Eptesicus Hottentotus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and Reidentification of Some Museum Voucher Specimens

Home , Eptesicus, Scotophilus, Vespertilio

Scientific Notes

Notes on the taxonomy and distribution of Eptesicus hottentotus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) and reidentification of some museum voucher specimens

Teresa C. Kearney1*, Victor Van Cakenberghe2, Ernest C. J. Seamark1, Captain Ndhlovu1 and Lientjie Cohen3 1Vertebrate Department, Transvaal Museum, NFI, P.O. Box 413, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa 2University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium 3Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, Private Bag X1088, Lydenburg, 1120 South Africa

Eptesicus hottentotus (A. Smith, 1833) has been The specimen listed by Schlitter and Aggundey recorded in Africa from Kenya (Schlitter and (1986) from Aandster Farm 147 in Namibia has also Aggundey, 1986; Koopman, 1993), Zambia not been included in the distribution map (Fig. 1), (Schlitter and Aggundey, 1986), Malawi (Roberts, pending confirmation of the identification. Although 1946; Happold et al., 1987), Angola (Crawford- Schlitter and Aggundey (1986) identified the speci- Cabral, 1966, 1989; Feiler, 1990; Koopman, 1993, men as E. hottentotus they gave no accession 1994), Mozambique (Smithers and Lobao Tello, number for the specimen from this locality. In 1976), Namibia (Roberts, 1946; Kock, 1969; preparing the list of known vouchers of E. hotten- Rautenbach et al., 1993), Zimbabwe (Peterson and totus, Seth Eiseb (pers. comm.) confirmed there is Nagorsen, 1975; Cotterill, 1996), South Africa only one specimen in the collection of the National (Shortridge and Carter, 1938; Shortridge, 1942; Museum Namibia from this locality (SMWN 64381); Rautenbach et al., 1981; Rautenbach and Espie, however, the museum records identify the speci- 1982; Herselman and Norton, 1985; James, 1986; men as ‘Scotophilus sp.’. To date only the skin has Avery, 1991; Rautenbach et al., 1993; Lynch, 1994; been loaned to one of the authors (T.K.), and while it Taylor, 1998; Seamark and Kearney, 2004; Kearney appears to have the bi-colored pelage of E. hotten- and Seamark, 2004), and Lesotho (Lynch, 1994). totus, the tragus is unlike either that of Scotophilus Interestingly, E. hottentotus has not been recorded or E. hottentotus. from Tanzania although records from both Kenya In southern Africa, E. hottentotus has been con- and Zambia are very close to the border. A voucher sidered a poorly known species with few and scat- specimen from Mahabo, on Madagascar, in the tered records (Taylor, 2000; Skinner and Chimimba, Paris Museum (MNHN 1984–433, 9), initially labelled 2005). This contribution presents ten previously as E. hottentotus, was reidentified by one of unpublished localities of E. hottentotus in South the authors (V.V.C.), as a Scotophilus species, and Africa based on 17 voucher specimens (see E. hottentotus is not known to occur in Madagascar. Fig. 1 and Appendix 1). These vouchers record A distribution map (Fig. 1) and gazetteer (Appen- E. hottentotus for the first time in Mpumalanga dix 1) have been compiled from known voucher Province from two different localities, four additional specimen records of E. hottentotus. localities in Limpopo Province, three additional The late quaternary evidence of E. hottentotus localities in the Northern Cape Province, and one reported from Border Cave in northern KwaZulu- additional locality in the North West Province (see Natal (Avery, 1991) has not been included in the Fig. 1 and Appendix 1). With the exception of distribution map (Fig. 1), since the author has indi- MMK 2497, MMK 6994, and MMK 6995 (from two cated the species identification of this fragment localities in the Northern Cape), all voucher speci- requires confirmation (Margaret Avery, pers. comm.). mens associated with these previously unpublished This confirmation will be part of a separate study of localities were identified by one of the authors the Border Cave fragment and other remains that (T.C.K.) using the key in Kearney (2005). External, have been identified as E. hottentotus from both cranial and bacular morphology as well as karyo- archaeological sites and recent owl pellet remains. type and chromosomal GTG-band characters (Kearney et al., 2002; Kearney, 2005) verified that *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] E. hottentotus is the only true Eptesicus of six south- Annals of the Transvaal Museum 45: 127–134 128 ANNALS OF THE TRANSVAAL MUSEUM, VOLUME 45, 2008

Fig. 1 Map showing the African distribution of Eptesicus hottentotus based on voucher specimen records as indicated in Appendix 1. Triangles denote previously unpublished records from South Africa.

ern African species formerly classified as Eptesicus Skinner and Chimimba (2005). No name-bearing (Meester et al., 1986). Hence, in southern Africa type specimen(s) were fixed in Smith’s (1833) Eptesicus hottentotus is identified as having a description of the species, and Ellerman et al. larger external and cranial size (i.e. forearm length (1953) gave no justification for their restriction of >48.0 mm and condylo–incisor length >16.0 mm), the type locality to Uitenhage only. Judging by a small triangular baculum, a diploid number of 50, the measurements Smith (1833: 59) gave in the and a fundamental number of 48 (Kearney, 2005). description of V. Hottentota, ‘length from nose to These records indicate that with additional bat base of tail two inches and a half [i.e. head and body collecting effort and reporting of museum voucher length – 63.5 mm], of tail two inches [50.8 mm]; specimens, E. hottentotus has a more widespread expanse of wings twelve inches [304.8 mm]’, Smith distribution in South Africa than was previously was dealing with a similar-sized bat to what we reported in Taylor (2000), Friedmann and Daly currently consider to be E. hottentotus. This then (2004), Skinner and Chimimba (2005). However, no raises the question as to whether there was some voucher specimens were found to confirm the confusion about the locality of the specimen(s) on distribution of E. hottentotus from the Eastern Cape which Smith (1833) based his description, or Province, even though Vespertilio Hottentota A. whether they have become locally extinct in that Smith, 1833 (to accommodate the masculine area, or have just not been caught in subsequent gender of the genus the spelling of the species field work in the area. name was later changed to hottentotus) was The locality information associated with the described as inhabiting ‘Uitenhage and Albany’ lectotype of V. megalurus (Temminck, 1840) in the in South Africa (Smith, 1833: 59), and has been Leiden Museum (RMNH 35893), which is now recorded from that area in Meester et al. (1986), synonymized with E. hottentotus (Meester et al., Taylor (2000), Friedmann and Daly (2004), and 1986), indicates it came from ‘l’extérieur de l’Áfrique SCIENTIFIC NOTES 129

Table 1 Forearm, head and tibia lengths, and condylo-incisor measurements (in millimetres) from Iziko South African Museum specimens of Eptesicus hottentotus, and those mistakenly labelled as Eptesicus hottentotus. * = specimen not yet accessioned, number created from specimen information.

Accession no. Identification on label Identification by T.K. FA HL TIB. CIL

E. hottentotus SAMC 37065 E. hottentotus E. hottentotus – – – 19.81 UCT-5/8/1966* none E. hottentotus 44.33 17.21 18.41 – N. capensis – Eastern Cape Province SAMC 390 Eptesicus minutes/E. hottentotus N. capensis 31.85 16.38 13.24 – SAMC 10281 Vespertilio minutes/E. hottentotus N. capensis 31.96 14.22 11.48 – SAMC 10282 Vespertilio minutes/E. hottentotus N. capensis 32.25 14.99 11.90 – N. capensis – other parts of South Africa and Zimbabwe SAMC 2736 Vesperugo minutus/E. hottentotus N. capensis 34.40 15.87 12.58 – SAMC 3006 Vespertilio minutus/E. hottentotus N. capensis 31.15 – – 13.86 SAMC 3967 Vesperugo minutes/E. hottentotus N. capensis 35.09 16.45 11.30 – SAMC 37380 Vesperugo minutus/E. hottentotus ? – may be Cistugo, 29.29 – 8.57 – but dry skin only méridionale’, Kafferland (Cafrerie) Z. Afrika’ (Hein to be a lapsus for Vespertilio minuta Temminck, van Grouw, pers. comm.). This is similar to Schlitter 1840 (to accommodate the masculine gender of the and Aggundey’s (Schlitter and Aggundey, 1986: genus the spelling of the species name was later 174) reporting of this locality as ‘Kafferland, changed to minutus), and the various name combi- l’extérieur de l’Áfrique méridionale’, and Sclater’s nations introduced thereafter; Vespertilio minutus: (1901: 126) translation of the locality as ‘obtained Wagner, 1855, Hypsugo minutus: Kolenati,1860, in Kaffraria, i.e., in the eastern part of the Cape Scotophilus minutus: Tomes, 1861, Vesperugo Colony’. Allen (1939: 86), however, indicated the (Vesperus) minutus: Dobson, 1878, Vesperus locality as ‘L’intérieur de l’Afrique méridionale’, minutus: Jentink, 1887, Eptesicus minutus: which is probably what Ellerman et al. (1953), Matschie, 1897, Vespertilio (Eptesicus) minutus: Roberts (1946, 1954), and Meester et al. (1986) Sclater, 1901, Vespertilio (Vespertilio) minutus: based their translation of the locality on, hence ‘- Elliot, 1907, and Eptesicus minutus minutus: Allen, Interior of South Africa’, since ‘intérieur’ translates to 1917. Vespertilio minutus Temminck, 1840, however, interior, whereas ‘extérieur’ refers to the exterior or was preoccupied by Vespertilio minutus Montagu, possibly the edges. Although a description of 1808, a synonym for Rhinolophus hipposideros E. megalurus was included in a publication on the (Bechstein, 1800) [originally Vespertilio hippo- mammals of the Eastern Cape Province published sideros]. Meester et al. (1986: 58), using the origi- by the Trustees of the Albany Museum in Grahams- nal, incorrect spelling, recognized ‘V. minuta’asa town, it was noted that this and another species ‘are synonym of N. capensis, whereas Simmons (2005: unknown to us’ (Anonymous, 1931: 23). 493), also using the original, incorrect spelling, was Specimens in Iziko South African Museum from less certain and indicated it ‘may’ also be included the Eastern Cape Province that were labelled as in N. capensis, but did not elaborate as to the nature E. hottentotus (SAMC 390, SAMC 10281, of the uncertainty. SAMC 10282), have been reidentified by one of the It is possible that in updating the taxonomy on the authors (T.C.K.) as Neoromicia capensis (A. Smith, specimen labels the earlier names were confused 1829) (see Table 1 and Appendix 1). Another four by Smith’s (1849) ambiguous description of specimens, from other parts of South Africa ‘Vespertilio minutus.–Tem.’. Besides being (SAMC 2736, SAMC 3967, SAMC 37380) and preoccupied by Vespertilio minutus Montagu, 1808, Zimbabwe (SAMC 3006), were also found to have Smith (1849) in his illustrated publication of South been incorrectly labelled as E. hottentotus (see African mammals incorrectly ‘synonymised’ his Table 1 and Appendix 1). The specimen labels own, distinct species Vespertilio Hottentota A. indicate these individuals were previously identified Smith, 1833 and Vespertilio capensis A. Smith, 1829 as ‘Eptesicus minutes’ (SAMC 390), ‘Vespertilio under the description ‘Vespertilio minutus. – Tem. ‘ minutes’ (SAMC 10281, SAMC 10282), ‘Vespertilio This ‘synonymization’ was confusing as Smith’s minutus’ (SAMC 2736, SAMC 37380), ‘Vesperugo (1849) description of the bat did not give measure- minutes’ (SAMC 3967), and ‘Vesperugo minutus’ ments encompassing both ‘hottentotus’- and (SAMC 3006). In both cases ‘minutes’ would appear ‘capensis’-sized bats, or of a ‘capensis’-sized bat, 130 ANNALS OF THE TRANSVAAL MUSEUM, VOLUME 45, 2008

instead the measurements were of a larger replaced by ‘hottentotus pallidior Shortridge’. No ‘hottentotus’-sized bat (Roberts, 1944, 1954; record is known of Austin Roberts ever having Rosevear, 1962). Since the measurements given published the name Eptesicus erongensis. It would by Smith (1849) for ‘Vespertilio minutus. – Tem.’ appear he reidentified the specimens as Eptesicus were also not exactly those indicated in his earlier h. pallidior before publication of the ‘new species’. description of V. Hottentota (Smith, 1833), as Roberts (1946: 308) did, however, publish the wingspread length was longer and there was the description of a new subspecies Platymops addition of a forearm measurement, the description petrophilus erongensis, based on TM 9494 from was used as the basis for a new species – ‘Damaraland, Omaruru District, Eronga Mountain, Vespertilio smithii Wagner, 1855. This latter species Ombu Farm’, a larger series of which (TM 9495– has subsequently been recognized as a synonym M 9512) is catalogued following the E. hottentotus of E. hottentotus (Ellerman et al., 1953; Roberts, specimens collected at the same locality. The 1944, 1954; Meester et al., 1986; Simmons, 2005). abbreviation ‘S. p. erongensis’ontheE. hottentotus What appears to have added further to the confu- skull labels may erroneously refer to Sauromys sion is that Smith’s (1849) description of ‘Vespertilio petrophilus (Roberts, 1917), since P. p. erongensis minutus. – Tem.’ was erroneously treated as a new was subsequently synonymized as a subspecies species description, Vespertilio minutus A. Smith, of S. petrophilus, hence Sauromys petrophilus 1849, by Sclater (1901), Ellerman et al. (1953), erongensis (Roberts, 1946) (Simmons, 2005). We Roberts (1944, 1954) and Meester et al. (1986), assume that mis-identifications in other museums however, it does not occur in Simmons (2005). And, are possible and that especially the Sauromys while Roberts (1944, 1954), Ellerman et al. (1953) specimens should be looked at again. and Meester et al. (1986) recognised V. minutus Although our investigations have to date found no A. Smith, 1849 as a synonym of E. hottentotus, but specimens of E. hottentotus from the type locality or not N. capensis, Sclater (1901) included it as a nearby surroundings, our search has not been synonym of V. (Eptesicus) capensis, but not exhaustive of collections outside of South Africa in V. (Eptesicus) megalurus. Hence, it is possible the which Smith may have deposited specimens. person updating the taxonomy on specimen labels Hence, any submission to the International Commis- of N. capensis in the Iziko South African Museum, sion on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) regarding was unaware that ‘minutus’ had become associ- the name will be delayed until such collections have ated with both E. hottentotus and N. capensis, and been investigated. Article 72.2 of the International being unfamiliar with the difference in size of the two Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International species, incorrectly updated the identification of the Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999) specimens to E. hottentotus, rather than N. capensis. allows a neotype to be fixed ‘if no name-bearing Another curatorial error in the naming of E. type is believed to be extant’ (International hottentotus specimens is that associated with a Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999: series of specimens in the Transvaal Museum 76). Conditions for fixing a neotype require that it be (TM 9480–TM 9493) collected in 1941 by Austin done only if it is necessary to define the nominal Roberts from the Erongo Mountains in the Ombu taxon objectively, i.e. there needs to be doubt about District of Namibia (then South-West Africa). The the identity of the species that presents an excep- specimens are identified on the skull labels as tional need for a neotype. And, it is required, among ‘S. p. erongensis’, and on the skin labels as seven requirements listed in the Code, that an ‘Eptesicus erongensis’. The original genus and spe- indication is given of the steps taken to trace the cies names, written in pencil on the index cards, name-bearing specimen(s), to provide evidence were erased (although traces of earlier words can ‘that the neotype is consistent with what is known still be seen) and have been replaced by ‘Eptesicus of the former name bearing type from the original hottentotus’. This method of updating the taxonomy description’ (International Commission on Zoologi- associated with a specimen is unfortunate, as it cal Nomenclature, 1999: 85), and to show evidence removes the historical records associated with the that the neotype ‘came as nearly as practicable naming of a specimen. The catalogue book entries, from the original type locality’ (International Com- however, employ a technique, whereby in crossing mission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999: 85). If out earlier names, it is recorded that the specimens subsequent searches of collections outside of were originally entered as Eptesicus [indicated by South Africa do not find any specimens from nearly dittos under the genus name from record TM 9476 – as practicable to the original type locality, the ‘Eptesicus capensis damarensis’] ‘erongensis new submission to the ICZN could be to consider the species’. TM 9480 was also recorded as the ‘Type’, current name (Eptesicus hottentotus)anomen however, ‘erongensis new species’ and ‘Type’ have dubium and designate instead the next available all been crossed out, and, in the same handwriting, name (Eptesicus megalurus) in order to provide SCIENTIFIC NOTES 131 taxonomic stability. Interestingly, Roberts (1944, Specialist Group (SSC/IUCN), Endangered Wildlife 1946) indicates this species was more commonly Trust, South Africa. 1–722. known as E. megalurus in the 1940s. HAPPOLD, D. C. D., HAPPOLD, M. and HILL, J. E., 1987. The bats of Malawi. Mammalia 51(3): 337–414. HERSELMAN, J. C. and NORTON, P.M., 1985. The distribu- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS tion and status of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the Nigel Fernsby and Dean Peinke (Gauteng and Cape Province. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums Northern Areas Bat Interest Group) for donating (Natural History) 16(4): 73–126. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL voucher specimens to the Transvaal Museum. We NOMENCLATURE, 1999. International Code of Zoologi- are grateful to Mondi (Sjonasjona) for permission to cal Nomenclature. International Trust for Zoological collect bats and accommodation on their property. Nomenclature 1999, London. i–xxix, 1–306. The following museums (and their staff) are thanked JAMES, D. K., 1986. Notes on bats (Mammalia: Micro- for allowing and assisting our examination of speci- chiroptera) found in the Taung District, Bophuthatswana, mens in the collections: Amathole Museum (Lloyd South Africa. Bulletin Zoologisch Museum 10(26): Wingate and Lucas Thibedi), Durban Natural Science 217–220. KEARNEY, T. C., 2005. Systematic revision of southern Museum (Peter Taylor),Iziko South African Museum African species in the genera Eptesicus, Hypsugo, (Denise Hamerton), McGregor Museum (Beryl Neoromicia and Pipistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Wilson-Aitchison), National Museum Bloemfontein Ph.D.thesis.University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South (Johan Eksteen and Nico Avenant), Natural History Africa. Museum Bulawayo Zimbabwe (Woody Cotterill), KEARNEY, T. C., VOLLETH, M., CONTRAFATTO, G. and and Seth Eiseb (National Museum Namibia). We TAYLOR, P. J., 2002. Systematic implications of chromo- some GTG-band and bacula morphology for southern also thank the following people for assisting with African Eptesicus and Pipistrellus and several other information about specimens in collections: species of Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Margaret Avery (Iziko South African Museum), Acta Chiropterologica 4(1): 55–76. Suzanne McLaren (Carnegie Museum), Hein van KEARNEY, T. C. and SEAMARK, E. C. J., 2004. Correction Grouw and Rene Dekker (Naturalis Museum), and of a montane (Drakensberg) record of lesser yellow Teresa Pacheco (American Museum of Natural house bat Scotophilus viridis (Chiroptera: Vesper- History). Peter Duncan (Cullen Library, University of tilionidae). Durban Museum Novitates 29: 123–125. KOCK, D., 1969. Die Fledermaus-Fauna des Sudan. the Witwatersrand) and Tersia Perregil (Transvaal Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Museum Library) are thanked for assisting with Gesellschaft 521: 1–238. access to old references. KOOPMAN, K.F., 1993.Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D.E. and REEDER, D. M., eds, Mammal species of the world: REFERENCES A taxonomic and geographic reference, pp. 137–241. ALLEN, G. M., 1939. A checklist of African Mammals. Bulle- Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. and London. i–xviii + 1–1206. tin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 83: 1–763. ANONYMOUS, 1931. A guide to the vertebrate fauna of the KOOPMAN, K. F., 1994. Chiroptera: Systematics. In: Eastern Cape Province. Part 1. Mammals and birds. NIETHAMMER, J., SCHLIEMANN, H. and STARCK, D., Albany Museum, Grahamstown. i–viii + 1–263. eds, Handbook of zoology, volume VIII (Mammalia) (60), AVERY, D. M., 1991. Late Quaternary incidence of some pp. i–vii, 1–117. W. De Gruyter, Berlin, New York. micromammalian species in Natal. Durban Museum LYNCH, C. D., 1994. Mammals of Lesotho. Navorsinge van Novitates 16: 1–11. die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 10(4): 177–241. COTTERILL, F.P.D., 1996.New distribution records of insec- MEESTER, J. A. J., RAUTENBACH, I. L., DIPPENAAR, tivorous bats of the families Nycteridae, Rhinolophidae N. J. and BAKER, C. M., 1986. Classification of south- and Vespertilionidae (Microchiroptera: Mammalia) in ern African mammals. Volume 5. Transvaal Museum Zimbabwe. Arnoldia Zimbabwe 10(8): 71–89. Monograph No. 5: i–xi + 1–359. CRAWFORD-CABRAL, J., 1966. Quatro formas de mami- PETERSON, R. L. and NAGORSEN, D. W., 1975. Chromo- feros novas para Angola. Boletim do Instituto de Investi- somes of fifteen species of bats (Chiroptera) from Kenya gaçao cientifica de Angola, Luanda 3(2): 137–148. and Rhodesia. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences CRAWFORD-CABRAL, J., 1989. A list of Angolan Contributions 27: 1–14. Chiroptera with notes on their distribution. Garcia de RAUTENBACH, I. L., NEL, J. A. J. and ROOT, G. A., 1981. Orta, Séria Zoologia, Lisboa 13(1-2): 7–48. Mammals of Itala Nature Reserve, Natal. The Lammer- ELLERMAN, J. R., MORRISON-SCOTT, T. C. S. and geyer 31: 21–37. HAYMAN, R. W., 1953. Southern African mammals RAUTENBACH, I. L. and ESPIE, I. W., 1982. First records 1758–1951: A reclassification. British Museum (Natural of occurrence for two species of bats in the Kruger Na- History), London, 1–363 + 3 maps. tional Park. Koedoe 25: 111–112. FEILER, A., 1990. Distribution of mammals in Angola RAUTENBACH, I. L., BRONNER, G. N. and SCHLITTER, and notes on biogeography. In: PETERS, G. and D. A., 1993. Karyotypic data and attendant systematic HUTTERER, R., eds., Vertebrates in the tropics, pp. implications for the bats of southern Africa. Koedoe 221– 236. Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn. 36(2): 87–104. FRIEDMANN, Y.and DALY, B., eds, 2004. Red Data Book of ROBERTS, A., 1944. Andrew Smith’s early descriptions of the mammals of South Africa: A conservation assess- animals. South African Museums Association Bulletin ment. CBSG Southern Africa, Conservation Breeding 8(2): 238–241. 132 ANNALS OF THE TRANSVAAL MUSEUM, VOLUME 45, 2008

ROBERTS, A., 1946. Description of numerous new subspe- SHORTRIDGE, G. C. and CARTER, D., 1938. A new genus cies of mammals. Annals of the Transvaal Museum and new species and subspecies of mammals from Little 20(4): 303–328. Namaqualand and the north-west Cape Province; and a ROBERTS, A., 1954. The mammals of South Africa. 2nd new subspecies of Gerbillus paeba from the Eastern edition. The Mammals of South Africa Book Fund, Cape Province.Annals of the South African Museum 32: Johannesburg. i–xlviii + 1–700; 1 map. 282–291. ROSEVEAR, D. R., 1962. A review of some African species SIMMONS, N. B., 2005. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. of Eptesicus Rafinesque. Mammalia 26: 457–477. E. and REEDER, D. M., eds, Mammal species of the RUEDAS, L. A., SALAZAR-BRAVO, J., DRAGOO, J. W. world: A taxonomic and geographical reference. Smith- and YATES, T. L., 2000. The importance of being ear- sonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., Vol 1. nest: What, if anything, constitutes a ‘Specimen Exam- i–xxxv + 1–743. ined?’. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17(1): SKINNER, J. D. and CHIMIMBA, C. T., 2005. The mammals 129–132. of the southern African subregion. 3rd edition. SCHLITTER, D. A. and AGGUNDEY, I. R., 1986. Systemat- Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. i–xxv + ics of African bats of the genus Eptesicus (Mammalia: 1–814.XX Vespertilionidae). 1. Taxonomic status of the large sero- SMITH, A., 1833. African zoology. South African Quarterly tines of eastern and southern Africa. Cimbebasia (A) Journal Ser.2,1(2): 49–64. 8(20): 167–174. SMITH, A., 1849. Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa. SCLATER, W. L., 1901. The mammals of South Africa. London. Volume II. R. H. Porter, London, i–xii + 1–241. SMITHERS, R. H. N. and LOBAO TELLO, J. L. P., 1976. SEAMARK, E. C. J. and KEARNEY, T. C., 2004. Bats Check list and atlas of the mammals of Mozambique.The (Chiroptera) of Ithala Game Reserve, northern Kwa- Trustees of the National Museums and Monuments of Zulu-Natal, South Africa. Durban Museum Novitates 29: Rhodesia, Museum Memoir 8: 1–184. 1–4. TAYLOR, P. J., 1998. The smaller mammals of KwaZulu- SHORTRIDGE, G. C., 1942. Field notes on the first and Natal. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. i–vii + second expeditions of the Cape Museum’s mammal 1–139. survey of the Cape Province; and descriptions of some TAYLOR, P. J., 2000. Bats of southern Africa: Guide to new subgenera and subspecies. Annals of the South biology, identification, and conservation. University of African Museum 36: 27–100. Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. i–vii + 1–206.

APPENDIX 1 Details of known voucher specimens of Eptesicus hottentotus, and specimens in the Iziko South African Museum previously identified as Eptesicus hottentotus. * = previously unpublished specimens. Specimens examined and species identification confirmed by V.V.C.= 1 and T.C.K. = 2 (as suggested by Ruedas et al., 2000). Museum accession abbreviations: AMNH – American Museum of Natural History, New York; BMNH – Natural History Museum, London; CM – Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; DNSM – Durban Natural Science Museum, Durban; HW – Hartswater specimen, to be accessioned in the McGregor Museum, Kimberley; HZM – Harrison Institute, Sevenoaks; IICA – Instituto de Investigação Cientifica de Angola, Lubango; KM – Amathole Museum, King William’s Town; LACM – Los Angeles County Museum; MMK – McGregor Museum, Kimberley; NHMZ – Natural History Museum, Bulawayo; NMB – National Museum, Bloemfontein; ROM – Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto; SAMC Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town; SMF – Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt; SMWN – National Museum Namibia, Windhoek; TMSA – Transvaal Museum, Pretoria; USNM – United States National Museum, Washington; ZMA – Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam. EPTESICUS HOTTENTOTUS Angola Capolopopo (16°53'S 12°48'E): : 727, 728, 729. Kenya Hells Gate Canyon, 20 km S, 14 km W Naivasha (00°54'S 36°19'E): : 890001 (Holotype Eptesicus hottentotus portavernus Schlitter and Aggundey, 1986). – Near Lake Naivasha, Njerowa [= Njorowa] Gorge (00°55'S 36°19'E): : 3759191 (Paratype Eptesicus hottentotus portavernus Schlitter and Aggundey, 1986). – Laikipia plateau, 64 km NW of Rumurati (00°25'N 36°08'E): : 48591. Kilanguni (02°55'S 37°55'E): : 80823. – Endoposei River, base of Nguruman Escarpment, near Kalema (01°47'S 36°04'E): : 71381, 71382. Lesotho Kofa, Quacha’s Neck [= White Hill] (30°07'S 28°41'E): : 83422, 83432, 83442. – Mafeteng, Botsoela [= Malealea] (29°50'S 27°15'E): : 8656. – Quthing, Mt. Morosi (30°11'S 27°52'E): : 81762. Malawi Chiromo (c. 16°32'S 35°09'E): : 1922.12.17.392. – Mulanje Plateau (15°52'S 35°37'E, 4000 ft): : 1892.8.1.8. – Ncheu [= Ntcheu] (14°49'S 34°38'E): : 91672 (Holotype Eptesicus hottentotus bensoni Roberts, 1919). – Zomba Plateau (15°25'S 35°19'E): : 1892.8.1.92. – Zomba Town,(15°23'S 35°19'E, 800–900 m): : 1892.8.1.10. SCIENTIFIC NOTES 133

Mozambique Tete, Aldeia Chiuta [= Chiuta, Chuta] (15°33'44''S 33°17'23''E, 700 m asl.): : 365430, 3654311, 3654321, 3654331, 3654341. Namibia 35 km SSW Keetmanshoop, Rheinsvels Farm (26°57'S 17°56'E): : 325651,2, 325662.–37kmN,27kmW Omaruru and 100 km W Eausiro (20°58'S 15°18'E): : 52698, 56268. – 47 km S Wilhelmstal, Okandukaseibe Farm 27 (21°33'S 16°11'E): : 41677. – E Kamombonde 86, 18 km S, 6 km E Omaruru (21°30'S 15°56'E): : 2456351; : 56269. – Erongo Mts. [= Eronga] (21°40'S 15°44'E): : 195531,2; : 94801,2, 94812, 94822, [9483 in catalogue book but specimen missing from collection], 94842, 94852, 94862, 94872-skin only, 94882, 94892, [9490 was de-accessioned to SMF 19553], 94912, 94921,2, 94932. – Edge of Diamond Area 2, Farm Kanaän (25°52'S 16°07'E): : 467971, 467981, 467991, 468001, 468011, 468021, 468031, 468041, 468051, 468061; : 274182. – Farm Zwartmodder 101 (24°54'S 16°17'E): : 375882, 376242. – Gobabeb, Namibia Desert Research Station [= DERU] (23°33'S 15°03'E): : 64056, 64057; : 3421511. – Huns Farm 106 (c. 27°23'S 17°23'E): : 326952. – Klein Aus Farm 8 (26°39'S 16°13'E): : 932611; : 375392, 375401,2, 375511,2, 375522, 375532, 375542, 375552, 375602. – Kobos, 38 mi SW Rehoboth (23°26'S 16°30'E): : 3798031, 3798041. – ‘Kaokoland District’ (unspecified locality): : 59110. South Africa ‘Kafferland (Cafrerie), l’extérieur [see above] de l’Áfrique méridionale’: : 35893 (Holotype Vespertilio megalurus Temminck, 1840). Limpopo Province: Kruger National Park, Levuvhu Hippo Pool (22°26'S 31°11'E): : 342391,2. – Kruger National Park, Figtree camp (22°25'50''S 31°11'50''E): : 931821; : 36111, 368571,2, 368792, 381672. – Kruger National Park, Tshalungwa Fountain [= Shalungwafontein, Tshalungwafontein] (22°33'S 31°04'E): : 367802. – Kruger National Park, Anthrax camp (22°25'S 31°12'E): : 36805, 36806. – *67 km W of Messina, Greefswald Farm 37 [= Mapungubwe], Shashi-Limpopo confluence (22°13'S 29°22'E): : 414212.– Buzzard Mountain Retreat (23°01'S 29°46'E): : 453542, 453552, 453562. – *Thabaphaswa (24°03'S 29°02'E): : 479602. – *Makapans Valley (c. 24°08'S 29°11'E): : 468772, 468782. North West Province: 16 km SW Taung, Norlim mine [= Buxton mine] (27°37'S 24°37'E): : 260302, 260312, 260322, 260332, 260342; : 22.6631, 22.6641, 22.6651. – *10 mi SW Rustenburg, Commissiesdrift [= Commisiondrift] (25°47'S 26°13'E): : 575298, 575299. Mpumalanga Province: *Buffelskloof Private Nature Reserve (25°18'S 30°30'E): : 469162. *Sjonajona (25°45.628'S 30°42.076'E): : 466082. Free State Province: Ararat, Sterkfontein dam (28°26'S 29°01'E): : 7840. KwaZulu-Natal Province: 9 km NE Louwsburg, Ithala Game Reserve [= Itala], Doornkraal campsite, Ngubhu River (27°30'44''S 31°12'41''E): : 317562. – Garden Castle Nature Reserve (29°45'S 29°15'E): : 1887, 1888. – Kloof, Kranskloof Nature Reserve (29°46'S 30°49'E): : 400171,2. Northern Cape Province: Goodhouse (32°54'S 18°14'E): : 19862 (Holotype Eptesicus hottentotus pallidior Shortridge, 1942), 19872, 19882, 19892. – *30 km NE Marydale, Leelykstraat Farm (29°11'S 22°18'E): : 6994, 6995, -9932, 9942, 9952. – *25 km ENE Postmasburg, Farm Mimosa (28°12'S 23°17'E): -13152. – *Kuruman (c. 27°27'S 23°25'E): : 2497. Western Cape Province: 10 mi [= 16 km] N Citrusdal, Hex River Estates (33°30'S 19°35'E): : 19842 (Holotype Scotophilus angusticeps (Shortridge and Carter, 1938)), 1985 (Paratype Scotophilus angusticeps (Shortridge and Carter, 1938)). – Rocher Pan Nature Reserve [= Rocher pan, Rocherpan] (32°37'S 18°22'E): : 260352. – Cederberg, 12 km ENE Clanwilliam, Pakhuis Pass, Kliphuis camp site, 693 m asl. (32°08'10.248''S 19°00'10.332''E): : 414162; : 477022. – Cederberg, Algeria State Forest, campsite (32°21'S 19°03'E): : 414182, 414192; : 351502, 384112, 384122, 406301,2, 406311,2. – Cederberg, Algeria State Forest (32°21'S 19°03'E): : 949981, 949991, 950001. – Cape Town, Table Mountain, Platteklip (33°57'S 18°25'E): : 370652. – Cape Town, Wynberg (34°01'S 18°28'E): : 343232. – Cape Town, Wynberg cave (34°01'S 18°28'E): : UCT-5/8/19662. Zambia Mbala [= Abercorn], Sunza [= Sunzu] Mountain (09°03'S 31°30'E): : 96612. Zimbabwe Banti, Shinda Estates (c. 19°18'S 32°48'E): : 589562. – Bindura, Chikupo caves area (17°35'S 31°35'E): : 64583. – Chizarira-Mcheni Gorge (17°36'S 27°50'E): : 57442. – Essexvale, Falcon College School, Mine shaft (20°13'S 28°58'E): : 58196. – Lunwan Valley (20°36'S 28°50'E): : 30022. – Nyadiri River, near bridge (c. 17°08'S 32°08'E): : 325802. – Nyashato dam (c. 17°08'S 32°08'E): : 325712, 325722, 325732, 325742, 325752, 325762, 325772, 325782, 325792. – Marandellas, Peterhouse School (18°12'S 31°37'E): : 589581,2, 589591,2, 58960. – Marondera, Springvale (18°10'S 31°38'E): : 1.71301. – Retreat Farm, 32.2 km SE Fort Victoria (20°14'S 31°02'E): : 65002. 134 ANNALS OF THE TRANSVAAL MUSEUM, VOLUME 45, 2008

NEOROMICIA CAPENSIS South Africa Limpopo Province: Waterberg District (no other locality information given): : 39672. Northern Cape Province: Namaqualand, Steinkopf (2917Bc): : 27362. Eastern Cape Province: Albany District (c. 33°20'S 26°30'E): : 3902. – King William’s Town,Pirie Mission (32°48'S 27°15'E): : 102812, 102822. Zimbabwe Harare [= Salisbury] (c. 17°50'S 31°02'E): : 30062. IDENTIFICATION UNCERTAIN Namibia Aandster Farm 147 (25°23'S 16°04'E): : 64381.

‘Cape Division’ (no other locality information given): : 37380. KwaZulu-Natal: Border Cave (Avery, 1991).