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Chapters in the Economic, Social, Political and Historical Development of Panama, 1821-1902

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Chapters in the Economic, Social, Political and Historical Development of Panama, 1821-1902 Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1973 Captive of the Crossroads: Chapters in the Economic, Social, Political and Historical Development of Panama, 1821-1902. Alejandro Perez-venero Jr Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Perez-venero, Alejandro Jr, "Captive of the Crossroads: Chapters in the Economic, Social, Political and Historical Development of Panama, 1821-1902." (1973). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2418. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2418 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image o f the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, : Zoning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuum on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 73-27,860 PEREZ-VENERO, Jr., Alejandro, n.d. CAPTIVE OF THE CROSSROADS: CHAPTERS IN THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PANAMA, 1821-1902. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1973 History, modem University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1973 Alejandro Perez-Venero, Jr. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THTS mSSFRTATTfW HAS FFFM MTronKTTMFn TJYAPTTV 4C Dcrcnren CAPTIVE OF THE CROSSROADS: CHAPTERS IN THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PANAMA, 1821 - 1902 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Latin American Studies Institute by Alejandro PSrez-Venero, Jr. B.A., Mississippi State University, 1965 M.A., Mississippi State University, 1967 May. 1973 To my wife, Mlrna li TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INDEPENDENCE AND AFTERMATH ........... 1 Panama Declare? Its Independence from Spain . ............. 7 The Union with Colombia .......... 13 Two Attempts to Secede from Nueva Granada .••.•••••• ........ 25 II. THE FREE STATE AND THE FEDERAL STATE . 37 Political Organization of Nueva Granada and Effects on the Isthmus • ............ 37 The Russell Affair ............... Political Turmoil and Economic Depression ........................ 4*7 The Free State of the Isthmus ......... 51 Administrations after the ReIncorporation of the Isthmus in Nueva Granada ..... 57 t The Provinces of Chlrlquf and Azuero Are Created ............. 6l Administrations During the Building of the R a i l r o a d ............. 62 Administration of Urrutla Affino .......65 The Federal State of P a n a m a ........ 66 ill III. THE PANAMA RAILROAD ................... 7^ The Bldlaok T r e a t y ................ 8*4- The Need for the Railroad and Asplnwall's Project '• • • • 90 Financing the Company .............. 99 More Surveying and a New Contract • • 102 The Actual Building of the Railroad— Positive and Negative Consequences . ......... 107 IV. THE FORTY-NINERS THROUGH PANAMA ...... 11^ Chagres ..........................120 The Route from Chagres ......... • 130 Panama City ......... 132 V. TRANSITION, TURBULENCE, AND TURMOIL: 1855-1898 137 Organization of the Federal State • • 138 The Watermelon War .............. 1*H Internal Problems and the Federal State ••••••............. 152 Tension In the Central Government Affects Panama ••••• 157 The Convention of Rfo Negro and Repercussions ..................... 163 The Liberal Revolution of 1885 • • • 169 Pedro Preston and the Burning of C o l d n ............. 171 The Constitution of 1886 175 The Isthmus before the Revolution of of 1895 178 lv The Revolution of 1895 ................. 180 Prelude to the Thousand Days1 W a r ......... 185 VI. THE THOUSAND DAYS* CIVIL WAR ON THE ISTHMUS ............................ 188 Preliminary Battles in Panama ........... 188 Guerrilla Activities and the Invasion of Domingo Dfaz ......... • • • 202 The Last Liberal Invasion ................. 210 Results of Intervention in the Thousand Days * War ............... 22^ VII. CONCLUSIONS ..................... 227 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................... 233 v ABSTRACT Even before Its Independence from Spain, Panama had been developing what later Intellectuals were to call a "transit" personality, for Panamanians realized that their most obvious resource was their geographic advan­ tage as an isthmus in the center of the New World. The Isthmus has prospered materially (though perhaps not spiritually) when it has been able to exploit its possi­ bilities as a route of transit. The tragedy of the eco­ nomic life of the Isthmus has been that while providing the resource, it has reaped only crumbs of the wealth that the Isthmians expected would flow from such accom­ plishments as the railroad; gains have been meager in comparison with the political and spiritual consequences they have suffered in terms of respect from both Colom­ bia and the United States. The successful completion of the railroad by for­ eigners seemed a promise of success to come. Justo Aro- semena and others in search of a national identity as free men tried to raise the level of culture and education as well as the level of economic prosperity. For some Panamanian enterprises at least, the railroad created material wealth, but it also created racial and cultural clashes between Panamanians and North Americans; and, at the invitation of the Bogota government, many interven­ tions by the United States. Panamanians felt that they vl had been sacrificed, that the price they had paid m s too great. The many so-called "revolutions11 In Colombia in the second half of the Nineteenth Century resulted In the cultural desolation of Panama.f These revolutions made Panamanians want to cut themselves completely from the horrors of Colombia's civil wars. Panamanians continued to consider themselves as Justo Arosemena had seen them, as a people apart. It Is true that they had some goals and traditions In common with the rest of Colombia, but not enough to Justify their dependency on Bogota and their Involvement with her wars. Rafael Ntifiez, the Liberal- turned- Conservative, dealt a death-blow to the sover­ eignty of Panama as a state within a federation when he reduced Panama to a suppressed dependency whose gover­ nors were appointed from Bogota. Thus crippled, Panama suffered during fatal clashes between Liberals and Conservatives through the period of French canal cons­ truction and the bloody Thousand Days' Civil War. Added to the humiliations that any civil war brings, m s the knowledge that Isthmians— and even Colombians— could not forge the destiny of their own land without interference from the United States. A "Black Legend" to the effect that it would have been impossible for Panama to gain its independence from Colombia without the aid of the United States sprang up in Panama and the vli United States In 1903 and has survived for many years* yet the opposite had been true toward the end of the Thousand Days* War on the Isthmus, If the United States had not Intervened, the Independence that many men of the Liberal Party were dreaming about would have been possible and probable. Liberals on the Isthmus did attain an unquestionably secure military position under General Benjamin Herrera during the Thousand Days* War, and American Interference at a crucial moment In their cam­ paign squelched any possibility of final success for the Liberals. Many Liberals were already hinting
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