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L'infra-Mécanique Quantique Constitue Une Avancée Notable Vers La Solution Du Problème No 2, Et Cette Avancée Met En Doute Le Problème No 1 En Tant Qu'un But

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L'infra-Mécanique Quantique Constitue Une Avancée Notable Vers La Solution Du Problème No 2, Et Cette Avancée Met En Doute Le Problème No 1 En Tant Qu'un But 1 Mioara MUGUR-SCHÄCHTER Infra-Quantum Mechanics and critical examination of Bell's theorem on non locality The principles of a revolution of epistemology revealed in the descriptions of microstates (French text with English summary) ____________________________________________________________ L’Infra-mécanique quantique et examen critique du théorème de non localité de Bell Principes d'une révolution de l'épistémologie révélés dans les descriptions de microétats 2 À Jean Mandelbaum qui incita la rédaction de la version initiale du texte de ce livre, avec vive estime et amitié 3 The text of this work is the slightly modified manuscript of a small book published first in January 2009 by Dianoïa (diffused by Presses Universitaires de France) and which later in the course of 2009 has been reexposed on http://arxiv.org/pdf/0901.2301v1. Now both these versions are perceived by the author to be flawn by certain very localized but important imperfections. The own aim of the present version is to suppress these imperfections. The improvements are mainly concentrated in the paragraph 3.3.2.2, 3.7, and the chapter 5 (while the previous chapter 6 has been cancelled). They finally achieve, we think, a stable form of this work. The physicists not interested in epistemological questions can skip the parts 1 and 4 of the text. 4 Global abstract The first part of this book contains considerations concerning the questions of "reality" and of "knowledge", targeted on only two aims: (a) to identify the location – any other more intrinsic qualification being abstracted away – of the quantum mechanical conceptualization, with respect to the two above mentioned questions; (b) to sensitize the reader to the role of methodological decisions when a constructive conceptualization is developed. The second part of this book contains the construction of Infra-Quantum Mechanics (IQM) to be understood as: beneath the mathematical formalism of Quantum Mechanics (QM) or encrypted in it. IQM is an epistemological-physical, strictly qualitative discipline, elaborated independently of the mathematical formalism of QM. It emerges under the constraints imposed exclusively by: * the cognitive situation of a nowadays human being who decides to construct communicable and consensual knowledge on 'states of microsystems' (microstates); * general requirements of human conceptualization. The aim of IQM is to bring into evidence how the mathematical formalism of QM manages to signify. This aim, we think, is fully achieved. IQM brings forth a radically new type of absolutely primary descriptional form, rigorously void of any model, consisting of only observable marks transferred on the registering devices of macroscopic apparatuses and which is 'primordially statistical' i.e. it cannot be conceived, like in classical physics, to be in principle removable via a more precise way of factually constructing the description. The quantum mechanical mathematical algorisms do not yield an integrated perception of this absolutely primary descriptional form, nor does it permit a definition of it. Nevertheless a physicist familiar with QM clearly recognizes in the qualitative structure developed inside IQM the whole semantic essence of the mathematical formalism of this theory. So it can be hoped that by utilizing IQM as a semantic structure of reference, the set of all the interpretation problems raised by QM will obtain a system of mutually coherent solutions. In the third part of the book IQM is considered globally, from its outside, and its relations with the concepts of space, time, geometry, consensus, as well as with Einstein's theories of relativity, are examined. Thereby it comes into evidence that: 1. If, along the vertical of our levels of conceptualization, one starts from the classical macroscopic level, progresses downward and manages to reach the absolutely final level beneath which no other level of already achieved conceptualization is available, nor conceivable; - if, under the specific cognitive constraints that act there, one constructs deliberately and explicitly an absolutely primordial type of representation of the microstates; - if then, on the basis of this absolutely primordial sort of conceptualization of microstates, one proceeds constructively upward, back toward the classical macroscopic level of physics, via modelizations that now incorporate the genetic constraints involved by the primordial transferred descriptions; - then, there appears an order of progressive re-constructability of the inner structure of our previously achieved representations of physical entities. 2. This order of re-constructability withstands inclusion of concepts formed inside macroscopic physics, into the primordial representation of microstates. 3. Consequently the aim of directly 'unifying' Einstein's theories of relativity, with QM, appears to be both illusory and devoid of pertinence. 4. The conclusion of Bell's proof of his inequality, is erroneously interpreted, possibly even by Bell himself and certainly by many others. 5. The recent experiments on locality are shown to be understandable as a factual proof of the insensitivity, in general, of the statistical features of the primordial representation of microstates, with respect to the current causal macroscopic spatial-temporal individuation. The fourth part of the book indicates the line of thought that connects IQM with the general Method of Relativized Conceptualization (MRC), developed by this author before IQM on the basis of a still not entirely explicated version of it. Namely, it is indicated in what sense the form of the primordial descriptions of microstates brought forth inside IQM, has captured in it a certain sort of universality, thereby including the principles of a radical revolution of the theory of knowledge. 5 Remerciements Une version préliminaire de ce livre a été lue patiemment par Michel de Heaulme dont les commentaires ont conduit à une amélioration dans la première partie. Hervé Barreau et Francis Bailly ont accepté de lire le manuscrit initial, et François Dubois a fait une très efficace lecture de la version finale. Je les remercie tous. Je remercie Emmanuel Malolo Dissakè pour une révision du texte dont la forme de la première partie a bénéficié notablement. Je remercie particulièrement et très vivement Jean-Christophe Denaes pour une lecture savante et approfondie qui a suggéré une modification essentielle et a clarifié certains aspects philosophiques. Je voudrais ajouter un remerciement d'une nature plus paradoxale adressé au physicien Lee Smolin. Son dernier livre The Trouble with Physics commence avec un chapitre intitulé The Five Problems in Theoretical Physics. Le premier de ces problèmes est formulé ainsi: « Problem 1. Combine general relativity and quantum theory into a single theory that can claim to be the complete theory of nature ». Cette formulation est suivie de quelques pages d'explicitation dont la conclusion est exprimée de la façon suivante. «This whole issue goes under the name the foundational problems of quantum mechanics. It is the second great problem of contemporary physics. Problem 2. Resolve the problems in the foundations of quantum mehanics, either by making sense of the theory as it stands or by inventing a new theory that does make sense ». Il a été réconfortant de prendre connaissance d'une telle perception de la situation actuelle dans la physique théorique. Car, dans la mesure où elle n'est pas tout à fait singulière, cette perception permet d'espérer que le travail exposé dans ce qui suit pourrait répondre à un questionnement qui a acquis contour dans la pensée d'une certaine communauté de physiciens. En effet l'infra-mécanique quantique constitue une avancée notable vers la solution du problème no 2, et cette avancée met en doute le problème no 1 en tant qu'un but. 6 SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION GENERALE Première partie Le réel et la connaissance versus la pensée courante, l’épistémologie philosophique et la physique Mot d’introduction à la première partie 1. De ce qui "existe" et de la connaissance 1.1. Du réel dans la pensée courante et les langages naturels 1.1.1. Un enchevêtrement vague mais résistant 1.1.2. Trompe-l’œil conceptuels 1.1.3. Données factuelles et chosification de la relation entre mot et sens 1.1.4. Intermède: un dialogue imaginaire 1.1.5. Genèse de l’enchevêtrement de la question du réel dans la pensée courante 1.2. De la connaissance dans la pensée courante et les langages naturels 1.3. Du réel et de la connaissance en physique 1.3.1. Le "réel" selon la physique classique 1.3.2. La "connaissance" selon la physique classique 1.3.3. "Réel" et "connaissance" et physique moderne 1.4. Kantisme et néo-kantisme, "réel" et "connaissance" 1.4.1. Du "réel" chez Kant 1.4.2. De la "connaissance" chez Kant 1.5. Physique, philosophie, "réel" et "connaissance" 1.5.1. Philosophie kantienne et physique classique 1.5.2. Philosophie kantienne et néo-kantienne versus physique moderne 1.5.3. Métaphysique et pensée physique 1.5.4. Conclusion sur les relations entre philosophie et physique 1.6. En conclusion à la première partie Deuxième partie L’infra-[mécanique quantique] En guise d'introduction à la deuxième partie 2. Naissance d’un projet 2.1. Sur le processus d’émergence de la mécanique quantique 2.2. Une hypothèse 2.3. Un projet 2.3.1. Formulation du projet 2.3.2 Nouveauté du projet 2.3.3. Intermède: une conférence sur la localité en 1979 2.3.4. But latéral: réaction à un danger épistémologique 7 3. Une représentation qualitative des microétats construite indépendamment du formalisme quantique 3.1. Préalables 3.2. Comment introduire un microétat en tant qu’objet de description? 3.2.2. Étiquetage et communicabilité 3.2.3. Une décision méthodologique inévitable 3.2.4. Une catégorie particulière d’opérations de génération d’un microétat: les opérations de ‘génération composée’ 3.2.5. Mutation du concept de définition d’une entité-objet-d’étude: indépendance de toute qualification 3.3. Qualifier un microétat 3.3.1.
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