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Waste Scavenging and Its Contribution for Survival and Urban Recycling in Kota Kinabalu City, Sabah, Malaysia

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Waste Scavenging and Its Contribution for Survival and Urban Recycling in Kota Kinabalu City, Sabah, Malaysia Indonesian Journal of Geography Vol. 51 No. 2, August 2019 (183 -189) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.37758 RESEARCH ARTICLE Waste Scavenging and Its Contribution for Survival and Urban Recycling in Kota Kinabalu City, Sabah, Malaysia. Mohammad Tahir Mapa, Jane C Powell, Abdul Hair Beddu Asis, Nordin Sakke and Aliakbar Gulasan Geography Program, Faculty of Humanities, Art and Heritage, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Received: 2019-02-12 Abstract High generation of solid waste has been identified as one factor contributing to the Accepted: 2019-08-04 world’s environmental problems. The decrease in suitable landfill sites and scarcity of natural resources is creating greater demand for remanufacturing and reuse. This study aims to examine the contribution and issues embedded in scavengers group to achieved high rate of recycling in Keywords: Scavengers, waste management program. In order to answer the research objective, this research utilized Waste Management, in-depth interviews conducted with scavengers group. This study revealed scavenging activity Recycling, is an important element in waste management with positive impact on the economic and envi- Landfill ronment. Therefore, to support this, the scavengers group need to be part of the government’s attempt to realise its recycling objectives. Corespondent Email: [email protected] © 2019 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution(CC BY NC) licensehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 1.Introduction Malaysia, with a total population of 30 million, role for thousands of the urban poor in many third is experiencing an increase in the generation and world cities as a source of income especiallysince the accumulation of waste. Solid waste management is last global economic downturn (Dias, 2016). This sector one of the major environmental problems faced by has great potential for the reduction of the cost of cities’ the country’s municipalities. The amount of waste solid waste management (SWM) programs. generated in the country will continue to increase, not Early study in Dar es Salaam (Nigeria) indicate there only with the increase in population and economic are about 600 solid waste scavengers with approximately activities but also in terms of per capita generation rate. 109 of whom operate at Vingunguti dump site and at 14 Local communities in the country generated about 5.2 different collection centers (Kaseva & Gupta, 1996). In million tons of waste in 1993. The national average 2002 it was estimated that around 1500 men, women, of waste generation rate estimated for 1991–1993 was and children were living and working at the Jam about 0.71kg/capita/day and increased to about 0.8 kg/ Chakro Karachi disposal site, in 2005 its grown to as capita/day in 2000 (Malaysia, 2001). About 17 million many as 3000, in 350 households mainly rural migrants tonne of waste expected to be generated by Malaysian from Sindh and Balochistan(Rouse, 2006). Reasons for in the year 2020 (Mohamad Taha, 2018). In urban area settling around dumps are to ensure that scavengers waste generation increased 3% annually due to urban can minimize their transportation costs, occupy land migration, affluence and rapid development (Kashyap that may be undesirable to others and gain access to & Visvanathan, 2014). The waste generated increases discarded materials that can be used as construction correspondingly with improvements to the standard materials for their homes and thus save on housing of living and people’s changing lifestyles. Increased costs (Agunwamba, 2003). quantities of waste in the area affect the efficiency of Informal sector participation in solid waste collection and disposal from a management point management has different dimensions in some third of view. About 95% of wastes collected by the local world countries. For example, in Indonesia the sector authority or private sector are disposed of into more hires and manages neighborhood workers who provide than 300 landfills. door-to-door waste collection (Soerjani, 1984, Supriyadi The informal collection of recyclable item et al., 2000). In Nairobi, Kenya, the sector collects waste performed by waste pickers is a complex and dynamic from private homes (especially from middle and high socioeconomic phenomenon. Between 2000 and 2012, income areas), industries and offices for disposal and the global informal recycling sector came into focus recycling (Henry, Yongsheng, & Jun, 2006). In Egypt, as the base of the industrial value chain (Scheinberg, the existing informal system is recovering 80% of waste 2012).The activities are largely found in less developed collected by the municipalities. In addition, seven countries due to economic instability and illegal to eight jobs are generated per ton of waste collected immigration. Informal recycling plays an important (Kamel, 2000). Recovery rates as high as 80% are WASTE SCAVENGING AND ITS CONTRIBUTION Mohammad Tahir Mapa,, et.al achieved by the Zabbaleen in Egypt due to intensive need to establish a mechanism to recognize the manual sorting and their expertise at extracting waste continued contribution of this group, their importance with value (Wilson, Velis, & Cheeseman, 2006). in informal waste recovery and the fact that it provides Realizing the importance of this group, their a source of income for the poor. This highlight an activities at most dumpsites in third world countries indications that waste scavengers could be incorporated have been integrated into normal landfill operations. formally into the recycling process to become one of the This type of activity is in general the best method of waste main sources of recyclable material; using plastic waste recovery, with a high percentage of waste sorted every as an example, they demonstrate that such recycling day. For example, approximately 25% of the 21,000 m3 is economically viable. A study in Brazil revealed that of waste generated in Jakarta is recovered by this group, even though recycling rates is considerhigher that is saving the city authorities $270,000-$300,000 per month between 45% and 55%, only 1% of it is accumulated (Soerjani, 1984). In Bantar Gebang final disposal site in selectively by the government and this demonstrating Jakarta, the recycling rate of solid wastes collected by all that recycling is mainly performed by waste-pickers scavengers at the site was estimated to be in the range (Tirado-Soto & Zamberlan, 2013). of 2.8-7.5% of all solid wastes transported to the site The aims of this study are to examine the or approximately 100 kg day per household on the net contribution and issues embedded in scavengers group weight basis (Sasaki & Araki, 2014). In China, Waste to achieved high rate of recycling in waste management Pickers, Waste Merchants and Middle Men, collect on average 16, 311, and 890 kg of recyclables per day and program. This study is expected to provide accurate capita respectively (Steuer, Ramusch, Part, & Salhofer, information on the activities of waste scavenging in the 2017). In Laredo, Texas and Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, study area. Thus, the authorities can design solid waste dumpsite scavengers recover approximately 75% of management plan with take into account the ability of cans consumed by the area’s population (Medina, this group. 2000). Almost 90% of inorganic waste is recycled in the informal sector in Multan Pakistan. In Bangkok 2.The Methods the total daily tonnage of recyclable garbage collected The scope of this study is to identify the involvement by waste pickers is estimated at 286 tonnes (50-150kg/ of waste pickers in the collection of recyclable waste. person/day) or about 5% of the garbage collected by The area selected for this study is Kota Kinabalu, the the city (Muttamara, 1994). The above findings suggest capital city of Sabah, Malaysia (figure 1). Kota Kinabalu that waste scavenger activities should be acknowledged is the focus of many economic activities. Therefore, and incorporated formally into the recycling process of solid waste production from most activities is expected every local authority. to increase. Hence, the involvement of all stakeholders Although scavengers’ activities seem to be sub- optimal, their contribution is important to the economy in the waste management sector needs to be improved of residents with respect to resource conservation so that the issues can be solved. Malaysia is one of the and the creation of job opportunities. In Colombia, fastest growing countries in South East Asia. The study approximately 1% of the population, more than covers an area of 351 km2 and is divided into four types 50,000 families, earn their living from urban rubbish of land use, namely urban, suburban, rural, and marine (Pacheco, 1994). Scavengers in Nigeria are reported to (coastline and small islands). The Kota Kinabalu City earn around $10.00 from two days of sorting landfill Hall (KKCH) administration area comprises four and they are able to live on this income (Agunwamba, legislative areas; Kota Kinabalu, Inanam, Manggatal 2003). Muttamaraet al. (1994) found that scavengers in and Telipok. It is the administration seat and serves Bangkok Metropolitan Area can earn on average £79.00 as the centre for education, communication and trade a month. The waste pickers in Tucuman, Argentina earn and commerce. In February 2000 Kota Kinabalu was approximately 1.75 times the minimum wage, almost declared a city, and became the first urban centre in entirely by collecting recyclable waste such as plastics Sabah to be given this status. At this time the name of (McBean, del Rosso, & Rovers, 2005) . Masocha (2006) Kota Kinabalu Municipal Council was automatically concludes that by engaging in informal waste harvesting, changed to KKCH reflect this change in status some of the urban poor are able to eke out a living in The 2010 census shows that residents of Kota an urban environment where economic opportunities Kinabalu City are 452 058 people (Department of are very limited.
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