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NOVEMBER 1966 Governor-President Robert D. Kerr, Press OfiBcer Robert J. Fleming, Jr., Publications Editors H. R. Parfitt, Lieutenant Governor ^^^b. Morgan E. Goodwin and Tomas A. Cupas Editorial Assistants Frank A. Baldwin Eunice Richard, Tobi Bittel, Fannie P. Official Publication Hernandez, and T. Information Officer Published quarterly at Balboa Heights, C.Z. Jose Tunon Printed at the Printing Plant, La Boca, C.Z. Review articles may be reprinted in full or part without further clearance. Credit to the Review will be appreciated. Distributed free of charge to all Panama Canal Employees. Subscriptions, SI a year: airmail S2 a year; mail and back copies (regular mail), 25 cents each

cAbout Our Cover PHOTOGRAPHED AT THE ruins of the Cathedral of wearing typical Indian dress. The two at either end are i>ld«E^aD^a and wearing the costumes which portray wearing the dress of the guaymi Indians who inhabit the the rich folklore of Panama are members of the conjunto high mountains of Veraguas and Chiriqui. Next to them '^Wiythms of Bgnama, a dance group directed by Professor and the two in the center are cuna Indians from the Petita Escobar of . San Bias , the tribe never conquered by the Standing on top of tlie ruins are the "dirty devils," Spanish and the members of which still hve and dress wearing trousers and shirts of rough muslin dyed red and as they did before Columbus' discovery of America. black, and terrifying masks with multi-colored feathers. BetNveen the San Bias Indians are two girls from the They hold castanets and inflated bull bladders which rural area of Ocu. The women of that area, the most they use as accompaniment to their dances. The dance central of Panama, in the cool lands of Herrera Province, of the "dirty devils" originated from the colonial era and dress as their ancestors during the Spanish colonial days.

still is seen at the religious festival of Corpus Christi in There has been no change in their dress since then; and the town of Los Santos. Brought to the Isthmus by the when tourists go to Ocu for the San Sebastian Fair,

Spaniards, it recalls the dances held in the Cathedral January 20, they are transported to the days when the of Sevilla. Spanish hidalgos ruled on the Isthmus. The five masked men in the center are the "cucuas" Lovely senoritas wcax the present typical costume of who live in the Code Mountains in central Panama. Their Panama. Five at the extreme left wear the montuna, a costumes are made of the pounded bark of the cuciia wide skirt of printed chintz with white embroidered tree. The masks imitate deer heads; the whips tliey carry appliqued blouse, hatless or wearing the typical straw mark the rhythm of the dance. hat, and generally barefoot. The others are wearing In the center, wearing dyed feathers on his head and Panama's national costume, the elegant and elaborate a silver eagle on his chest stands a Doraz Indian chief, pollera, which has won international acclaim.

a haughty tribe that lived in the Chiriqui area and has In the center, majestically beautiful, is Miss Brenda long been extinct. .\rosemena wearing the colors and stars of the Seated in the foreground are eight young women, also Panama flag. (Photo courtesy of Kodak Panama Ltd.)

Ever since the opening of the Panama Canal more than 50 years ago, people have flocked to see this engineering marvel. Today, a staff of trained, multi-lingual guides welcome visitors to the locks areas. These visitors pictured above, part of a Congressional party, were not greeted by uniformed guides but obviously were fascinated by what they saw at Catun Locks, March 13, 1925.

November 1966 It's Panama's 63d Birthday

AS OUR COLORFUL cover s>Tnbolizes, the Republic of

Panama is celebrating its 63d anniversary this month.

Panama's destiny began millions of years ago with the formation of and oceans, the Isthmus becoming part of the chain that united the great land masses of North and .

The Isthmian territories came to serve as a pathway for the multitudes of mules that transported Inca treas- ures ultimately bound for . Pirates and privateers also were attracted to the Isthmus where they left 3ndiex bloody footprints.

The men who settled the Isthmus decided November

28, 1821, to separate from Spain. Guided by General

Jose de Fabrega, the Creoles—Spanish descendants bom here—then began calling themselves Panamanians, like F'ort San Lorenzo 4 their native brothers.

Panamanians later realized that because of its unique Phvsician-Metallurgist 7 geographical assets, Panama deserved a place on the maps of the commercial world. The January 1855 comple- tion of the Panama Railroad—the first transcontinental Governor's Driver 9 rail line of the —strengthened this conviction.

Thousands of men of varied races and nationalities Panama Museum 11 crossed the Isthmus in wagons to share in the wealth of gold that had been discovered in California. Ingots of Anniversaries 14 the precious metal were transported by the Panama Rail- road and, for the first time, large ships of many flags anchored off Atlantic coast an port that had not been World Ports 15 mentioned for centuries—the port of Chagres. The main

Atlantic port was later established a few miles awav at what today is Colon. Canal History 17

The Panamanians were prepared to become one of Statistics the nations of the world November 3, 1903, when they Shipping 18 severed the ties that bound them to . Eleven years later, the Panama Canal was opened to traflBc, Shipping Trends 18 benefiting commerce of the entire world.

In this anniversary of Panama's independence, The Anglers' Retreat 20 P.\XAMA Canal Review salutes Panama, which has been appropriately described as "the bridge of the world, the heart of the universe." Shipping .Notes 22

'I'he P.\na.\i.\ Can.\l Review Fort San Lorenzo as seen from the air today. It was built almost 4 centuries ago by the Spanish to guard the mouth of the . It was protected on 3 sides by sheer cliffs and on all 4 sides by cannon but it fell twice to invaders. A New Look Being Given To Old Fort San Lorenzo

A LONG awaited face lifting is being ing the mouth of the Chagres and com- were forced to win hard-earned victories carried out at historic Fort San Lorenzo, misiJioned Juan Bautista Antonelli to against the invaders. built bv the Spanish in 1597 at the carry out the project. Ships began to Peace came to an end at the bastion mouth of the Chagres River on the use the port developed at the entrance in December 1670 when Caribbean side of Panama. to the Chagres where small vessels Henry Morgan set up a plan to raid what Boy Scouts from Panama and the moved up river to the town of Cruces. is now Old Panama. First, however, he Canal Zone plus Latin American stu- There the\' met the road which considered it necessary to take Fort San dents at the U.S. Army School of the took them to Panama via muleback Lorenzo and for this task delegated Col. Americas volunteer their time and in 8 hours. foseph Bradley. efforts to rehabilitate the fortress which From the east side of the river mouth, While Morgan and the balance of his is situated on the Military the fort commanded a sweeping view partv remained at Santa Catarina , Reservation. of the sea and the abutting cliffs pre- Bradley departed with 4 ships and 400 Fort San Lorenzo, partially because vented access except from the east. Here men to attack the fort. The desperate of its vital position, was the target of a drawbridge above a 30 feet deep ditch battle ended 1 dav after it had started, sorties by pirates and enemy navies in led to the single gatewav. The defenses gi\ing victorv to the attackers despite a turbulent era when privateering and included artillen.' guarding land and the determination of the defending raiding were the leading sports in this sea approaches while stores of muni- .314-man garrison. hemisphere. People like Drake, Morgan, tions and food provided essentials to Only 30 men were found alive inside Hawkins, Blackbeard, Avery, Anne Bon- withstand extended sieges. the fort where, according to one account, ny, and Mary Read terrorized shipping For years. Fort San Lorenzo remained several Spaniards threw themselves into on the . unmolested while most ports in the the sea rather than ask for mercy. The Spain's King Philip 11 saw the impor- Caribbean, including others on the Isth- lost 100 men and suffered tance of a fort on the sheer cliff guard- mus, were attacked and pillaged or 70 additional casualties, including Brad-

NOVEMBER 1966 ley, who died from a wound received in the battle. A few days after the victory, Morgan and his main body of forces joined the others and together made their way to Panama. They reached the city in a famished condition, having found little food on the way. Morgan captured the city, left it in flames and returned to Fort San Lorenzo with 600 pris- oners and 17.5 pack animals laden with plunder. Old Panama residents abandoned the place and moved to the site of the present city. Morgan next destroyed Fort San Lorenzo, later rebuilt by the Spaniards. Before leaving, he doled out 200 pieces of eight to each of his men as their share of the loot, but when the men threatened mutiny over charges of being short changed he slipped away one night with a few ships and a small number of trusted comrades. While England and Spain were at war in 1740, a British naval officer. Admiral Edward Vernon, sailed into Chagres Bay and bombarded the fort until it surrendered. Vernon bumed the town of Chagres and blew up the fort but in a few vears it was again repaired sightseers explore the ruins ot the old fortress where they show particular interest ni b\' the Spanish. Two the artillery. Volunteers are building models for carriages to mount the old guns. Merchant ships from Spain found the

Caribbean too risky during the \\'ar with England so as a result began using the old, longer route around . The Caribbean ports remained almost dormant. For years afterwards the fort was used as a prison bv the Spanish and later by Colombia. The discovery of gold in California pumped new life into Cha- gres as thousands of miners crossed the Isthmus over the .300-year-old Spanish route— the Chagres River to Cruces and from there to Panama via muleback. The usefulness of Chagres ended abruptly with the construction of the trans-Isthmian, Panama Railroad in the 1850's. The area became part of the military reservation of Fort Sherman in 1911 and the fort became overgrown with vegetation. A radio listening post was set up at the fort in World War I and Ti^.i* a searchlight and 3-inch anti-aircraft gun emplaced during World War II but they were later dismantled. The fort eventually became a sight- seeing attraction, one which with some sprucing up would have done greater justice to its rich history. With this in mind, in October 1965, Maj. Gen. fames D. Alger, Commander, U.S. Army Forces Southern Command (L^SARSO), f directed the start of a long-range rehabilitation of the fort. Tropical vegetation has had a tree run of the tort tor nian\' years but now it is being hacked

away. In the background is the water that borders .3 sides of the structure. (See p. 6)

The Panama Canal Review Jungle Growth Being Cleared Away

(Continued from p. 5) position to the east of the main was assisted by William M. Kosan, a acknowledged authoritv the It was General Alger's thought that fort. The clearing work progressed wideh' on the project should be a joint United when Latin American students from history of the fort. States and Panamanian undertaking the U.S. Army School of the Americas Presently, volunteers are building with the support of Canal Zone volunteered their Saturdays to assist. pilot models for carriages on which to and Panamanian Government officials. After almost 9 months of work, they mount the old guns of the fort. Plans USARSO Historian Hugh H. Gardner had finished the major portion of the are also moving ahead for intallation of was given responsibility for carrying clearing; defoliants were immediately safety fencing around the perimeter of out the project. applied to cleared areas to limit the the fort and repair of areas where the Copies of 18th century charts of the regrowth of jungle foliage. Archaeol- old walls have crumbled and threaten fort and other documents were obtained ogical digging was performed by stu- to disintegrate. through the efforts of His Excellency dents of Florida State University under A search of the waters surrounding Emilio Pan de Soraluce, the Spanish the direction of Dr. Hale Smith, head the fort is also being conducted in an Ambassador to Panama, and local of the Department of Anthropology and attempt to recover cannon, cannon balls archaeologists who visited the ruins. Archaeology at the university. Dr. Smith and other artifacts. Among the advisers were: Dra. Reina Torres de Arauz, Chairman of Panama's National Archaeological and Historical Monuments Commission; Dr. Ruben Dario Carles, retired University of Pan- ama professor of historv; and The Ven- erable Edwin C. Webster of Mount Hope, who has made an exhaustive studv of the historv of Fort San Lorenzo. Dr. Teodoro Arias, Sr. Enrique Rogers, and Commissioner Carlos Gar- cia de Paredes of Panama and Scout Executive Ted Kellogg, Canal Zone Council, Boy Scouts of America, were asked to enlist the efforts of the Boy Scouts of both countries. Senior Scouts, the Rovers of Panama, and the Explor- ers of the Canal Zone volunteered for the jungle clearing portion of the work. The scouts were taken from the Pacific side to Gatim Station each Saturday morning where they met Colon scouts and representatives of the Atlantic Area Installation Command and were trucked the 20-odd miles to the fort to work. The clearing work by the scouts was confined to what is known as the Outer Canal Zone and Panamanian Scouts work side by side in clearing the dense undergrowth Bailev, a massive landward defense from the Outer Bailey, or landward section of the fortifications. Gorgas Intern

Is Graduate

Metallurgist

SERVING HIS internship at Gorgas

Hospital is a many-talented medical graduate who already had established himself in one highly technical profes- sion before deciding to carve out a second career in medicine. Prematurely gray-haired, Dr. James A. Moseley came to Gorgas Hospital a few months ago to begin his internship at an age when most medical men have finished this stage of work plus the obligatory term as hospital resident.

Dr. Moseley was graduated from medical school relatively late in life, 10 years after receiving a degree in metallurgy from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1956.

A native of Painesville, Ohio, Moseley later moved to Fort Lauderdale, Fla., where he attended high school. After 2 years in the Navy, he entered Georgia Tech to study engineering and the following year transferred to MIT.

His first position was in Cleveland, Ohio, with the Steel Founders Society of America, serving as assistant to the technical and research director. His entailed supervising steel work and Dr. James A. Moseley, Gorgas Hospital intern and graduate metallurgist, examines John foundry research projects but he also Adams, a patient in the Pediatrics Ward. John is the son of citizens living traveled throughout the United States in Bolivia. delivering lectures on these programs. In living in evening he and weighed And he published several articles in 8 months, they were One Joan pros of their situation and steel foundry journals. a fashionable home adorned with Italian the and cons marble fireplaces, marble bathrooms and at about 4 a.m. they reached their deci- His next assignment was doing re- shelving, gold fixtures, and antique brass sion. Three days later he was taking the search in a foundry in Buffalo, N.Y. door and window hinges. medical entrance examination. It was here that he found an outlet for their first son, resigned his position at the foundry his seemingly unlimited energy. In his After the birth of He with physician began his medical studies at the spare time, he constructed a Moseley- Jamie, conversations and friends graduallv aroused Moseley's in- University of Buffalo Medical School designed, five-bedroom house in down- in It reached point for 2 years he served as pres- town Buffalo. He did everything from terest medicine. a where that it could longer pushed to the ident of his class. Illness in the family the masonry to the carpentry, heating, no be back of his mind, despite the fact that prompted him to leave Buffalo. and electrical installation. he was about to be elevated to a higher The home was sold and Mr. and Mrs. His wife, Joan, put her imagination position at the foundry. to work by acquiring the elegant ap- Moseley and their sons, Jamie and Jon, pointments that later graced the interior Several medical schools attempted to now aged 9 and 7 respectively, and of their home. By following wrecking dissuade him and others actually turned their golden retriex'er "Penuchi" moved cre\\s that tore down old Buffalo man- him down as too old to start a medical to Fort Lauderdale. They commuted sions, she was able to bargain for old, career. He was 31 and numerous med- the 2.5 miles each day to where yet valuable items that might have been ical schools have a 28 year age limit he attended the University of Miami

ignored by less discriminating persons. for beginners. (See p. 8)

The Panama Ca.n'al Review Dr. Moseley is a Family Man

(Continued from p. 7) Both in Buffalo and P'ort Lauderdale Dr. Moseley has at least one uncon- Medical School and Mrs. Moseley went Mrs. Moseley arranged her work sched- ventional hobby, even for a doctor or an engineer. Using an old sewing to a tele%ision studio where she appeared ule so that she could devote time to ma- chine Mrs. her family still Moseley's mother gave her as "Miss Joan" on "Romper Room," a and provide the eco- daughter, he became an expert tailor, children's program. nomic assistance necessary during her making his own suits, garments for husband's second career training. Mrs. Moseley, who has a master's his wife and clothes for the children. For degree in education from Harvard Uni- Dr. Moseley's interests are wide and the present, however, his busy sched- versity, had extensive television expe- varied, ranging from amateur acting to ule restricts this hobby to occasional rience in and Buffalo. zoology. The entire family enjoys boat- mending jobs. news broadcasting, com- ing, fishing, skin diving, photography, She had done He is dedicated to his internship at mercials, weather reporting, and other and handicrafts. They participated in Gorgas Hospital. Later he hopes to tvpes of TV work. She also had been these diversions in Florida and frequent- specialize in pediatrics. Vigorous health dean and director of a Buffalo secretarial ly piloted their 22- runabout across for small children is first and foremost school that later became a junior college. the to the Bahama Islands. in his plans for the future.

"Penuchi," the golden retriever, joins the family listening attentively as Dr. James A. Moseley, metallurgist and Gorgas Hospital intern, strums his guitar, a gift presented to him when he graduated from the Universit>' of Miami Medical School last June. From left: son Jamie; Dr. Moseley; his wife, Joan; and son Jon. "Little Whim for Dr. Jim" was painted on the guitar b>' a well-known Florida painter and muralist, Leona Nicholls. The mola on the wall was made by the mother of a youni; patient from San Bias.

November 1966 Alfonso "Smim" Smith chauffeurs Queen Elizabeth and Panama President Jose Antonio Remon during an official visit to Panama by the Queen and her husband Prince Philip. Smitty, whose face is barely visible in this photo, drove for six presidents of Panama and now is the driver for Canal Zone Governor Robert J. Fleming, Jr.

Governor Fleming's Driver Served Six Presidents

AS A SMALL BOY in Panama, Alfonso somedav be driving a sleek limousine factory and later in a shoe factory to Smith was the most popular boy in the and have as a passenger a real queen; rear her son. block when he rumbled up and down or be driver for six Presidents of Pan- To earn a few cents each day, Smitty, giving the street rides to the neighbor- ama and manv other heads of State at the age of 7, served as altar boy at hood kids in the wooden wagon he had the early masses in Santa Ana and San visiting the Isthmus; or be what he is made of orange crates and odd wheels. Jose churches before going to school in todav— driver for Canal Zone Gov. jobs He was even more popular when at the morning. He worked at odd Robert J. Fleming, Jr. 13 he had a job as office boy and allowed to help his mother and at 13 had his his friends to hop on the back of the Smitty, as he is affectionately called, first steady employment. l;icvcle as he made his deliveries. In his was born in Panama in 1923. His father, Smitty began his working career in boyhood dreams he often thought how a U.S. soldier stationed at , the Canal Zone in 1940 when he worked wonderful it would be to drive an was killed in a fall from a horse 8 days from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. at 18 cents per automobile. before Smitty was bom. His Colombian hour as a helper in the storehouse of

But never did he dream he would mother had to go to work first in a dress (See p. 10)

The Pa.nama Canal Review Feeding Dogs

Ice Cream Was

One of Jobs

(Continued from p. 9)

the Municipal Engineers in Pedro Miguel. A few months later, he trans- ferred to work on the Bridge, also as a helper. Smitty was a cement checker in 1941 and then a driver for the Department of Engineers (Army) at Corozal.

He joined the U.S. Army at 18 and was stationed in and Quarry Heights. In 1947, with the rank of sergeant, he left the Army and returned to Corozal as a driver until 1949. (Smitty remained in the Army Reserves until 1954.)

It was Hector (Rey) Valdes, Panama official and present director of DENI, Panama's Department of National Inves- tigation, who recommended Smitty as driver for Panama President Alcibiades Arosemena, the first of six Presidents he served.

Jose Antonio Remon was the next

President Smitty drove for and it was during this time that he chauffeured Queen Elizabeth and her husband Behind the wheel of Governor Fleming's car, Smitty appears ready to roll. Prince Philip who were official guests of Panama. Driving the Queen remains as the highlight of his career in Panama. Golf Club but the President His duties with President Remon often was kept week and anytime the Governor needs so busy during the week-long meeting him. Smitty says his own name is the included other chores. One task he that he never was able to use it. first on the list of persons pleased recalls vividly was feeding cartons of that Governor Fleming's tour on the ice cream every evening to each of the Smitty recalls that all the Presidents Isthmus has been extended. President's seven dogs. were more than obliging when they were asked for their autographs. Pres- Smitty is known also as "Gringo" President Jose Ramon Guizado was ident Anastasio Somoza gladly signed since he became a U.S. citizen a year number three on the list of Panama everything put before him but the signa- ago. When asked if he minded being Presidents for which he drove. Then ture disappeared a few minutes later, called "Gringo" Smitty said, "Of course came Ricardo Arias Espinosa, whose leaving not a trace. Apparently, the not, I'm proud of it." administration hosted the 1956 Hemi- Nicaraguan President was not too keen As for a pastime—when he is not busy sphere Presidents' Meeting. Smitty re- on having his signature dispersed driving Governor Fleming—he may take calls that he spent most of his time so he used a special pen for autograph his famil\' for a drive, or putter around going back and forth to Tocumen Air- signing. his home in V'illa Guadalupe, near the port to receive the Presidents. And it Smitty also drove for President Transi.sthmian Highway, where he lives was Smitty who drove the Presidents Ernesto de la Guardia, Jr., and Roberto with his wife, Francisca, his four chil- back to the airport on their F. Chiari was the last departure of the Panama dren, Ernesto, Maria Felicidad, Mari- from Panama. He remembers Presidents he chauffeured. that a sol, and Carmen Maria and his mother. special jeep was outfitted for President In 1964, Smitty became driver for He also is an avid reader, especially Eisenhower to play golf at the Panama Governor Fleming. He works 5 days a following reports from Vietnam.

10 November 1966 PANAMA NATIONAL MUSEUM

A treasure-trove of Isthmian history floor, is probably the most important is on permanent display at the Panama Indian Cultures for its displays of handicraft of Indian National Museum, dedicated to sciences tribes who lived on the Isthmus long and arts, and located in Panama City. before Columbus set sail for the New Presiding as Director is Prof. Alejan- Are Revealed by World. Brief descriptions in Spanish dro Mendez Pereira, courteous, unpre- identify the ancient and valuable items tentious, soft-spoken natural history spe- found in Panama's Veraguas, Chi- cialist, who has devoted the past 41 riqui, Cocle, Los Santos, and Herrera years toward preserving Panama's past. Varied Displays Provinces. In his care at the is a vast Museum and The Indian tribes that once inhabited valuable collection of Indian artifacts the were not archi- and he, himself, planned and executed of Archeology and History installed, tects and mathematicians as were the various archeological excavations that temporarily, in a building in Panama's Mayans and Aztecs to the north, and unearthed many treasures that had been Plaza de Francia. Another former pres- they did not possess the superior knowl- hitherto unknown. ident. Dr. Juan Demostenes Arosemena, edge of government or ceramics of the The Museum has been in its present arranged to have the two sections trans- Incas of . Nevertheless, an exchange location, on Avenida Cuba between ferred under one roof, at the present between the civilizations of Central and 29th and 30th Streets, since 1939. location, in 1939. South America may be discerned in In 192.5, during the administration of the Museum's displays, with ample President , the Museum The displays in the Panama Museum evidence of an advanced civilization had its beginning as a Natural History today are divided into five sections; whose people worked with stone, clay, section located in one of the salons of Natural Sciences, Art, History, Ethnol- and gold. the old Santo Tomas Hospital on West ogy, and Archeology. The Panama Indians had no metal 16th Street, Panama City, and a section The archeology section, on the main tools other than a small gold and copper alloy awl shaped like a horseshoe nail, but they did have polished stone tools, without handles, similar to hammers and chisels with which they performed everyday tasks and sculptured life- size statues, idols, stools, and metates of stone. A fine example of the latter faces the visitor as he enters the Museum. This metate was primarily designed for the kitchen, but was also used for

ceremonial purposes. It is a slightly concave slab of stone, 18 by 30 inches, chiseled with supporting legs dec- orated with human and animal forms carved from stone.

Eye-compelling, and a favorite with Museum visitors, are the "Monoliths of Barriles," stone figures believed to be over a thousand years old and built in

what todav is Chiriqui Province. One of the huge figures depict what is believed to be a chieftain carried on the shoulders of a man of low echelon. The figures were discovered amid the lava beds sur- rounding El Barn, an inactive volcano, and were brought to the Museum in 1947.

The potterv' fashioned by Isthmian Indians hundreds of years ago is of manv shapes and sizes and is especial- ly interesting for its different types of decoration and manv-hued designs.

Historians agree that the early Span- iards found considerable gold among Dr. Alejandro Mendez Pereira (left) points out some of the Museum's valuable archeological the Indians in Panama, but there's no treasures. These were discovered Stirling of Institution, when Dr. M. W. the Smithsonian certainty whether the gold was the Washington, D.C., directed an expedition in Herrera Province in 1947. The Society sponsored the expedition. (See p. 12)

The Panama Canal Review 11 Piananta Mudeunt

(Continued from p. 11) result and accumulation of a long time of patient panning of rivers and streams, or whether the Indians operated gold mines whose locations have never been found.

The early gold work in the Museum's collection indicates that the primitive dwellers on the Isthmus were gold- smiths. With stones for hammers, they beat gold into thin sheets; they did re- pousse work, mixed the gold with copper to make it firmer, and quite evidently were cognizant of the art of gold- plating. With techniques that puzzle historians today, the Panama Indians produced the attractive and valuable examples of goldsmith art known as "huacas."

"Huaca" actually is the word for an Indian grave containing treasure. Belief in life after death caused primitive people to bury their dead with all worldly possessions, and the custom of burying workday and ceremonial objects with the body in the huaca was prac- ticed for centuries locally. The early More than 50,000 years old, the fossils of a Perezoso Gigante or giant of a past geologic Spaniards, however, learned the Indian age, are displayed on the second floor of the Museum.

dead were buried with their ornaments of gold, some solid, some gold-plated and dug up "tens of thousands of graves" in Chiriqui Province alone. The Museum's history section has historical relics and maps of the early days of Panama. Here may be seen rifles used in the Thousand Days' War, swords and uniforms of General Este- ban Huertas, worn in the days when the Republic came into being; and, among others, the manuscript of the Panama National Anthem, Panama's first flag, and the desk where the Act of Independence of 1903 was signed.

In the Ethnology section are many exhibits representative of Indian tribes

that still reside on the Isthmus, and the exhibits are arranged to show the life and customs of Panama's contemporary Cunas, Chocoes, and Guaymies.

The second floor of the Museum is largely given over to natural history exhibits. Here are displayed the huge bones of the Eremoterio, a gigantic sloth that roamed Panama 50,000 years ago. Over the display case, on the wall, is a large painting of this prehistoric giant, the work of Mrs. EJva Fair- child, wife of Dr. Graham Bell Fair- child, entomologist at Gorgas Memorial Hospital.

On the second floor, too, is a display of a collection of minerals and semi- A huge painting of a giant—a giant sloth, that is—shows the animal as it may have looked [irecious stones presented to the Muse- when it roamed the Isthmus. The painting is by Isthmian artist. Mrs. Elva Fairchild.

12 November 1966 um by the Canal Zone Gem and Mineral Society in 1961.

Prof. Mendez is responsible for inter- change with other museums outside Panama, and in many problems of iden- tification and classification of new speci- mens that are part of the natural history collection, the Smithsonian Institution of the United States lent a hand. Many Canal employees have taken an intensive scientific interest in the pre-Columbian and colonial history of the saga-rich Isthmus and have contrib- uted to the Museum collection. Other Canal Zone residents have expressed their interest by joining the Friends of the National Museum of Pan- ama. This group was organized some years ago to assist the work of the Museum by stimulating interest in the Museum, providing extra funds and personal service. The newly elected Part of the collection of minerals and semi-precious stones presented to the Panama National president is Guillermo Herrera y Franco. Museum by the Canal Zone Gem and Mineral Society in 1961.

Panama National Museum Director Prof. Alejandro Mendez Pereira describes the fine work on a gold breastplate, and Mrs. Aurora Illueca, secretary to the director and general factotum of the Museum, left, shows an unusual crested gold ornament, hundreds of years old. The gold items are on velvet that covers a metate, a slightly concave stone slab whose supporting legs are decorated with carvings.

The Panama Canal Review 13 ANNIVERSARIES (On the basis of total Federal Service)

SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY COMPTROLLER'S OFFICE Silvestre Canizales SERVICE BUREAU Mary W. Ewing Maintenanceman—Rope and Wire Cable Daniel A. Lawson Conrad S. Drew Payroll Control Assistant Leader Lock Operator-Machinist Truck Driver SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY Winston Mask David B. Marshall J. SERVICE BUREAU Towing Locomotive Operator Restaurant Manager Clarence D. Bovell Matias Moreno P. MARINE BUREAU Leader Laborer Leader Line Handler (Deckhand Edward F. Drew Boatswain) John A. Madison Cutter Brewster General Fou tions Eric S. Oakley (Operations- Lionel JosepB Assistant Store Machine T Cleveland Roberts ClifFoQ^B>(4la Snack Bar Ojjerator Pipefitter Tei Ruthwin Samuels Retail Store Department TRANSPbRTATfoN AW Manager-General ipRMIN^LS ^UteE^ Alexander Rogers an—Heavy Vicente Altaro ^^^^ Leader Cook Supervisory Freight Assistant Pedro A. Tuiion ry Control House Operator Meat Wrapper A. Sneckenberger CIVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU Fulgencio P. Quiiiones Foreman (Locks Maintenance) Inspector Horace V. Parker Materials (Lumber) Teacher—Senior High L.A. Schools MARINE BUREAU ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION BUREAU HEALTH BUREAU John R. Bauer General Supervisor WilHam L. Brooks C. James Haynes Hamilton Blanchard Administrative Service Assistant Clerk Painter Camilo Caicedo Surveying Aid Eric I. Jordan Seaman Frederick A. Ebdon General Foreman Electrioiain Charles H. Kissling Mate, Dipper Dredge Joseph S. Osborne Residual Fuel Treatment Operator James C. Payne Carpenter Salomon Vergara Paver TRANSPORTATION AND TERMINALS BUREAU Selvin A. Bryan Sui>ervisory Cargo Checker Hezekiah O. Murdock Truck Driver— Heavy

CIVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU Auvie H. Byrd Budget Analyst Charles L. Green Police Private Ruth L. Turner Library Assistant

Norman J. Lewter Police Private Peter Unrau Clerk in Charge, City Division, Balboa Russel E. Hellmund Relief Super\'isor, Balboa James E. Harrell Relief Supervisor, Balboa Walter G. McBride Police Lieutenant Maurice A. McLean Teacher—Junior High L.A. Schools HEALTH BUREAU T. Zeballos Laborer— Heavy Pest Control Latest thing in the . Youth points out for his younger, feminine Robert L. Thompson companion a cast iron lamp post installed as part of the new street lighting system in Hospital Administrative Officer May 1915. At that time it was the latest thing in the Canal Zone. Photo was taken on the Manuel C. Villeros grounds of the Administration Building. Laborer— Heavy Pest Control

14 November 1966 Porti o/ tke World Links Continents

THE 's principal by the Isle of Wight, which forms a non-profit organization which orig- oceangoing passenger port and a a natural breakwater shielding inally was created in 1803 by an Act major cargo port owes much of its Southampton water from Channel- of Parliament, bears much of the importance to geography. churning gales. responsibility in the operations of Situated a short distance from Vessels entering the Port of South- the Port. The 26-member group is London and the and ampton range from the huge ocean- responsible for widening, deepening, being on the main shipping route going Atlantic passenger liners such and maintaining the main navigable between the Americas and Conti- as the "Queen Elizabeth" and "Qiteen channels of the Port, also for the nental , the Port of Southamp- Mary" of the Cunard Steamship Co. provision and maintenance of all ton conveniently links passengers Ltd. to the large passenger-cargo navigational aids such as light buoys and freight with other major ports carrying ships of the Union-Castle and beacon lights. of the world. Mail Steamship Co. Ltd., tramp The Board's area of jurisdiction The Port lies near the center of steamers, oil tankers and small pas- comprises 18y4 square miles, includ-

the south coast of England and is senger steamers. ing 45 miles of foreshore. separated from the English Channel The Southampton Harbour Board, (See p. 16)

Southampton Harbour Board's Town Quay and a view of part of the city of Southampton.

The Panama Canal Review 15 RMS Queen Elizabeth sails from Southampton with Southampton Harbour Board's Signal Station in bottom left comer of photo, Esso Petroleum Company's Marine Terminal in left background and Southampton Docks in far background.

(Continued from p. 15) Bank of England, pay for capital at Hamble and the Esso Petroleum expenditure. Company's Marine Terminal at The 4,500-foot Town Quay and Imports that pass through South- Fawley. Royal Pier are owned and operated ampton totaled almost 15 million tons That which is received at Hamble bv the Board. Its Signal Station at in 1964. They included such com- is used for the bunkering of ships Calshot at the entrance to the modities as: fruit from South , and for general distribution while Southampton Water is equipped North and South America, Spain, crude oil delivered to Fawley goes with a harbor .surveillance radar , Azores, and the Chan- to the Esso Petroleum Co.'s huge and V.H.F. R T communication Jaffa, nel Islands; timber from North Amer- refinery. Twelve million tons of oil system. Continuously manned, it can ica and the Baltic; grain from and oil products were brought to the provide information to ships, pilots and ; meat and dairy prod- refinery in 1964 by 2,218 tankers. and shipping companies, concerning uce from South America, South tides, wind, weather, and details of Since the opening of the refinery Africa, Australia, and ; ship movements in the area. in 1951, petro-chemical industries wool, hides, and skins from South have come to the area. They include Funds needed by the Board come Africa and Australia. the International Synthetic Rubber from dues, payable by all .ships using The export trade is comprised in Co., the Union Carbide Co., and the port, and from loans obtained part of steel, iron, machinery, hard- Monsanto Chemicals Ltd. through the stock market. Dues are ware, and rubber products from the The Esso Petroleum Co., in con- based on the net registered tonnage Birmingham area, woolens and wor- junction with the Southampton Har- of vessels and there are various sted from Yorkshire, cotton goods bour Board, in 1963 undertook a vast categories of dues rates. from Lancashire; hosiery, leather $5.6 million dredging program that The dues goes for management, goods, motor vehicles, and manufac- included dredging within the port maintenance work, renewal of plant, tured tobacco. area. Now tankers of 80,000 dead similar and functions whereas funds Oil is the largest single commodity weight tons drawing up to 47 feet ac(]uired through loans, the terms imported at the Port of Southamp- mav enter the port and lie afloat at of which are subject to the approval ton. Tanker shipments are brought the Esso Marine Terminal regardless of the Government through the in to the Shell-Mex and B.P. Jetties of the state of the tide.

16 November 1966 CA\NAl HISTORY

Work on the Pacific side third locks first guests President 50 yiearJ cA^o were and Mrs. construction was inaugurated Septem- who paid an un- THE COALING PLANT at Cristobal ber 26, 1941, when Col. Joseph Mehaf- precedented visit to the Isthmus from began regular operation in September fey, new Panama Canal Engineer of November 14 to 17 in 1906. Among the 1916 for commercial use although not Maintenance set off a blast on the site prominent guests at the anniversary all the contracting work had been com- of the lower chamber of the new Mira- celebration were President of Panama pleted. Up to that time, some Canal flores Locks. and Mrs. Ernesto de la Guardia accom- customers had a bunkering problem. The first series of the new paper panied by Panamanian officials. Accord- limited to the amount of Vessels were money issued by the Republic of Pan- ing to an unofficial count, there were bunkers they could take on with suffi- ama was placed in circulation October 2, more than 1,000 guests. cient coal provided to make the next 1941, with bills in denominations of 1, Several insurance firms were invited call on their established route port of 5, 10, and 20 Balboas. The first bills by the Canal organization to submit coaling stations were where commercial were presented to President Amulfo proposals on a broad hospital and med- South a\ailable. Vessels trading to Arias. Meanwhile the Canal Zone issued ical service group insurance plan to give Valparaiso were American ports north of orders that the new paper ciurency be adequate coverage to Canal employees coal for the return supplied sufficient accejDted at face \'alue. and their families. vovage to the Canal. Maj. Gen. Henry H. Amold, Chief Slides were still a problem. Because of the Army Air Forces, came to the of a sudden forward movement of large One yiear c4g.o Isthmus 2.5 year^s ago to inspect Canal Kick in the base of the Cucaracha slide Zone installations. He returned to HUNDREDS of Panama Canal em- which had to be drilled and blasted Maxwell Field, Ala., in a history making ployees have reason to remember Betsy, before dredging, traffic through the non-stop 10-hour flight. the hurricane that ran amok last year Canal was suspended from August .30 thousands of miles from the Canal Zone to September 7, 1916, to ships drawing but which had some effect on most of more than 17 feet of water. yieard iO c4^o the passengers who returned from The Canal completed 2 vears of oper- New GEN. CHARLES DE GAULLE visited Orleans aboard the SS Cristobal. The ation on August 14, 1916. During that the Isthmus in August 1956 and was hurricane caught the Canal employees time a total of 2,097 ships made the greeted by a letter from Gen. William in New Orleans as they were waiting for transit with a total of 9,031,61.3 long E. Potter, then Govemor of the Canal transportation back to the Canal Zone. tons of cargo. The waterway was closed, Zone. General de Gaulle was a passenger however, from September 15, 191.5, to Among the visitors to the Panama aboard the French Line's SS Caledonia. the middle of April 1916, because of Canal last year was one who had more He was accompanied by his wife and a than an ordinary interest in water- slides. Almost as many sailing ships as the party of three. They did not go ashore way. motor powered ships used the Canal in He was Marc de Lesseps, great during their brief visit and made the grandson the earlv davs. of Count Ferdinand de Les- Canal transit aboard the Caledonia. During October 1916, more than half seps, builder of the and of the 158 oceangoing ships transiting The 50th anniversary of the opening initiator of the work on the Panama of the Tivoli Canal. arrived spent 9 to 12 hours in Canal waters. The Guest House was held Young Marc here aboard a freighter average time for all ships, according to November 15, 1956, with many old- on which he was working the Panama Canal Record, was 11 hours timers present and a historical pageant his way around the world before and 40 minutes. with music was presented as a highlight returning to France to enter military of the evening It was recalled that the service.

2S y[ear3 c4^o

PRIORITIES WERE issued in Sep- tember 1941 for materials and ma- chinery to construct the Pan American Highway from Texas to Panama, for building the Trans-Isthmian Highway linking the Atlantic to the Pacific sides of the Canal Zone and also for the high- way from Chorrera to Rio Hato in Pan- ama to connect Panama with the U.S. Army Air Base at Rio Hato. About this time the Panama Amer- ican reported that it had heard from reliable sources that a vehicular and passenger tunnel was about to be con- structed under the Pacific end of the Panama Canal to accommodate the in- creasingly heavy traffic to and from the west side of the Canal. The construc- tion of a tunnel would require the appropriation of approximately $15 Parking spaces went begging in front of the Panama Canal Administration Building in 1922, when this photo was taken. But of course there weren't as many cars then as there are now.

The Panama Canal Review PRINCIPAL COMMODITIES SHIPPED THROUGH THE CANAL (All cargo figures in long tons) Pacific to Atlantic

First quarter, fiscal year— Commodity 1967 1966

Ores, various 1,541,587 Lumber 1,055,021 Petroleum and products (excludes asphalt) __ 174,887 Wheat 111,011 Sugar-- 874,014 Canned food products 223,401 Nitrate of soda 163,067 Fishmeal 294,364 Bananas 319,000 Metals, various 336,364 Food products in refrigeration (except fresh fruit) 235,650 Molasses 158,478 Pulpwood 152,313 Iron and steel manufactures 907.339 Potash 117,264 All others 1,755,433

Total- The handsome Italian liner Leonardo CANAL COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC BY NATIONALITY OF VESSELS da Vinci, built in 1960 in , is to arrive here on her first trip December 14

on a Caribbean cruise, it was announc- ed b\- the Italian Line. On her regular vosages between New York and Italv, she can carry 1.326 passengers. Pacific Ford, agents for the , reported that the 22,000-gross ton Carmania and Franconia would call in Cristobal in Februar\-. Both ships were converted about 3 years ago and placed on a winter cniise schedule. This will be the first \ear that either of the ships have called at the Canal. The SS United States will make her second call at Cristobal February 27, according to Panama Agencies. This companv also announced the arrival of the SS President Roo- sevelt, newest of the President Line's around-the-world cruise liners, and the Moore McCormack liner Argentine, December 26 on a Caribbean cruise out of Baltimore.

The Canadian Pacific liners Empress of England and Empress of Canada are due in Cristobal on cruises in January and March, according to W. Andrews & Co. Both former Canal visitors, they are making winter Caribbean cruises. The French Line's France will arrive in Cristobal. February 19 on her one and onlv winter visit to the Isthmus. This ship has been to the Canal in previous years and so far has been the largest to enter Cristobal Harbor. The France is outclassed in tonnage by the

Queen Elizabeth but at 1,03.5 feet is still the world's longest ship. The Holland America Line will be represented this vear bv the Statendam. due December 3 in Balboa on a world cruise; the Maasdam, due in Balboa, January 13 for transit; the Rotterdam due in Balboa, April 8 after a world cruise and the Ri/ndam expected in Balboa, February 1.5.

The Ri/ndam, Pacific Ford says, is carrying the Chapman College Spring Semester cruise from Los Angeles. She will not stop at Canal ports but will sail from Cristobal immediately after transit for the east coast of South America. Africa, and Europe. The P & O-Orient Lines ships, rep- resented b\- Norton Lilly & Co., have annoimced a number of around the world voyages which will bring some of their lareest ships through the Canal during 1966-67 season. The vessels due are the Orsova in Cristobal, Novem- ber 18: the Himalaya in Balboa in November, the Chtisan in December and March and the Canberra in April. The Arcadia and Iberia are also on this nm. Anglers Build Paradise For Sport and Comfort

THE FISHERMAN'S enthusiasm is During a trip in 1965, some of the "old six huge air-conditioned bedrooms, each legend, but it is still rare to find a group gang" decided that Rancheria Island with a private bath and each able to of anglers who plan and build an island would be an ideal site to build a place sleep four in great comfort. A central paradise to further their pursuit of the where members could rest, cook and kitchen serves the entire complex. It is sport. use the beach, as well as dock their complete with all the cooking equip- But that is exactly what has boats, large or small. ment and supplies that anyone could happened in Panama. The story centers The idea caught fire immediately wish for. There is a large dining room, on one of the best fishing spots in Pan- and an organization. Club Rancheria, and a bar, and for rela.xing there is a ama waters— off the northeast coast of S.A., was formed to carry out the screened porch, 10 feet wide and 140 Coiba Island. There, some 250 sea project. The 33 members are from Chi- long across the front of the building. miles from Panama City, is the lovely riqui Province, Panama City, and the Construction was carried out on a island of Rancheria—245 acres of United States. With the usual energy of plan that allows for orderly expansion beautiful terrain and beaches in the fishing addicts, they planned and of the building, if the membership midst of waters that abound with untold worked quickly and by July of 1965, decides to expand. The furnishings are challenges in fishing. the facilities were largely completed. modem and all new. Each room has For many years, a group of Panama- Supplies were hauled in by the boats been decorated to provide comfort and nians and some U.S. citizens who live of Club members, who had to keep a beautv and each interior is different. in Panama City had fished the waters close watch on progress because of the Power is furnished by a 33 kilowatt in this area, hooking "whoppers" and problems involved in building in such generator, and there is a good supply always finding the plentiful and a remote area. of fresh water. To maintain the facili- eager to bite. But with the exception of a landing ties, a caretaker and two helpers have But there was one hitch: you had to strip, the first part of which is now been hired by the membership. Supplies have a large boat and plan a trip of under construction, and a pier, which are still brought in by private boats, several days because there were no is in the planning stages, the project is which means that the cost of supplies facilities—not even shelter. Your boat finished. is raised considerably because of the was headquarters, hotel, and restaurant. The facilities are first class. There are transportation.

Awash in the afternoon sun, the Club Rancheria is a welcome and picturesque scene to members returning from a day's fishing. Its comforts match the exterior beauty.

20 November 1966 The fishing is superb. Wahoo is espe- cially plentiful, and it can be caught, along with bonita, , mackerel, jack, snapper, corvina and , less than 5 minutes from the doorstep of the club. And less than half an hour away, there is the big —marlin and sail- fish. It goes without saying that, all the

members are "fishing bugs." But if they

have guests who are not, there is a beautiful beach for swimming, and water skiing and skin diving can be pursued close by. For smoothing out the tension wrinkles, a siesta on the long porch overlooking the water or a bake

in the sun is just the thing.

When the airstrip is completed, trips from Panama City and David will be

easier. By plane, the Island is an hour from Panama City, about the same from David. For Chiriqui members, the trip

from Pedregal is but 80 miles by sea. And for members who go by land,

trailing a boat, there is a boat landing

at Guabala (near Remedios) that is 40 miles from Rancheria Island.

The venture has proved a success. Members find themselves taking advan-

tage of the facilities to get away from it all and to do some angling where, at On the cool veranda, members oi tlie club enjoy a luncheon and conversation. These the end of a day of fishing thrills, the combine with excellent fishing and lovely scenery to make Club Rancheria everything its membership hoped for when they undertook the project in 1965. comforts of home are waiting.

-\I1 of this, needless to say, is not

inexpensive. The membership is com- prised largely of businessmen. Among the club members are Eduardo Gon- zalez, the Abadia brothers, Aristides, Felix, and George, and Ricardo Perez, all of David, Chiriqui, and Arturo Vial of Panama City, all businessmen. Don Marco A. Robles, President of the Republic of Panama, is a member, as are Dr. Rogelio Arias, a phvsician on the staff of Gorgas Hospital in the Canal Zone, and Dr. Raymond Herold, a California physician. These men and the other 24 members have known one another for many years and the amiable group finds much pleasure in being together, rela.xing and fishing. Each paid a proportionate share of the cost of the construction and through club dues, each member pays a part of the cost of maintaining the facilities and paying the employees.

The membership feels that the project has pro\ed well worthwhile. They are able to go to the island for

2 or .3 days—the traditional "long week- end"—or even spend a week or two Guide holds up gaifed wahoo landed by Julio Valdez, Panama city businessman, left, while \acation there. Arturo Vial, right, waits for a similar strike.

The Panama Canal Review 21 s H P & O Orient PANAMA CANAL TRAFFIC S479 million in the red. This was caused STATISTICS FOR FIRST QUARTER by the combination of several Round-World Trips factors FISCAL YEAR 1967 including a nearly 2-month long sea- (Oceangoing THE WELL KNOWN P&O Orient TRANSITS Vessels) men's strike, a drop in both import and Line ships will be passing through the 1967 1966 export cargo carried and a slight drop Canal at regular inter\als during the first Commercial 3,036 2,953 in loading rates. 4 months of 1967 on scheduled round- U.S. Government 188 149 the-world cruises. '^"' ^'"^^^ ^^"^^^ schedule According to a recent article in the TouL/r;;;. ^2 ^3 New York Travel Agent, the line will TOI IS" ^ TENTATIVE schedule of ships due offer monthly round-the-world depar- to arrive at Canal ports -, . , ^,„ ,„„ ,,„ between Nov- Commercial $18,680,187 , • $16,557,967 ,qcb j a -i inc? .. tures from the West Coast with the ,,£. „ . , ,,„,„„, mn^Mn ember 1966 and April 1967 on wmter U.S. Commercial • 1,161,365' 932,019 r u January and February sailings being cruises rollows: westbound and the March and April Total ___$19,841,552 $17,489,986 NOVEMBER 6-Constitution; 29- sailings eastbound. CARGO'" Himalaya. Leading the round-the-world sailings Commercial 21,345,575 19,698,588 DECEMBER 3-Statendam; 6-Or- is the Arcadia which came north through U.S. Government 1,137,308 814,148 jocfl; 14-Leonardo da Vinci; 26-Chu- the Canal in October on her way to Free 153,481 18.281 jq„. 2&-; 29-Federico C; 31- Europe and around the world. This ship Total 22,636,364 20,531,017 President Roosevelt. will sail from Vancouver January 22 on , , JANUARY n-Kunssholm; 13-Maas- ° tolls all vessels, oceangoing and ,-' , her way to and Los Ange- includes on „,,, , 'u jr.nn small. dam; 21-Empress of England; 22 Ber- les. She will then visit 23 ports with calls •"Cargo figures are in long tons. gcnsfjord; 24-Sagafjord; 28-Cabo San at Hawaii, Fiji, New Zealand, Australia, Vicente; 29-Evjpress of Canada. Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaya, India, FEBRUARY 2-Batory; 3-Iberia; 6- Egypt, Italy, Portugal, Britain, France, Federico C; 1-United States and Queen grow. According to the Marine Digest, Florida, and the Caribbean, arriving at Elizabeth; \-Santa Paula; \2-Car- the Canal April 25. the Ministry of Transport reports that '"^"'^•' ^"^-Hanseatic; lo-Rijndam; 18- 's merchant fleet as of the end of The Chtisan will inaugurate the first Franconia; 19-France; March 1966 totaled 11,970,000 gross 21-Federico C; of voyages two arriving at Balboa 21-United States; 28-Hanseatic. tons. It accounted for 7.5 percent of the March 20 from the West Coast; she will world's total merchant fleet tonnage. MARCH 2-Carmania and Empress sail for Kingston, Nassau, Port Ever- The magazine went on to say that of Canada; 5-Bremen; 14-Hanseatic; glades, Bermuda and . although Japan's fleet increased by 1.16 20-C/n/.san; 20-Federico C. Norton Lilly, local agents for the line, million gross tons during the onte-year APRIL 3-Kungsholm, Federico C, announce other ships due in April and period endi-ng March 31, Japan's inter- and Sagafjord; 8-Rotterdam; 25-Arca- June are the Canberra. April 29, the national balance in shipping showed dia; 21-Caronia; 29-Canberra. Orsova, June 22, and the Oriana in June.

Super Auto Carrier 1967 A RECENT Canal customer was the Oppatna Marti, Japan's first international auto carrier, a 16,15.5 deadweight-ton member of the Mitsui OSK Lines fleet, that can accommodate 1,200 cars on her six decks. Prior to unloading, cars are unlashed from cables securing them to the deck. Special auto shifters, built into each deck, then move the vehicles athwartships, permitting operators to drive the cars into elevators opening on the weather deck. Drivers continue by taking the cars across the covered hatch and down an auto ladder, and a ramp to dockside. To unload a full load of 1.200 cars requires onK' 10 hours.

Japanese Fleet Grows

JAPANS MERCHANT fleet is nou- the world's fifth largest and continues to PANAMA CANAL MULES GUIDE SHIPS THROUGH THE LOCKS

A Panama Canal locomotive or "mule" heads down the tracks at Gatiin Locks to meet a southbound (Atlantic-to-Pacific) ship. Cables link transiting ships with the powerful electric mules which guide the vessels through the lock chambers. Smaller type ships go through under their own power. The mule shown above is about to pick up a ship waiting in the lock's north entrance. At left, in a parallel set of locks, a Japanese vessel heads north to Cristobal, the Atlantic terminus of the Canal.

The Panama Canal Review 23 .,..'. -^I.*^ ??t

llfiflf

LATIN AMERICA