The Study of C-Low Threshold Mechanoreceptors: the Case Of

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The Study of C-Low Threshold Mechanoreceptors: the Case Of UNIVERSITE D’AIX-MARSEILLE ECOLE DOCTORALE Des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé IBDM – UMR 7288 Thèse présentée pour obtenir le grade universitaire de docteur Spécialité : Neurosciences Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Manon Bohic The study of C-low threshold mechanoreceptors : the case of bhlha9 in somatosensation Soutenue le 31/01/2019 devant le jury : Sophie Chauvet IBDM - Marseille Présidente de jury Håkan Olausson Linköping University Sweden Rapporteur David Bennett Oxford University UK Rapporteur Irène Marics IBDM - Marseille Invitée Aziz Moqrich IBDM - Marseille Directeur de thèse Numéro national de thèse/suffixe local : 2017AIXM0001/001ED62 1 Remerciements : Aziz, je te remercie de m’avoir accueillie dans ton équipe pour mon tout premier stage dans le milieu de la recherche il y a de ça presque 8 ans, et ensuite en master et en thèse ! Toi et Irène avaient été mes mentors et mon inspiration dans mes études et ma carrière de jeune chercheuse et je vous en serai éternellement reconnaissante. Mais plus que ça, tu as partagé avec moi non seulement ta vision de la science et de la recherche, mais aussi ta vision de la vie, ton humour, ton sourire, ta sagesse et ton extrême générosité. Choukrane. Irène, le sourire, la bonne humeur, une épaule pour les chagrins d’amour, du recul et de la sagesse quand la thèse ne se passe pas comme prévu, un soutien jusque dans le détail du micro pour mon séminaire interne et puis des discussions fringues et maquillage ☺ Je te remercie pour tout Irène, tu vas beaucoup me manquer, bisous Pascale, merci de m’avoir aidé tous les jours de la thèse d’une façon ou d’une autre, comme Aziz et Irène à la fois pour l’aspect scientifique (l’enseignement de la biologie moléculaire, la rigueur dans le travail et l’organisation du labo) mais aussi humain, pleins de magnifiques photos, le gospel (j’ai vraiment adoré !), des anecdotes de ta vie personnelle qui m’ont aidé dans la mienne et puis une réelle bienveillance. Toi, Aziz et Irène, c’est vous les piliers du labo qui en faites un endroit aussi familial que j’ai toujours eu plaisir à retrouver le matin pendant toutes ces années. Stéphane et Ana, non je ne vais pas vous mettre dans le même paragraphe ! Chacun le sien, juste pour vous dire que vous êtes tout aussi importants pour moi que les trois piliers du labo que je viens de remercier ^^ Stéphane, j’ai adoré te découvrir petit à petit pendant ces années de thèse, on a commencé doucement et puis on a découvert que tous les deux ‘on n’aime pas les gens’ mais on aime les Spartiates et on a fini employeur – employée. Je te remercie pour ton calme, ta gentillesse, ta générosité et ta curiosité scientifique permanente qui m’a beaucoup inspiré et puis ton humour, le petit sourire taquin et le clin d’œil qui va avec. Merci pour tout Ana, Ah Ana la magnifique, grande prêtresse des huiles essentielles et des doubitchous roulés sous les aisselles ^^ on en a passé quelques-unes des soirées à discuter de tout pendant des heures, au labo ou avec une petite pression au Blackstone. Et puis heureusement que tu étais là pour m’offrir un repas maison, chaud et équilibré de temps en temps. Bien sûr, comme Stéphane, vous m’avez beaucoup apporté humainement mais aussi scientifiquement. C’est avec vous deux que j’ai appris à « discuter science », pas forcément que dans un cadre formel, dans un labmeeting, mais toujours avec passion. Merci. De même, tu vas beaucoup me manquer. 2 Au milieu de tous ces Moqrich, je me dois de remercier Rosanna Dono, qui m’a aussi pris sous son aile en master et m’a enseigné beaucoup pendant ces tout premiers stages dans la recherche, avec douceur, calme et aussi avec le sourire. Les autres membres de la fine équipe : Lucie et Anissa, les deux derniers ‘bébés Moqrich’ :p et Catarina. Je suis bien contente d’avoir partagé le bureau avec vous ces dernières années, d’avoir partagé avec vous un peu de ce que j’ai appris en science (si si ça nous arrive de parler science dans le bureau des jeunes ^^ ), et puis aussi des discussions de fringues, de maquillage, de célébrités, horoscopes, et autres objets vendus ou non chez sephora et monoprix brefs des discussions plus ou moins scientifiques mais passionnantes aussi ! Francis, je suis bien contente que tu aies décidé de rejoindre l’équipe parce que j’ai beaucoup appris en discutant avec toi, comme avec Aziz, non seulement de science mais de la vie en général, la co**erie uniformément répartie, la politique, les sushis, je suis vraiment contente de te connaître ! Et puis il faut dire que tu nous as offert un délicieux méchoui d’agneau, dans un coin reculé et magnifique de Marseille que je ne connaissais pas (avec pleins de virages comme je les aime sur la route) ça ne s’oublie pas ! Nadine et Sunjae, même si on a peu échangé, je me trouve chanceuse d’avoir été dans la même équipe que vous, et d’avoir découvert grâce à vous un petit peu de cette chose mystérieuse qu’est pour moi l’électrophysiologie. Bonne continuation à tous les deux. Et en-dehors de l’équipe, parce qu’une thèse, dans les bons et dans les mauvais moments, on la partage avec tout plein de gens et c’est ça qui rend la recherche si belle : Raphaël et Alain ça remonte à bien avant la thèse ! En licence déjà on partageait les sudokus, les mots croisés et les parties de cartes pendant la pause de midi, au soleil aux tables du CROUS. On ne pensait pas vraiment ni à la thèse, ni même au master ^^ et puis Anaïs nous a rejoint quelques années plus tard puis Jules, et j’ai adoré nos pauses cafés, nos discussions, nos sessions vidage de sac, et tout le reste à l’extérieur de Luminy (Amsterdam, bientôt la Russie…). En ce qui me concerne, ça m’a définitivement aidé à tenir le cap et vous allez beaucoup me manquer mais j’espère bien qu’on se reverra de temps en temps, soit dans mon futur chez moi dans le New Jersey, soit chez vous où que ce soit ☺ Et puis il y a les amitiés qui ont commencé à la fac ou au labo et qui continuent et continueront à l’extérieur : Isis, Agnès, Amel et Eunice love you 3 Enfin, les trois personnes les plus importantes dans ma vie, ma maman, mon papa et ma petite sœur. Merci pour tout, merci d’être toujours là pour moi, de croire en moi même quand je n’y crois pas trop, de m’aimer infiniment comme je vous aime infiniment en retour. Je suis impatiente de vous faire découvrir et de découvrir avec vous les Etats-Unis. Oui c’est pas la porte à côté mais je suis sûre que ça va être sympa. On a fait pas mal des pays de l’Europe tous les 4, il est temps de passer à un autre continent ! Tous pour un… 4 Résumé : Notre système nerveux somatosensoriel joue un rôle clé dans notre vie quotidienne, dans nos interactions avec notre environnement, les gens et les choses qui nous entourent, ce qui le rend indispensable pour notre bien-être physique et mental. En effet, il nous permet de percevoir aussi bien l’effet relaxant d’un massage que la douleur d’une cheville foulée. Les neurones somatosensoriels qui innervent notre peau permettent la détection de ces stimuli et sa transformation en un signal qu’ils transmettent à la moelle épinière. Cette moelle épinière joue un rôle de filtre, ou de « portillon » qui ne laisse passer que les informations les plus pertinentes en direction des structures supérieures telles que le cerveau. Cependant, une défaillance à n’importe quel niveau de cette chaîne peut entraîner l’établissement de douleurs chroniques, un mal qui perturbe la vie d’un cinquième de la population mondiale. Les neurones somatosensoriels présentent une vaste hétérogénéité à la hauteur de la variété des sensations qu’ils sont capables de transmettre. Ainsi, ils peuvent être subdivisés en populations distinctes en fonction de leur anatomie, leur physiologie, les modalités qu’ils détectent mais aussi leur profil moléculaire. Une bonne connaissance de ces différents profils moléculaires est capitale pour construire les outils génétiques nécessaires pour étudier chaque population et ainsi comprendre leurs spécificités. Même si les neurones somatosensoriels sont l’objet de recherches depuis plusieurs décennies maintenant, une population toute particulière du nom de mécanorécepteurs à bas seuil à fibre C (C-Low Threshold MechanoReceptors C-LTMRs) n’est revenue que récemment sur le devant de la scène. Ces neurones innervant strictement la peau poilue ont été très conservés au fil de l’évolution des espèces (Seal et al., 2009; Vallbo et al., 1999; Zotterman, 1939). Ils peuvent transmettre à la fois le toucher affectif et affiliatif (Loken et al., 2011), le refroidissement de la peau (Li et al., 2011), mais aussi moduler la douleur chez l’homme et chez la souris (Delfini et al., 2013; Francois et al., 2015; Liljencrantz and Olausson, 2014; Nagi et al., 2011; Urien et al., 2017). Cependant, à l’heure actuelle peu d’études permettent de construire des hypothèses quant aux mécanismes qui expliqueraient des fonctions aussi diverses. Etant donné les défis de santé publique auxquels fait face notre société, à savoir l’augmentation des troubles mentaux et le manque de traitements efficaces des douleurs chroniques, une meilleure connaissance d’une population de neurones impliquée à la fois dans les interactions sociales et dans la modulation de la douleur paraît indispensable.
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