_; Z_/S2_ IN66- 14 8 3_ASA SP-88 ,.o 4/_/_ ";_" (PAGES) (CO_ (NASA C_-2 OR TMX L_R AD ,_,jrv, BER) (CATEGORY) NA S A 1965 SUMMER CONFERENCE ON LUNAR EXPLORATION AND SCIENCE GPO PRICE :$ /'. z)_-_..', CFST,..,CEIS)S Hard copy (H(') Microfiche (MF) ff 853 July 65 FALMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS JULY19-31,1965 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE _DMIN ISTRATION NASA SP-88 NASA 1965 SUMMER CONFERENCE ON LUNAR EXPLORATION AND SCIENCE FALMOUTH, MASSACHUSETTS JULY 19 - 31, 1965 Sciwatific and Technical Information Division 1 9 6 5 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION IVash_ngton, D.C. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AES Apollo Extension System-A more versatile phase of the early Apollo missions which permits longer stay times, greater exploration capa- bilities, and will operate in the 1970-1974 time period. ESS Emplaced Scientific Station-A geophysical observatory containing a complex of instruments similar to the LSEP but of larger size. LEM Lunar Excursion Module-Vehicle for transporting the astronauts from lunar orbit to the Moon's surface. CM Command Module-The spacecraft command center which will remain in orbit after LEM is deorhited to the surface and perform all command decisions. LSEP Lunar Surface Experiment Package-A package of geophysical instruments to be carried on early Apollo manned lunar flights which will be em- placed by the astronauts on the lunar surface and left there to record and transmit to Earth lunar geophysical data for periods up to 1 year. LSSM Local Scientific Survey Module-A lunar surface roving vehicle capable of carrying one or two suited astronauts and a scientific payload up to 600 pounds, with an operational range up to 8 kilometers. LFV Lunar Flying Vehicle-A one-man rocket-propelled flying craft for studying areas inaccessible to the LSSM. LSRL Lunar Sample Receiving Laboratory--Earth-based facility for storage and preliminary study of returned lunar samples. MSC Manned Spacecraft Center MSFC Marshall Space Flight Center For sale by the Superintendent of DocLtments, U.S. Government Printing Office Wuhlngton, D.C., 204_- Prlee$1.50 CONTENTS Page FOREWORD ................................ 1 MISSION AND DISCIPLINE SUMMARY MISSION SUMMARY ........ : .................. 7 Introduction ............................. 7 Overall Program .......................... 7 The Early Apollo Missions ................... 8 Early Lunar Orbiters ....................... 12 AES Manned Lunar Orbiter (AES-MLO) ........... 13 AES Manned Lunar Surface (AES-MLS) ........... 16 Post-AES ............................... 18 DISCIPLINE SUMMARY ......................... 19 Geodesy/Cartography ....................... 19 Geology ................................ 24 Geophysics .............................. 30 Bioscience .............................. 38 Geochemistry (Mineralogy and Petrology) ......... 43 Particles and Fields ........................ 47 Lunar Atmosphere Measurements ............... 50 Astronomy .............................. 52 WORKING GROUP REPORTS GEODESY/CARTOGRAPHY ...................... 57 *_ Introduction .............................. 59 II! Page Recommendations: 1. Geodetic/Cartographic Camera Systems for AES ......................... 62 2. Apollo Mapping and Survey Camera Systems... 65 3. Observations of the Gravitational Field of the Moon ....................... 66 4. Lunar Orbiter (unmanned, photographic) ..... 67 5. Altimetry From Lunar Orbiting Satellites ..... 68 6. Stellar Observations From the Lunar Surface . 69 7. Radar/Laser Ranging From the Earth to the Moon ....................... 69 Appendix I .............................. 71 Appendix H .............................. 74 GEOLOGY ................................. 77 : _- Introduction ............................. 79 Strategy of Lunar Exploration ................. 81 Geologic Investigations in Early Apollo Missions ..... 91 Geologic Mapping of the Moon From the Data Acquired by Lunar Orbiters ................ 114 Geologic Investigations During AES Missions ....... 128 Use of a Long-Range Laboratory Vehicle for Post-AES Geologic Exploration of the Moon ............ 137 Geologic Investigations From a Lunar Base ........ 144 Geologic Training of the Astronauts ............. 156 Career Proficiency Maintenance for Scientists ...... 160 GEOPHYSICS ................................ 161 Introduction .............................. 163 The Lunar Geophysical Problem and Experiments Which Contribute to Its Solution ............. 164 Geophysics On Early Apollo Missions ............ 168 Geophysics On AES Missions .................. 189 AES Orbital Geophysics Experiments .............. 209 General Recommendations and Comments .......... 214 IV Page BIOSCIENCE ................................ 223 " Introduction .............................. 225 Bioscience Areas of Interest .................. 225 Bioscience Objectives and Methods .............. 226 Apollo Sampling Requirements and Problems ....... 236 Considerations for AES ...................... 239 Recommendations .......................... 240 GEOCHEMISTRY-PETROLOGY ................... 245, Introduction .............................. 247 Apollo ................................. 249 Apollo Extension System (AES) ................. 264 Post-AES Geochemical and Petrological Investigations ................ 280 Supporting Research ........................ 282 Data Processing and Analysis ................. 284 General Mission Requirements ................. 284 Summary of Recommendations ................. 284 PARTICLES AND FIELDS ....................... 289 Introduction ............................. 291 Summary ............................... 292 Recommendations .......................... 293 Magnetic Fields On and Near the Moon ............ 301 Particle Measurements On and Near the Moon ....... 308 Surface Electric Field Measurements. ............ 315 Galactic Cosmic Rays ....................... 317 Solar Energetic Particle Studies On or Near the Moon . 330 Neutrons ................................ 338 Methods of Obtaining Lunar Surface Analysis by Activation and Albedo Counting ............ 340 Radio Astronomy and Radio Propagation .......... 344 Ionosphere/Atmospheric Measurements ........... 346 Page LUNAR ATMOSPHERES ........................ 354 Background .............................. 357 Possible Sources of Lunar Atmosphere ........... 358 Importance of Measurements .................. 360 Contamination ............................ 361 Recommended Measurements .................. 363 Availability of Instrumentation ................. 366 ASTRONOMY ................................ 367 _ Summary ............................... 369 Introduction .............................. 373 Radio Astronomy .......................... 375 Optical Astronomy ......................... 383 X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Astronomy .............. 392 APPENDIX A" Telemetry and Television ............. 397 APPENDIX B: Apollo Mission .................... 407 APPENDIX C: List of Participants ................. 419 V! FOREWORD From July 19 through July 31, 1965, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration conducted a Lunar Exploration and Science Conference at the Lawrence High School in Falmouth, Massachusetts. The conference was held immediately after completion of the Space Science Summer Study conducted at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, for NASA by the National Academy of Sciences. The Lunar Conference was under the auspices of the Manned Space Science Coordinating Committee appointed by Homer E. Newell, the Associate Admin- istrator for the Office of Space Science and Applications (OSSA). This Coordinating Committee was established to advise Willis B. Foster, Director of the Manned Space Science Program of the Office of Space Science and Applications, and consists of one member from each of the Subcommittees of the Space Science Steering Committee and the Chairmen of seven discipline-oriented Working Groups. The Chairman of the Coordinating Committee is Richard J. Allenby, Deputy Director, Manned Space Science Programs, who also acted as conference chairman. The conference secretary was Jay Holmes, Field Center Development, Office of Manned Space Flight. The function of the Working Groups and the Coordinating Committee is to advise NASA on a sound, feasible, scientific exploration pro- gram for the Moon. The Chairmen and Secretaries of the Working Groups of the Manned Space Science Coordinating Committee are as follows: GEODESY/CARTOGRAPHY: Chairman, Hellmut Sehmid, U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Rockville, Maryland; secretary, James Sasser, Manned Spacecraft Center, NASA, Houston, Texas. GEOLOGY: Chairman, Eugene M. Shoemaker, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, Arizona; secretary, Donald Beattie, Advanced Manned Missions Program Office, Office of Manned Space Flight, NASA Headquarters. 2 CONFERENCE ON LUNAR EXPLORATION AND SCIENCE GEOPHYSICS: Chairman, Frank Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; secretary, Edward Davin, Manned Space Science Programs, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA Headquarters. BIOSCIENCE: Chairman, Melvin Calvin, University of California, Berkeley, California; secretary, Siegfried Gerathewohl, Manned Space Science Programs, Office of Space Science and Applications, NASA Headquarters. GEOCHEMISTRY: Chairman, James Arnold, Scripps Oceano- graphic Institute, La Jolla, California; secretary, Paul Lowman, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, Maryland. PARTICLES AND FIELDS: Chairman, Wilmot Hess, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, Maryland; secretary, Jacob Trombka, Manned