List of Contributors

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Joachim Bumke, Institute for Older German Literature (emeritus), University of Cologne. Joachim Bumke’s interests include courtly culture, relationships between French and German medieval literature, patronage, and manuscripts. Among his numerous books are The Concept of Knighthood in the Middle Ages (trans. New York, 1982); Geschichte der deutschen Literatur im hohen Mittelalter (Munich, 1990); Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages (trans. Berkeley, 1991); Die vier Fassungen der Nibelungenklage: Untersuchungen zur Überlieferungsgeschichte und Textkritik der höfischen Epik im 13. Jahrhundert (Berlin, New York,1996); Wolfram von Eschenbach (Stuttgart, 1997); and Die Blutstropfen im Schnee: über Wahrnehmung und Erkenntnis im “Parzival”Wolframs von Eschenbach (Tübingen, 2001). Thomas Cramer, Professor, Institute for Literary Studies, Technical University of Berlin. Thomas Cramer works on high and late medieval literature, medieval aesthetics, lyric, and word and image. His books include Geschichte der deutschen Literatur im späten Mittelalter (Munich, 1990); and “Waz hilfet âne sinne kunst?” Lyrik im 13. Jahrhundert Studien zu ihrer Ästhetik (Berlin, 1998). His editions and translations of medieval texts include Hartmann von Aue’s Iwein (Berlin, 1981) and Erec (Frankfurt am Main, 1972). Ulrich Ernst, Department of Linguistics and Literature, University of Wuppertal. Ulrich Ernst is interested in visuality and poetics. His monographs include Text als Figur.Visuelle Poesie von der Antike bis zur Moderne (Weinheim,1990); Carmen figuratum. Geschichte des Figurengedichts von den antiken Ursprüngen bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters (Köln, 1991); and Konkrete Poesie. Innovation und Tradition, Katalog zur Ausstellung in der Universitätsbibliothek (Wuppertal, 1991). Jeffrey F. Hamburger, Department of History of Art and Architecture, Harvard University. Jeffrey Hamburger’s interests include medieval art, theology and mysticism, manuscript illumination and devotional imagery,and the visual culture of female monasticism. Among his books, which have won numerous awards, including the Jacques Barzun Prize in Cultural History, are Nuns as Artists:The Visual Culture of a Medieval Convent (Berkeley, 1996); The Visual and the Visionary: Art and Female Spirituality in Late Medieval Germany (New York,1998); and St. John the Divine:The Divinized Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology (Berkeley,2002). Niklaus Largier, Department of German, University of California, Berkeley. Niklaus Largier works on medieval mysticism, sexuality and the body, and medieval and 274 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS early modern visual culture. In addition to numerous essays, he has published the book Lob der Peitsche: Eine Kulturgeschichte der Erregung (Munich, 2001); and the edition and translation Meister Eckhart (Frankfurt am Main, 1993). Volker Mertens, Institute for Older German Literature and Language, Free University,Berlin. Volker Mertens’s interests include courtly and late medieval epic and lyric, German Arthurian romance, and sermons. His books includes Das Predigtbuch des Priesters Konrad.Überlieferung,Gestalt,Gehalt und Texte (Munich,1971); Laudine. Soziale Problematik im “Iwein” Hartmanns von Aue (Berlin, 1978); and Der deutsche Artusroman (Stuttgart, 1988). Jan-Dirk Müller, Institute for German Philology,University of Munich. Jan-Dirk Müller’s interests include memory, gesture, performance, writing, and narrative strategy in medieval and late medieval literature. His books include Gedechtnus: Literatur und Hofgesellschaft um Maximilian I (Munich, 1982); Wissen für den Hof: Der spätmittelalterliche Verschriftungsprozess am Beispiel Heidelberg im 15. Jahrhundert (Munich, 1994); and Spielregeln für den Untergang: die Welt des Nibelungenliedes (Tübingen, 1998). Norbert H. Ott, Bavarian State Archive, Munich. Norbert Ott’s interests include secular and religious illustrated manuscripts. His books include Exlibris: zur Geschichte ihrer Motive, ihrer Gestaltungsformen und ihrer Techniken (Frankfurt am Main, 1967); and Rechtspraxis und Heilgeschichte: zu Überlieferung, Ikonographie und Gebrauchssituation des deutschen “Belial” (Munich,1983), and he is continuing the work started by Hella Frühmorgen-Voss cataloging German illustrated manuscripts (Katalog der deutschsprachigen illustrierten Handschriften des Mittelalters [Munich, 1986–]). James A. Rushing, Jr., Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Rutgers University,Camden. James Rushing has worked extensively on visual narratives of medieval German literature. He is the author of Images of Adventure:Ywain in the Visual Arts (Philadelphia, 1995) and numerous other publications on relationships between texts and images in the Middle Ages, as well as “a translation of Ava’s New Testament narratives entitled When the Old Law Passed Away (Kalamazoo, 2003). Kathryn Starkey, Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Kathryn Starkey’s interests include word and image, material culture, language, performance, ritual, and the history of the book. She has published a number of articles on illustrated manuscripts and material culture, and her book is entitled Reading the Medieval Book:Word, Image, and Performance in Wolfram von Eschenbach’s “Willehalm” (Notre Dame, 2004). Haiko Wandhoff, Institute for German Literature, Humboldt University, Berlin. Haiko Wandhoff’s research interests include high medieval courtly epic and lyric, word and image, ekphrasis, heraldry, printing and literary communication in the sixteenth century, and the theory and history of media and communication. He is the author of Der epische Blick. Eine mediengeschichtliche Studie zur höfischen Literatur (Berlin, 1996) and Ekphrasis: Kunstbeschreibungen und virtuelle Räume in der Literatur des Mittelalters (Berlin, 2003). LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 275

Horst Wenzel, Institute for German Literature, Humboldt University, Berlin. Horst Wenzel’s interests include courtly culture, word and image, and media theory. He has co-edited numerous collections of essays including Beweglichkeit der Bilder. Text und Imagination in den illustrierten Handschriften des “Welschen Gastes” von Thomasin von Zerclaere (Cologne, 2002); and Gutenberg und die Neue Welt (Munich, 1994). His editorial work includes a microfiche edition of the Welsche Gast manuscript Hamilt. 675, Staatsbibliothek Berlin (Munich, 1998); and he is the author of Frauendienst und Gottesdienst. Studien zur Minne-Ideologie (Berlin, 1974) and Hören und Sehen—Schrift und Bild. Kultur und Gedächtnis im Mittelalter (Munich, 1995). INDEX

Abgesang 148 Apollonius von Tyrland 77 Abîme 125 Aquinas,Thomas 171 Abraham 239 Arabel 78, 80 Von Abtuhung der Bylder 252 Arma Christi 178 accessus ad auctores 91 armes parlantes 60 Achilles 54–8 ars dictandi 90 acrostics 73, 80, 91 Arthurian knights 41, 59 Adam and Eve 239 Arthurian romance 59, 62, 63, 81 Ademar von Chabannes 137 auctor dictans 91 Aeneid 55, 58, 74, 120, 128 auctor legens 91 Aeneis 142 auctor scribens 91 Alberti, Leonbattista 251, 262 Augustine’ theory of memory 167 Albrecht see von Scharfenberg, authority and power 45 Albrecht âventiuren 106 Alcuin 117, 128 Alexander 57, 85 Balbulus, Notker 137, 141 Alexander the Great 33 Baldius, José 240 Alexandreis 57 Bamberger Reiter (Bamberg Aliscans 143 Horseman) 20 allegorical analysis 262 baptism 78, 84, 85, 89, 233, 266–7 allegorical interpretation 208, 209, Barlaam 85, 86 227, 236, 251 Barlaam und Josaphat 85 allegorical plays 209, 216 Bartók, Bela 141 allegorical signification 56 Bataille d’Annezin 143 allegorical symbol 211 Bédier, Joseph 107 allegorical tree 145 bende 58 Alleluia 151 Benoît de Sainte-Maure 77 Amen 151, 167 Beowulf 119, 141 Armer Heinrich 57 Berlin manuscript 74, 76, 77 Amman, Joß 9, 256 Bernardino 164 amor de lonh 149 Bevis d’Hampton 143 Andria 142 Bible, the 9, 23, 165, 227, 239, 240, anima 172 252, 253, 256, 257, 263 Annunciation of the Virgin 143 biblia pauperum 22, 252 Apelles 251 biblical hermeneutics 213, 216, 263 Apocalypse 252, 253 biblical narrative 259–60 apocalyptic imagery 183 Bielietz 143 278 INDEX bilde 2, 167, 169, 177 chansons 143, 144 Bildlosigkeit 162, 171 chansons de geste 143, 151 Birge Vitz, Evelyn 152 chansons de saints 143, 144 Biterolf und Dietleib 63 Charlemagne 116, 120–2, 126, Bligger von Steinach 82 127, 137 bodily exercises 172 Charrette 59 Boethius 142 cheironomy 138 Bonaventure 164 Chrétien de Troyes 56, 59, 110 book of conduct 2 Christ and the beguine book of emblems 9, 262 208–10, 212 book of nature 38 Christ and the fig tree 188 book of Revelation 227, 229 Christ, birth of 259 book of visions 208 Christ-book 234–5 Brown, Earle 136 Christ, crucifixion 170, 181, Brussels manuscript 85 183, 227 Buchthal, Hugo 18, 21 Christ in Majesty 184 Bumke, Joachim 7, 61, 273 Christ in the printing press 236–43 Byzantinists 21 Christ in the wine-press 223, 224, 225–30, 243 Caesarius of Heisterbach 234 Christ, Jesus 166, 167, 208, 209, Cain and Abel 265–7 212, 215, 225, 227, 234, 236, calcare 240–1 239, 266 calcographia 241 Christ, Real Presence of 212 Calumnia 251 Christ’s apostles 227 Cambridge Songs 144, 152 Christ’s blood 229, 231, Camille, Michael 162, 164 238, 244 canting 65 Christ’s body 167 cantor 139 Christ’s crucifixion 167 Carelmanninc 144 Christ’s entry into Jericho 172 Carliûne 83 Christ’s footsteps 177 Carmina 142 Christ’s image 167 Carmina burana 145–6, 151–2 Christ’s nudity 167, 177 carmina figurata 179 Christ’s passion 167, 177 Carruthers, Mary 4, 181 Christ’s recitation 168 cataloguing of illustrated Christ’s suffering 167 manuscripts 24 Christ’s true house 172 Cerquiglini, Bernard 106 Christ’s two natures 168 Chailley 144 Christ’s vestigia 177 Chanson d’Aspremont 121 Christian community 224, 225, 227, Chanson d’Audigier 143 231, 239, 240, 244 Chanson de Roland 7, 115, 118–26, Christian iconography 9, 244 128, 151 Christian martyrs 170, 227 Chanson de Roland, Oxford manuscript Christianity,meaning 233 120, 151 Chuonrat, Pfaffe 122 see Konrad, Chanson de St. Leger 144 Pfaffe INDEX 279 church (Kirche) in the multiple manuscripts 100, 104 subscriptio 266 parallel versions 103–6 church building during medieval poetic and heraldic blazon 62 period 123, 126 scriptoral communication in 81 church, consecration of 171, 172, 188 transmission and textual criticism classical epic, tradition of 74–8 of 99–113 clausula 138, 152 Wandhoff, Haiko 274 Clermont-Ferrand 144 courtly interaction 6, 43 Cligés 59 courtly lyric poetry 102, 104, 274 Codex Calixtinus 120, 121 courtly romances 152 Codex Moguntinus 143 Cramer,Thomas 9 Collecta 136 crucifixion 170, 181, 183, 227 colores rhetorici 66, 67 crying and coding 44–5 colors of heraldry 64, 67 crying, as emotional response Comester, Petrus 180, 181 42–4 Commandments, the 229 cura monialium 8, 162 communio 224, 225, 244 Curschmann, Michael 12, 16, 20, Communion, the 9, 127, 212, 227, 25, 26 229, 233 Curtius, Ernst Robert 15–16 Concurrite hoc populi 144 contamination, presuppositions 101 danch 149 conversion 9, 207, 214–16 Dares and Dictys 77 corpus Christi mysticum 224, 225 Daseia-notation 137 courtly behavior David 238, 239 development of 37 David and Goliath 266 visual signs 37–40 dawn-songs 149 courtly ceremonial action 148 decorated shields 56–9 courtly culture 2, 6, 107 dedication of love songs 150 Bumke, Joachim 273 Den morgenblick 149 in the Middle Ages 2 Descriptio 127 visual and verbal modes of deus absconditus 185 expression 6 Diaconus, Johannes 137 visual nature of 6 diastematic neumes 138 Wenzel,Horst 275 “Die Fittiche der Seele” 181 courtly epics 89, 90, 99, Dießenhofen leaflet 150, 153 102–4, 106 Diethelm 233 Fleck, Konrad’s epic 76 Dietrich epics 119 Heinrich von Veldeke’s Dietrichstein manuscript 81 epilogue 74 Digby 23 120 heraldization 62–7 din 149 in the High Middle Ages 74 discursive story telling culture knights and noble ladies 73 4, 7, 47 medieval German epic divine experience through literature 57 liturgy 211 Mertens,Volker 274 Donaueschingen Passion Play 214 280 INDEX

Early Modern period 27, 53, 244, 274 eucharistic drink 227, 233 Ecclesia 172, 225 eucharistic fluid 233 Eckhart, Meister 8, 172–4 Eulalia Sequence 143 Eclogues 142 Eunuchius 142 Edzardi,Anton 110 Evangelienbuch 141–3, 152 Eilhart von Oberg 83, 89 Eve 265 Ein man verbiutet ane phliht 149 exegesis 185, 208, 212 Ekkehard 144 Exemplar 168, 173, 181, 182, 189 ekphrasis 3, 54–9 exemplary reading 167, 213, 215 ekphrasis to heraldry 56–9 exordium 91 ekphrastic blazon 58 extant texts, in traditional textual ekphrastic imagery 58 criticism 100–1 ekphrastic passages 6, 56 extromission 174 ekphrastic principle 53, 62, 67 ekphrastic shield-picture 55, 59, fabliaux 106 66, 67 feast of the Annunciation 143 ekphrastic “windows” 57, 58 Feirefiz’s baptism 78 electronic communications media Feyerabend, Sigmund 9, 253, 254, for images and sounds 35, 36 256, 258, 259 enargeia (evidentia) 53 figura Christi 225 “encoding” of the visual world 39 Fischart and Stimmer 259, 263, Eneas 57, 74–6, 89, 153; see also Eneit 264, 267 Eneit 102, 103; see also Eneas Fischart, Johann 9, 259, 262 epic manuscripts 109 Fischel, Lilli 22 contamination of 101 Flamenca 152 German manuscripts 73, 109 Fleck, Konrad 76 illustrated 91 Flore und Blanscheflur 76 liturgical events in 82 flowery speech 67 during the thirteenth century 109 Flowing Light of the Godhead 208 vernacular 90 fluidity of textual production 108 epic variation 105, 106, 110 Frankfurt Neidhart Fragment O 147 epimythion 47 Frauendienst 63 epistemes 7, 123, 127, 128 Frey,Dagobert 19 epistolography 87 Friedrich von Schwaben 81 Erec 56, 64, 103 Frühmorgen-Voss,Hella 24 Erec et Enide 56 Ernst B57 Gaddi,Taddeo 169 Ernst, Ulrich 6, 273 Gahmuret 60, 61, 64, 78 “Der Erst martyrer Abel” 265 Galluslied 143 Estoire de Troie 77 garriant 142 Ettnüller, Ludwig 102 Gebeno von Eberbach 168 Etzel 43 geblümte Rede 67 Eucharist 189, 212, 224, 225, gelossenheit 174, 175 229, 233 Genesis 260, 264 eucharistic blood 242 gentibus 116 INDEX 281

Georgica 142 Gregorian formula 262 German art history 20–2, 242 Gregorian justification 258, 259 German Arthurian romances 59, 274 Gregorian justification of images 252 German Bible 237 Gregorian quotation 256 German biblical epics 89 Gregorius 57 German bridal quest narratives 116 Gregory the Great, Pope 3–4, 16, German court epic 57, 59 116–17, 140, 164, 165, 251, German Dietrich epic 106 256, 259 German epic literature 57, 61, Guillame de Dôle 153 89, 109 Guiraut del Luc 143 German literary scholars 19 Gunther 42, 44, 45 German love-poetry 146 Gutenberg era 223 German medieval culture 4 German medieval studies 10, 223 Hadewijch of Antwerp 208, 209, German Middle Ages 1, 8, 10 212, 213, 215, 216 German musical manuscript 146, 147 vision of 208–13 German resistance to Hagen 43 interdisciplinarity 5 Hamburger, Jeffrey 8 German sermons 8, 161 Harsdörffer, Georg Philipp 241 German stanzas 145–6 Hartmann von Aue 56, 62, 64, 100, German vernacular literature 2, 103, 110 25, 135 Haubenstock-Ramati, Roman 136 gern 149 Heffernan 59 Gerson, Jean (chancellor of the Heidelberg manuscript 81, 87, 123 University of Paris) 164, 181 Heinrich II, Landgrave 80 Gertrud of Helfta 234 Heinrich von Veldeke 57, 58, 61, Gertrude of Nivelles 171 74–8, 89, 90, 102, 103, 153 geschicht 207 Heinrich der Löwe see Saxony,Henry geste que Turoldus declinet 119 the Lion gestures and stances 39 Heinzle, Jochim 106 ginevra 61 von Heinzenburg, Lord Girart de Vienne 121 Wilhelm 90 Girat de Rouissilon 143 Heliand 141–3, 152 gnomic poetry (spruchdichtung), jena Helmbrecht 56 manuscript 148 Henry VI, Emperor 148 Gospel, the 207–9, 212 Hephaestus 54 Gotha manuscript 77 heraldic blazon 58, 62 Gottfried von Strassburg 64, heraldic gaze 67 82–4, 100 heraldization of poetry (late thirteenth grapevine 83, 227, 228 and early fourteenth Great Flood, the 267 centuries) 62–7 Great Whore, the 253 heraldry 56–67 Green, Dennis 7 classical heraldry 61, 62 Gregorian argument 255 epic heraldry 57, 61, 63 Gregorian chant 137 origins of 56 282 INDEX heraldry—continued iconography 9, 18–21, 24, 87, 90, poetic heraldry 59–67 179, 224, 227 shield-devices 62 of Arthurian subject 20 six tinctures of 63–5 Christian iconography 9, 244 terminology 67 on the illustration of vernacular epics Herbort von Fritzlar 57, 103 21, 90 hermeneutics 213, 216, 263 media-oriented 87 heroic romances 63 “Roman images” and visual Herzog Ernst B 57 iconography 179 Hessian-Thuringian earldom 57 of the subject matter 18, 19, 21 Hettche 35, 36 of the text-bearing von Heusinger, Christian 22 manuscript 20, 24 hieroglyphics 262 word and image 224; see also image Hildebrand’s mode 142 and word (text-image) Hildebrandslied 119, 141 idiotis 116 Hildegard of Bingen 8, 162, 163, ignorantes 116 168, 175, 177, 181, 183–5, Iliad 54, 55 189, 190; see also Liber Scivias Ilias Latina 77, 120 Hildegard’s abbey 169 illiterate 4, 36, 165; see also Hildegard’s image 183 illiterati and illiteratus Hildegard’s paintings 168, 169 the Bible of the 165 Hildegard’s songs 140 vocality 36 Hildegard’s text 179, 181 writing for 4 Hildegard’s vision 171, 173–5, 184 illiterati 262 Hirsch und Hinde 144 illiteratus 259 Historia Scholastica 180, 181 illustrated manuscripts 6, 7, 24, 40, von Hohenfels, Lord Burkhard 90 120–3, 274 Holtzwart, Mathias 262 epic manuscripts 73–91 Holy Communion, the 227, Ott, Norbert H. 274 229, 233 Sachsenspiegel 40 Holy Spirit, the 166, 179, 244 Starkey,Kathryn 274 Homer 53–6 image 2–3, 4, 6, 36, 90, 128, homo litteratus 82 167, 187, 189, 213, 214, Horatius 142 224–9, 238, 242, 252, hortus conclusus 229 255, 259 “humanistic” education tradition 76 allegorical interpretation 251 Hucbalt von Saint-Amano 137 of Christ’s body 167, 189, 224–9, Husdrapa 57 238, 242 Hwaet 119 devotional 207, 214, 224 hybrid manuscripts 101 as a field of research 15–32 of God 187, 224–9, 238, 242 Ich wirbe um allez daz ein man 149 and imitation 185 iconic representation 26, as instruments of a papal policy of 36–9 stultification 255 iconographic imagination 183 at the interface 128 INDEX 283

of the Manesse manuscript 90 Katalog der deutschsprachigen and medieval religious plays 213 illustrierten 23 as “painted philosophy” 259 Kautzsch, Rudolf 21 as a papist strategy 252 Kemp,Wolfgang 22 technical 233–4 kerygma 216 and text see image and word Kessler, Herbert 165 (text-image) Kirche 266 Thomasîn and 2–3 von Kirchberg Count Konrad 90 image and word (text-image) 2, 4–6, von Kleve, Countess Margarete 74 8, 17–21, 23, 25, 26, 53, 58, 64, Kölnische Chronik 241 162, 164, 165, 168, 189, 223, 224, König Rother 57 263, 267, 273–5 Konrad (Schenk) von image-worship 258 Winterstetten 83 imago 23, 169, 174, 185 Konrad von Winterstetten’s songs 147 imago Dei 167 Konrad von Würzburg 57–8, imitatio 185 62–4, 77 imitatio Christi 169, 177 Krechsenschwank 150 incunabula 22 Krieger, Murray 53 inscriptio 263, 265, 266 Kriemhilt 43 de Insulis,Alanus 179 Kuhn, Hugo 23 intellectual-historical optimism 19 Kürenbergers wîse 149 interdisciplinarity 4–5, 16–24, 26 intermediality 5–7, 35–52 Lachmann, Karl 99, 100, 102, 103 interpretative painting 262 Lachmannian textual philology 107 Introitus 136 Ladner, Gerhart 21 intromission 174 laicorum litteratura 16, 18, 126 Iwein 25, 57, 100, 103, 110 laity 166 Lamprecht, Pfaffe 57 Jeu de Robin et Marion 143 language of formation 185 Jewish law on illegitimate Lancelot en prose 61 pregnancy 142 Lanquan li jorn 149 Jewish law,dead letter of 188 Lanzelet 59, 81 Jewish Tabernacle 256 Largier, Niklaus 8 Jobin, Bernnard 262 Last Supper, the 169, 185, 226 Johann von Würzburg 66, 67 Late Antiquity 117 John XXII, Pope 161 Latin books in the Middle Ages 120 Josaphat, Indian prince 85 Latin culture 7 Joseph and Mary 142 Latin literature 26, 57 St. Joseph, feast of 142 Latin manuscripts 145 Jüngere Titurel 81, 104, 151, 152 Latin poems 146 Latin verses, biblical 259 Kaiserchronik 57, 117 letter reading 89 von Karlstadt,Andreas Bodenstein letter writing 89 252, 255 Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut 21 Kassel Willehalm codex 80 Leich 148 284 INDEX

Lejeune, Rita and Jacques Stiennon manuscript culture 7–8, 97, 236 21, 24, 121, 124, 125 rethinking of 7–8, 97–158 Liber Scivias 8, 161–205; see also manuscript tradition 18, 77, 81, Hildegard of Bingen 99–104, 107, 108, 123, 151 Rupertsberg codex 162, 168, 169 manuscript transmission 102, 103, Liet von Troie 57, 103 108, 110 linguistic communication, lack of 46 marginal notation 139 literacy 107 marginalization 255 littera notabilior 136, 143, 148, Marian cult statues 164 149, 151 Marner stanza 152 litterati 251 martyrdom 127 litteratura laicorum 16, 18, 126, Mary and Joseph 142 166, 259 Mary and the birth of Christ 259 liturgical chant 137, 138, 140, 142 mater dolorosa 227 liturgical music 137 Mechthild of Hackeborn 234, 244 liturgical prayers 136 Mechthild of Magdeburg 208–10, liturgical recitation 138 213, 214 liturgical rites 165 medieval preachers 162, 164–7, 179, liturgy 37, 40, 172, 209–11, 213 185, 189, 240 allegorical reading of 209, 211 medieval religious play 8, 208, church and 209 213–16 inventor of 140 medieval scriptography 73 Luke 19 episode 188 medieval studies 5, 10, 39, 15–32 symbolic language of 212 and linguistic barrier 5 transformation into a dialogic new visions in 15–32 scene 210 medieval vernacular literature 6, 20, Lochamer Song Book 150 26, 56, 57, 73, 102, 106, 107, 135 locus classicus 54 medieval visual culture 2, 5, 8, 10, 38, logos 224, 229, 233, 234, 239 53, 190, 273, 274 logos in the press 223–49 Meistersinger 137 Lohengrin 81 Mertens,Volker 7, 8, 10, 274 Loomis, Roger and Laura 20, 21 Middle Ages 9, 39, 42, 53, 56, 74, 90, love letters 76, 77, 82, 91, 153 101, 102, 106, 107, 115, 117, 120, Lucanus 142 139, 161, 208, 229 Ludwig der Bayer, emperror 161 attitude toward texts 101 Ludwigslied 143, 144 biblical works in 9 Lufft, Hans 254 communication in 107 Luther 253–5 courtly epics 74 Luther Bible 236, 238, 239, 253 development of the ars dictandi 90 ekphrasis 56 Maere vom nackten Boten 45 English sermons 161 Magdalene, Mary 214–16, 238 Late Antiquity 117 magister cum discipulis 82 learning the melodies 139 Manesse song manuscript 76, 82, 90, legend of Roland, the 115 148–50 manuscript transmission 102, 106 INDEX 285

pictorial representations 229 New Testament,the 225, 227, 229, pilgrimage site of 120 236, 238, 266 religious theatrical performance 208 Newe Biblische Figuren text and image, Michael Camille’s ( Joß Amman) 256 view 162, 164 Nibelungenklage 104, 106, 110 vernacular literature 102 Nibelungenlied 43, 99, 104, 119 visible reality in 39 Nibelungenlied manuscript B 64 visual encoding in 39, 42 Noah 239, 265 visual powers during 107 Noah’s ark 267 visual signs, inferiority to speech 42 Nonnenarbeiten 169 Middle High German epics 7, 53, 61, North America 4–5, 19 62, 74, 89 inclusive approach to Minneburg 65, 67, 148 interdisciplinarity 5 minstrel manuscript 118, 120, 152 medieval studies 4–5 Mirror 233 notations 7, 8, 89, 135–44, 146, misreading, effect of 48–9 147, 149–51, 153; see also littera mnemonic pegs 162 notabilior, neumes, punctus, virgulae modernist perspectives on visual Notker Balbulus 137, 141 culture 2 Notre-Dame-polyphony 140 modi 144 Modus Carelmanninc 144–5 Old High German biblical epics 89 Modus Florum 144 Old High German manuscript 144 Modus Liebinc 144 Old High German poem 144 Modus Ottinc 144 Old Testament,the 225, 227, 229, mouvance 106 236, 252, 266 Müller, Jan-Dirk 6, 274 On Mystical Theology 181 Munich Wolfram-manuscript G 149 oral communication, visual signs, and Münster Fragment Z, musical visible reality 37, 38 notation in 147 oral delivery 162, 163 music and neumes 135–58 oral performance 163 musical notation and writing 89 by minstrels 118 musical notations see notations and practices of devotion 8 visual representation and 8 Der nackte Bote 45 and written texts 6–7 Der nackte Kaiser 47, 48 orality 107 Neidhart Fragmento (Frankfurt), meaning of 136 musical notation in 102, Oswald 57 146–8 Otfried 143, 152 Neidhart manuscripts G and K 148 Ott, Norbert, H. 4–5, 274 Neidhart’s melodies 150 Owst, G.R. 161 neumes 7, 8, 136–46, 149, 162 oxymoron 187, 190 as mnemonic aids 8 songs and 135–58 Pächt, Otto 21 Neuwe Biblische Figuren Page, Christopher 143 ( Johann Fischart) 259, 260 painted shields 53, 57, 60 286 INDEX painting-interpretation 262 printing press 240 Panofsky,Erwin 16 Christ in 236–43 papist strategy 252 iconographic tradition 9 paragone 58 technological breakthrough of 224 parallel versions of courtly epics 103–6 Horst Wenzel’s comments on 9 Parkes, Malcolm B. 109 printing 223, 242 Partonopier und Meliur 63, 64 and instrument of preaching 242 Parzival 41, 60, 63, 78, 81, 89, 100, discovery of 223 103, 106, 149 private writing 91 passe-partout 144 progymnasmata 54 Passion (Clermont-Ferrand) 144 Protestant theology 252, 257 Paul, Hermann 100 proxemics 152 Pax vobis 151 Prudentius 209 Pentachronicon 168 Prünhilt 43–5 Pentecost 211–13 Pseudo-Dionysius 187 performance 2, 3, 5, 6, 135, 152, 153 Pseudo-Turpin 7, 115, 118, 120–4, definition 3 126–8 visualization 135–53 Psychomachia 209 personification 177, 181 punctus 141, 143, 149, 151, 152 extensive use of 171 punctus elevatus 138, 149 of fear and love 181 punctus flexus 138 of Hildegard and Tauler 176 punctus versus 138 of Willing Poverty of Spirit 176, 177 Purity 170 Pharsalia 142 philology 99 Raimbaur de Vaqueiras 143 pictorial bible 252, 256, 257 Rasmo, Niccolò 22 pictorial narrative 107 Ratpert 143 pictorialization of literary material reading the visible 40–2 115–116 Reallexikon zur Deutschen of the Roland material 7, 115 Kunstgeschichte 21 of the Tristan story 116 Rebenstock, Heinrich Peter 259 pictura 16, 18, 259, 262, 263, 265, 266 recitation 168 Pierce, Charles S. 139 recontextualization 47 Plato 120 redemption 229 poeta litteratus 74, 85 Reichsministeriale 83 poetic heraldry 59 Reinfried von Braunschweig 63 in the first half of the thirteenth Reinmar’s melody 149 century 59–62 Renaissance, the 16, 81, 251 poetic shield 53–9, 61, 62 Renart, Jean 153 poetic works 6, 109 Rennewart 78 Pope Gregory,letter of 9; see also Rheinhardts Wappenbuch 67 Gregory the Great, Pope Rhenish mysticism 171 positurae 136, 138 Roland material, pictorialization Postcommunio 136 and orality 115–34 Poverty of Spirit 176, 177, 188 Roland the legend of 116 INDEX 287

Rolandslied 57, 122, 123 seraph 181, 182 Rolandslied, Heidelberg manuscript seraphim 181–5 151–2 Serenus, Bishop of Marseille 3, Rolandslied, Strassburg manuscript 116, 164 123 Settis-Frugoni, Chiara 21 Roman d’Eneas 58, 74, 153 Seuse, Heinrich 181, 182, Roman de la Violette 143 215, 233 Roman singers 137 von Seven, Lord Leuthold 90 romance-painting 66 De sex aliis Cherubim 179 Roncesvalles, legend of 118 shield as a poetic screen 53–71 Rosengarten 63 shield-device 67 Ross, David, J.A. 21 shields, painting and blazoning 62 rotuli 137 Si wunderwol genachet wîp 149 Rouse, Richard, H. and Signal 45 Mary,A. 109 Signs see visual signs Rudel, Jaufré 149 sign of tears, the interpretable Rudolf von Ems 83–91 symptom 42–4 Ruh, Kurt 102, 110 signum 225 Rupert von Deutz 229 signum datum 45, 47 Rushing, James 7, 25 signum naturale 45, 47 Rychner, Jean 106 Sine clawen 149 Sivrit 43, 44 St. Georgen Sermons 165 Small Heidelberg Songbook 146 St. Georgener Prediger 8, 165, 174 Solis,Virgil 253–5 St. Hildegard 168; see also Hildegard Solve lingua 145 of Bingen Song of Roland see Chanson de Roland sarcophagus 89 or Rolandslied satirical songs 145 Song of Songs 208, 210, 211, 227 Saurma-Jeltsch, Lieselotte 22, 182 sound methodology 15–32 Savior 171 iconographic-iconological Saxony,Henry the Lion, Duke of approach 16 (Heinrich der Löwe) 122, 123 Speculum theologie 179 schiltaere 63, 64 speech and images 224 Schmidt, Gerhard 22 Spiegel des lidens Christi 231, 232, Schwänke 104 234, 236 scriptura 262 Spielmannsepen 119 Scripture 164, 166, 167, 173, 210, spiritual desire 212 212–14, 216, 252, 255, 256 spiritual excitement of imagination scripture of the laity 166 8, 207 Secreta 136 spiritual grapevine of Lord Jesus 228 secular culture of writing 25 spiritual visions 8–9, 161–220 seculorum 151 spiritualis 213 sensus absconditus 213 spiritualization 210 sensus mysticus 212, 213 Spruchdichtung, Jena Manuscrip 148 Septembertestament 252, 253 Stackmann, Karl 101 288 INDEX

Stagel, Elsbeth 215 tradition vivante 106 Stammler,Wolfgang 20, 21, 23 traditional textual criticism 100–1 Statius 142 translatability of an image into Stephen, Saint 227 words 262 Stimmer,Tobias 9, 262, 265 transubstantiation 229, 234 Stollen 148 Treitler, Leo 139 Studies in Relationship 20 Trinity,enumeration of three pairs of subscriptio 263, 265, 266 wings 179 superbia 145 Tristan 64, 82–4, 100, 102, 103 Suso, Henry see Seuse, Heinrich Tristrant (und Isalde Eilhart von Oberg) symptom as code 45–9 57, 83, 149 Synagoga 225 Trojan stories 120 synoptical notation 139 Trojan War 77 Trojanerkrieg 57 tableau vivant 212 Turnier von Nantes 63 Tauler, Johannes 8, 161, 165, 168, 169, 172–7, 179, 181, 183–5, 187, Übermuot diu alte 145 189, 190 Uggason, Ulfr 57 Tauler vs Hildegard 177, 181, 183–5, Ulenspegel 46 189, 190 Ulrich von dem Türlin 78–80 Tauler’s sermon 8, 171 Ulrich von Liechtenstein 63 Taylor,Andrew 143, 152 Ulrich von Türheim 83 Te autem 144 Ulrich von Zatzikhoven 81 Terentius 142 Umbehanc 82 text as a shield-device 62–7 ut pictura poesis 18 Text und Bild,Bild und Text 17 text-image relationship 20, 21, 23, 58, variance 106 64, 164; see also image and word variation 105 (text-image) Venus 60 text-image research 18 verbal-visual discourse 55 textual criticism 100, 101, 105 Vergil 142 classic goal of 100 vernacular culture 7 contamination 101 vernacular epic 8, 21, 73, 74, 88, 90, courtly epic 99 101, 143 hybrid manuscripts 101 vernacular literature 6, 20, 26, 56, 57, traditional forms 100–1 73, 102, 106, 107, 135 Thebais 142 vernacular poem 145 Thetis 54 vernacular writing 107–10; see also Thomasîn von Zerclaere 2–3 vernacular literature Thuringia 57 Virgil 55, 56, 58 Timaeus 120 Virginal 63 timor Dei 175 virgulae 150, 151 tituli 89 visible culture (crying) 42–4 Titurel 78, 103, 149, 151 visible impression of physical “To the Christian Reader” 256 superiority 45 INDEX 289 visibility,staged 45 and melody 141 visionary texts and medieval religious of poetry 148 drama 207–15 vocality 36, 136 visual aids 164 definition 36 visual attraction, poetic shield 55 meaning of 136 visual communication and language, vocalization 138, 142; see also neumes complementary nature 45 visual culture 1–5, 8, 10, 17, Walberan 63 33, 36–42, 53, 54, 190, wall paintings 164, 165, 169 273, 274 Walther (von der Vogelweide) definition 1, 3 manuscript N 148 ekphrasis 54 Walther, Christoph 254, 255 interdisciplinary approach 4–5 Walther von Châtillon 57 intermediality 35–52 Walther von der Vogelweide’s and linguistic culture 36 Palestine-song 102, 148–9 as markers of modernity 2 Wandhoff, Haiko 6 reading the visible 40–2 Wappendichtung 63 role of speech 36, 37 Warburg,Aby 15, 16, 19, 27 signs 37–40 Warning, Rainer 216 Thomasîn, importance of images, Weitzmann,Kurt 21 definition 2–3 Welsche Gast 2, 3 word and image see image and word Weltchronik 85 (text-image) Wenceslas IV,King 78 visual encoding 38, 39 Wenzel,Horst 7, 9, 25, 26 visual iconography 179 Wernher der Gärtner 56 visual nature of courtly culture 2, 6 Wernicke, Ernst 229 visual signs 37–40, 42, 47 Wigalois 149 and courtly behavior 37 Wigamur 81, 91 case studies 42–50 von Wilckens, Leonie 22 hypotheses 42 Der Von Wildonie 90 recontextualization 47 Wilhelm von Österreich 63, 66, 67 types of 40 Willehalm 80, 86–8 visuality 2, 4, 37, 38 Willehalm (Wolfram von Eschenbach) in courtly literature 63 78–80, 274 definition 37 Kassal manuscript 80 Ernst Ulrich 273 Vienna codex 78, 80 and language 50 Willehalm von Orlens 86, 87, 88–91 universal encoding of 42 wine-press 223–30, 243 visualization 3, 4, 59, 127, 138–40, Winkler, Hartmut 225 147, 168, 190, 210, 212, Wirth, Karl-August 22 216, 233 Wisdom (Sophia) 170 vita Sancti Aegido 127 Wolfdietrich D VIII 60 Vitae sororum 209 Wolfenbüttel song manuscript 144 vox viva 137 Wolfram von Eschenbach 39, 41, 60, vocal realization 140, 143 73, 78–82, 100, 149, 151 290 INDEX word and image see image and word writing, definition 135 (text-image) written communication 73–95 word of God, relationship to printing in the courtly epics 90 press 9 in epic poem 73–95 word to flesh 212 pictorial concretizations of 80 word, image, and technology 9, role in Byzantine works 76 221–72 word-image interactions see image Zaccheus 171, 172, 187–9 and word (text-image) Zips Manfred 57 World War II 162 Zumthor, Paul 106, 135, 136