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Violence and Conflict Resolution in Hartmann Von Aue's Erec and Iwein

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Violence and Conflict Resolution in Hartmann Von Aue's Erec and Iwein Violence and Conflict Resolution in Hartmann von Aue’s Erec and Iwein, Wirnt von Grafenberg’s Wigalois, and Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival By Copyright 2014 Melanie Kay Piltingsrud Submitted to the graduate degree program in Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson: Dr. William D. Keel _________________________________ Co-Chairperson: Dr. Winder McConnell ________________________________ Dr. Leonie Marx ________________________________ Dr. Caroline Jewers ________________________________ Dr. Anne D. Hedeman Date Defended: May 15, 2014 ii The Dissertation Committee for Melanie Kay Piltingsrud certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Violence and Conflict Resolution in Hartmann von Aue’s Erec and Iwein, Wirnt von Grafenberg’s Wigalois, and Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival ________________________________ Chairperson: Dr. William D. Keel _______________________________ Co-Chairperson: Dr. Winder McConnell Date approved: May 15, 2014 iii Abstract This dissertation advances research by George Fenwick Jones, Richard Kaeuper, Warren Brown, and Gerd Althoff, analyzing violence and conflict resolution in four Arthurian romances that emerged from a culture that viewed (justified) violence as a legitimate means of attaining and maintaining honor. Using Kaeuper’s analysis of the spiritual valorization of knighthood in Holy Warriors: the Religious Ideology of Chivalry (2009) and Jones’s analysis of honor in Honor in German Literature, I show functions of spirituality and the pursuit of honor in literary conflicts, discussing how virtues such as mâze and êre served as catalysts for violence as an expectation of the unwritten code of knightly virtues. Fictional violence falls into two major categories: chivalric and non-chivalric. Chivalric violence includes all forms of battle within the vocation of knighthood, such as jousting. Catalysts for chivalric violence include âventiure, minnedienst, vassal obligation, independent fighting, etc., and may involve both intended and unintended violence. Chivalric violence includes violence against, and perpetrated by, other knights, and violence against non-human creatures. Non-chivalric violence includes those categories of violence not within the knightly vocation, such as direct and indirect violence of knights against women, the violence of women toward others, violence against the self, and the wrath of God. Similar, but not identical, to the categories chivalric/non-chivalric are the categories justified/unjustified. I consider these aspects of violence in four courtly works: 1) Erec (circa 1190) and 2) Iwein (circa 1203), by Hartmann von Aue, 3) Wigalois (circa 1210), by Wirnt von Grafenberg, and 4). Parzival (circa 1210), by Wolfram von Eschenbach, analyzing manifestations of violence according to the aforementioned categories, suggesting motivations with consideration to courtly virtue(s) that may have demanded violence, as in the defense of honor or the lack of virtue. This iv dissertation confirms that the spiritual validity of knightly violence, the preferred form of conflict resolution, is assumed in Arthurian romance; alternative means of resolution invite accusations of cowardice. The concept of êre, so pivotal to the “code” of knightly virtues in the Middle Ages, was intimately and unequivocally linked to violence; this study even contends that it was predicated upon it. v Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Winder McConnell, Professor emeritus of the University of California, Davis and Co-Chair of this dissertation, for his tireless reading of my drafts, invaluable advice, and long, intriguing discussions about all things courtly and medieval. One of the most valuable things I have acquired in the writing of this project are the scores of pages of commentary that Dr. McConnell wrote in response to each chapter I submitted. This dissertation would never have been possible without his advice and assistance. I would like to thank Dr. Bill Keel of the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures at the University of Kansas and Co-Chair of this dissertation for his readiness to drop whatever he was doing to answer my questions about dictionaries, linguistics, MLA style formatting, and many other topics. Many thanks to Dr. Leonie Marx of the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures at the University of Kansas for her careful reading of all my drafts, and for offering advice and many questions about the material that I had not considered. My thanks goes also to Dr. Caroline Jewers of the Department of French and Italian at the University of Kansas, who is a treasure trove of information concerning the courtly culture of Arthurian romance and the Crusades. I always left her office with a great deal more to think about than when I entered it, including a fresh list of books to check out from the library. Many thanks also to Dr. Anne D. Hedeman of the Kress Foundation Department of Art History at the University of Kansas for agreeing to serve as the outside member on my committee, and for her willingness to meet with me to discuss this project. Her fresh perspective was of great assistance and led to the inclusion of the Excursus at the end of this work. vi Lastly, I owe a debt of gratitude to Professor Doctor Otfrid Ehrismann of the Justus- Liebig-Universität Giessen, who suggested the focus of this project. I am honored by his interest and suggestions. vii Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. v Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 1. Popular beliefs concerning the Middle Ages .............................................................. 1 2. Methodology ............................................................................................................... 3 3. History of violence in the European Middle Ages ...................................................... 4 4. The development of feudalism.................................................................................... 6 5. Development of knighthood from vassalage and ministeriales ................................ 14 6. Origins of knighthood as a noble class ..................................................................... 15 7. Effects of Christianity on knighthood ....................................................................... 20 8. Knighthood as a vocation of gewalt.......................................................................... 23 Excursus on gewalt ........................................................................................................... 27 1. Commentary on the Excursus ................................................................................... 27 2. gewalt in Erec ........................................................................................................... 28 3. gewalt in Iwein .......................................................................................................... 30 5. gewalt in Wigalois..................................................................................................... 31 4. gewalt in Parzival ..................................................................................................... 33 5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 36 Hartmann von Aue’s Erec: Violence or Acedia ............................................................... 38 viii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 38 2. Vengeance and its justification ................................................................................. 41 3. Knightly enthusiasm for the bûhurt .......................................................................... 49 4. Violence against women ........................................................................................... 52 5. Violence against the self ........................................................................................... 68 6. manheit and zagheit .................................................................................................. 71 7. Chapter conclusion.................................................................................................... 79 Hartmann von Aue’s Iwein: Violence exceeding the bounds of mâze ............................. 82 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 82 2. Seeking honor ........................................................................................................... 83 3 The violence of minne ................................................................................................ 85 4. Guilt and Innocence .................................................................................................. 88 5. When violence is unbecoming .................................................................................. 98 6. Controlled violence ................................................................................................
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