Published by The American Physiological Society Integrating the Life Sciences from Molecule to Organism The PhysiologistPhysiologist

2010 Walter C. Randall Lecture in Biomedical Ethics

Scientific Integrity: Positive & Negative Academic/Industry INSIDE Relationships

Debra A. Schwinn ACDP Meeting Univ. of Washington, Seattle Highlights Introduction to the with the American p. 14 Randall Lectureship Physiological Walter C. Randall Society to honor (1916-1993) was a physi- Randall with the Williams Honored at ologist who began his Randall ACDP Meeting career as a biology major Lectureship in p. 15 at Taylor Univ., where he Biomedical Ethics. graduated in 1938. After receiving his MS and PhD Introduction to Highlights of the in physiology from Purdue the 2010 Randall 2010 USA Science Univ., and completing a Lecturer and Engineering postdoctoral fellowship at As a cardiovas- Case Western Reserve cular clinician and Festival Univ., Randall spent an researcher, as well p. 19 illustrious career as an as Chair of a large academic scientist, culmi- clinical depart- nating during the last 21 ment at the Univ. Dual Science years as Chairman of the Debra A. Schwinn of Washington, it Couples and Being Department of Physiology was an honor to be a New Faculty at the Loyola Univ. selected to give the Chicago Stritch School of Medicine. He 2010 Randall Lecture in Biomedical Member was actively involved with the Ethics. In terms of background, my p. 22 American Physiological Society his area of scientific research focuses on entire career. stress responses in humans, particu- APS Leadership After retiring, Randall returned to larly responses to the robust stress of his roots at Taylor Univ., where he con- surgery. It is in this context that after Meets with NIH tinued mentoring summer science stu- medical school, anesthesiology resi- Officials dents with their cardiovascular dency, and cardiothoracic anesthesiol- p. 24 research projects. As a man with deep ogy clinical fellowship, I began basic Christian beliefs and commitment, science molecular pharmacology/phys- Randall emphasized the combination iology training focusing on α1-adren- Experimental of integrity, scientific expertise, and ergic receptors in the laboratory of Biology 2011 rigor with all his students. Students Robert J. Lefkowitz at Duke Univ. and colleagues also remember Randall Over the last 25 years, my career has Program Schedule as a very humble man. It is in his mem- included cloning cDNAs, pharmaco- p. 28 ory that Taylor Univ. has partnered logically characterizing encoded pro- (continued on page 3) Volume 54, No. 1 - February 2011 www.the-aps.org 1 Published bimonthly and distributed by The American Physiological TheThe Society PhysiologistPhysiologist 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3991 ISSN 0031-9376

Peter D. Wagner President Contents Gary C. Sieck Past President Joey P. Granger President-Elect 2010 Walter C. Randall Lecture Mentoring Forum Martin Frank in Biomedical Ethics Dual Science Couples and Being Editor and Executive Director Scientific Integrity: Positive & a New Faculty Member Councillors Kenneth M. Baldwin, Negative: Academic/Industry Angela J. Grippo 22 David P. Brooks, Relationships Ida Llewellyn-Smith, Gordon S. Mitchell, Debra A. Schwinn 1 Science Policy Frank L. Powell, Usha Raj, American Physiological Society Linda C. Samuelson, Curt D. Sigmund, Alan F. Sved From the President’s Desk 9 Condemns Threats Against Researchers 24 Ex Officio Pamela K. Carmines, A Matter of Opinion American Physiological Society John C. Chatham, The More Things Change... 11 Statement Condemning J.R. Haywood, Ronald M. Lynch, Thomas A. Pressley, Threats Against Researchers 24 Hershel Raff, APS News APS Leadership Meets Jeff M. Sands

APS Council Holds Fall Council with NIH Officials 24 Publications Committee: Chair: Meeting in Chantilly, VA 12 NIH Board Approves Plan Hershel Raff; Members: Kim E. Barrett, William Chilian, Asrar to Create New Center 25 Malik, David Pollock, Helen E. ACDP Meeting Highlights European Union to Implement Raybould, Celia Sladek. Director of Publications: Rita Scheman. Association of Chairs of New Animal Welfare Rules Design and Copy Editor: Joelle R. Departments of Physiology in 2013 26 Grossnickle. Meeting Highlights 14 International Scientists Commit Subscriptions: Distributed to members as part of their member- Williams Honored at to Advocate for Animal Research 26 ship. Nonmembers in the USA Annual ACDP Meeting 15 Reference Handbook on Clinical (print only): individuals $85.00; Signs in Rodents and Rabbits institutions $135.00. Nonmembers in Canada: individuals $125.00; Membership Available 27 institutions $170.00. Nonmembers New Undergraduate Student elsewhere: individuals $125.00; institutions $170.00. Single copies Members 16 Experimental Biology 2011 and back issues when available, New Graduate Student Members 16 Program Schedule 28 $20.00 each; single copies and back issues of Abstracts issues when New Affiliate Members 17 available, $30.00. Subscribers to Positions Available 33 The Physiologist also receive abstracts of the Conferences of the Education American Physiological Society. APS Presents Awards at the Annual People & Places The online version is available free to all worldwide. Biomedical Research Conference APS Members Weiss is New Dean The American Physiological Society for Minority Students 18 at Univ. of Texas 33 assumes no responsibility for the Highlights of the 2010 USA statements and opinions advanced by contributors to The Physiologist. Science and Engineering Festival 19 Senior Physiologists’ News 34 Please notify the APS Member- APS Archive of Teaching Resources ship Department as soon as Thanks its 2010 Reviewers 22 Book Review 35 possible if you change your address or telephone number. New Community is Coming Headquarters phone: 301-634-7118 to the APS Archive of The Wine Wizard 36 Fax: 301-634-7241 Teaching Resources 22 Email: [email protected] http://www.the-aps.org APS Membership Application 39 Printed in the USA

2 The Physiologist 2010 Randall Lecture Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011 teins, and studying regulation for sev- cial) conflict of interest will be explored publication “help.” (39) In this context, eral new α1-adrenergic receptor sub- for both clinical and basic science what is appropriate and what is not? types, as well as defining the physiolog- research. Second, non-traditional con- Definitions: Rewards, financial or ic and pharmacologic consequences of flicts of interest will be examined. otherwise, raise the question of what is naturally occurring human genetic These will be followed by examining the definition of “conflict of interest?” variants of these receptors. At a clini- the impact of world-view on ethical dis- Various dictionaries and websites cal level as a practicing anesthesiolo- cernment and how this relates to deci- define conflict of interest as the follow- gist, I enjoyed partnering with a won- sions made (unwittingly or consciously) ing: derful group of collaborating faculty to in the arena of conflict of interest. • “situations where decisions are define the new field of perioperative influenced by personal interest” genomics, an area of clinical genetics Importance of Academic & • “multiple interests—one of which that examines the role of genetic vari- Industrial Relationships could corrupt another” ability in predicting adverse events fol- Many key discoveries in science and • “someone in a position of trust has lowing patient outcome after surgery. medicine have resulted from academ- interests other than the common good” My interest in bioethical issues began ic/industrial partnerships, including • “using influence for personal gain.” early when I participated on an ethics both medical and therapeutic Based on these definitions it is clear committee that defined “Perioperative advances. Several authors have recent- that balance is key. Academic/industry Do Not Resuscitate” guidelines for ly commented that there is no inherent relationships provide support and Duke Univ. Medical Center and pub- conflict of interest in principle for funding for important research ques- lished guidelines in this area for prac- physicians or scientists working with tions. Such funding has the potential ticing clinicians in the operating room. industry or government since there is a to enhance creativity, facilitate devel- This was followed later by fellowship commonality of interest that is opment of more important (and per- training in bioethics and genetics dur- “healthy, desirable, and beneficial.” (8, haps higher risk) projects, facilitate ing a sabbatical at the National 15) Industry/academic collaboration expert consultation, provide more rapid Human Genome Research Institute in and partnerships are sought by both advances and more publications, plus 2000, including a project on patient parties and expected by Congress! the possibility of commercialization. attitudes on biorepositories. More Indeed, Congress has encouraged tech- However, some possible unintended recently, I participated in the Institute nology transfer by facilitating consequences might include restrictive of Medicine Committee on Organ patentability of life science research covenants (secrecy agreements), cul- Donation that recommended “Donation since the 1980s (7). Specifically, the ture clash (knowledge versus profit), after Cardiac Death” criteria that have Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 gives universi- suppression of negative findings, and since been initiated nationwide. In ties almost exclusive rights to intellec- possible influence of funding on univer- terms of the Randall Lecture, I speak tual property from government-spon- sity or research faculty decisions. In as chair of a large clinical department sored research. This bill was passed this regard, rather than simply being at a major research university, because it was recognized that technol- payment for time and services ren- although I should point out that ogy transfer is key to progress in medi- dered, compensation to faculty mem- thoughts presented are my own, as well cine and the overall health of the popu- bers may unwittingly influence opinion as others, in the fields cited. In aca- lation (21). In fact, it has been noted and decisions related to research. demic medicine there is no more burn- that life sciences faculty with industry Size of the Concern: Given that checks ing ethical question today than that of relationships are more productive (in and balances are important, what is the conflict of interest, or phrased in a dif- almost every measure) than colleagues size of the potential problem? Several ferent way, how academic faculty can without such support (39). authors have examined this question most appropriately partner with indus- and have documented that life science try to move science and medicine for- Problems with Academic & faculty have potential conflicting rela- ward for the benefit of all mankind. Industrial Relationships tionships (13, 39). Indeed, these authors Questions: If academic/industrial document that 53% of life science Background on Conflict of Interest partnerships are so important and pro- researchers have had some relationship Because conflict of interest is such an ductive, then what is the problem? with industry in the past three years important topic in academic medicine, Simply stated, the question arises—for and 94% had some relationship over the several guidelines on conflict of inter- whom does the academic faculty mem- course of their career. The most common est have been issued recently, including ber work? Specifically, could results of relationship includes consulting, speak- one published by the National research be influenced by compensation ing (paid), research funding, and adviso- Academies of Sciences (25) and another (financial or otherwise)? Delving a bit ry boards. The more senior the faculty, set posted online by the American deeper, if a researcher finds results that the more funding and the higher percent Association of Medical Colleges benefit a company, does this directly (or incidence of such relationships. While (AAMC) (1, 2). These documents pro- indirectly) lead to further compensation some of these findings are natural conse- vide specific guidelines on process, to the academic faculty member? There quences of industry asking advice of and/or how to approach issues related are multiple forms of compensation pos- those who are the best thought leaders to conflict of interest. Because of this sible, including the following: further available, it is important to note that excellent material, this talk focuses on consulting relationships, equity owner- industry spends $21 billion promoting broader concepts underlying varying ship, advisory board membership, being products and currently provides approx- viewpoints that have led to such recom- a paid speaker for the company, imately nine percent of all medical mendations. First, traditional (finan- research awards, education awards, and research funds to universities (13).

3 The Physiologist 2010 Randall Lecture Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

Training: Perhaps what may be beginning to wane, down from 28% in accepted free meals or travel from the more concerning is recent documenta- 1995 to 20% today (7, 21). This obser- company who makes the new drug (6, tion that more than 50% of all internal vation may partly result from recent 10, 31). As a result, some ethicists and medicine residency programs accept revelations in the news that some fac- institutions suggest that NO gifts are financial support from industry (26), ulty from well-known academic institu- acceptable, while others require such even though 75% of program directors tions have received payments from gifts to be of minimal value only. say accepting such aid is “not desir- industry up to five times their regular Disclosure: Another problem with con- able.” Support comes in the form of salary, with possible evidence of bias in flict of interest is the historic lack of dis- closure. While this has tightened greatly While these “gifts” seem small and, therefore, unlikely in recent years, >90% of universities still rely on self-disclosure. A disturbing to influence, extensive research has been done on the trend is that one-third of published man- “psychology of gift receipt” suggesting otherwise. uscripts studied from 2004-2008 did not disclose industry/device company sup- education materials such as pocket key publications related to recent port, and until recently 50% of universi- guides (83%), meals (90%), office sup- drugs introduced into the market (7, ties did not require disclosure of how plies (68%), and drug samples (57%). 21). Indeed, US Senate Finance much money or stock was received from While at first glance such support Committee investigations recently companies (14, 21). Fortunately, many appears benign, and perhaps even revealed high profile researchers who companies are now disclosing payments helpful, it is interesting to note that failed to disclose major industry ties to physicians and researchers by publish- these same authors document that pro- (23, 34). In addition, publication fraud ing such payments on explicit websites grams that accept such financial sup- has also been discovered, that may or (18). This allows institutions to “check” port tend to be clustered in the south- may not be related to direct conflict of self-disclosure with listings from the eastern US, are programs with lower interest over the years. companies themselves. overall board scores, and generally Gift Giving & Influence: Conflict of Congress: Another check and balance have less institutional financial sup- interest is not limited to physician introduced by Congress was the port for education. researchers who study drugs coming Physician Payment Sunshine Act of Leadership: At the other end of the onto the market—they have occurred 2009, part of the “Patient Protection and spectrum, a recent New England with basic scientists as well. Global cli- Affordability Act.” (29) A key item in this Journal of Medicine article discusses mate change research has had suspi- act is that trialists (not big pharma) own senior academic leaders and their cion clouding the field over the last sev- data from clinical trials for purposes of interactions with industry (24). While eral years due to revelations from publication and reporting, while indus- benefit is pointed out in terms of wis- hacked emails suggesting journal try provides the funds and, therefore, dom shared, specifically academia reviewers may have excluded articles owns the intellectual property from tri- learning innovative approaches and with contrary viewpoints from their als (5). This provides a balance between industry learning of health trends, own. Even at the 2010 FASEB meeting, disclosure of positive and negative find- with both learning about cutting edge as well as many other scientific meet- ings and intellectual property that ulti- basic science research, concerns were ings, Apple iPADs are given away in raf- mately can be used to drive a com- also raised. Specifically, responsibili- fles for visiting certain industry booths; pound/device forward in the market. ties may sometimes be irreconcilable lunch was also provided for “learning” Summary: It is clear that while there between advancing the academic insti- workshops designed to help understand is a true need for academia and indus- tution’s mission versus fiduciary advantages of specific new products (as try to collaborate in order to move responsibility to increase company well as why it is essential that the research and medicine forward effec- profits. While an academic health care researcher buy those products from the tively, until recently checks and bal- board member can be voted down by company providing lunch). While these ances have been missing for many pos- the company board, no such protection “gifts” seem small and, therefore, sible conflicts of interest. Recent is available at the university level in unlikely to influence, extensive attempts to correct this problem may the event a leader becomes swayed in research has been done on the “psychol- have gone too far, and in some instances one direction or another that may not ogy of gift receipt” suggesting other- are beginning to have a stifling effect. be in the ultimate best interest of their wise. Indeed, while individuals may not Supporting this premise, recent rheto- university. Finally the article suggests always be conscious of these motives, ric seems to suggest that researchers that if academic leaders do participate there is a powerful impulse to recipro- avoid all contact with industry in order on corporate boards, compensation cate for even small gifts (6, 10, 31). to avoid [evil] influence. Such perspec- should be limited to $5,000/day with These studies suggest that recipients tives are neither helpful nor true, but do conflict of interest committees review- are unable to remain objective and they reinforce that a balance of transparency ing all such arrangements; but if board reweigh information and choices in the and accountability is needed at all members generally earn more than light of a gift received. Research sug- times as academia and industry move this daily payment, the authors sug- gests an expectation of reciprocity may forward together to change the future. gest that excess payments could be be the primary motive for gift giving, a donated to charity. finding that appears validated by the Non-Traditional Conflict of Investigations and Negative Press: A fact that physicians who request specif- Interest concerning trend is that nationally ic additions to drug formularies at their Context: In addition to traditional industry/academic partnerships are institutions are far more likely to have (monetary) conflict of interest, many

4 The Physiologist 2010 Randall Lecture Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011 non-traditional conflicts are apparent in touch with research subjects they Ghost Authorship: Another manifes- in academic medicine. One of the most can be asked about potential new stud- tation of extreme “pressure to publish” important in this regard is academic ies. Either way, geneticists at the is ghost authorship and guest author- pressure. Scientists in academia live in National Institutes of Health (NIH) ship. Ghost authorship can be defined a world with extreme pressure to dis- suggest that much better communica- as having someone help design a study, cover novel aspects of science and pub- tion is expected in genetics trials. analyze results, and/or write the manu- lish these findings in high quality (high What happened in this situation? scripts without acknowledgement in impact) journals in order to obtain NIH Did the researcher discover that by hav- the final publication. Guest authors or other national research funding, ing obtained a rare, and unique, set of may have had only superficial associa- ultimately in order to repeat the cycle DNA from a highly inbred and isolated tion with the study but may be added as over again. Such pressure leads to the group of Native Americans, that signifi- authors anyway, perhaps to enhance reality of “publish or perish.” In this cant additional important research credibility of the study and/or to satisfy context, could conflict of interest questions could be addressed? Perhaps a collaborative agreement. Neither involve cutting corners? What happens the ability to ask questions of ancestral ghost nor guest authors qualify for when a scientist wants to promote origins of Native Americans was so authorship as defined by most scientific his/her own hypothesis over those of uniquely available that it seemed natu- journals today. Therefore, is this really others because of self-assured enthusi- ral to use the DNA and data in this way. a significant problem? Two key manu- asm or for personal academic benefit? Having access to this unique data set, scripts addressing this topic were pub- What about extreme behavior that did the researcher feel pressured to lished in 2009 (19, 38). One examined might include falsification of data? publish before someone else might have 900 manuscripts, demonstrating that Native American Indian Studies: the same idea? Was it non-financial honorary authorship existed in 19% of Unfortunately, there are recent exam- conflict of interest (including unfortu- these cases and guest authorship in 9%. ples of researchers potentially putting nate lack of communication [or misun- Highly cited journals also had signifi- their own careers above those with derstanding] with the tribe) or simply cant ghost authorship (Ann Int Med whom they are working. Such conflicts smart science? Certainly, the researcher 4.9%; J Amer Med Assoc 7.9%; Lancet, may occur in clinical studies where gained academic productivity and pro- Nat Med, N Engl J Med 10.9%), a find- researchers and their research subjects motion while the tribe felt cheated. ing that was more common in industry may have differing value systems. In Aging Faculty in Medical Schools: sponsored trials. Sometimes manu- April 2010, the New York Times pub- Other examples of the extreme pres- script writers/editors are provided by lished a report about a researcher at sure to “publish or perish” in science industry with the rationale that it helps Arizona State Univ. who studied can be seen by examining the natural a busy researcher collate final data whether there was a genetic basis for history of research funding in medical from a trial so that it is ready in a time- the extremely high diabetes rate schools in the US. Outstanding sci- ly manner to be submitted to a scientif- among the Native American tribe, the ence, defined as making new discover- ic journal for publication. While this Havasupai, located in/near the Grand ies continually throughout one’s career, may be the altruistic intent, the editor Canyon. The researcher was extremely is difficult. If one examines the demo- (ghostwriter) is often an employee of dedicated in collecting samples, walk- graphics of medical school faculty, one the company and, therefore, may feel ing many hours to reach some of the can see how such pressure to publish pressure toward ensuring positive tribe members to complete the study. might have its origin. In 1980, the results for their employer. Because of While the study had full ethics review peak age of medical school faculty was these issues, most journals now require board approval at the university, and 37 years. In 2006, this peak had spread independent analysis of crucial data the tribe agreed to the study on dia- over two decades, maximal between (22). It is also important that academic betes, apparently the tribe did not ages 35-55 years; in parallel, NIH fund- institutions and journals have specific believe they had given permission for ing peaked between ages 40-55. Indeed prohibitions against ghost writing in the DNA collected to be used for sever- the average age of investigators funded institutional conflict of interest policies. al dozen other studies published that for the first time by the NIH is 42.6 Summary: Financial and Non- extended beyond the original focus on years and 51.0 for all investigators with Financial Conflict of Interest diabetes research. The Havasupai NIH funding. Success at obtaining As described above, two main types of Indians view their blood as sacred and national peer reviewed funding this conflict of interest exist--financial and were particularly concerned about late in one’s career speaks to the high non-financial. Clearly, large financial unauthorized studies on ancestral ori- standards and pressure many scien- conflict of interest should be avoided as gins that contradicted their own tribal tists feel they are under to produce much as possible because money does stories. The researcher, who has since excellent science, publish, and obtain have the potential to influence deci- moved to a university in another state, competitive national funding such as sions. However, any residual financial maintains that appropriate consents provided by the NIH. Those who are conflict of interest must then be man- and research was performed. Arizona successful at younger ages are under aged appropriately (30), with an official State Univ. reached a monetary settle- extreme pressure to continue such suc- not involved in the research setting ment with the tribe. These events led cess. Since research funding may make forth a plan (e.g., having faculty with- some to propose an international tribu- the difference between having a job or out financial interest enroll patients, be nal akin to the Helsinki human rights not, this puts even the most successful involved in oversight of data entry, as agreement, which would lay out the scientists potentially at risk for con- well as statistical analysis, etc). Non- ethical obligations to research partici- flicts of interest they might not other- financial conflict of interest is also very pants. Others suggest that by staying wise consider. powerful and should be managed by

5 The Physiologist 2010 Randall Lecture Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011 academic institutions since the desire can be defined in part as “the responsi- experimentation, scientific knowledge, for positive results (so publication can bility to abide by an agreed upon code and technology. In modernism, truth is occur) will never disappear. of ethics without having to resort to the absolute and explainable. This Over the last decade, institutions blunt force of law.”(27) Professionalism explains why modernism tended to have increasingly begun to establish has an increasingly central presence in reject the existence of a compassionate, systems where potential conflict of medicine today; in spite of this, there is all-powerful God, because such a cre- interest can be appropriately managed often misunderstanding about what ator could not be proved empirically. In while allowing academic/industry col- professionalism entails. Indeed, what modernism, facts that can be proven laborations to occur. Indeed manage- appears to be meant by authors who based on scientific understanding are ment of conflict is becoming more invoke professionalism in the context of then used to explain concepts and prin- nuanced, appropriate, and less constric- a conflict of interest, is specific refer- ciples in life around us. For example, tive than originally conceived. ence to utilization of appropriate ethi- the fact that oil floats on water can be Appropriate management and disclo- cal discernment which can be translat- used as the reason that oil beads on sure of conflict of interest must become ed into a code of action. To advance this wet streets or floats in an oil spill in the a core value for all institutions and discussion further, it is important to ocean. Modernism defines such facts researchers. Having said this, many pause briefly to bring historical per- and their explanation of the world as high-impact journals have recently spective, specifically the impact of objective truth. Because the scientific revealed new information suggesting world view, on ethical discernment. method is so embedded in experimental that funding for many studies has not evidence, it is no surprise that many been reported/revealed as it should Impact of World View on Ethical scientists tend to view life through a have been. This has led to fairly restric- Discernment “modernism lens.” tive recommendations (6) as follows: 1) Context: Conflict of interest issues Postmodernism: Postmodern thought no financial gifts of any size; 2) no drug tend to be viewed as all or nothing. can be distinguished from modernism samples (vouchers are suggested Some authors state that if there is zero in that it describes a continuum rather instead); 3) drug formulary committees money exchanged, (or influence, profit, than absolute (black versus white) should have no contact with industry; 4) personal benefit) then there is no con- truth. In postmodernism, everything is no gifts to support continuing medical flict of interest, whereas if large relative (relativism); specifically there education courses (direct or indirect); 5) amounts of money are involved there is are many ways of seeing the truth. In travel reimbursements should be potentially a large conflict of interest some ways postmodern thought is less administered centrally through aca- (6). But what about the gray area in optimistic than modern thought demic medical centers (there are some between? This is a bit like pornogra- because it allows that truth may not be concerns about the practicality (9) or phy with its “I know it when I see it” found. Indeed, truth may be one per- necessity (36) of this suggestion; 6) statements. Yet, styles of what is spective of many, and is, therefore, sub- eliminate “no strings” contracts; 7) lec- acceptable have changed over time, so jective. This is interesting for scien- tures should give clear science deliver- where is “truth”? Interestingly, for tists to consider since postmodern ables, not focused on selling drugs; and many in today’s world, truth often thought questions objectivity of science 8) academic medical centers need clear depends on one’s perspective and val- all together. Postmodernism states conflict of interest policies. ues. Others believe that truth is more that subjectivity of humans precludes The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has absolute. As a result, it is critical that them from discovering objective truth. also issued recommendations on conflict scientists review their assumptions as Thus, science arrives at “truth” in of interest (25). While the guidelines are they begin to dissect the ultimate response to social forces within/without similar to those described in the J Amer underlying issues in conflict of interest. the scientific community (scientific Med Assoc (6), the guidelines are some- Many of today’s scientists often unwit- “bandwagons”). In fact, postmodern what less severe. Rather than specifics, tingly express a combination of modern thought considers objectivity an illu- the IOM recommendations focus on poli- (scientific) and postmodern (relative) sion. One example of a poignant post- cies and procedures that need to be approaches to the concept of “truth.” modern dilemma is the definition of developed by institutions, national soci- Modernism: Modernism is a Western when the sun rises. Is it the predawn eties, groups, the NIH, and DHHS. philosophy that spanned the late 19th light, the horizon brightening, the first Going one step further, several journal and early 20th centuries, although its rays of light across the sky, or does part editors have now agreed that a uniform true roots began in the scientific revo- of the sun need to be visible, or all of format should be used for disclosure of lution with Rene Descartes, a philoso- the sun? Postmodernism would sug- competing interests when submitting a pher and mathematician from the gest that it is impossible to be precise manuscript to journals (12). This Enlightenment era. Descartes is per- and reproducibly accurate about when includes both financial and non-finan- haps best known for the statement exactly the sun rises. cial conflict of interest. attributed to him: “I think, therefore, I Paradox for Scientists: Clearly this is To many these guidelines seem over- am.”(3) Descartes espoused the view a paradox for scientists today. Science ly restrictive. Nakayama (27) suggests that rationality makes humans unique; is a modern discipline present in the there is a middle ground that acknowl- he strived to measure things so that midst of a postmodern world where edges the rights of industry, physicians, they could be known as having verifi- truth is considered relative. This para- residents, medical students, patients, able truth or significance. The concept dox of modern versus postmodern can and the public. Emphasis on profes- that humans have the power to create be expressed in the following concepts: sionalism is described as a way to keep and improve their environment led rationality versus subjectivity (which is a middle balance since professionalism modernism to emphasize practical inherently irrational), and/or pre-

6 The Physiologist 2010 Randall Lecture Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011 dictability versus irrationality. Many shift was recognized by leaders of other Christianity this is modeled after scientists today unwittingly subscribe faith traditions in Europe as well; one Jesus. Indeed, put another way, for to both the scientific method and rela- example is the Christian thinker Christians ethical principles focus on tivism (which is often considered the Francis Schaeffer who highlighted new actions and principles that ultimately “politically correct” viewpoint). Truth Goes Beyond Modern or Many of today’s scientists often unwittingly express a Postmodern Concepts: Not only is there combination of modern (scientific) and postmodern a paradox between modern and post- modern thought for scientists, most (relative) approaches to the concept of “truth.” humans recognize that truth goes beyond both modern/postmodern enslavement to “personal peace and derive from character/conscience devel- thought. Many human traditions recog- affluence,” (32) echoing Bauman’s oped through an intimate relationship nize transcendence, or that which goes observations. Bauman went on to state with Jesus Christ. C.S. Lewis, in The beyond words or categorization. An that institutions no longer provided a Abolition of Man (mid-century, in the example might be, how can beauty be framework for values and meaning in period of Bauman’s influence), defined or explained? George Keats in life, individuals spliced together short- describes this knowledge of right and 1819 stated: “Beauty is truth, truth term projects called “careers,” and wrong as the Tao, shorthand for what beauty, that is all ye know on earth, and “progress,” and adaptability became he described as natural law or first all ye need to know” (20). Another way to key due to constant change. Bauman principle (23). In this line of thought, ask the question is to query how can emphasized that in such a world, post- ethical complexity is not the same as love be “quantified”? Both beauty and modern ethics must focus on a need for moral relativism! truth transcend rationality. moral responsibility to others, not just Transcendence can be defined as knowl- following ethical rules (4). Integration of Worldview Concepts edge beyond the grasp of the human Responses to Bauman’s Postmodern and Conflict of Interest: mind, that which surpasses physical Ethics—Buddhist Perspective: From the preceding discussion, it is existence. One way to put it is to state Bauman’s postmodern ethical ideas apparent that worldview impacts ethi- that nature or beauty are echoes of a generated responses from many cal discernment in the area of conflict voice beyond humanity. Such concepts groups. A Buddhist response to of interest. Since only two world views have been recognized across humanity Bauman generally agreed with his (modern and post-modern) have been for centuries. They are affirmed as the viewpoints (35), but distinguished briefly presented in this overview, the concept of “divine” in all major religions between rules and ethical principles. interested reader is referred to a suc- including (in alphabetical order) Baha’i, For the Buddhist, “rules” are defined as cinct summary of other worldviews pre- Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, guides to moral conduct where as “prin- sented by the author J.W. Sire (34), a Islam, Judaism, Sikhism. Even atheism ciples” are more open ended – infinite text used for this purpose by numerous affirms the concept of transcendence but in their demand upon human beings. universities over the years. While often substitutes nature or human self- These responses pointed out that in many scientists are unaware of their transcendence for the concept of divine. Buddhist tradition, one turns to under- own worldview, most religious and non- What are the implications for this con- lying mental states and motivational religious traditions identify the concept cept of transcendence for how we dis- disposition to assess morality of an of transcendence, or a reality beyond cern ethical paths in conflict of interest? action. Indeed, in this train of reason- simple human existence (albeit Ethics in a World of Consumerism: ing morality appeals to the deepest expressed in somewhat different One ethicist who has directly needs from one’s inescapable existen- forms), where one has a moral frame- addressed postmodern ethics is tial situation. work from which to judge influences Zygmunt Bauman. Bauman was a Responses to Bauman’s Postmodern inherent in the discussion of conflict of Jewish sociologist and emeritus profes- Ethics—Christian Perspective: In con- interest. Such understanding provides sor at the Univ. of Leeds in the UK. In trast, postmodern Christian ethical a framework for how one approaches spite of being a Marxist, he was driven viewpoints as expressed in a book by discerning appropriate synergy in aca- from Poland by a Communist anti- Dennis Hollinger (17), distinguish demic-industrial partnerships. Semitic campaign. During his career between consequences and principles. he published 57 books and more than In this tradition, the question arises Conclusion & Guiding Principles 100 articles. He viewed European whether moral discernment should be One of the guiding principles in the modernity as a trade-off, where control guided by fruits/results of a decision, or conflict of interest controversy is that over nature, hierarchy, rules and regu- normed by principles, rules, and laws. actions and decisions matter. Virtue, or lations were exchanged for security (a Hollinger points out that “character “what we are” can be defined as acting concept that ultimately did not work ethics” is important since ethics are coherently with what we value, having for Europe). He noted that in the sec- less about “what we do” and more about an organic unity of belief and behavior. ond half of the 20th century, a shift “who we are;” Stanley Hauerwas, a Such virtuous behavior might be based took place where the Western world Duke Univ. professor, is a strong propo- upon ecological soundness, enhancing changed from being a society of produc- nent of this viewpoint (16). From this justice for the poor, respect for all, con- ers to a society of consumers.(4) At that perspective, integrity, coherence, and gruency, honesty, and/or faithfulness to moment in time, modern security was contentment are derived from a “com- religious values. In specific circum- exchanged for postmodern freedom to munity of character.” Virtue is defined stances, discernment is key since it is purchase, consume, and enjoy life. This as what we as individuals are, and in important to elucidate motives and

7 The Physiologist 2010 Randall Lecture Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011 context before final decisions are made. 10.Dana J. “A social science perspec- 25.Lo B, Field MJ, & Institute of In terms of practical suggestions for tive on gifts to physicians from indus- Medicine Committee on Conflict of research studies, several important try.” JAMA 290: 252-255, 2003. Interest in Medical Research, principles exist (11, 28, 37). Data 11.DeAngelis CD and Fontanarosa Education, and Practice. Conflict of accessibility for all authors and journal PB. “Ensuring Integrity in Industry- Interest in Medical Research, reviewers is key, as is a willingness to Sponsored Research.” JAMA: The Education, and Practice. Washington, have independent analysis if needed; Journal of the American Medical D.C.: National Academies Press, 2009. indeed, such independent review is Association 303: 1196-1198, 2010. 26.Loertscher L. “Pharmaceutical required by journals in most cases. 12.Drazen J. “Uniform format for dis- industry support and residency educa- Avoiding gifts to prevent financial con- closure of competing interests in tion: A survey of internal medicine pro- flict of interest is important, as is ICMJE journals.” JAMA 303: 75-76, gram directors.” Arch Intern Med 170: transparency (disclosure) if financial 2010. 356-362, 2010. compensation does exist. A motto 13.Dubovsky S. “Can academic 27.Nakayama D. “In defense of “trust but verify” may be appropriate in departments maintain industry rela- industry-physician relationships.” Am this context. Institutional and journal tionships while promoting physician Surg 76: 987-994, 2010. oversight regulations are important as professionalism?” Acad Med 85: 68-73, 28.Nissen S. “Setting the RECORD well. Honesty and transparency is 2010. straight.” JAMA 303: 1196-1198, 2010. always the best course so that one can 14.Ellison J. “Acknowledgment of 29.Patient Protection and Affordable pass the “front page newspaper” test. Company Support in Research Care Act (2 ed.). Washington DC, 2010. Finally, integrity is crucial in conflict of Publications From Investigator- 30.Rockey SJ and Collins FS. interest discussions. Integrity can be Sponsored Studies.” International “Managing Financial Conflict of defined in several ways such as stead- Congress on Peer Review and Interest in Biomedical Research.” fast adherence to a strict moral or eth- Biomedical Publication, Vancouver, BC, JAMA: The Journal of the American ical code, perceived consistency of Canada, 2009. Medical Association 303: 2400-2402, actions, or common honesty. In conclu- 15.Garber J. “AACE and ACRE: 2010. sion, transparent, thoughtful handling Commonality of Interests.” Endocr 31.Sandberg W. “The effect of educa- of conflict of interest is critical to suc- Pract 15: 669-670, 2009. tional gifts from pharmaceutical firms cessful academic/industry partnerships 16.Hauerwas S. A better hope: on medical students' recall of company so crucial for success in advancing sci- resources for a church confronting capi- names or products.” Acad Med 72: 916- ence and the public health.  talism, democracy, and postmodernity. 918, 1997. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brazos Press, 32.Schaeffer FA. How Shall We Then References 2000. Live? The Rise and Decline of Western 1. AAMC. Financial Conflicts of 17.Hollinger DP. Choosing the good : Thought and Culture. Wheaton IL: Interest in Academic Medicine, 2010. Christian ethics in a complex world. Crossway Books, 1976. 2. AAMC. Forum on Conflict of Grand Rapids, Mich.: Baker Academic, 33.Shaffer C. “Pfizer explores rare Interest in Academe (FOCI Academe), 2002. disease path.” Nat Biotechnol 28: 881- 2010. 18.Hughes V. “Sunshine on conflicts.” 882, 2010. 3. Baird FE and Kaufmann WA. Nat Biotech 28: 641-643, 2010. 34.Sire JW. The Universe Next Door: Philosophic classics. Upper Saddle 19.Jones N. “Ghosts still present in A Basic Worldview Catalog. Downers River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, the medical machine.” Nature 461: 325, Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2009. 2008. 2009. 35.Skiotis P. “Postmodern ethics: A 4. Bauman Z. Postmodern ethics. 20.Keats J. Ode on a Grecian Urn. In: Buddhist Response.” In: Western Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishing, Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St Agnes, Buddhist Review, 2004. 2009. and Other Poems: Taylor and Hessey 36.Steinman M. “Commercial influ- 5. Beran R. “Conflict of interests— 1820. ence and learner-perceived bias in con- criticizing the critics.” Med Law 28: 21.Kling J. “Academia and the com- tinuing medical education.” Acad Med 557-563, 2009. pany coin.” Nat Biotech 27: 411-414, 85: 74-79, 2010. 6. Brennan T. “Health industry prac- 2009. 37.“Trust, but verify.” Nature 461: tices that create conflicts of interest: A 22.Lacasse J. “Ghostwriting at elite 315-315, 2009. policy proposal for academic medical academic medical centers in the United 38.Wislar J. “Prevalence of Honorary centers.” JAMA 295: 429-433, 2006. States.” PLoS Med 7: e1000230, 2010. and Ghost Authorship in 6 General 7. “Bridges, not barriers.” Nature 23.Lewis CS. The Abolition of Man. Medical Journals, 2008.” International 463: 999-1000. Rockefeller Center: Touchstone, 1996. Congress on Peer Review and 8. Chatterji A. “Physician-industry 24.Lo B. “Serving two masters—con- Biomedical Publication, Vancouver, BC, cooperation in the medical device flicts of interest in academic medicine.” Canada, 2009. industry.” Health Aff 27: 1532-1543, N Eng J Med 362: 669-671, 2010. 39.Zinner D. “Participation of aca- 2008. demic scientists in relationships with 9. Conti CR. “Conflict of Interest.” industry.” Health Aff 28: 1814-1825, Clinical Cardiology 32: 666-667, 2009. 2009. 

8 The Physiologist From the President’s Desk Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

This month I thought I would give revenues you a high level view of how the APS is financed. I think this can be useful not expenses just for those who are interested in the net Society’s well-being, but also for those who are curious about how APS main- 20 tains its many programs. Recall that my prior message described the APS staff and how the APS is organized into functional departments. It is no sur- prise that the bulk of the budget is 15 associated with those departments. The APS is registered as a 501(c) 3 organization. That is IRS-ese for non- profit. We are not in business to make a profit or be traded on any stock market. 10 But we have to take care of ourselves. We operate financially fundamentally like a family – we have “checking” and

“savings” accounts. These, in concept, Annual Budget, $ millions support our daily activities (annual 5 budget) and constitute our savings accounts (reserves), respectively. I will describe each briefly now.

Annual budget 0 Our annual budget supports the 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 daily activities, and in 2010 revenues YEAR approximated $17.4 million. This total includes about $16.1 million derived Figure 1: Annual APS budget for the past five years. The 2010 from several sources external to the data are projected as of December 2010. APS itself and an additional $1.3 mil- lion that comes from our reserves. You annual return is more than four per- less. Over each of the last five years, we may well ask “why do we take from our cent, we can spend the four percent and have actually spent less: our year end reserves, and how much of our reserves still build our reserves at the same budget has been positive, meaning that is $1.3 million?” The answer is that for time. In 2010, the annual rate of return not all of the reserve allocation was, in about 15 years now, Council has on our reserves has, at the time of writ- the end, necessary. In 2010, based on authorized the annual use of four per- ing, considerably exceeded four per- current projections, there will be an cent of our non-restricted long-term cent, so we are in good shape this year. excess of about $350,000 or about two investments (“savings accounts”) to However, in 2008 when things were percent of the total 2010 budget. This allow APS to do more for its members dark, we chose to still spend four per- means that instead of using about $1.3 each year. In 2010, this reserve alloca- cent of our reserves (rather than cut million from reserves as authorized by tion amounted to about $1.3 million. If our programs) and this, plus the weak- Council, we needed only about $1 mil- you have not already figured it out, it ening of the financial markets, led to a lion. This outcome reflects a tradition means our non-restricted reserves are decrease in our reserves from which we of conservative budget projection when about $30 million. More on that later. are recovering well (see later when the budget is developed each year. This philosophy—using a portion of reserves are discussed in more detail). Figure 1 shows our revenues and our reserves for the operating budget The staff and Finance Committee expenses over the past five years. each year—deserves some discussion. together see to it that as each budget is Our sources of revenue are interest- It was not instigated as a method for developed in the fall for the ensuing ing, and somewhat lopsided. Table 1 covering insufficient revenues. It was a year, it is projected as a balanced budg- lists them in order of magnitude for forward thinking, strategic move to et. Thus, revenues Table 1. Sources, Amounts, and Percentages enable the society to do more for its (including the alloca- of APS Revenue. members in the face of a healthy tion from reserves) and reserve balance. Without it now, we expenses are projected Revenue Source Amount % of total would clearly have to cut back on some as essentially the of our current programs. Thus, it same. That does not Publications 14,035,000 80.9 enables us to do more than we could mean that at the end of Membership 981,000 5.6 otherwise. Note that if our annual the following year, we Meetings 641,500 3.7 investment return were less than four will have spent exactly Education 384,500 2.2 percent, it means we would be reducing what we earned - we Miscellaneous 45,500 0.3 our reserves when we allocate four per- may end up spending Reserve Allocation 1,268,000 7.3 cent to the current budget. But if the more or we may spend Totals 17,355,500 100

9 The Physiologist From the President’s Desk Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

2010. We list them as “projected” total long-term invested funds because until the end of our fiscal year (December 31), they remain approxi- unrestricted portion of total mations. Writing this over the Holiday break, we are almost at year end, and so the numbers should be close. You can see that the major source of revenue is our publications. We have a very strong publications program as you know, with 14 journals. Every year, Council instructs the Publications department to develop a budget that projects a 10% positive margin over its expenses, by setting subscription prices accordingly. That margin, plus the 4% allocation from reserves, is then used to support the other departments. Note also that membership dues account for less than 6% of the total. Table 2 lists the 2010 expense projec- tions of the seven units (actually, six Annual Budget, $ millions departments, as Membership and Meetings are housed in one department) that can be thought of as providing pro- grams. The revenues raised by each unit 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 are also shown (numbers the same as in YEAR Table 1). There are three additional Figure 2: APS long term invested funds for the past five departments not listed (Information Technology, Business and Executive) years. The 2010 data are as of November 30, 2010. The that support the seven units and can be unrestricted portion is about 80% of the total, which thought of as constituting the “F & A” includes endowments. We are back to about 95% of the base of the Society (or, in NIH parlance, 2007 peak values. indirect costs). Their expenses ($666,000, $967,500 and $885,500 ed in. If you add the numbers in the Reserves respectively) have already been distrib- third column, you will see that the pub- Our long term investments (“sav- uted across and included in the seven lications margin does not cover the ings”) consist of both restricted endow- units in the table. In other words, the costs of the other six units, which is ments that must be used in specified total expenses of the Society in 2010 can where the $1,268,000 allocation from ways for specific activities, as well as be found from the sum of the expenses of reserves is applied. It is, therefore, the unrestricted reserves that could be used the seven units in the table. publications’ revenues and the reserve for any legitimate purpose Council What Table 2 shows you is that all allocation, that, together with funds directs. They are invested as a single departments except Publications need raised from other sources (Table 1), pool, and together they total about $40 net support above what revenues they allow us to offer our scientific meetings, million at the time of writing. A little raise themselves. This is the APS and our stellar programs in education over $30 million or about 80% of this Council saying that the work of these and advocacy, marketing and commu- total is our unrestricted reserves that departments is something to be invest- nication. form the base from which the reserve allocation is taken to support the annu- Table 2. 2010 APS Expense Projections. al budget. The endowment portion funds many of our award programs, using in APS Unit Total Revenues Revenues-Expenses essence only the interest generated. expense Raised Figure 2 shows the value of our total long term investment pool (unrestricted Publications 11,620,500 14,035,000 2,414,500 reserves plus endowed/restricted funds) Membership 1,372,500 981,000 -391,500 and also the unrestricted portion over Meetings 1,007,500 641,500 -366,000 the last 5 years. Education 1,640,500 384,500 -1,256,000 As you can see, it has been a rocky Marketing 344,000 45,000 -299,000 road. But note that even at its nadir, Communications 393,000 0 -393,000 our invested funds had lost only 26% Science Policy 631,000 500 -630,500 from their peak, a much better result Totals 17,009,000 16,087,500 -921,500 than for example the S&P 500, which Reserve Allocation 1,268,000 lost more than 38% in the same time. Balance 346,500 Indeed, we are almost back to our 2007 (returned to reserves) peak, which is a better result than the

10 The Physiologist From the President’s Desk Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011 stock markets. Remember that the months of operating costs in accessible advised financially, and has not posted Dow was at 14,000 back then and is reserves. We are fortunate to have a deficit budget in at least my memory about 11,500 now. You may ask why we about double that amount, which is one (I have been on Council the past eight fared better than the market. One rea- reason why we feel confident in using years) and actually much longer. That son was diversification—about 65% in 4% each year to support the programs said, we are overly-dependent on one stocks of various types and 35% in fixed from which our members benefit. major source of revenue, and there are income instruments. Probably more So, is APS currently financially threats to that source as just men- important was our explicitly conserva- strong? Absolutely. Is the future tioned. I can tell you this: the staff and tive investment philosophy: willing- assured? Who knows. We have strong leadership of the Society are ever vigi- ness to give up the big but risky gains reserves, and a very well-established lant about finances, and have been in order to be protected from heavy and respected journals program that working on scenarios to cope with an losses. And, we have first rate invest- continues to do well financially in spite Open Access world. I think we will be ment consultants to guide us. of threats from the Open Access move- fine; I hope the same holds true for the The rule of thumb regarding reserves ment. APS lives within its means, is NIH, NSF and the other funding agen- is that an organization should have 12 well-managed and professionally cies on which we all depend.  A Matter of Opinion

The More Things Change … It seems like only yesterday that I ago generated little interest from out- buildings were constructed with the wrote two editorials for The side of the APS community and the expectation that the institution’s facul- Physiologist that raised the possibility comments that were received were ty would be successful at securing that NIH should consider reducing its generally from individuals on soft- research funding to help cover their salary contributions to faculty who money academic positions. The editori- own salaries, as well as assist in cover- serve as principal investigators on als did not offer solutions but did raise ing the depreciation costs of the new research grants (2, 3). In reality, the some compelling questions. “Should buildings. With the flattening of the editorials were written over 20 years principal investigators, who are often NIH budget, the likelihood of success ago in response to the Gramm- full professors, receive 100% salary sup- has been diminished, making it Rudman-Hollings law that would port from a grant? Should universities increasingly difficult to cover the result in the stagnation of the NIH operate as motels, renting space to depreciation portion of indirect costs budget, downward negotiation of grant investigators with grant support and and faculty salaries from research budgets, and the plummeting of suc- indirect costs? Are universities obliged grants. The challenge for most institu- cess rates. to provide only token salary support to tions is how to provide the support As they say, the more things change, biomedical faculty while providing 9- needed for its faculty as they try and the more things stay the same! 10 months of salary in other academic secure support from funding agencies. Once again, the investigator commu- departments?” In a tight budget environment, many of nity faces a similar situation. The As the research community faces a the investigators searching for funding excitement generated by the doubling challenging period of flat federal budg- will find themselves moving to less of the NIH budget between 1997 and ets, this issue has again become a topic research intensive institutions to 2003 has been tempered by the grim of discussion. Bruce Alberts, former maintain an academic affiliation or realities of subsequent flat budgets President of the National Academies of will leave academia entirely, a loss for and limited opportunities. The flat Science and Editor-in-Chief of Science, science. budgets have forced young people to editorialized about how academic insti- Twenty years ago, I suggested that extend their doctoral training and to tutions have overbuilt research capaci- the NIH no longer fund PI salaries, take multiple postdoctoral positions. ty in response to incentives offered by making them the responsibility of the Academic institutions, facing the budg- the NIH (1). Specifically, he wrote that academic institution. In so doing, addi- et crunch, have been unable to add new “NIH actually rewards institutions for tional funds would be made available faculty, diminishing opportunities for paying faculty salaries with unguaran- to fund research grants to advance new investigators to develop their own teed ‘soft money’ from research grants knowledge and develop treatments and independent academic research by providing increased overhead pay- cures for disease. Alberts’ suggests careers and discouraging many new ments.” In addition, he noted that that “at least half of the salary of each scientists from pursuing academic overhead covers the depreciation costs principal investigator be paid by his or research careers. As a result, the aver- associated with the new buildings con- her institution,” recognizing that such age age at which investigators receive structed to house the faculty hired on a change would need to be phased in their first independent NIH research these soft money research positions. over at least a decade. He also suggest- grant is now 42 years, up from 34 years During the doubling of the NIH ed that NIH must make it clear “that when I started as the APS Executive budget, we all marveled at the specula- expansion through laboratory building Director in 1985. tive building going on at most academ- construction requires a substantial, The editorials written over 20 years ic medical centers as new research non-reimbursable, long-term commit-

11 The Physiologist A Matter of Opinion Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011 ment of resources, including ‘hard- viewed favorably by administrative tutions would need to agree to increase money’ faculty support, by any institu- representatives of research institu- their contribution to faculty salaries to tion that wants to increase its facilities tions. They are concerned that the for- 50% over a period of time, perhaps a and research staff.” mula used to reimburse universities for decade or more, which would greatly Not surprisingly, the words of Bruce the ancillary costs of conducting feder- increase funds available for research Alberts have generated considerable ally funded research on campus has grants and increase success rates. At discussion. Indeed, when I accompa- remained unchanged for decades forc- the same time, a portion of the avail- nied the APS Presidents Wagner, Sieck ing institutions to use their own funds able funds could be used to increase the and Granger and Science Policy to fulfill the numerous mandates that government’s contribution to indirect Committee Chair, John Chatham in have been added to their responsibili- cost reimbursement, addressing the November to visit with NIH Directors, ties as grant administrators. At a time concerns raised by academic adminis- one of the first issues raised in our dis- of fixed budgets, increasing reimburse- trators. While increasing success rates cussions with Sally Rockey, NIH ment for these overhead costs would is a noble outcome, Alberts’ proposal Deputy Director for Extramural result in less money for research fails to address a bigger problem, Research, related to Bruce Alberts edi- grants, further diminishing success where will the remaining 50% of the torial. We discussed our concerns rates at NIH and making it even more PI’s salary come from? That remains about the fragility of the academic difficult for young people to develop an the big unknown, just as it did over 20 infrastructure as it tries to adapt to independent research career. years ago. However, unless we discuss shrinking research budgets and declin- It is clear that there is a need for dia- the issue, we will never be able to find ing clinical reimbursements, dimin- logue between research scientists, aca- a solution, a way to stabilize the vast ished institutional endowments, and demic administrators and federal fund- biomedical research infrastructure cre- reduced state tax revenues, noting that ing agencies. There is a need to find a ated over the history of NIH. We need whatever changes are made, they will way to address the issue of diminishing to find ways to accommodate change need to be made gradually. According federal and academic support for and that can only be accomplished with to Rockey, the NIH is sufficiently con- research. Can research administra- a willingness to compromise our posi- cerned about the current situation that tors, bench scientists, and government tions.  they are formulating plans for commu- officials devise a plan that recognizes nity meetings on the topic during 2011. the need to go slow in the process? If 1. Alberts, B. Overbuilding Research While Alberts’ editorial calls for a there is commitment to change, what Capacity. Science 329: 1257, 2010. commitment by institutions to increase are the possible scenarios? Town hall 2. Frank, M. “A Question Worth their support for PI salaries, perhaps meetings, as suggested by Sally Rockey, Asking?” The Physiologist 32(5): 245- over the next decade, there is also the might be one way to find a solution. 246, 1989. suggestion that an “overhead cost However, Bruce Alberts has identified 3. Frank, M. “Effective March 1st.” penalty could be introduced in propor- another possibility, one that would take The Physiologist 29(2): 17-18, 1986. tion to an institution’s fraction of soft time to implement and would require money positions.” Not surprisingly, this cooperation across many sectors of the Martin Frank suggestion is not one that is likely to be academic community. Academic insti-

APS News

APS Council Holds Fall Council Meeting in Chantilly, VA

The APS Council held their fall meet- Journal of Applied Physiology. His place). ing at the Westfields Marriott in term will begin in July 2011. In March The Finance Committee presented Chantilly, VA November 4-5, 2010. of 2011, the Publications Committee Council with the projected final 2010 Council received reports from the will interview candidates for the editor- budget and the proposed 2011 budget, Publications, Finance, Membership, ship of AJP Lung Cellular and both of which were accepted and Education, and other Committees. APS Molecular Physiology and for the PRV approved by Council. staff members Marsha Matyas, Robert European Committee Chair for the The Conference Committee recom- Price, Alice Ra’anan, and Rita Scheman term beginning January 1, 2012. mended that Council approve one con- joined the meeting to assist with the The Publications Department report- ference proposal and one intersociety committee report presentations. ed that the 2009 Journal Impact meeting proposal. The proposed confer- The Publications Committee report- Factors for PRV was 37.7, which was ence is entitled “Physiology of ed that Peter Wagner, Univ. of ranked highest among all physiology Cardiovascular Disease: Gender California, San Diego, has been journals (and one of the highest ranked Disparities,” October 12-14, 2011, and is appointed as the next Editor of the among all biomedical journals, at 6th being organized by Jane Reckelhoff and

12 The Physiologist APS News Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

Christine Maric. The intersociety meet- decided to rename the Early Career accepting the 2010 estimated budget ing is entitled “Integrated Biology of Professional Service Award to the Dale and approved the 2011 proposed budg- Exercise V,” and is being organized by Benos Early Career Professional et. Darrel Neufer for presentation in 2012. Service Award because Benos epito- • Council unanimously approved a Council approved both proposals. mized professional service not only to motion to transfer 12 regular members The Women in Physiology Committee APS , but to his faculty and institution. to emeritus membership status. recommended to Council that Douglas This award is presented to an early • Council unanimously approved Eaton, Director, Center for Cell & career stage (graduate student, post- the selection of Walter Boron as the Molecular Signaling, and Distin- doctoral fellow, Assistant Professor or 2011 Daggs Awardee. guished Professor and Chair, Depart- equivalent position) member of the • Council unanimously approved ment of Physiology, Emory Univ. Society who has made outstanding con- the selection of Douglas Eaton as the Medical School, be selected as the 2011 tributions to the physiology community 2011 Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen Awardee. Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen Distinguished and demonstrated dedication and com- • Council unanimously approved Mentor Awardee. Council approved this mitment to furthering the broader the conference proposal entitled recommendation and Eaton will goals of the physiology community. The “Physiology of Cardiovascular Disease: receive his award at the EB11 meeting awardee is selected by the Trainee Gender Disparities” for presentation in in Washington, D.C. Advisory Committee, and the award is 2011. Based on a recommendation from the presented the APS Business Meeting at • Council unanimously approved Daggs Award Committee, Council the EB meeting. the intersociety conference proposal approved the selection of APS member Additional details of the Council's entitled “Integrated Biology of Exercise Walter Boron, Case Western Reserve 2010 fall meeting will be presented to V” for presentation in 2012. Univ., as the 2011 Daggs Awardee. He the membership at the 2011 APS • Council unanimously approved will receive his award at the 2011 APS Business Meeting. The Business providing support for a teaching work- Business Meeting on Tuesday, April 12 Meeting will be held at EB11 on shop at the 2012 AAPS meeting in at EB11. Tuesday, April 12, at 5:45 pm in the Alexandria, Egypt. As many APS members are aware, Washington DC Convention Center. All • Council unanimously approved APS Past President Dale Benos passed APS members are encouraged to efforts to hold a Pan-American away suddenly in October. Because of attend. Congress of Physiological Sciences in his long-standing involvement with 2014.  APS, the APS Council decided that the Council Action Items Society should find a way of honoring • Council approved the recommen- Benos. After much discussion, they dations of the Finance Committee

Front Row (seated): Pam Carmines, Gary Sieck, Peter Wagner, Joey Granger, Kim Barrett. Back Row: Jeff Sands, Ron Lynch, John Chatham, Usha Raj, Gordon Mitchell, Curt Sigmund, Alan Sved, Linda Samuelson, Thomas Pressley, Frank Powell, Ida Llewellyn-Smith, Ken Baldwin. 13 The Physiologist ACDP Meeting Highlights Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

Association of Chairs of Departments of Physiology Meeting Highlights

The Association of Chairs of Departments of Physiology (ACDP) held its annual meeting at Hyatt Regency Coconut Point, Bonita Springs, FL on December 2-5, 2010. President R. Clinton Webb (Medical College of Georgia) developed a pro- gram based on current cutting-edge research presentations and issues deal- ing with recruiting and retaining qual- ity faculty, even in the age of depart- mental mergers. The fourth Arthur Guyton Lectureship was given by Ferid Murad, 1998 Nobel Laureate (Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, Univ. of Texas Health Science Center, Houston) on “Discovery of Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP in Cell Signaling and Their Role in Drug Development.” ACDP President R. Clinton Webb, Past President Meredith Bond, and The new chair research presentation CAS Representative L. Gabriel Navar present Ferid Murad with the 4th was by Nader Abraham (Univ. of Toledo) Guyton Lectureship Award. on “Antioxidants and Stem Cell Therapy: talked about the issues chairs face Officer elections were held with the Sources, Cell Types and Clinical when dealing with a departmental following results. Marshall (Chip) Applications.” Other research presenta- merger from the perspectives of facing Montrose (Univ. of Cincinnati College tions were given by Frank Werblin (Univ. a merger, having just finished a merg- of Medicine) was elected President- of California, Berkley) on “The retina er, and having completed a merger sev- elect, Susan DeMesquita (American simplified” and R. Kevin Grigsby eral years ago, respectively. Univ. of the Caribbean School of (AAMC) on “Kaolin-specific pica.” Bishr Omary (Univ. of Michigan) led a Medicine) was elected Secretary- Presentations focusing on recruiting discussion on “A proposal to increase the Treasurer, T. Richard Nichols (Georgia and retaining faculty were given by R. use of R56 awards by NIH.” L. Gabriel Institute of Technology) and Michael Kevin Grigsby (AAMC) entitled “A Navar led working sessions for partici- Sturek (Indiana Univ. School of Strategy for Departmental Innovation: pants to review and revise sections of Medicine) were elected to three-year Driving Toward Sustainable Growth.” the ACDP/APS Medical Physiology terms as Councilors, and Bishr Omary In addition, JR Haywood (Michigan Learning Objectives. A new revision is (Univ. of Michigan Medical School) was State Univ.), Barbara Sanborn planned for 2011. Martin Frank, APS elected to a one-year term as Councilor (Colorado State Univ.), and Thomas Executive Director, gave an update on to finish out Chip Montrose’s term. Westfall (Saint Louis Univ.) jointly APS activities and future plans. Meredith Bond (Univ. of Maryland School of Medicine) was elected as Council of Academic Societies (AAMC) Representative. Bond was thanked for her service as Past President. Chris Cheeseman (Univ. of Alberta) was thanked for his service as Secretary-Treasurer, as was Steven R. Houser (Temple Univ. School of Medicine) for his service as Councilor. President-elect Gary Sieck (Mayo Clinic College of Medicine) announced the 2011 ACDP annual fall meeting will be held at the Playacar Palace Resort in Cancun, Mexico on December 1-4, 2011. For more information on the 2011 meet- ing, see http://www.acdponline.org/ Meetings/2011fallmeeting.htm. 

ACDP logo displayed in waterfall during opening reception.

14 The Physiologist ACDP Meeting Highlights Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

Williams Honored at Annual ACDP Meeting

R. Clinton Webb (Medical College of Georgia), President of the Association of Chairs of Departments of Physiology (ACDP), presented the ACDP’s highest award, the Distinguished Service Award, to John A. Williams, MD, PhD, former Chair, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Univ. of Michigan Medical School, dur- ing the organization’s 2010 fall meeting in Bonita Springs, FL. Williams was selected to receive the ACDP Distinguished Service Award for his long and illustrious service to ACDP, to science, and to physiology. Williams received his medical and doctoral degree in Physiology & Biophysics from the Univ. of Washington in 1968. He then complet- ed a one-year postdoctoral fellowship at the Univ. of Utah and served as a Staff Associate in the Clinical Endocrinology Branch of the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases from 1969-71. He continued his postdoctoral ACDP President R. Clinton Webb presents John A. Williams with the training as a Helen Hay Whitney 2010 Distinguished Service Award. Foundation Fellow in the Department received numerous awards, including Associate Editor for the Journal of of Pharmacology at the Univ. of the Gastrointestinal Section Prize of Clinical Investigation, and Section Cambridge, United Kingdom and in the American Physiological Society, the Editor for the Annual Review of 1973 joined the faculty at the Univ. of Ismar Boas Medal of the German Physiology. Most recently, Williams California, San Francisco. At UCSF he Gastroenterological Association, and was the founding editor of The rose to the position of Professor and election as a fellow of the American Pancreapedia, an electronic knowledge Vice-Chair of Physiology and Co- Association for the Advancement of base for the exocrine pancreas. He has Director of the Laboratory of Cell Science. He also was honored by the served on two permanent NIH study Biology at Mount Zion Hospital. American Pancreatic Association with sections and chaired one. He has been He moved to the Univ. of Michigan a Lifetime Achievement Award, continuously funded by multiple grants (U-M) in1987 as Professor and Chair of received the U-M Distinguished since 1973 and one of his active grants the Department of Physiology, and he Faculty Achievement Award in 2004, has been awarded MERIT status by the received a secondary appointment as and a Distinguished Alumni award National Institutes of Health. He also Professor of Internal Medicine in 1988. from Central Washington Univ. in continues to serve as director of a Williams served as department chair 2009. In 2009 he was named the first Predoctoral Training Grant and as for 21 years before stepping down from the Horace W. Davenport Collegiate Associate Director of the Michigan this leadership position in 2008 to focus Professor of Physiology at the U-M. Digestive Disease Center. on his research and teaching activities. His distinguished career has includ- Because of his scientific endeavors; During his tenure, the department ed training more than 70 students and his dedicated service to the field of gas- grew and thrived as shown by its fellows, many of whom have gone on to trointestinal and pancreatic physiology recent high ranking in the NRC obtain key positions at prestigious aca- and physiology as a whole; and his dis- Assessment of Research Doctorate demic and research institutions. His tinguished service to APS, ACDP, and Programs. work has led to over 270 peer-reviewed other scientific organizations, the Williams has been active in a num- papers in high-quality journals and ACDP was proud to present its 2010 ber of scientific societies and served as more than 75 reviews and book chap- Distinguished Service Award to John President of the American ters. He served as Editor of the A. Williams.  Physiological Society and the American American Journal of Physiology: Pancreatic Association. He has Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology,

15 The Physiologist Membership Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

New Undergraduate Student Members Forrest Andrew Brooks Mehria Sayad-Shah Michael Jon Ziegele Univ. of Colorado, Boulder Univ. of California, San Diego Eldridge Lab, WI Allison Rae Bruhl Michelle Nicole Sullivan Colorado State Univ. Colorado State Univ. Colin Campbell Chi Yung Yuen Univ. of California, Irvine The Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong

New Graduate Student Members Rushita Adhikari Bagchi Alicia Diener Brent Humber Univ. of Manitoba, Canada Univ. of Nebraska Med. Ctr. McMaster Univ., Canada Franke Aefiner Ajit S. Divakaruni Rebecca Lynn Hutcheson Ohio State Univ. Univ. of Cambridge Univ. of South Alabama Tiffany Akins Gaelle Doucet Moon Hyon Hwang Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison UMR622, France Univ. of Florida Vance L. Albaugh Anna D’Souza Poonam Jalswal Penn State Univ. College of Med. York Univ., Canada Univ. of Florida Asma Al Menhali Jennifer J. Dupont Catherine Jarrett Univ. of Michigan Univ. of Delaware Arizona State Univ. Kameswari Ananthakrishnan Michelle Eagle Kyle Bruce Johnson Univ. of Arizona Tulane Univ., LA Michigan State Univ. Stan Andrisse Erika Eliason Memory Kashumba St. Louis Univ., MO Univ. of British Columbia, Canada Lincoln Memorial Univ., TN Joshua James Avila Jennifer Emily Enns Robert Arnold Larson Texas A&M Univ. Univ. of Manitoba, Canada Michigan Technological Univ. Priya Balasubramanian Kimberly Fairbrother Sang-Rok Lee Michigan State Univ. Appalachian State Univ., NC The Florida State Univ. Lital Bar Ilan Jonathan Fallica Jiahua Li Hebrew Univ., Isreal Johns Hopkins Univ., MD Univ. of Southern California Greg Barton David Pual Ferguson Tinamarie Lieu Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison Texas A&M Univ. Johns Hopkins Med. Inst., MD Jacqueline Beaudry Elfego Galvan Andreia Lopes Da Silva York Univ. , Canada Univ. of Buffalo, NY Sch. of Med. of Ribeirao Preto, USP Virginie Bolduc Zarine Garcia Rebecca E.K. Macpherson Montreal Heart Inst., Canada Colorado State Univ. Brock Univ., Canada Robert Eli Brainard Jamie Genthe Isabelle Masseau Univ. of Louisville, KY Med. College of Wisconsin Univ. of Missouri Nelson Augusto Jardim Brügger Alexandro Gianforcaro Ashley Ann McKinney Univ. Fed Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil York Univ., Canada Western Michigan Univ. David Campbell Adam G. Goodwill John Nicholas Melvan Univ. of Arizona College of Med. West Virginia Univ. Louisiana State Univ., HSC Zana Ara Carver Adam David Gracz Megan Migchels Columbia Basin College, WA Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Univ. of Western Ontario Cheng-Hung Chen Jennifer C. Guercio Naz Moaddab Idaho State Univ. Montclair State Univ., NJ Georgetown Univ., DC Michelle E. Clement Justin Guilkey Hoda Moazzen Ohio State Univ. Ball State Univ., IN Univ. of Western Ontario, Canada Katie Colbert Coate Nathaniel Hart Amit Modgil Vanderbilt Univ., Sch of Med., TN Univ. of Arizona North Dakota State Univ. Evangeline Wang Cornwell Lori I. Hatcher Colby Daniels Moore Boston Univ., MA Univ. of Nebraska Med. Ctr. Baylor Univ., TX Michael P. Craig Heather E. Held David Justin Moore Univ. of Cincinnati Coll. of Med. State Univ. of NY, Buffalo Penn State Univ. Mark Wayne Cunningham Kimbell Louise Hetzler Elizabeth Ann Moran Univ. of Florida Univ. of South Carolina Univ. of Kansas Med. Ctr. James Thomas Davis Derek Samuel Hill Jason M. Moreau California State Univ., Fullerton Nottingham Univ., UK Univ. of Western Ontario Patrick Davis Shannadora Hollis Fiona O’Connor Brigham Young Univ., UT Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore Univ. College Cork, Ireland Shobhit Dhawan Lily Huang Melina Andrea Pagotto Tytgat Inst., Netherlands Tulane Univ., Sch. of Med., LA IFISE, Argentina 16 The Physiologist Membership Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

Rupal Pandey Gregory Shamitko Siddharth Sukumaran Univ. of South Carolina Tulane Univ. Sch. of Med., LA SUNY, Buffalo, NY Ashley J. Peckett Charu Shukla Ryo Takagi York Univ., Canada Kent State Univ., OH Kobe Univ., Japan Jeremiah Phelps Aliue David Silva Elton Taylor Michigan State Univ. Univ. of Sao Paulo, Brazil Lincoln Memorial Univ., TN Chris Norman Poole Peter Istvan Sipos Leslie Charles Thompson Univ. of Oklahoma Univ. of Manchester, UK East Carolina Univ., NC Rene Raphemot Christopher E. Slay Miranda Undem Vanderbilt Univ., Sch. of Med., TN Univ. of California, Irvine Ball State Univ., IN Steve Ratchford Ruben C. Sloan Chia-Ling Wu Univ. of Oregon East Carolina Univ., NC Boston Univ., MA Robert Regenhardt Alexandra Soto-Pina Maddalena Alessandra Wu Univ. of Florida Univ. of Texas HSC, San Antonio Univ. of Milan, Italy Jessica L. Retana Jeremy Ezra Springer Tao Xing Colorado State Univ. Dalhousie Univ., Canada Macquarie Univ., Australia Tom Roeschel Mitchel R. Stacy Sheng Yi Charite Univ. Hospital, Berlin, Germany Univ. of Toledo, OH Kansas State Univ. Evan Epstein Schick Robert Alan Standley Samet Serdar Yildirim Univ. of Toledo, OH Ball State Univ., IN Ankara Univ., Sch. of Med., Turkey Vanessa V. Selwyn Anna Elizabeth Stanhewicz Emily Young New Mexico State Univ. Penn State Univ. Univ. of Mississippi Med. Ctr. Young Ah Seo Madhan Subramanian Penn State Univ. Michigan State Univ.

New Affiliate Members Louis William Kutcher Univ. of Cincinnati, OH

Michael Anthony Suniga N30 Pharmaceuticals, Boulder, CO

17 The Physiologist Education Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

APS Presents Awards at the Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students The APS presented awards to minori- The APS, represented by Brooke Garcia, Univ. of California, Davis; ty undergraduate researchers and was a Bruthers, APS Minority Programs Porsha Howell, New Mexico State major conference sponsor at the Annual Coordinator, and 2010-2011 APS K-12 Univ.; Wana Mathieu, Univ. of Arizona; Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Outreach Fellows, Jessica and Breanne Wright, Univ. of Minority Students (ABRCMS) at the Ibarra, Univ. of Texas Health Sciences Maryland, Baltimore County. Charlotte Convention Center in Center, San Antonio, was pleased to The APS congratulates the students Charlotte, NC from November 10-13, present $2,500 in awards to eight on a job well done and wishes them the 2010. ABRCMS is a national conference undergraduate students for the best best in their academic pursuits. designed to facilitate increased minority oral and poster presentations in the Finally, the APS Education Office involvement in biomedical and behav- physiological sciences. Students also sponsored an exhibit booth, highlight- ioral science careers. This four-day con- received a complimentary one-year ing the following awards, programs and ference encompassed scientific presenta- print subscription to the APS journal, resources for minority groups under- tions, professional development work- Physiology, and an APS denim shirt. represented in science: shops, poster and oral presentations, and Awardees were added to the APS • APS/NIDDK Minority Travel numerous networking opportunities Minority Physiologists Listserv. Fellowship which provides funds to with faculty and administrators from Nineteen judges, including APS mem- attend Experimental Biology and the graduate schools, government agencies, bers, Eric Bennett, Univ. of South fall APS conferences; scientific societies and foundations. Florida; Vondolee Delgado-Nixon, • Undergraduate Summer Research ABRCMS, the largest professional Ohio State Univ.; Latanya Fellowships which support full-time event of its kind in the nation, is Hammonds-Odie (co-chair), Georgia undergraduate students to work in the designed to encourage underrepresent- Gwinnett College; Rebecca Hasson, laboratory of an APS member; ed minority students to pursue Univ. of California, San Francisco; • Porter Physiology Fellowship advanced training in the biomedical Jessica M. Ibarra, Univ. of Texas HSC, Program which supports minority stu- and behavioral sciences, including San Antonio; Elsa Mangiarua, dents pursuing full-time studies toward mathematics; it also provides faculty Marshall Univ. School of Medicine; a PhD in the physiological sciences; with resources for facilitating these Trudy Moore-Harrison, Univ. of North • Professional Skills Training students’ success. Carolina, Charlotte; Mohammad Courses which promote the develop- The four-day conference recorded its Newaz, Chicago State Univ.; Thomas ment of key skills among graduate and highest participation numbers ever in Pressley, Texas Tech Univ. HSC; postdoctoral students by creating effec- 2010. More than 3,200 people attended, Thomas Schmidt, Univ. of Iowa; Monte tive live and online courses that are including approximately 2,000 students, Willis, Univ. of North Carolina; and appropriate for students in any life sci- 600 faculty and program directors, and Zivar Yousefipour, Texas Southern ence discipline; and 500 recruiters for graduate and summer Univ., selected the winners: • APS Minority Listserv which pro- research programs. Of the attendees, vides information on APS events, more than 1,400 students participated in Oral Presentations awards, grants, fellowships, science poster and oral presentations in 10 sub- Zakiya Qualls, Howard Univ.; and news, positions available and more. disciplines of the biomedical and behav- Quentin Wilson, Tuskegee Univ. For more information on these pro- ioral sciences. All undergraduate stu- Poster Presentations grams, go to http://www.the-aps.org/edu- dent presentations were judged in a rig- Olubusayo Awe, Morehouse College; cation/minority_prog/. The APS career orous competition, and the students with Ashley Bauer, Univ. of Minnesota Med. brochure, career web site, Archive of the highest scores in each scientific disci- School, Duluth; U’Kevia Bell, Prairie Teaching Resources, Facebook fan page, pline and for each educational level View A&M Univ.; Katiria Flores, Univ. membership for students, MentorNet, received monetary awards. of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Elaine and Experimental Biology 2011 also were highlighted at the exhibit. Formerly known as the MARC/MBRS Symposium, this confer- ence is sponsored by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), Division of Minority Opportunities in Research Program (MORE) and managed by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). For more information see http://www.abr- cms.org . For more information regard- ing the awards, programs and fellow- ships administered by the APS Education Office, please visit http:// www.the-aps.org/education/index.htm or contact the office at education@the- Jessica Ibarra (top right) with ABRCMS presentation awardees. aps.org or 301-634-7132. 

18 The Physiologist Education Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

Highlights of the 2010 USA Science & Engineering Festival

More than 500,000 people attended Freedom Plaza on Constitution the 2010 USA Science & Engineering Avenue. Six APS members were divid- Festival on the US National Mall and ed into morning and afternoon shifts, surrounding facilities in Washington, and engaged visitors with hands-on DC during the weekend of October 23- activities at the booth: they were: APS 24, 2010. The APS Exhibit Booth was in Education Committee Members: the Mellon Auditorium located on Thomas Pressley, Texas Tech Univ.

The sign that provided context for the Healthy Heart Pumping Race.

The APS Exhibit Booth team, left to right: Mel Limson, TanYa Gwathmey, Thomas Pressley, Clintoria Richards Williams, Rudy Ortiz, Jodie Krontiris-Litowitz, Miranda Byse, and Marsha Matyas. Not pictured: Mesia Moore Steed.

Thomas Pressley, Chair of the APS Education Committee, demon- Clintoria Richards Williams guides a group of young girls into thinking strates blood flow by using the about solving a problem with the circulatory system. model and illustration. 19 The Physiologist Education Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

A young kid enjoying the experience of pumping flu- Rudy Ortiz engages a set of twins to feel how fat (veg- ids through tubing with or without a constriction, etable shortening) and feathers (bubble wrap) can modeling a diseased or normal circulatory system. provide warmth from ice cold buckets of water.

HSC; Johanna Krontiris-Litowitz, included young and old adult individ- model of blood flow and the effects of Youngstown State Univ.; APS Early uals, parent-child or family groups, unhealthy diets and lack of exercise. Career Professional Service Awardee: and groups of young children and ado- The model was constructed with a uni- Rudy Ortiz, Univ. of California, Merced; lescents. There was a steady and con- directional marine gas pump and tub- APS K-12 Outreach Fellows: TanYa stant flow of guests engaging in both ing that circulated fluid (water with Gwathmey, Wake Forest Univ.; Mesia APS booth activities on the “Healthy red food coloring) from a reservoir into Moore Steed, Wake Forest Univ.; and Heart Race” and a demonstration on a graduated jug. When the tube was Clintoria Richards Williams, Emory insulation using fat, feathers, and skin clamped to demonstrate clogged arter- Univ. in cold water. ies, the pump was more difficult to A demographic and ethnic diversity The “Healthy Heart Pumping Race” squeeze and the time to fill the jug of visitors to the APS Exhibit Booth engaged participants to understand a was longer.

Marsha Lakes Matyas, APS Director of Education, Jodie Krontiris-Litowitz explains insulation to two engages attendees with the newly developed young children while they observe the polar bear and Physiology Clever Catch Ball, available at the APS bird photographs. Online Store.

20 The Physiologist Education Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

A model of insulation attracted par- ticipants to feel the differences of pro- tection from ice cold water with fat, feathers, and skin. Fat was simulated with vegetable shortening, while feath- ers were represented by bubble wrap, and skin served as the control in a bucket of ice water. Each model system was fashioned like a double-gloved sys- tem with sealed plastic zippie bags. Participants were captivated with the demonstration and led to discussions on adaptations in different animals (polar bears, birds, and humans). The new APS Physiology Clever Catch Ball debuted during the Festival weekend. Initially based on the Anatomy Clever Catch Ball, physiology content questions and answers were developed by the APS Education Committee. Sales are available through the APS Online Store. The inflated beach ball with questions is tossed among a group of people or an individ- ual. The question upon which the left thumb lands when the ball is caught is Mesia Moore Steed shares the Phizzy the Physiologist Bear postcard for the question to be answered by the indi- a related online experiment with a group of young boys. vidual. The teaching tool is an engaging and fun way to introduce concepts and discussions on physiological systems. 

A sign with photos of polar bears and birds with a stimulating question on thermal An estimated 2,500 guests passed through the APS insulation. Exhibit Booth over the course of two days. 21 The Physiologist Education Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

APS Archive of Teaching Resources Thanks its 2010 Reviewers

The APS Archive of Teaching John Dietz and Charles Weakness and Hypotension (Case Resources would like to thank the fol- Preuss Study) lowing members for serving as review- Hyponatremia (Case Study) John Dietz ers of undergraduate/graduate/profes- John Dietz Additionally, the Archive would like sionals items for the 2010 Fall Review Low-grade Inflammation and to thank the following members for Cycle: Robert Augustyniak, Maureen Exercise (PowerPoint) reviewing K-12 classroom activities Basha, Mitsi Blount, and Kristen Wren McLauglin and developed by participants in the APS Mitchell. Thanks to their efforts, the Lorrie Brilla Frontiers in Physiology program: Rob following twelve items were accepted Muscle Spindle Physiology Lecture Carroll, Erik Henriksen, Robert Hester, into the Archive: and Referee Analogy (PowerPoint) Thomas Pressley, Thomas Schmidt, Acidosis: Metabolic & Respiratory Lorrie Brilla Dexter Speck, and Chris Woodman. Hypertension (Case Study) Nuclear Structure and Chromosome Thanks to their efforts, forty-six items John Dietz Evolution (PowerPoint) were reviewed for the Archive. Acidosis: Respiratory (Case Study) Lindsay Shopland To view and comment on these newly John Dietz Polyuria & Polydipsia (Case Study) accepted items, visit the APS Archive of Case Study - “While you were sleep- John Dietz Teaching Resources at http://www. ing...” Physiology of the Kidneys, Body apsarchive.org.  Jeanette Hafey Fluids and Acid-Base Balance Fluid Retention following the MAZE (Case Study) surgical procedure (Case Study) John Dietz

New Community is Coming to the APS Archive of Teaching Resources The APS Archive of Teaching The Archive Community of Practice tion of resources from our new part- Resources (http://www.apsarchive.org) will provide a forum where educators ners: American Association of was recently awarded a three-year not only contribute and share teaching Anatomists (AAA), Massachusetts grant from the National Science materials, but also provide feedback, Society for Medical Research (MSMR), Foundation to create an Archive ratings, and recommendations of sets of and Northwest Association for Community of Practice (Marsha Lakes Archive materials that they have used. Biomedical Research (NWABR).  Matyas, Director of Education Be on the lookout for upcoming Programs, Co-PI). changes to the Archive and the addi- Mentoring Forum Dual Science Couples and Being a New Faculty Member

Angela J. Grippo Northern Illinois Univ.

I am employed at a large university ing-focused institution. whose mission includes a strong value Lesson 1: Decisions are best on research, as well as teaching of made together. This lesson might graduate and undergraduate stu- sound obvious, as all relationships dents. I am part of a dual-career cou- involve compromises and sacrifices. ple. My husband and I met during However, being a dual-career couple graduate school, and we have been comes with inherent challenges, espe- together for 11 years (married for 6½ cially when one person is considering years). We do not yet have children. a particular opportunity to advance Currently, my husband and I work in his or her career. I have found that the same department; he began his the best way to approach these oppor- position three years before I was hired tunities is to discuss all of the pros into my current position. As a dual- and cons together and consider how career couple, we have encountered the decision will affect not only both of challenges and have learned several your careers, but also your relation- important lessons. Below are some ship in general. lessons I have learned throughout the process of looking for jobs in academia Lesson 2: The academic world is and working at a research- and teach- a small world. A difficult challenge Angela J. Grippo

22 The Physiologist Mentoring Forum Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011 for dual-career couples looking for Lesson 4: A teamwork-focused (such as a teamwork-oriented culture jobs is determining when to discuss lab is a happy lab. My husband and and a systematic approach to giving with potential employers the fact that I are a team at home, and my labora- authorship), I also strive to consider they have a spouse in academia. I tory is a team at work. I have learned the individual needs of my lab mem- don’t think there is an easy solution in my first few years as an Assistant bers. For instance, currently in my to this challenge, and each situation Professor that the members of my lab- laboratory there is one postdoctoral may need to be assessed on an indi- oratory are productive and focused fellow, two graduate students (one vidual basis. However, a consistent because we work together as a team. advanced student and one who is new theme I learned through applying for I strive for a laboratory culture that this year), and several undergraduate jobs is that there are very few degrees includes clear goals for conducting volunteers with various goals of apply- of separation among academics. research, transparency about the ing to graduate school or entering the Oftentimes, someone who I thought responsibilities of the lab members, job market. I ask many of my stu- was a stranger actually knew some- and a team-oriented approach where dents to complete a SWOT Analysis one who knew one of us, or someone more advanced lab members can (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportuni- who had trained one of us, and so serve as unofficial mentors to junior ties, and Threats) within the first forth. The good news is that one can lab members. Individual lab mem- month of entering my lab, which use this information to his/her advan- bers may have specific priorities in encourages the individual to self- tage while searching for jobs. As an terms of the research projects that are reflect on his/her abilities and goals. example, when my husband or I being carried out (e.g., a graduate stu- (Incidentally, I first learned about the applied for a job in a particular city, dent working on a Master’s project, a concept of a SWOT Analysis from the we (or sometimes one of our mentors) postdoc working on an independently APS, which uses them regularly for contacted individuals who were locat- designed series of studies); however, long-term strategic planning and peri- ed nearby or otherwise had an associ- these projects often include additional odic evaluation of committees). I have ation with the institution, explained researchers participating at various adapted APS’s SWOT Analysis to our situation, included our CVs, and levels. I see several benefits to this determine an individualized mentor- asked if they knew of any potential approach, the first and foremost being ing plan for each member of my labo- opportunities that might be relevant that the members of my lab know ratory. In addition, I ask each person to our situation. Although this they have a social support network in to evaluate him/herself at the end of approach might not feel appropriate place for when someone has a ques- each academic term in the context of for everyone, we found this to be a tion or needs assistance. Another research productivity and career more effective way to learn about benefit is that the members of my lab progress (reflecting back on the initial potential job opportunities than wait- know that they do not have to “com- SWOT Analysis and the previous ing for “the right time” to announce pete” for time, resources, or my atten- term). I have found that this strategy that one of us had a spouse during the tion and instead can focus their is working thus far to help me tailor job negotiation process. efforts on getting things done. Of my mentoring style to each individ- course, inherent in this approach is ual’s strengths, weaknesses, motiva- Lesson 3: Having one’s own iden- ensuring that all members of a project tions, and goals. tity is an asset. Given that my hus- know what is required to earn credit I think the most important lesson I band and I work in the same depart- (e.g., authorship on an article or have learned by being part of a dual- ment, there are several opportunities abstract) and keeping track of indi- career couple is that although it has its for us to interact on a daily basis. vidual effort so that appropriate cred- challenges, it is also fun! Flexibility When I accepted my current position, it can be given to all members who and an open mind are qualities that I we decided together that we would have earned it. have tried to capitalize on throughout function independently at work – and my career. Finally, I feel that keeping we would make a concerted effort to Lesson 5: Individual lab mem- everything in perspective—including each keep our own identities. For bers need individual mentoring work, life, and relationships—is a good example, we do not regularly sit next to styles. While I attempt to keep con- strategy when it comes to making each other at meetings, eat lunch sistency in my lab in certain contexts tough decisions.  together, or socialize in each other’s offices. Additionally, although we have Angela Grippo’s research is and a MA and PhD in psychology published one article together prior to focused on interactions among (behavioral neuroscience) from the working at the same institution, we stress, emotion, and the cardiovas- Univ. of Iowa. She then completed decided that it would be most appropri- cular system. She uses animal two postdoctoral fellowships, at ate if we did not collaborate on projects models and integrative research Loyola Univ. Medical Center and together while each of us is working methods to investigate mechanisms at the Univ. of Illinois at Chicago. toward achieving tenure. Given that a underlying the bidirectional link Currently, she is an Assistant conflict of interest can involve not only between mood disorders and car- Professor of Psychology at an actual conflict but also a perceived diovascular disease. She teaches Northern Illinois Univ., where she conflict, we find that keeping clear indi- courses in biological psychology, as supervises both graduate and vidual identities conveys a level of well as psychopharmacology. undergraduate students and has appropriate professionalism to our stu- Grippo received a BS in psy- funding from the National dents, colleagues, and administrators. chology from Drake University, Institute of Mental Health. 

23 The Physiologist Science Policy Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

American Physiological from the so-called Justice Department, and “the latest in a series of psycholog- naming a trainee in his lab as a target ical attacks by animal rights activists Society Condemns and providing her home address. who have focused their attention on Threats Against Jentsch is a neuroscientist who stud- UCLA researchers.” His open letter is Researchers ies mechanisms underlying cognition, posted on the Speaking of Research impulse control, and decision making website at http://speakingofresearch. In November 2010, UCLA primate in vervet monkeys. He has been a tar- com/2010/11/19/open-letter-to-the-jus- researcher J. David Jentsch received a get of animal rights extremist intimi- tice-department/. threatening letter from animal rights dation and harassment for several A number of organizations including extremists. The letter, signed by the years. In 2009, when his car was fire- the APS issued statements condemning “Justice Department,” contained razor bombed in the driveway of his home, the use of violence and threats against blades supposedly dipped in “AIDS Jentsch chose to fight back by estab- those involved in lawful and humane blood.” In 1999, someone using the same lishing an organization called Pro-Test research involving animals. Others name sent 88 letters containing razor for Science (http://www.pro-test-for-sci- groups that issued statements include blades—also supposedly dipped in HIV- ence.org/) that has held public demon- the American Veterinary Medical infected blood—to other non-human pri- strations in support of animal research Association, Society for Neuroscience, mate researchers. Shortly after Jentsch in 2009 and 2010. American Association for Laboratory received the threatening letter, the Jentsch wrote a defiant open letter in Animal Science, and the American North American Animal Liberation which he described the mailing as an Society of Primatologists. Philosopher Front Press Office posted a communiqué “amateurish attempt at instilling fear” Peter Singer, whose book Animal Liberation is considered to mark the American Physiological Society Statement founding of the modern animal rights movement, also decried the extremists’ Condemning Threats Against Researchers action. Singer tweeted, “Ugh...How will this help animals? All it does is give the Since July 2006, a number of receives competitive funding from the animal movement the worst possible California researchers who conduct National Institutes of Health, has pro- image.” medical research utilizing animals vided important insights into biochemi- The APS statement condemning have been the target of violent and cal processes related to how the brain threats against researchers may be threatening incidents directed stores and processes information. These found at http://www.the-aps.org/pa/pol- towards them and their families. insights are important in terms of icy/animals/SupportofAnimalResearch These incidents have included actual understanding methamphetamine ers.htm. or attempted arson; home intrusion; addiction and tobacco dependence criminal vandalism; and harassment among teens, along with cognitive dis- such as aggressive home demonstra- abilities that affect behavior, speech, APS Leadership Meets tions by individuals wearing clothing and reasoning in patients with schizo- that conceals their identities. The phrenia. with NIH Officials American Physiological Society con- Dr. Jentsch is one of many scientists demns all acts of violence or intimida- who have been harassed or threatened On Wednesday, November 3, 2010 tion against individuals engaged in because they work with animals. APS President Peter Wagner, Past legitimate scientific inquiries intend- Research involving animals plays an President Gary Sieck, President-elect ed to advance knowledge and improve essential role in efforts to discover Joey Granger, Science Policy health. causes, preventions, treatments, and Committee Chair John Chatham, and The most recent such events took cures for disease. Knowledge obtained Executive Director Martin Frank met place in late November when a group through research with animals has with officials at the National Institutes of unidentified extremists sent a saved many lives and improved the of Health to discuss APS priorities. package containing razor blades and quality of life for millions of people and The APS leadership met with Dr. Sally a threatening letter to UCLA neuro- animals. Scientists recognize that they Rockey, Director of the Office of scientist David Jentsch. A claim was have ethical duties both to relieve suf- Extramural Research, Dr. Story Landis, made that a similar package was sent fering through research as well as to Director of the National Institute of to a graduate student in Jentsch’s provide humane care for research ani- Neurological Disorders and Stroke lab, although the package has not mals. Moreover, the use of animals in (NINDS), Dr. James Kiley, Director of the actually been received. research is subject to strict regulatory Division of Lung Diseases at the Dr. Jentsch’s research is being con- oversight. National Heart, Lung and Blood ducted both lawfully and humanely The American Physiological Institute (NHLBI), and Dr. Greg with the objective of relieving human Society condemns extremist actions Germino, Deputy Director of the suffering. Jentsch is a professor of psy- against researchers in the strongest National Institute of Diabetes and chology and of psychiatry and bio- possible terms: it is thuggery, pure Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). behavioral sciences. He utilizes vervet and simple. Harassment, threats, and Discussion in several of the meetings monkeys in research into genetic and violence contribute nothing to the focused on the importance of training neurochemical mechanisms that influ- betterment of animal welfare, nor do the next generation of researchers. At ence cognition, impulse control, and they promote dialogue or thoughtful the NHLBI, APS leadership conveyed decision-making. The research, which consideration of these serious issues. specific concerns about the lack of sup-

24 The Physiologist Science Policy Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

and A1 grant APS has solicited volunteers for peer applications review service and submitted contact and the chal- information to the NIH, and will contin- lenge that pres- ue to do so as necessary. ents for investi- gators. An addi- 1. Alberts, B. Overbuilding Research tional pressure Capacity. Science 329, 1257 (2010). for investiga- tors at major research insti- NIH Board Approves tutions is the requirement to Plan to Create New support a large Center percentage of their salaries On December 7, 2010 the NIH on research Scientific Management Review Board grants. Dr. met and voted to recommend the cre- Rockey refer- ation of a new Center to focus on trans- enced the lational research. The proposed Center recent Science will be called the National Center for editorial by Dr. Advancing Translational Sciences Bruce Alberts (NCATS) and will incorporate existing (1) and noted clinical research programs such as the the need to Clinical and Translational Science examine the Awards (CTSA), Therapeutics for Rare current aca- and Neglected Diseases (TRND), the demic business Molecular Libraries Initiative and the model which newly created Cures Acceleration encourages Network (CAN). investigators to The NIH Reform Act of 2006 capped support the the number of NIH Institutes and bulk of their Centers at the current 27, and, thus, APS President Peter Wagner, Past President Gary Sieck, own salaries the proposal for a new Center necessi- President-elect Joey Granger, and Science Policy with grant dol- tates the elimination of one of the exist- Committee Chair John Chatham in front of Building 1 at lars. ing ICs. The current plan calls for the the National Institutes of Health. Officials at elimination of the National Center for both the Research Resources (NCRR), with the port for individual pre-doctoral fellow- NIDDK and NHLBI asked the APS for existing NCRR programs being dis- ships. There was also discussion about help in identifying Society members persed either to the new NCATS or efforts to diversify the scientific work- who are willing to participate in the other ICs. The Board has requested a force through programs designed to peer review process. In the past the report on the impact of the reorganiza- support underrepresented minorities during training. NIH officials expressed concern about the lack of progress in this area, citing the low numbers of minorities applying for R01 grants despite many years of efforts to increase diversity. The APS Minority Programs were highlighted, and the leadership encouraged the NIH to look more broadly at how to measure the success of diversity programs. Declining success rates for R01 grant applications were a topic of discussion in many of the meetings. At the NINDS, Dr. Landis reported that they are work- ing to support investigators and main- tain the number of R01 grants by phas- ing out certain large projects to free up resources, and providing bridge funds when necessary. The APS leadership APS President Peter Wagner, Past President Gary Sieck, President-elect raised concerns at the NHLBI about the Joey Granger, and Science Policy Committee Chair John Chatham with decision to use different paylines for A0 Dr. Sally Rockey, NIH Deputy Director for Extramural Research.

25 The Physiologist Science Policy Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011 tion to be completed before the next Directive is incorporated into the International Scientists meeting in February. laws, regulations, and/or administra- The reorganization is slated to be tive provisions of each member state. Commit to Advocate for completed on October 1, 2011, which is The process of incorporating the Animal Research the start of fiscal year 2012 . To read Directive into the laws of member more about the plans and to provide states is called “transposition” and is November 29, 2010 top European sci- your comments, see the NIH Feedback supposed to be completed by entists issued a declaration affirming website: http://feedback.nih.gov/. November 10, 2012 so that the provi- their support for humane animal sions of new Directive will enter into research and promising to engage poli- force in all member nations as of cy makers and the public in a dialogue European Union to January 1, 2013. about its importance to medical discov- Most animal welfare standards in ery. The declaration was the product of Implement New Animal the new Directive are similar to those a two-day scientific conference in Welfare Rules in 2013 prevailing in the US. However, meth- Basel, Switzerland on challenges to ods for assuring compliance differ, and animal research. On September 22, 2010, the a few provisions exceed US require- The document, called the Basel European Union (EU) adopted a new ments. For example, the Directive cov- Declaration, sets high standards for set of requirements for the protection of ers cephalopods, whereas in the US, animal welfare, emphasizes the value animals in scientific procedures includ- research with invertebrates is not sub- of continued research to both human ing those for research, education, and ject to government oversight. The use and animal health, and stresses the training. Directive 2010/63/EU was of wild-caught animals and stray or importance of basic research as the adopted by the European Parliament feral domestic animals is prohibited foundation for applied research. and the Council of the European Union unless there is a scientific rationale The declaration comes at a time of after extensive negotiations and a why purpose-bred animals of the same mounting challenges to animal lengthy approval process. It will go into species cannot be substituted. research across Europe. Two recent effect on January 1, 2013. Translational or applied research with court cases, one in Germany and one in Directive 2010/63 will have the nonhuman primates is restricted to Switzerland, have barred researchers greatest impact on scientists working that intended prevent, diagnose, treat, from using primates in basic research, in EU member nations, but it may also or cure a health condition in humans. citing lack of imminent practical bene- affect US scientists in EU-based phar- This restriction does not apply to basic fit from the work. More broadly, the maceutical companies if they make research. Research with great apes European Union recently approved a global changes in procedure for rea- such as chimpanzees is prohibited, new regulatory framework that will sons of comparability and consistency. except for research aimed at the add new restrictions and place new In addition, the new Directive may preservation of the species. An exemp- requirements on the conduct of affect scientists who collaborate with tion may be sought if there is an out- research (see previous article). The EU researchers or who want to publish break of a life-threatening disease for debates leading up to the new EU their research in certain EU-based which no other research model would Directive revealed many misunder- journals. suffice. In addition, the Directive man- standings about animal research. This Directive 2010/63 replaces the 24- dates the publication of a nontechnical has prompted some researchers to try year-old Directive 86/609. Many summary of all animal research proj- to engage both policy makers and the improvements to laboratory animal ects minus any trade secrets or infor- public more directly. In addition to welfare occurred since Directive 86/609 mation that could identify researchers these challenges, researchers across went into effect, and while some EU or institutions. Evaluation of a Europe have faced an escalation of members had revised their national research project to determine whether harassment by extremists. Most animal welfare laws during the inter- it is justified may integrate the opinion notably, in Switzerland last summer, im, others had not. A new Directive was of independent parties. animal rights extremists set fire to the deemed necessary to eliminate these A group of European scientists who vacation home of then–Novartis CEO, disparities. met in Basel, Switzerland in November Daniel Vasella. The new Directive contains 60 sub- 2010 called upon their colleagues to At its launch, over 50 life scientists stantive articles and eight annexes rise to the challenges contained in the from Germany and Switzerland had along with a preamble consisting of 56 new Directive. (See related article on signed the Basel Declaration, making a paragraphs. Some sections of the pre- the Basel declaration calling for more commitment to increase public under- amble embody different points of view trust, transparency and communica- standing of animal research. Now they on the necessity for and desirability of tion on animal research.) are encouraging scientists around the research with animals. However, as For a link to the Directive, see world to sign on as well. The declara- noted by the UK advocacy group http://www.the-aps.org/pa/eudirec- tion list eight introductory points offer- Understanding Animal Research, “The tive.htm.) For background, see ing examples of research areas and main legally-binding parts of the text http://www.understandinganimalre- health issues that still require scientif- are the ‘articles’ and ‘annexes’” while search.org.uk/policy_issues/european_ ic exploration (the very first of which is the preamble is “intended to explain regulation. “many physiological processes”) and and justify the rest of the Directive.” reiterating the value of research to The significance of this distinction improving animal health and impor- may become more apparent as the tance of basic research—which in par-

26 The Physiologist Science Policy Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011 ticular has seen legal restrictions in Reference Handbook on and images of both normal and abnor- Europe recently. It then lists ten mal clinical findings. “Fundamental Principles,” the first Clinical Signs in Rodents To obtain a complimentary copy, pro- seven of which are focused on uphold- and Rabbits Available vide contact information and a mailing ing high animal welfare standards. The address to the Charles River Customer last three focus on improving dialogue Charles River Laboratories, Inc. has Support Center at askcharlesriver with the public and lawmakers. Finally, published a reference handbook with @crl.com or 1.877.274.8371. Multiple it ends with eight action points to practical information about normal and copies will be provided to institutions which signatories commit; these focus abnormal clinical conditions in labora- upon request. Spanish, French and on improving how animal research is tory rodents and rabbits. The Chinese versions of the handbook are understood by the public, lawmakers, Handbook of Clinical Signs in Rodents expected to be available in 2011.  the media, and educators and con- and Rabbits is intended to help demning extremism. research personnel, veterinarians, and You can download a PDF of the dec- laboratory animal care staff assess laration or, if you choose, sign it here: these animals. The book explains how http://www.basel-declaration.org/ to make and describe observations using clinically applicable terminology and measures. It contains descriptions

Faith Wolfe, Executive Director of States United for APS Director Martin Frank (left) and President Peter Biomedical Research (SUBR), presents APS Director Wagner (right) stand with Alice Ra’anan (second from of Government Relations and Science Policy, Alice right) and SUBR Director Faith Wolfe (second from Ra’anan, with the 2010 SUBR Distinguished Service left) after the award ceremony. Award.

27 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2011 Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

Saturday, April 9, 2011

Ballroom B 5:45-6:45 PM Physiology in Perspective: The Walter B. Bowditch Award Lecture Cannon Memorial Lecture The Bowditch Lectureship is awarded to a regular mem- Bolli Room 146A 1:00-3:00 PM ber, 42 years of age or younger (at the time of the 2011 lec- Workshop: Translational Research: A Primer for the Basic Scientist ture), for original and outstanding accomplishments in the Miller/Bairey Merz field of physiology. Selected by the APS President, the 3:15-5:15 PM Workshop: Rodent Instrumentation recipient presents a lecture at the Experimental Biology Knuepfer meeting, which is considered for publication in the Society Room 146B 2:00-5:15 PM AFMR Workshop: Keys for Translation: journal of their choosing. The recipient receives an hono- Science and Strategy rarium of $2,500, reimbursement of expenses incurred Zucker Room 146C 8:00 AM-12:00 NOON while participating in the Experimental Biology meeting, Refresher Course in Cell Physiology: and a plaque. The membership is invited to submit nomina- Intracellular Signaling Pressley/Williams tions for the Bowditch Lecturer. A nomination shall be Room 145A 9:00-11:30 AM Microcirculatory Society President's accompanied by a candidate’s curriculum vitae and one let- Symposium ter detailing the individual’s status, contributions, and Zawieja 2:00-4:30 PM potential. MCS Trainee Free Oral Communications More information on the award and nomination procedures Chakraborty Room 147A 1:00-3:00 PM are available at http://www.the-aps.org. Nominations should Sci Policy Symp: How to Become and be submitted online at http://www.the-aps.org/awardapps. Advocate: A Workshop for Scientists Talman/Haywood Room 147B 12:45-2:45 PM WEH Special Session: Vasopressin and the Neurohypophysis: An Old but Continuing Story. The Leonard Share Memorial Symposium Stallone/Brooks 3:15-5:30 PM WEH Trainee Award Finalists Symposium TBD Room 154A 3:00-5:00 PM Communications Symp: Communicating Physiology in Perspective Science as a New Career Path: Physiology Beyond the Lab Walter B. Cannon Memorial Lecture Hicks The Cannon Memorial Lecture, sponsored by the Grass Foundation, honors Walter B. Cannon, President of the Society from 1913-1916, and is presented annually at the spring meeting to an outstanding physiological scientist, domestic or foreign, as selected by the President-Elect with the consent of Council. The recipient presents a lecture on “Physiology in Perspective,” addressing Cannon’s concepts of “The Wisdom of the Body.” The lecture is considered for publi- cation in the Society journal of their choosing. The recipient receives an honorarium of $4,000, a plaque, and reimburse- ment of expenses incurred in association with delivery of the lecture. The membership is invited to submit nominations for this lecture. A nomination shall be accompanied by a candi- date’s curriculum vitae and one letter detailing the individ- ual’s status and contributions. More information on the award and nomination procedures are available at http://www.the-aps.org. Nominations should be submitted online at http://www.the-aps.org/awardapps.

28 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2011 Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

Sunday, April 10, 2011 8:00-10:00 AM 10:30 AM-12:30 PM 3:15-5:15 PM

Ballroom B Cross Sectional Symp: Therapeutic AFMR Symp: Angiotensin- Insulin 2:00-3:00 PM Potential of the ACE2/Ang-(1- Cross talk - A True Translational CAMPS Section Davson Lecture 7)/MasR Axis in Disease Story from Bedside to Bench Brown Lazartigues/Sandberg Prabhakar/Folli 3:15-5:15 PM Physiol InFocus: Molecular and Clinical Physiology in Human Disease.Left Heart Failure: Molecular, Physiological and Clinical Integration McNally 5:45-6:45 PM Henry Pickering Bowditch Award Shimoda Room 146A SEBM Symp: Energy Metabolism 10:30-11:30 AM 3:15-4:15 PM and the Pathogenesis, Treatment Teaching Section: Bernard Lecture WEH Section Starling Lecture and Prevention of Obesity and Rangachari Sigmund Diabetes Adamo/Kendall Room 146B CV Symp: Salt, Angiotensin II, Renal Symp: Cyclic Nucleotide 3:15-4:30 PM Superoxide, and Endothelial Signaling in Water Homeostasis MCS Landis Award Lecture Function Blount Davis Lombard/Greene 4:30-5:15 PM MCS Business Meeting Room 146C CV Symp: Latest on the Potential of BMES Symp: Stem Cell CAMPS Symp: Epithelial Ion Stem Cell Therapy in Mechanobiology Channel Trafficking Cardiovascular Diseases Chien Butterworth/Staruschenko Raizada/Paton Room 145A Industry Symp: Stem Cells in Respiration FT: Respiratory Control Endo/Metab Symp: How Much do We Physiology and Drug Discovery Disorders Actually Know About the Function of Alonso-Galicia/Watson Fuller/Katz Intracellular Signals in the Regulation of In Vivo Protein Metabolism and Muscle Plasticity? Atherton/Rennie Room 145B Physiol Genomics FT: Molecular NCAR Symp: Real Progress in NCAR FT: Neural and Humoral Mechanism and Genetics of Translational Cardiovascular Mechanisms in Human Hypertension Hypertension Research to Treat Disease Auchus/Vongpatanasin Joe Paton/Machado Room 147A Publications Symp: Publishing 101: WEH FT: Hypertension: Renal Section Young Investigator Dos and Don’ts of Publishing in Mechanisms and Consequences Award Featured Topic APS Journals Brands Fenton Raff/Scheman Room 147B Hypoxia Symp: Redox/Hypoxic CV Symp: Matrix Respiration Symp: Peripheral: Modulation of Neuronal and Metalloproteinases Induce Central Chemoreceptor Interactions Synaptic Function Vasomotor Dysfunction in Dempsey/Guyenet Kline/Wilson Inflammatory States Korthuis/Schmid-Schönbein Room 154A Teaching FT: Educational Use of Physiol Genomics Symp: Intracrine CV Symp: Circadian Clocks: Modeling and Simulation to Foster Renin-angiotensin System: A New Emerging Roles in the Cardiovascular Learning of Physiology Paradigm in Cardiovascular and System Pelaez Renal Control Chatham/Young Zhou Room 154B J.Physiol. Symp: Molecular CV FT: Inflammation, Oxidative CNS Symp: New Frontiers in Mechanisms Underlying Stress and Vascular Function Thermoregulation Neurovascular Portection in Stroke Xiang/Naik Romanovsky Mann Room 155 WEH FT 4/4: Cardiovascular and CNS FT: Forward Genetic Analysis Teaching Symp: Taking the Mystery Renal Homeostasis During of Nervous System Development out of Science Education Research Pregnancy and Pregnancy and Function Wenderoth Complications Gallo/LaMantia Sasser/Masilamani

29 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2011 Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011 Monday, April 11, 2011 8:00-10:00 AM 10:30 AM-12:30 PM 3:15-5:15 PM

Ballroom B Cross Sectional Symp: Gas Channels Respiration Symp: 2:00-3:00 PM Gros/ Boron Sphingolipids in Lung Disease CV Section Berne Lecture Uhlig/Spiegel Vatner

3:15-5:15 PM Physiol InFocus: Molecular and Clinical Physiology in Human Disease. Physiology and Genetics of Obesity: Molecular Discovery and Translational Research Lund Room 146A 8:00-9:00 AM 10:30-11:30 AM 2:00-3:00 PM NCAR Ludwig Lecture Endo/Metab Section Berson Lecture CNS Section Erlanger Lecture Mark Mantzoros Swanson

9:00-10:00 AM 3:15-5:15 PM NCAR Minisymp: Central Neural Renal Section Gottschalk Lecture Regulation of Blood Pressure and Garvin Metabolism Mark/Chapleau Room 146B Respiration FT: Mesenchymal and Renal Symp: Molecular Imaging in Careers Symp: New Opportunities in Endothelial Progenitor Stem Cells: Renal Physiology Non-traditional Academic Positions Novel Treatment Strategies for Ortiz/Blaine Cunningham/Imig Lung Injury Matthay/Bhattacharya Room 146C CAMPS Symp: Ubiquitin and CNS Symp: Toward a Blueprint of AFMR Symp: Neurodegenerative Ubiquitin-like Modifications that CNS Circuits Controlling Body Diseases: Pathogenesis and Regulate Ion Channels in Epithelial Weight: Dissecting the Neuronal Treatment from Bench to Bedside Cells Regulation of Food Intake and Reiss/Jeitner Kuman/Helms Energy Metabolism Tschöp/Friedman Room 145A Physiol Genomics: Trainee MCS Symp: Microcirculatory Society CAMPS Symp: P2Y Receptors: Highlights in Physiological Young Investigator Symposium: Free Autocrine/Paracrine Regulators of Genomics Radical Biology in Microvascular Cell Physiology Moreno/Zhuo/Andrade Regulation and Angiogenesis Insel/Dubyak Tran/Goodwill Room 145B WEH FT: Hemodynamic and NCAR Trainee Featured Topic NCAR Symp: Mechanisms of Inflammatory Alterations in Chapleau/Arnold Peripheral and Autonomic Hypertension and Renal Disease Neuropathies Mattson Obrosova/Yorek Room 147A Renal FT: Gender Differences: WEH FT: Novel Renal and Extra- Respiration Symp: Pathobiology of Renal Physiology and renal Mechanisms of Sodium and Oxygen Exposure During Pathophysiology Water Homeostasis Development: Bedside to Bench and Manigrasso/Maric Bie Back to Bedside Gauda/Halbower Room 147B Teach Symp: Entering Medical CAMPS FT: Redox Regulation of WEH Symp: Developmental Student Competencies and the Mitochondrial Function in Health Programming of Renal and MCAT Revision and Disease Cardiovascular Disease in Adults Silverthorn/Galey, Jr. Marcinek/Percival Alexander/Salazar Room 154A Endo/Metab FT: Brain-Gut Hypoxia FT: Hypoxia-induced Gene CEPS Symp: What Fuel are You Interactions Expression Burning? Comparative Physiology of Samson Prabahakar/Powell Metabolic Substrate Utilization Braun/Willis Room 154B CV FT: Form and Function of CV FT: Wigger’s Award Featured 1:00-2:30 PM Cellular Microdomains in the Topic: Role of Stem/Progenitor Cells EEP Special Session: The Vasculature in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Physiological Legacy of Elsworth R. Isakson and Therapy Buskirk Bolli Pawelczyk/Korzick

3:15-5:15 PM CV FT: Coupling Blood Flow to Metabolic Demand: New Insights and Perspectives Segal Room 155 CNS FT: Multi-scale Modeling and CEPT FT: Elucidating Nature's BMES Symp: Stem Cell Tissue Systems Biology of Synapses Solutions to Human Disease Engineering Schwaber Ortiz Gerecht

30 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2011 Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

Tuesday, April 12, 2011 8:00-10:00 AM 10:30 AM-12:30 PM 3:15-5:15 PM Ballroom B Physiology InFocus: Molecular and Clinical Physiology in Human Disease. Translational Biology of the Renal Podocyte Wiggins

5:45-7:00 PM APS Business Meeting Room 146A 8:00-9:00 AM: 10:30-11:30 AM 2:00-3:00 PM CEPS Section Krogh Lecture Respiration Section Comroe Walter C. Randall Lecture on Kooyman Lecture Biomedical Ethics Bhattacharya Koocher 9:00-10:00 AM CEPS Special Session: Grand 3:15-5:15 PM Challenges in Organismal GI/Liver Section Davenport Lecture Biology: Comparative, Ecological Madara and Evolutionary Physiology Carey Room 146B Respiration FT: Multiscale Endo/Metab Symp: Oxidants, CV Symp: Linking Integrin Neuronal Control of Respiratory immunity, beta cells and diabetes Adhesion and Function: Bridging Gene Corbett/Matthews Mechanotransduction to Networks to Neural Networks Myocardial Function Morris Muthuchamy/Meininger Room 146C Phys Soc Symp: Emerging Renal Symp: Renal Medullary 2:00-3:00 PM Cardiorespiratory Roles for Structure-Function Relationships EEP Section Adolph Lecture Gasotransmitters Pannabecker/Layton Joyner Moore/Peers 3:15-5:15 PM EEP Symp: Sympathetic and Endothelial Control of Muscle Blood Flow in Aging and Hypertension Joyner/Saltin Room 145A EEP FT: Performance Physiology EEP FT: Role of Sex Hormones in Respiration Symp: Molecular in the Heat: New Concepts and Regulation of Physiological and Diversity in the Regulation of Lung Controversies Metabolic Function of Muscle Tight Junctions Cheuvront Spangenburg Koval/Kim Room 145B NCAR FT: Renal Nerves: Their NCAR FT: Control of Endo/Metab Symp: Sex Difference Role in Cardiovascular Disease Sympathetic Nerve Activity: Contributions to the Developmental Zucker Coupling to Respiration Origins of Health and Disease Wehrwein/Toney Nijland/Gilbert Room 147A ETG FT: Regulation of ETG FT: Regulation of Water and ETG Symp: Myosins ESCRT Transporters and Modulatory Ion Channels and Modulatory Trafficking Across Epithelia Proteins, Lipids, and Hormones Proteins, Lipids, and Hormones Levi/Blaine McDonough Knepper Room 147B CAMPS FT: Ion Channels CAMPS FT: Ammonia Transport CAMPS Symp: Electrolytes, Liedtke/Earley Processes Carbohydrates and Fats: Epithelial Worrell/Verlander Cells Making and Delivering Milk Schultz/Neville Room 154A Endo/Metab FT: Brain-Adipocyte GIL FT: New Insights on Roles of MBG Symp: Lipid Rafts and Interactions Extracellular Mediators in Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Yosten Intestinal Epithelial Restitution Diabetes Tan Broznick/Elmendorf Room 154B CV FT: Adaptation of the CV FT: Fibroblast-cardiomyocyte CEPS Symp: Cardiac pH Microcirculation to Inflammatory Signaling Regulation Insult Dixon Warren/Shiels Breslin Room 155 Renal FT: Regulation of Distal CEPS FT: Comparative AFMR Symp: Vitamin D: Relevance Ion Transport: ENaC, ROMK Physiology of Brown Adipose in Infection, Inflammation, and Butterworth/Edinger Tissue Asthma Klingenspor Freishtat

31 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2011 Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

Wednesday, April 13, 2011 8:00-10:00 AM 10:30 AM-12:30 PM 3:00-5:00 PM Room 146A CV Symp: Mechanisms of EEP Symp: Cardiovascular Physiol InFocus: Molecular and Mitochondria-mediated Consequences of Type 2 Diabetes Clinical Physiology in Human Cardiovascular Dysfunction and on Exercise Capacity Disease. Idiopathic and the Application of Organelle-spe- Regensteiner/ Stewart Inheritable Pulmonary Arterial cific Therapies in the Metabolic Hypertension (PAH): From Genes Syndrome to Clinical State Busija/Nguyen Yuan Room 146B Cross Sectional Symp: Cross Sectional Symp: Role of Understanding Blood Pressure microRNA in Cardiovascular Reguation Through Neural, System Vascular, and Renal Specific Chien/Shyy Knockout/Knockdown Approaches Pollock/Pollock Room 146C Women in Physiol Symp: Respiration Symp: Neural-glial Work/Life Balance: Every Choice Interactions in Central Matters Respiratory Control and Spinal Duckles/Lindsey Plasticity Nichols/Funk Room 145A EEP FT: Vascular Adaptation to CV Symp: What Makes the Translational Physiol Symp: The Exercise in Atherosclerosis Mitochondria a Killer? Cardiac Sarcomere as a Simmons/Padilla Murphy/Steed Therapeutic Target Liles/Pitts Room 145B Respiration FT: Pulmonary BMES Symp: Mechanobiology of CV FT: Angiogenesis, Vascular Permeability: Emerging Vascular Endothelium Arteriogenesis, and Muscle Paradigms Konstantopoulos Function: Contributions of Animal Parthasarathi Models to Understanding Peripheral Artery Disease Unthank Room 147A MBG FT: Mitochondial MBG FT: Genetic and Molecular AFMR Symp: Mechanisms of Involvement in Sarcopenia: Do Influences on Skeletal Muscle Size Prostate Cancer Progression to We Have More Questions than and Strength the Castration-resistant State Answers? Hubal Sharifi/McPhaul Hepple Room 147B ALACF Symp: Central and Trainee Symp: The Individual EEP Symp: Autophagy in Skeletal Peripheral Aspects of Development Plan: Plotting a Muscle Intermittnet and Sustained Career Trajectory Yan Hypoxia Bates/Simmons Machado/Iturriaga Room 154A GIL FT: Xenobiotic Transporters GIL Symp: Membrane Trafficking GIL Symp: Fetal/Neonatal Origins in the Liver and Secretion in Digestive of GI Disease Hagenbuch Epithelia Jacobson/Claud Groblewski/Williams Room 154B CV FT: ECM-Cardiomyocyte History Symp: Balloons, Aeronauts CV FT: Recent Concepts in Redox Signaling in Heart Disease and Mountain Tops: Contributions Signaling in the Cardiovascular Sheikh/Borg of Nathan Zuntz to High Altitude System Physiology Chilian Dean Room 155 Respiration FT: Lung Physiology: TRP Channels in Lung Function and Disease Townsley/Kuebler

32 The Physiologist Positions Available Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

Assistant/Associate Professor: cants/jsp/shared/Welcome_css.jsp). Description: Academic Program Animal Biology/Animal Cell Letters of reference should be sent to: Director for the Master’s of Clinical Biology/Animal Physiology: The Dr. Harold Weger, Head, Department of Exercise Physiology program. Department of Biology at the Univ. of Biology, Univ. of Regina, Regina, SK, Responsible for student recruitment, Regina invites applications for up to S4S 0A2 Canada (Fax: 306-337-2410; hiring, and teaching in the program. two tenure-track positions at the Tel.: 306-585-4479; Email Establish and participate in external- Assistant Professor or Associate [email protected]). The closing ly-funded faculty/student research at Professor level, effective July 1, 2011. date for applications is Feb. 28, 2011; the graduate level. Startup funds avail- We are seeking animal biologists, ani- review of applications will begin in able. Qualifications: PhD required with mal cell biologists and/or physiologists January 2011. Further information research interest in the physiology of to contribute to the newly established about the Department, and further exercise. Teaching and experience in Nursing Program at the Univ. of details about the positions, are avail- field is required; postdoc experience Regina. Candidates must have a PhD able at: http://www.uregina.ca/biology. preferred. Candidates must have legal and a productive research record, and All qualified candidates are encour- authority to work in the USA perma- must use state-of-the-art methods in aged to apply; however, Canadians and nently. Application Deadline: Priority their research program. Postdoctoral permanent residents will be given pri- given to applications received by experience is an asset. The successful ority. The Univ. of Regina is committed February 1, 2011. Position open until candidates will have a strong commit- to achieving a representative work- filled. Application Process: Interested ment to quality undergraduate and force. Qualified diversity group mem- applicants should submit a cover letter, graduate teaching, academic excellence bers are encouraged to self identify on curriculum vitae, undergraduate and and the development of a vigorous, their application. graduate transcripts, statements of externally-funded research program. teaching philosophy and research Start-up research funds will be provid- interests, and three letters of recom- ed. The primary teaching duties Assistant Professor, Biological mendation (at least one addressing include first-year Nursing Program Sciences, Full-Time, Tenure Track, teaching effectiveness and one address- courses in human anatomy and physi- 2011 Fall Semester: Benedictine ing leadership potential) through ology. Applicants are requested to sub- Univ. is a liberal arts institution locat- Academic Jobs Online at https://acade- mit a cover letter, CV, summary of ed in the research corridor of metropol- micjobsonline.org/ajo/Benedictine%20 research interests, summary of teach- itan Chicago with nationally recog- University/Exercise%20Physiology. ing interests and philosophy, three nized programs in the sciences. The Any questions should be directed to: samples of research publications, and Univ. is in the midst of tremendous Rose Fisk, Coordinator, College of to arrange for three letters of reference. growth in the area of life sciences and, Science, Benedictine Univ., 5700 All documents except for the letters of consistent with the Univ.’s vision state- College Road, Lisle, IL 60532. Email: reference should be submitted online ment, the institution is making a sig- [email protected]. Fax: 630-829-6547. via the Human Resources website nificant commitment of resources to [EOE]  (https://urcareers.uregina.ca/appli- support these programs. Position

People & Places

APS Member Weiss is New Dean at Univ. of Texas

APS Member David S. Weiss, a neu- Graduate School of Biomedical dean of the Graduate School since its roscientist whose research has Sciences at the University of Texas founding in 1972. He will also hold the advanced understanding of brain disor- Health Science Center San Antonio, as Dielmann Chair in Basic Biomedical ders such as epilepsy and the action of of December 1 2010. Weiss, chairman Investigation.  therapeutic drugs such as anxiety med- of the Health Science Center’s physiol- ications, is the new dean of the ogy department, becomes the fourth

33 The Physiologist Senior Physiologists’ News Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

Letter to Margaret Anderson until about 2001 when my lumbar spine shattered and the nerves could Caspar Rüegg wrote: “Thank you so not be replaced by the neurosurgeon. much for your kind letter conveying the So now I am pretty crippled and can greetings of the American Physiologcal not do much of anything. So I read a lot Society in the year of my 80th birthday. of history and other items of interest. “I just returned with my wife Elvi “Well, that is about where I am from hiking in the Engadine Valley in now!!” Switzerland to our home in Hirschberg, a village near Heidelberg, Germany. Pietro Bramante writes: “Thank you Now, looking back to some 12 years fol- for the kind letter forwarded by the lowing my (obligatory) retirement from post office to our present address. Long the Chair of Physiology II at Heidelberg, friends and colleagues. For instance, I ago I contributed a short parody to The I feel truly grateful for the generous fondly remember the retirement sympo- Physiologist. The story of a paper or support to work on muscle and to men- sium of Richard (Dick) Murphy in “Equivalent Values,” The Physiologist, tor many young physiologists. Charlottesville where I met my old 11, 74, 1968. Because of poor vision, I “They do now excellent research in friend and former postdoc Rick Paul asked my wife to handwrite this letter. Germany and elsewhere and I would again after so many years, as well as one “Again, thanks a lot!” like to tell all our young colleagues: of my mentors, the late David Bohr with ‘Keep your “feu sacré,” your enthusiasm whom I published (1965, in Science, [1]) Letter to William Dantzler for research.’ But looking back I also on the calcium dependence of (skinned) remember my own wishes for my retire- skeletal and smooth muscle. Jerome G. Porush writes: “Thanks ment expressed at the end of my last lec- for your kind greetings on my 80th ture (‘Abschiedvor-lesung’) entitled 1. Filo RS, Bohr DF, Ruegg JC. birthday. After 50 years in medicine, I ‘machina carnis’—the muscle machine: Glycerinated skeletal and smooth mus- decided to retire in 2001. I did remain could I do some oil painting again as I cle: calcium and magnesium depend- involved for a few years by participat- did in my youth and would I have more ence. Science. 1965; 147: 1581–1583. ing in the publication of four additional time to hike with Elvi in the Swiss papers and also remained a member of mountains or perhaps even continue Carleton Baker writes: “I hope you the morbidity and mortality committee with research? The latter vision did not can read this, as I can no longer type, of the ‘Collaborative Study Group’ until become true. Instead I became fascinat- which, I believe, is not surprising at 80 2006. Although these activities took ed with matters outside my field of years old. I do thank you for your letter only a small percentage of my time, it research: I got impressed with Eric from the Senior Physiologists allowed me to tail off less abruptly from Kandel’s work on memory, and especial- Committee and the APS. It’s hard to a very busy career in research, patient ly by his idea that spoken words will believe that I have been a member care, and, above all, teaching. I had the change synaptic strengths in ones brain since about my age of 28 years when pleasure of supervising approximately (if remembered). Couldn’t the same Dr. William F. Hamilton invited me to 85 nephrology fellows starting in 1963. thing also happen when we talk to our- join (around 1950s). I have had an “I still stay somewhat current with selves or even when we think in silent excellent career as a physiologist under the general medical literature, particu- speach? Could, in other words, our the initial guidance of Dr. Hamilton larly in nephrology and hypertension. thoughts change our brain? I gave lec- and Dr. John Remington, reaching full “My first wife died of ovarian cancer tures on this, published in German, e.g., professor at the Medical College of in 2004 after almost 52 years of mar- in the Wiener Medizinis-che Wochen- Georgia. I was at the position as profes- riage. I was fortunate to meet my pres- schrift. Some friends suggested I write a sor at the University of Louisville for ent wife, whom I married in 2006. She book on the subject. I did. It is going in about four years where I had the pleas- is an artist which allows me to play as to its fifth edition shortly. ure of becoming a close friend of the much golf as I like (which is four to five “As many others I noted that neurobi- Dean, Dr. Don Smith, who asked me to days a week, weather permitting). We ology (or neurophysiology for that mat- go to Tampa, FL to open a new medical both like traveling, the theater and ter) was fundamental to any scientific college at the Univ. of South Florida. classical music. With NYC close by, we understanding of psychosomatic medi- That was an unbelievable period and have more than we can handle. I also cine and cognitive therapies. Clearly, my one I greatly appreciate being a part of. have been able to catch up on some of own work was only ‘desk research,’ but It is rare to be involved in such an the non-medical literature I missed at least I had a new hobby, something to enterprise. It was an education in itself over the years. keep my mind busy. Nonetheless, as one and you never knew what you would be “I do not really have anything new to of the Honorary Editors of the Journal doing on any given day. say to younger colleagues, but would of Muscle Research and Cell Motility, I “I retired in 1995 and started as a like to remind those who see patients to kept my long-term interest in the com- Clinical Professor of Physiology for try to apply the science they know and parative approaches to muscle physiolo- about four years when I was able to the curiosity that brought them to gy.Apart from the meetings of the Swiss continue my research. However, I had a research to the bedside. Academy of Medical Sciences, however, I bad stroke about three years later and “Again, thank you and the Society for went to meetings and conferences only lost most of my ability to analyze satis- your interest.”  occasionaly and mainly to meet old factorily. I played a lot of golf after that

34 The Physiologist Book Review Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

Metabolic Regulation: book to teach nutritional biochemistry Frayn’s elegant synthesis provides to advanced undergraduate and first- clear motivation for learning the path- A Human Perspective 3rd year graduate students. I was delight- ways that may seem, upon first expo- Edition ed to find the addition of a more molec- sure, unconnected to clinical practice. Keith N. Frayn ular perspective in the new edition. In A website (http://www.wiley.com/ Massachusetts, USA: Wiley-Blackwell addition, each chapter now starts with go/frayn ) includes pdf files of the fig- Publishers, March 2010, 384 pp. illus, useful, on target “key learning points” ures in each chapter (quite useful for index to guide study. The improved figures, instructors, but Powerpoint slides $71.99 combined with the exceptionally clear would be even better). The website also ISBN: 978-1-4051-8359-8 writing, make this book a pleasure to includes questions/answers for each read. Thus, I can highly recommend chapter that highlight key points, and, this new edition of Metabolic thus, provides a useful study guide for The 3rd edition of Metabolic Regulation to students of all of the students. Regulation—A Human Perspective by basic and applied biological sciences. In summary, Metabolic Regulation— Keith N. Frayn, Professor of Human In addition, this book will be exception- A Human Perspective 3rd edition pres- Metabolism at Oxford, updates and ally useful for more advanced graduate ents a well-organized, up to date, well- enhances an exceptionally valuable students in cell and molecular biology integrated and comprehensive picture textbook for students of physiology, bio- or genetics graduate programs who of the regulation of metabolism in chemistry and medicine. This book is wish to apply their expertise to under- health and disease, and is highly rec- also likely to prove valuable for scien- standing the pathogenesis of metabolic ommended to anyone seeking to under- tists in diverse fields who are struggling abnormalities complex diseases such as stand this rapidly evolving field.  to figure out the metabolic phenotype of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and their genetically engineered mice! obesity. This text will also be a valu- Susan K. Fried Frayn approaches the subject of able resource for first year medical stu- Boston Univ. School of Medicine metabolism in problem oriented man- dents who often wonder “why they need [email protected] ner, i.e., how does the body cope with to learn all of this biochemistry.” the variations in fuel availability after we eat a low or high carbohydrate meal, during food deprivation, and in response to the energy demands of exercise? With a keen awareness of the importance of cell- and tissue-specific regulation and an integrative perspec- tive that incorporates the physiological perspective, this paperback provides a perfect complement to standard bio- chemistry and physiology textbooks. Frayn sets the stage by first covering the key principles of metabolism from an enzymatic and cellular prospective, and briefly summarizing the regulation of the absorption and digestion of nutrients from food. He then makes important distinctions between short- and long-term mechanisms regulating metabolism, and considers the special mechanisms regulating fuel utilization in specific tissues (brain, muscle, liver, kidney). Importantly, this organiza- tional approach differs substantially from the traditional presentation of each key biochemical pathway. Emphasis is on the integration of metabolism. The later chapters focus the discussion on the key roles of neu- ral and endocrine systems that are often given short shrift in standard texts. Finally, Frayn applies the princi- ples of tissue-specific metabolic regula- tion toward understanding how energy, glucose and lipid homeostasis are dys- regulated in obesity and diabetes. I have used previous editions of this

35 The Physiologist Wine Wizard Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

The Wine Wizard Peter Wagner Hi all: now you can laugh at us that the older the vine, the better the insane Diego. It’s cold, windy and foggy wine due to greater flavor concentra- with some rain. Forecast to stay that tion in fewer grapes. The truly old vines way several days. OK, it’s no ice storm, have 100 years or more. This one has a but pretty hard on us. Be kind. This col- very clean nice cherry/raspberry nose. umn mixes some wines recently tasted The palate is light and bright, not (the usual way I select) with a few sweet, and the wine is not heavy at all. sparklers that I know will work even In particular, tannins are fairly soft, though not recently tasted. and there is no residual sugar to make Sparklers worth having: it sweet (thank goodness). Low price: Freixenet is a big Cava 2008 Girard Zinfandel (old vine) (Spanish equivalent of champagne) Napa Valley $17. Napa—lovingly producer and they make some very referred to by residents of Lodi as the dependable and tasty white sparklers. I home of los arrogantes—has been turn- like Carta Nevada Brut and Cordon ing out good wines for quite a while Negro Brut. Both are very widely avail- now. This wine has a forward red berry able. The former is a touch sweet but nose (cherry, cranberry, boysenberry full of tasty fruit and costs just $6. Goes even) and the palate is similar, with very well with cheese and crackers, forwardfruit and some vanilla. As with smoked oysters and olives in front of the previous wine, there is very nice the fire. The latter (wine, not the fire) is light mouthfeel yet it has richness at dryer and technically “superior” to the the same time. There are modest tan- former and costs $9 (Trader Joe, San Peter Wagner nins and good acidity, with a long, dry Diego prices). Both have just 11.5% from Spain and Torrontes from finish. alcohol so they will not dissolve your Arentina. Well-made versions are both 2005 Graffigna Cabernet Sauvignon, brain tissue. delightful, different from the usual San Juan Valley, Argentina $15. This is Medium price: Schramsberg and humdrum, and relatively cheap. a well made wine. The nose is complex Roederer Estate are two very reliable 2009 Crios Torrontes, from Salta, with dark berry, slight green pepper, California sparkler houses that also Argentina, $10. This has the classic spice, and vanilla. The palate has for- make excellent bubbly. Schramsberg nose of raisiny, almost Muscat-like ward, rich red and black cherry flavors, blanc de blancs is mid-$20’s; their blanc sweetness, with apricot, citrus and medium soft tannins, and has a long de noirs low-$30’s. Roederer Estate’s lychee to boot. The palate is forward, finish. Despite its age, it has a fresh non-vintage brut is about $20. These with stone fruit and citrus, and is feel with very good acidity. Overall, are all classical sparklers with finesse, clean, fresh, with excellent acidity and well balanced and interesting. dryness, and light, zesty, apply/yeasty a dry—yes, not sweet—lemony finish. And finally—the Mollydooker range flavors and are clearly high quality. 2007 Clos du Bois Chardonnay, from down under (South Australia). Higher end: Veuve Clicquot is a true Russian River, $10. This wine should be These are very big, in your face wines French champagne and is always excel- widely available. It has quite some and quite extreme in both taste, alcohol lent, again with light, clean, dry ele- vanilla oak on the nose along with trop- levels (15% is the wimp; 17% is the ments yet tasty and long-lasting. But it ical/apple fruit. The palate however champ) and name. You will either real- costs $35-$40. Still, that is less than displays more apply fruit and less ly like them or hate them. They are not many high end French bottles, and vanilla, with a crisp and clean taste cheap, but several are around $20. You excellence is guaranteed. and a lightness that makes it attrac- could look for the following: And do not forget Australian sparkling tive. Thus, not a heavy, creamy, oak 2009 Verdelho (“the violinist”) $20 – Shiraz if you can find it. Not much gets bomb of yesteryear. the only white in the bunch 15.5% alc to the USA, sadly, but if you can find one, 2009 Jules Taylor Sauvignon Blanc, 2009 Cabernet Sauvignon (“the give it a try. The makers usually leave a Marlborough, New Zealand $12. Here maitre D”) $22 with 15% alc touch of residual sugar in the wine, but we go again, yet another classic from 2009 Shiraz (“the boxer”) $22 with usually there is very good depth of flavor. NZ. Gooseberry/citrus/passionfruit on 16% alc Great with any red meat, obviously. No the nose and palate; clean, crisp yet 2009 Shiraz/Cabernet/Merlot (“two specific names to suggest because they rich, with good acidity and length. left feet”) $22 with 16% alc are so rare—just ask your wine shop, 2009 Merlot (“the scooter”) $22 with and you never know. They vary in price Reds 17% alc from $10 to $30. I probably would not 2009 Zynthesis Zinfandel (old vine), 2009 Shiraz (“blue eyed boy”) $44 pick the cheapest. Lodi $11. Lodi—lovingly referred to by with 16% alc los arrogantes (thanks Kim and Rita) The only one I did not like was the Whites as the armpit of California—has been straight Merlot—too obviously alco- You may recall I have espoused two turning out some fine Zin for quite a holic with more dry herbs than fruit. grape varieties with Latin backgrounds while now. “Old vine” claims mean that The others all had great fruit, viscosity, on more than one occasion: Albarino the vines are, well, old. Folklore has it lushness etc. Enjoy. 

36 The Physiologist Meetings & Congresses Vol. 54, No. 1, 2011

March 10-11 May 18-21 Immunochemotherapy: Correcting Immune Escape in Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors 2011, Cambridge, Cancer, Philadelphia, PA. Information: Lucy Purser, United Kingdom. Information: Jemma Beard. Tel.: +44 (0) Events and Marketing Coordinator, Abcam plc, 330 1223 495120; Email: [email protected]. Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0FL, United Kingdom. Tel.: +44 (0) 1223 696000; Fax: +44 (0) 1223 June 2-4 771600; Email: [email protected]; Internet: http:// Organization for the Study of Sex Differences (OSSD) www.abcam.com/philadelphia. Fifth Annual Meeting, Oklahoma City, OK. Information: Internet: http://www.ossdweb.org. March 14-17 HGM 2011 (Human Genome Meeting 2011), Dubai, June 8-10 United Arab Emirates. Information: Internet: 8th Annual World Congress of IBMISPS on Brain, http://www.hgm2011.org/. Spinal Cord Mapping and Image Guided Therapy, San Francisco, CA. Information: Internet: http://www.world- March 21-23 brainmapping.org/. AAAI Spring Symposia 2011: Computational Physiology, Stanford, CA. Information: Internet: http:// June 27-29 sites.google.com/site/aaaicomputationalphysiology/home. 9th International Conference on Modeling in Medicine and Biology (BIOMED 2011), Riga, Latvia. March 31-April 3 Information: Irene Moreno, Conference Coordinator. Email: 2nd International Course on Pain Medicine (ICPM [email protected]; Internet: http://www.wessex.ac. 2011), Porto, Portugal. Information: Email: icpm@ uk/11-conferences/biomed-2011.html. icpm.net; Internet: http://www.icpm.net/. June 27-30 April 7-8 3rd Cardiovascular Control Conference: Roles of Injury and Repair Mechanisms in Chronic Airway Brain, Kidney, and Hormones in Normal Blood Disease, London, United Kingdom. Information: Lucy Pressure Regulation, Sonderborg, Denmark. Purser, Events and Marketing Coordinator, Abcam plc, 330 Information: Internet: http://www.sdu.dk/cc3. Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0FL, United Kingdom. Tel.: +44 (0) 1223 696000; Fax: +44 (0) 1223 June 29-July 2 771600; Email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www. The International 21st Puijo Symposium, "Physical abcam.com/londonimmunology. Exercise, Ageing and Disability - Current Evidence", Kuopio, Finland. Information: Puijo Symposium April 29-May 1 Secretariat, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine. Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference, Email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.uku. Arlington, TX. Information: Internet: fi/conf/puijo/. http://www.uta.edu/bioengineering/sbec2011/. July 1-4 May 8-11 SEB Glasgow 2011, Glasgow, United Kingdom. The IL-1 Family of Cytokines: From Basic Biology to Information: Talja Dempster, Conference and Clinical Applications, Clearwater, FL. Information: Communications Manger, Society for Experimental Biology, Secretariat, Sherwood M. Reichard, 119 Davis Road, Suite Charles Darwin house, 12 Roger Street, London, WC1N 2JU. 5A, Augusta, GA 30907. Tel.: 706-228-4655; Fax: 706-228- Tel.: +44 (0) 207 6852605; Fax: +44 (0) 207 6852601; Email: 4685; Email: [email protected]; Internet: [email protected]; Internet: http://sebiology.org/ http://www.clearwater2011.com/. meetings/glasgow_2011/glasgow.html.

May 12-15 August 1-5 Advances in Applied Physics and Materials Science 12th International Congress on Amino Acids, Peptides Congress, Antalya, Turkey. Information: Scientific and Proteins, Beijing, China. Information: Professor Gert Secretariat, Dr. A. Yavuz Oral, Gebze Institute of Technology, Lubec, FRSC (UK), c/o Medical University of Vienna, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cayirova Währinger Gürte 18, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. Fax: Campus 31300, Gebze Kocaeli Turkey. Tel.: +90 (262) 605- +43.1.40400 6065; Email: [email protected]. 1309; Fax: +90 (262) 605-1337; Email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.apmas2011.org/index.html. August 14-17 2011 National HIV Prevention Conference - The May 13-18 Urgency of Now: Reduce Incidence. Improve Access. 2011 American Thoracic Society International Promote Equity., Atlanta, GA. Information: Tel.: 888-234- Conference, Denver, CO. Information: ATS International 6291; Email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www. Conference Department, 61 Broadway, New York, NY 10006. 2011nhpc.org/. Tel.: 212-315-8658; Email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.thoracic.org/conference/. September 9-11 Oskar Kellner Symposium 2011: Metabolic Flexibility in Animal and Human Nutrition, Warnemunde, Germany. Information: Email: oks-info@fbn- dummerstorf.de; Internet: http://oks.fbn-dummerstorf.de/.

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