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Eski Yakındoğu Arşivleri

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Eski Yakındoğu Arşivleri ESKİ YAKINDOĞU ARŞİVLERİ Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tarih Anabilim Dalı Eskiçağ Tarihi Bilim Dalı Aysel ATEŞ Danışman: Prof. Dr. Yusuf KILIÇ Aralık 2018 DENİZLİ i ÖN SÖZ Eski Yakındoğu tarihinin aydınlatılmasında arkeolojik bulguların yanında eski yazılı vesikalar ayrı bir yere sahiptir. M.Ö 3200 yıllarında keşfedilen Çivi Yazısı zaman içerisinde gelişmiştir. Söz konusu bu yazı Eskiçağ Tarihi’nin farklı dönemlerinde başta Mezopotamya olmak üzere diğer bölgelerde yaşamış olan farklı toplumlar tarafından kendi dillerine uygulanmışlardır. Çivi yazısının keşfi aynı zamanda arşiv kurumunun ortaya çıkmasını sağlamıştır. Mezopotamya, Mısır, Kuzey Suriye ve Anadolu coğrafyalarında yaşamış olan toplumlar her türlü faaliyetlerini kayıt altına almışlardır. Meydana getirmiş oldukları kayıtlı vesikaların miktar bakımından giderek artması ve gerektiğinde tekrar kullanılabilmesi ve muhafazası için arşiv kurumu ortaya çıkmıştır. Farklı zamanlarda eski Yakındoğu coğrafyasında yapılan araştırmalarda bazı önemli antik kentler bulunmuştur. Bu höyüklerde yapılan kazılarda arşiv olarak nitelendirilebilecek yapılar ile çok sayıda çivi yazılı vesika ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Ele geçen tabletler çok çeşitli içeriklere sahiptirler. Yapılan kazılar neticesinde bazı antik kentlerde günümüz arşivleri ile büyük benzerliklere sahip olduğu saptanan arşiv olarak tanımlanabilecek yapıların varlığına rastlanmıştır. Bu yapıların yanısıra ortaya çıkarılan tabletlerde arşiv kurumunun sistematiği ile ilgili birtakım bilgiler yer almaktadır. Gerek arkeolojik bulgular gerekse yazılı vesikalara göre, eski Yakındoğu’da yaşamış olan toplumların büyük çoğunluğunun kendi arşivlerini oluşturdukları anlaşılmaktadır. “Eski Yakındoğu Arşivleri” başlıklı çalışmamızı hazırlarken, arkeolojik buluntular ile birlikte yazılı vesikalar esas malzememiz olmak üzere, konumuzla ilgili mevcut kitap ve makalelerdeki bilgiler biraraya getirilmiştir. Tezimi hazırlama aşamasından itibaren vaktini, bilgisini esirmeyen, her zaman sevgisini, desteğini hissettiğim çok kıymetli ve saygıdeğer danışmanım Prof. Dr. Yusuf KILIÇ'a öncelikli olarak teşekkürü bir borç bilirim. Hayatım boyunca maddi ve manevi desteğini esirgemeyen, çalışma süresince tüm zorlukları benimle göğüsleyen, babam Ebubekir ATEŞ ve annem Melek ATEŞ’e sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca Pamukkale Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Kordinasyon Birimi tarafından 2018SOBE019 nolu proje ile de desteklenmiştir. Katkılarından dolayı Pamukkale Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Kordinasyon Birimi’ne teşekkür ederim. ii ÖZET ESKİ YAKINDOĞU ARŞİVLERİ ATEŞ, Aysel Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Tarih Anabilim Dalı Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Yusuf KILIÇ Aralık 2018, 198 Tezimizde, Arkeolojik Bulgular ve Çivi Yazılı Belgeler ışığında ''Eski Yakındoğu Arşivleri” konusu incelenmiştir. MÖ 3200 yıllarında Mezopotamya’nın güneyinde çivi yazısının keşfiyle birlikte eşzamanlı olarak ortaya çıkan arşiv kurumunun tanımı yapılarak, Yakındoğu’da uygulanmış olduğu diller hakkında geniş bilgiler verilmiştir. Ayrıca Mezopotamya, Mısır, Kuzey Suriye ve Anadolu coğrafyalarının arşivciliği hakkında bilgi verilerek bu bölgelerde bulunan bazı önemli antik kentlerin kazı tarihçesi ile birlikte höyüklerden çıkarılan arşivler ile içerdikleri tabletlerin sayısı, konusu, muhafazası ve arşiv sistemleri hakkında bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Söz konusu arşivlerin olduğu toplumların idari, ekonomik, ticari, sosyal ve kültürel hayatlarına kısmen değinilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yakındoğu, Arşiv, Kâtip iii ABSTRACT ANCIENT NEAR EAST ARCHIVES ATEŞ, Aysel M. Se. Thesis is Department of History Thesis Administer: Prof. Dr. Yusuf KILIÇ December 2018, 198 pages In our thesis, in the light of the Archaeological Findings and Cuneiform Documents, the subject “Old Near East Archives” was examined. In 3200 B.C. years in the southern part of Mesopotamia with the discovery of the cuneiform writing of the arhive institution was defined simultaneously, a wide range of information was given about the languages applied in the Near East. Also Mesopotamia, Egypt, Nothern Syria and Anatolia geography were given information about the archiving, with excaation history of some important ancient cities in these regions, archives exracted from the mounds and information about the number, subject, storage and archiving systems of the tablets they included. The administrative, economic, commercial, social and cultural life of the societies of archives in question is partly addressed. Keywords: Near east, archiv, scribe iv İÇİNDEKİLER ÖN SÖZ ............................................................................................................................. i ÖZET ................................................................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iii SİMGE VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ............................................................................ vi GİRİŞ ................................................................................................................................ 1 Arşivin Tanımı .................................................................................................................. 1 Arşivin Önemi ................................................................................................................... 2 Arşivciliğin Doğuşu .......................................................................................................... 3 KURAMSAL BiLGİLER VE LİTERATÜR TARAMASI .............................................. 7 MATERYAL VE METOT ............................................................................................... 7 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM 1.1. Eski Yakındoğu Dilleri ve Yazı Sistemleri ........................................................................ 8 1.1.1. Sumer Yazısı ve Dili ................................................................................................... 9 1.1.2. Akad Dili ve Akadça Belgeler .................................................................................. 13 1.1.3. Babil Dili ve Babilce Belgeler .................................................................................. 13 1.1.4. Ugarit Dili ve Ugaritçe Belgeler ............................................................................... 14 1.1.5. Ebla Dili ve Eblaca Belgeler ..................................................................................... 15 1.1.6. Mısır Dili ve Hiyeroglif Yazısı ................................................................................. 15 1.1.7. Hitit Dili .................................................................................................................... 16 1.1.8. Hitit Çivi Yazısı ....................................................................................................... 18 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM 2.1. Eski Mezopotamya’da Arşivcilik ............................................................................. 20 2.1.1. Nippur Arşivi ................................................................................................................ 30 2.1.1.1. Keşifler ve Yapılan Çalışmalar .............................................................................. 30 2.1.1.2. Tabletlerin İçeriği ve Önemi .................................................................................. 31 2.1.2. Tell Šemšāra Arşivi ....................................................................................................... 35 2.1.2.1. Keşifler ve Yapılan Çalışmalar .............................................................................. 35 2.1.2.2. Tabletlerin İçeriği ve Önemi .................................................................................. 36 2.1.3. Babil Arşivi ................................................................................................................... 39 2.1.3.1. Keşifler ve Yapılan Çalışmalar .............................................................................. 39 2.1.3.2. Babil Tabletlerinin İçeriği ve Önemi ..................................................................... 41 2.1.4. Mari (Tel Hariri) Arşivi ................................................................................................ 51 v 2.1.4.1. Keşifler ve Yapılan Çalışmalar .............................................................................. 51 2.1.4.2. Tabletlerin İçeriği ve Önemi ................................................................................. 52 2.1.5. Ninova (Asurbanipal) Kitaplığı .................................................................................... 58 2.1.5.1. Keşifler ve Yapılan Çalışmalar ............................................................................. 58 2.1.5.2. Tabletlerin İçeriği ve Önemi .................................................................................. 60 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 3.1. Eski Mısır ve Suriye’de Arşivcilik........................................................................... 69 3.1.1. Tell-el Amarna Arşivi ................................................................................................... 73 3.1.1.1. Keşifler ve yapılan çalışmalar ................................................................................ 73 3.1.1.2. Amarna tabletlerinin içeriği ve Önemi ................................................................... 75 3.1.2. Ugarit (Ras-Şamra) Arşivi ...........................................................................................
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