Den 11. Marts 1945 Var Broen Ved Remagen (Ludendorff Broen) Fast I Amerikanske Hænder Og Man Var I Fuld Gang Med at Udvide Brohovedet På Den Østlige Side Af Rhinen

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Den 11. Marts 1945 Var Broen Ved Remagen (Ludendorff Broen) Fast I Amerikanske Hænder Og Man Var I Fuld Gang Med at Udvide Brohovedet På Den Østlige Side Af Rhinen Den 11. marts 1945 var broen ved Remagen (Ludendorff broen) fast i amerikanske hænder og man var i fuld gang med at udvide brohovedet på den østlige side af Rhinen. Luftwaffe havde de foregående dage forsøgt at bombe broen, men havde ikke haft held til at ødelægge den eller forsinke de amerikanske forstærkninger i at rykke over broen. I tidsrummet mellem den 7. og 14. marts fløj Luftwaffe 372 sorties mod broen ved Remagen, hvorved de ifølge amerikanske beregninger mistede 80 fly. Amerikanske jagerfly var til stadighed i luften over Remagen for at beskytte broen mod luftangreb .Grundet beskydning, tung trafik samt manglende vedligeholdelse var broen beskadiget og amerikanske ingeniørtropper var travlt beskæftiget med at forstærke broen. Den 17. marts styrtede broen i Rhinen, hvorved 33 amerikanske ingeniørsoldater omkom og 63 andre blev kvæstet. Ingeniørsoldaterne havde i mellemtiden bygget pontonbroer over Rhinen og det lykkedes amerikanerne at få 25.000 soldater, kampvogne, artilleri og lastbiler over Rhinen, før Ludendorff broen styrtede sammen. (Fold3) Den 11. marts 1945 Den 10. marts 1945 sprængte de tyske styrker broerne over Rhinen ved Wesel og efterlod kun mindre styrker på den vestlige bred af brohovedet ved Wesel. På grund af lavthængende skydække var det lykkedes for tyskerne at rykke forholdsvis uhindret tilbage over Rhinen, idet vejret forhindrede 2 TAF i at gennemføre effektiv rekognoscering samt at bombe broerne. Efter at amerikanerne havde erobret broen over Rhinen ved Remagen, var det lykkedes for de amerikanske styrker at føre større mængder tropper og materiel (herunder kampvogne) over Rhinen og udvide brohovedet på den østlige side af Rhinen. Hitler var rasende og fyrede Generalfeldmarschal von Rundstedt, der var øverstbefalende for de tyske tropper ved Vestfronten, og erstattede ham med Generalfeltmarschal Kesselring. Samtidig forsøgte tyskerne at overføre forstærkninger til fronten ved Remagen, men ødelagte forsyningslinier forhindrede tyskerne i at fremføre store bevægelige troppestyrker. I de næste par uger fungerede Remagen som en magnet for den tyske hærkommando og man forsøgte med alle midler at indkredse det amerikanske brohoved. Dette bevirkede, at de tyske tropper ikke havde større mobile enheder i reserve, da canadiske, britiske og amerikanske enheder et par uger senere flere steder gik over Rhinen. Søndag den 11. marts 1945 opererede store flystyrker over Tyskland. Både de to taktiske flyvevåben, britiske 2 TAF og amerikanske 9th Air Force, var aktive, men de største operationer blev fløjet af de strategiske flyvevåben, RAF Bomber Command og 8th Air Force, der i dagtimerne havde 3.149 fly i luften over Tyskland. Den tyske overkommando anslog, at russerne opererede med 4.500 fly på østfronten denne dag. Imod disse indsatte tyskerne 109 fly. De russiske operationer bliver omtalt i et senere afsnit. Amerikanske 8th Air Force afsendte 1.250 tunge bombefly, hvoraf de 1.220 kastede 3131.3 tons bomber mod ubådsværfterne Germania i Kiel og Deschimag i Bremen samt olieanlæggene Wilhelmsburg i Hamburg. De amerikanske bombefly blev eskorteret af 767 jagerfly, hvoraf de 721 gennemførte togtet. Et enkelt bombefly gik på grund af luftværnsskydning tabt over tysk område og de eskorterende jagere mistede 7 fly. Heller ikke RAF Bomber Command holdt sig tilbage. De afsendte 1.079 bombefly mod Essen, hvoraf de 1.049 bombede. Det var Bomber Commands største bombeangreb indtil dags dato og de angribende fly kastede 4.738 tons bomber, hvilket var en rekord. Tre bombefly gik tabt over Essen - alle på grund af luftværnsskydning. I foråret 1945 var målområderne ofte dækket af et tæt skydække, hvorfor de amerikanske bombefly bombede ved hjælp af H2X radar. Dette gav amerikanerne en mulighed for at ramme større mål, men på grund af unøjagtigheder under bombningerne fik disse ofte mere karakter af 'area bombing'. Bombeflyene kastede deres bombelast i formationer og tæppebombede målene under skydækket. Bombningerne faldt ofte op til en kilometer fra selve målet, men mod mål såsom Hambur g og Bremen, var dette nøjagtigt nok til at ramme et eller andet vigtigt under skydækket. På billedet ses B-24 fra 93rd Bomb Group under et angreb på Augsburg den 1. marts 1945. Formationen blev kraftigt beskudt af tungt luftværnsskyts, men højde- og sideretning var ikke korrekt, hvorfor ingen af de deltagende fly blev beskadiget af luftværnsskytset. Tyskerne havde i marts 1945 problemer med ammunitionsbeholdning til det tunge flak, hvorfor der var indført begrænsninger i beskydningerne. Det var således ikke længere tilladt at beskyde enligtflyvende fly (f.eks. recce fly). Antallet af salver under angreb blev flere steder også begrænset, når flyene havde kastet deres bombelast. (Fold3) RAF Fighter Command afsendte 164 fly som eskorte for Bomber Command og yderligere 6 som eskorte for Coastal Command. Dertil kom så 34 fly, som gennemførte Fighter Sweeps. 72 fly fra Fighter Command angreb V-2 affyringsanlæg i området ved den hollandske hovedstad. Fighter Command sendte også fly på vingerne for at beskytte England. Fire fly gennemførte interception patruljer mod formodede tyske indflyvninger og 17 andre fløj interception patruljer mod V-1, der dog ikke viste sig på himlen. I alt gennemførte Fighter Command 297 sorties. Også 9th Air Force var aktive. IX BD afsendte 413 mellemtunge bombefly af typerne A-20, B-26 og A- 26, hvoraf de 386 i alt kastede 681.75 tons bomber i løbet af formiddagen. I løbet af eftermiddagen afsendte IX Bomb Division 339 bombefly, hvoraf de 310 kastede 535.63 tons bomber. Målene var jernbaner, trafikknudepunkter, flyvepladser og et ammunitionsdepot. IX TAC afsendte 232 fly på 23 forskellige missioner, hvor hovedparten gik til området ved Remagen for at beskytte det amerikanske brohovede. Derudover blev der fløjet støtte for 9th Infantry Division samt væbnet rekognoscering i området mellem Köln, Bonn og Düsseldorf. XIX TAC fløj 25 missioner, hvor man afsendte 212 fly på eskorteflyvning for IX BD, nærstøtte til XX Corps samt Fighter Sweeps og væbnet rekognoscering ved Koblenz, Limburg og Sinzig. XXIX TAC afsendte 112 fly for at flyve eskorte for IX Bomb Division samt 34 fly på lokale patruljeflyvninger. Det kom ikke til kontakt med tyske fly. First TAF gennemførte 177 sorties, hvor man fløj bombetogt mod et ammunitionsdepot, væbnet rekognoscering og eskorte for bombefly. Franske 1st TAC gennemførte 35 sorties, der begrænsede sig til væbnet rekognoscering og fighter sweeps. Britiske 2 TAF angreb baneterrænet i Ahaus med 62 bombefly og Stadtlohn med yderligere 62 bombefly. Derudover afsendte man 264 fly som eskorte, væbnet rekognoscering mv. Endelig gennemførte 43 fly rekognoscering. 2 TAF mistede kun et enkelt fly i løbet af dagtimerne den 11. marts 1945. Ødelagt montage- hal ved Krupp i Essen. Efter luft- angrebet den 11. marts 1945 blev produktionen fuld- stændig indstillet. Den tyske udlægning af dagens indflyvninger den 11. marts 1945 Den tyske kontrol- og varslingstjeneste fulgte naturligvis med i de allieredes indflyvninger og forsøgte at skaffe sig et overblik over aktiviteten i luften. I visse tilfælde var de overordentligt nøjagtige i deres vurderinger og i andre tilfælde langt fra målet. Således vurderede de RAF Bomber Commands angreb på Essen til at bestå af 500 bombefly, medens det virkelige antal lå på over 1000. Også hvad angår opklaringsflyvninger var de langt fra målet, men dette er måske ikke så mærkeligt, da indflyvning af enkeltflyvende maskiner ikke blev opfattet som så alvorlig en trussel som de store bombeformationer. Heller ikke deres aflytningstjeneste havde fuldstændig styr på de allierede enheder, der fløj ind over Tyskland. Således fejlvurderede Luftwaffe i visse tilfælde hvilke enheder af 8th AF, der angreb Hamburg og Bremen. Luftwaffe beskrev vejret over Tyskland således for dagtimerne den 11. marts 1945: NW-Deutscher Angriffsraum: Geschlossene Hochnebeldecke von 150 - 660 m, darüber weiter, mittelhohe Wolkenfelder. Raum Essen, W-Deutschland und Mittel- und Rhein-Maingebiet: 10/10, Ugr 400 m, Ogr 1500 - 3000 m, Sicht 5 - 10 km. Fluko -kort, der viser indflyvningen over Schleswig-Holstein den 11. marts 1945. Luftwaffenführungsstab Ic i Kurfürst 1 i Potsdam Wildpark rapporterede følgende i deres eftermiddagsmelding den 11. marts 1945: Feind Westen Grosseinflug von etwa 1000 amerikanischen Kampfflugzeugen mit Jagdschutz nach NW- Deutschland zu Angriffen auf Hafenanlagen in Hamburg, Kiel und Bremen. Grosseinflug von etwa 500 englischen Kampfflugzeugen mit Jagdschutz in das Ruhrgebiet zum Angriff auf Essen und auf weitee Orte i.r. Essen - Oberhausen. Starke Einflüge von zweimot Kampfverbänden nach W- und SW-Deutschland mit Schwerpunkt Rhein-Main-gebiet und Münsterland/Rheinisch-westfälisches Industriegebiet. Lebhafte Jagdtätigkeit über NW-, W- und SW-Deutschland mit Schwerpunkt Münsterland und Rhein-Main-Gebiet. Einzelaufklärer über NW- und W-Deutschland. Süden Schwache Jagd- und Aufklärungstätigkeit über S- und SO-Deutschland. Im einzelnen: Westen Viermot Kampfverbände Den Kampfverbänden voraus Wetteraufklärer in die Zeilräume. Ab 09.45 Versammlungsbeginn von etwa 1000 Kampfflugzeugen aller 3 amerikanischen bomberdiv. Ab 11.00 Beginn der Ausflüge in der Reihenfolge 2., 3. und 1. BD. Verbände der 2. BD - etwa 250 Flugzeuge - fliegen aus dem Absprungraum mit NO-Kurs über N Deutsche Bucht bis in den S-jütländischen Raum. 13.05 einflug in das Reichsgebiet mit SO-Kurs i.R. Husum und Weiterflug zum Angriff auf Kiel von 13.15 - 13.30 aus 6000 - 7000 m. (Schwerpunkt Hafenanlagen und Industrieviertel).
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