is maintained.

Slaughter Slab: Concrete slab designed fos slaughtering a small amount of animals

Hides: obtained from Cattle

Skins: Obtained from sheep and goats

Hide/Skin Shed: Shed for curing/tanning animal skins and hides

Village holding Pen: Enclosure for containing large amount of livestock which is owned communally.

Drencher: Device for orally administering medicine to livestock. If no product was sold in 2002 enter "0" in columns 6, 7& 9. 306

28.0 FISH FARMING

28.1 Was Fish farming carried out by this household during 2002/2003? (Yes =1, No=2) (If the response is 'NO' go to section 29.0) 28.2 Specify details of fish farming practices Product Fish Size of Source frequency weight weight Number of stocked fish S/N ion unit farming unit/pond of fing of stocking Number of of fish of fish Mainly number system(m2) -erling (No/year) Tilapia Carp Other fish harvested harvested sold sold to (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)

28.1.1 1

28.1.2 2

28.1.3 3 Farming System (Col 2) Source of fingerlings (Col 4) Mainly sold to (Col 12) Natural Pond. ..1 Natural Lake…..3 Other …..8 Own pond ………………1 NGO/Project...3 P rivate trader ...5 Neighbour……....1 Secondary Market...... 3 Largescale farm ...... 5 Did not sell ...... 7 Dug out pond...2 Water resevoir..4 Government Institution ..2 Neighbour …..4 Other……………8 Local Market..…..2 Processing industry ....4 Trader at Farm ...... 6 Other ...... 8

29.0 LIVESTOCK EXTENSION

29.1 Did you receive livestock extension advice during 02/03 (Yes=1,No=2) (If the response is 'NO' go to section 30.0) Received Adopted Source of 29.2 For the following Livestock Extension Service Providers give details S/N Advice Yes=1 Livestock If you pay for Contact far No. of visits No. of mess Quality Livestock Extension Message Yes=1,No=2 No=2 Extension S/N extension, what -mer/group by extension -ages adopted of (1) (2) (3) (4) Extension Provider is the cost/yr member agency/year in the last 3 yrs Service

29.1.1 Feed and Proper feeding (Y=1,N=2)

29.1.2 Housing (Goat, Dairy, Poultry, Pigs) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

29.1.3 Proper Milking 29 2.1 Government

29.1.4 Milk Hygiene 29 2.2 NGO/dev project

29.1.5 Disease control (dipping/spraying) 29 2.3 Cooperative

29.1.6 Herd/Flock size and selection 29 2.4 Large Scale farmer

29.1.7 Pasture Establishment 29 2.5 Other…………… Very good ...1 good ….2 Average…3 Poor…4 No Good ...5 29.1.8 Group formation and strengthening Quality of service (Col 6) 29.1.9 Calf rearing 30.0 GOVERNMENT REGULATORY PROBLEMS

29.1.10 Use of improved bulls 31.1 Did you face problems with government regulations during 2002/03 (Y=1, N=2) (If the response is no go to section 31.0) 29.1.11 Other livestock extension List in order of importance Source of livestock extension (Col 4) Problem code Problem code Land ownership by government …….1 Government …..1 NGO/Dev project ..2 Cooperative …3 Large scale farmer …..4 Other (Specify) ….8 30.1.1 1st Restriction of sale between regions ..2 30.1.2 2nd Import of food items …………………3 30.1.3 3rd Other (specify)……………………….8 307

Definitions and working page for page 18 General definitions for Section 28.0 Working area for page 18

Fish farming: Refers to the rearing/production of fish. It is different to fishing in that the fish have to be reared and fed in fish farming. Fishing traps or captures naturally occurring fish in rivers, lakes and the sea and should not be included in this section.

Question Specific Definitions (Section 28.2)

Production unit number (Col 1): A production unit is a pond river/lake which is treated as a separate entity for the production of fish eg it may be by virtue of manageable size, maturity of fish, type of fish etc. Eg a farmer may have 3 fish ponds. (each one is a separate production unit).

Frequency of stocking (Col 5): What is the number of times the farmer puts new fingerlings into the pond each year.

Fingerlings: These are young immature fish used for stocking ponds.

Sold: (Col 10 & 11)

If no fish were sold enter "0" in column 10 and 11)

Livestock Extension Services (Section 29.1)

Adopted (Col 3): This is the uptake of an intervention for 2 or more years

Livestock Extension Service providers (Section 29.2)

Contact Farmer: A farmer who is used by the extension services as a focal point to demonstrate new interventions to. The contact farmer then passes on the message to other farmers

Adopted (Col 5): This is the uptake of an intervention for 2 or more years 308

31.0 LABOUR USE 32.0 SUBSISTENCE vs NON-SUBSISTENCE 31.1 Who is mainly responsible for 32.1 Indicate if any members of the household was involved in the undertaking the following tasks: following activities and assess the percentage used for subsistence/consumption by the household: Tick ifMain Tick if Activity carriedrespo hh was Estimate Estimate % S/N out by -nsib S/N Activity involved % used for used for no Check hh -ility in activit subsistancesubsistence Total (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 31.1.1 Land Clearing 32.1.1 Crop production 1 0 0 31.1.2 Soil preparation (by hand) 32.1.2 Livestock production 1 0 0 31.1.3 Soil preparation (oxen/trac 32.1.3 Vegetable production 1 0 0 31.1.4 Planting 32.1.4 Tree cutting for firewood 1 0 0 31.1.5 Weeding 32.1.5 Tree logging for poles 1 0 0 31.1.6 Crop Protection 32.1.6 Tree logging for timber 1 0 0 31.1.7 Harvesting 32.1.7 Tree logging for charcoal 1 0 0 31.1.8 Crop processing 32.1.8 fishing 1 0 0 Crop marketing bee keeping 1 0 0 31.1.9 32.1.9 permanent Cattle rearing/husbandry 1 0 0 31.1.10 32.1.10 employment/offtemporary farm 31.1.11 Cattle herding 32.1.11 employment/off farm 1 0 0 31.1.12 Cattle marketing 32.1.12 Remittances 1 0 0 31.1.13 Goat/sheep rearing/husband 31.1.14 Goat and sheep herding 31.1.15 Goat and sheep marketing 31.1.16 Milking 33.0 ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE & OTHER SERVICES 31.1.17 Pig rearing/husbandry Distance in Distance in 31.1.18 Poultry keeping S/N Type of service Km S/N Type of service Km 31.1.19 Collecting Water (1) (2) (1) (2) 31.1.20 Collecting Firewood 33.1 Primary School . 32.7 Feeder Road . 31.1.21 Pole cutting 33.2 Secondary School . 32.8 All weather road . 31.1.22 Timber wood cutting 33.3 Health Clinic . 32.9 Tarmac road . 31.1.23 Building/maintaining house 33.4 Hospital . 32.10Primary market . 31.1.24 Making Beer 33.5 District Capital . 32.11Secondary mark . 31.1.25 Bee keeping 33.6 Regional Capital . 32 12Tertiary market . 31.1.26 Fishing 31.1.27 Fish farming Distance No of Satisfied 31.1.28 Off-farm income generation S/N Type of service in Km visits/year with service (1) (2) (3) (4) Responsibility (Col 3) HH head alone ….1 Girls ……….………….. …..6 33.13 Vet Clinic . Adult Males ……..2 Boys & Girls …………...…..7 33.14 Extension Centre . Adult Females…..3 All household members..….8 Adults...………… 4 Hired labour ………………..9 33.15 Research Station . boys ……………. 5 33.16 Plant protection Lab . Satisfied with service (Col 4) Very good .…….1 Average…….3 No good ……5 33.17 Land registration offic . Good …………..2 Poor ………..4 Not applicable 9 33.18 Livestock Dev Centre . 309

Definition and working page for page 19 Question specific definitions (Section 31.1) Procedures for (Section 31.1)

Activity (Col 1): Section 31.1 ((Labour use) 1. For each listed activity in column 1, place Land Clearing: Refers to removing trees/bush/grass prior to ploughing a tick in column 2 if any member of the household was involved in that activity during Soil Preparation: Refers to the seedbed preparation (ploughing, harrowing, the 2002/03 agriculture year. etc). 2. After completing column 2 return to the Cattle Rearing: Tending to cattle at home, eg assisting with births, first activity in row 27.1.1 and complete column castration,etc. Different livestock keeping activity to herding. 3. Cattle Herding: Moving livestock from place to place for grazing and water. If herding is carried out the respondent must also give a response to 3. Make sure you stress MAINLY rearing/husbandry respons ble.

NOTE: If an activity has been mentioned previously in the questionnaire eg that the hh keeps chickens, make sure a response is obtained in the appropriate place ie poultry Question Specific Definitions (Section 32.0.0) keeping. Activity (Col 1): If off-farm income generation is mentioned, Subsistence: For the family’s survival, rather than for the generation of check for responses to off farm income in cash. This includes feeding the hh, provision of water and fuel for cooking. other parts of the questionnaire The source of these products are usually from the land resources available to the family. Remember that not all cash earnings are for non subsistence purposes/activities as cash can be used to purchase subsistence items eg food.

Non -subsistence: Cash used for items and activities which are not Section 32.0 - Subsistence vs Non- crucial for the survival of the family. This includes modern medication, non subsistence working clothes, refined beer, school fees, etc. 1. For each listed activity in column 1, place a tick in column 2 if any member of the household was involved in that activity during the 2002/03 agriculture year.

2. After completing column 2 return to the first activity in row 32.1.1 and complete column 3 & 4. For each activity make an assessment of the percentage used for subsistence survival and the percent converted to cash for non subsistence goods and items.

3. Make sure you stress MAINLY responsible.

NOTE: Cross check the responses with previous sections in the questionnaire. eg if a response is given to remittances check for an entry in question 2.2.5 310

34.0 HOUSEHOLD FACILITIES 34.1 House Construction 34.2 Household assets For the main dwelling, what are the main building Does your household own the following? materials used in the construction of the following Y=1 Asset N=2 34.1.1: Roof 34.1.2Number of rooms 34.2. Radio/cassette, music system) Roof Material 34.2. Telephone (landline) Iron Sheets.……1 34.2. Telephone (mobile) Tiles ………...…2 34.2. Iron Concrete ……...3 34.2. Wheelbarrow Asbestos ….….4 34.2. Bicycle Grass/leaves.....5 Grass & mud.....6 34.2. Vehicle Other (Specify) 8 34.2. Television 34.3 Energy use by the Household 34.4 Access to drinking water Main sou Distance Time to and Season -rce of to source from source Energy use and access by the household drinking (in km) (Hour : minute) water Main Source of energy for (1) (2) (3) (4) . 34.3.1 Lighting 34.3.2 Cooking 34.4. Wet Season : . : Lighting energy Cooking energy 34.4.2Dry Season Mains electricity……01 Mains electricity……01 Solar …………….…02 Solar …………….…02 Gas (biogas) ………03 Gas (hh biogas) ..…03 Hurricane Lamp .….04 Bottled gas ………..04 Main Source of drinking water Pressure Lamp ……05 Paraffin/kerocine.….05 Piped water …………………..……..…01 Covered rainwater catchment ...07 Wick Lamp ….……..06 Charcoal……………06 Protected well ……. ………….…….…02 Uncovered rainwater catchment 08 Candles ...…………07 Firewood …………..07 Protected/covered spring ... .…...……03 Water Vendor ...... 09 Firewood ………….08 Crop Residues ……08 Unprotected Well ……………….. …..04 Tanker truck ...... ……10 Other (specify) ….. 98 Livestock dung ……09 Unprotected spring ………….…… …05 Bottled water ...... 11 Other (specify) ……98 Surface water (lake/dam/river/stream)06 Other (Specify) ...... 98

34.5 Access to toilet facilities 34.6 Food consumption patterns 34.5.1 What type of toilet does your hh use

Type of toilet 34.6. Number of meals the hh normally has per day No toilet/bush………….1 Improved pit latrine - hh owned…….4 Flush toilet ..…………..2 Other type (specify) …………………5 34.6.2Number of days hh consumed meat last w k Pit latrine - traditional ..3 34.6.3How often did the hh have problems in satisfying the food needs of the hh last year? 34.7 Source of Household income Problems satisfying hh food needs 34.7.1 What is the households (row 34.6.3) main source of cash income? Never ……………………1 Seldom ………………….2 Source of Income codes Sometimes ……………..3 Sale of food crops …...... 01 Wages or salaries in cash .....07 Often ……………………4 Sale of Livestock…………...02 Other casual cash earnings ..08 Always …………………..5 Sale of livestock products ...03 Cash remittances ...... 09 Sale of cash crops…………04 Fishing ...... 10 Sale of forest products …...05 Other ...... 98 Business income...... 06 Not applicable ...... 99 311

Definition and working page for page 20

Household facilities (Section 34):

Number of rooms used for sleeping in the household (Q 34.1)

Include sitting room, dining room, kitchen, etc if used for sleeping. It also includes rooms outside the main dwelling

A room is defined as a space which is separate from the rest of the building by a permanent wall or division. A building/house that is not divided into rooms is considered to have one room.

Household assets (Q 34.2): these assets must be functioning. Do not include if broken.

Access to drinking water (Q 34.4): If there is more than one source, use the one, which the hh uses most frequently.

Main source of hh cash income:

Activity that provides the hh with the most cash during 2002/03 agriculture year. 312

Average/maximum yields Use this table to compare the yields calculated in sections 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3. They are STRICTLY to be used as guidelines only and the sole purpose is to assist in getting the correct area and harvest for each crop kg/ha kg/acre kg/ha kg/acre Crop Crop NameAverage Max AverageMax NameAverage Max Average Max 11 Maize1200 6250 486 2530 86 Cabbage 0 0 12 Paddy700 4000 283 1619 87 Tomatoes 0 0 13 Sorghum750 3500 304 1417 88 Spinach 0 0 14 Bulrush Millet350 3000 142 1215 89 Carrot 0 0 15 Finger Millet300 2500 121 1012 90 Chillies 0 0 16 Wheat1200 4500 486 1822 91 Amaranths 0 0 17 Barley1400 2300 567 931 92 Pumpkins 0 0 21 Cassava3000 7000 1215 2834 93 Cucumber 0 0 22 Sweet Potato600 8000 243 3239 94 Egg Plant 0 0 23 Irish potatoes750 8500 304 3441 95 Water Mellon 0 0 24 Yams4000 10000 1619 4049 96 Cauliflower 0 0 25 Cocoyams2500 5000 1012 2024 52 Sisal 800 25000 324 10121 26 Onions0 0 54 Coffee 500 100 202 40 27 Ginger0 0 55 Tea 2500 10000 1012 4049 31 Beans400 1300 162 526 56 Cacao 200 1000 81 405 32 Cowpeas 300 1750 121 709 57 Rubber 400 1400 162 567 33 Green gram0 0 58 Wattle 0 0 34 Pigeon pea600 2000 243 810 59 Kapok 0 0 35 Chick peas500 1500 202 607 60 Sugar Cane 60000 150000 24291 60729 36 Bambara nut600 4000 243 1619 61 Cardamom 0 0 41 Sunflower600 1700 243 688 71 Banana 10000 50000 4049 20243 42 Simsim 300 1000 121 405 72 Avocado 0 0 43 Groundnut600 4000 243 1619 73 Mangoes 10000 25000 4049 10121 47 Soyabeans1300 2500 526 1012 74 Papaw 50000 70000 20243 28340 48 Caster seed300 750 121 304 76 Orange 20000 40000 8097 16194 75 Pineapple25000 60000 10121 24291 77 Grape fruit 30000 50000 12146 20243 50 Cotton300 1500 121 607 78 Grapes 5000 30000 2024 12146 51 Tobacco500 2000 202 810 79 Mandarin/tange 20000 40000 8097 16194 53 Pyrethrum0 0 80 Guava 7000 35000 2834 14170 62 Jute800 3500 324 1417 81 Plums 0 0 44 Palm Oil1200 5000 486 2024 82 Apples 0 0 45 Coconut2000 8000 810 3239 83 Pears 0 0 46 Cashewnut9 60/tree 4 24 84 Pitches 0 0 313

Back Page Reference material This page contains reference information that may be required to complete some of the questions in the questionnaire. Weights and measures Conversions 1 hectare = 10,000 sq metres (100 x 100 metres) 1 hectare = 2.47 acres 1 kilometre = 1000 metres 1 mile = 1.61 Kilometres 1 acre = 4840 square yards (110 x 44 yards) Kg equivalents The following standards may be used as a guide to obtain kg if the reported unit is different. Only use these conversions if the respondent is unable to provide weights in kgs. Number of Kgs Number of Kgs Crop Standard Non-standardCrop Standard Non-standard Name Bag TinName kgsName Bag TinName kgs 11 Maize 100 18 Rumbesi 140 86 Cabbage 50 12 Paddy 75 15 87 Tomatoes 90 13 Sorghum 100 18 88 Spinach 45 14 Bulrush Millet 100 18 89 Carrot 110 15 Finger Millet 120 20 90 Chillies 85 16 Wheat 75 15 91 Amaranths 50 17 Barley 75 15 92 Pumpkins 60 21 Cassava 60 12 93 Cucumber 80 22 Sweet Potatoe 80 16 94 Egg Plant 70 23 Irish potatoes 80 16 95 Water Mellon 80 24 Yams 80 16 96 Cauliflower 50 25 Cocoyams 80 16 52 Sisal 130 26 Onions 80 16 54 Coffee 55 27 Ginger 75 15 55 Tea 60 31 Beans 100 20 56 Cacao 60 32 Cowpeas 100 20 57 Rubber 33 Green ram 100 20 58 Wattle 90 34 Pigeon pea 100 20 59 Kapok 35 Chick peas 100 20 60 Sugar Cane 120 36 Bambara nut 100 20 61 Cardamom 100 41 Sunflower 60 12 71 Banana 120 42 Simsim 100 20 72 Avocado 140 43 Groundnut 50 10 73 Mangoes 130 47 Soyabeans 100 20 74 Papaw 100 48 Caster seed 100 20 76 Orange 130 75 Pineapple 90 18 77 Grape fruit 120 50 Cotton 50 10 78 Grapes 80 51 Tobacco 70 14 79 Mandarin/tange 110 53 Pyrethrum 60 12 80 Guava 110 62 Jute 50 10 81 Plums 110 44 Palm Oil 100 82 Apples 110 45 Coconut 75 83 Pears 110 46 Cashewnut 80 84 Pitches 110

For official use only: If a question has a query, an indica ion will be made by the supervisor/data entry controller on the front page of the questionnaire. This space is to note what and where the problem is, the ac ion required to be taken and he responsible person to take follow up ac ion. Nature of the problem: ______

______

______

Action Required: National supervisor action Field supervisor action

Overall Status: Does not affect overall integrity of the questionnaire. Discard and resample More data is required before it can be used Discard as missing data