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SEAFARING WOMEN: an Investigation of Material Culture for Potential Archaeological Diagnostics of Women on Nineteenth-Century Sailing Ships

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SEAFARING WOMEN: an Investigation of Material Culture for Potential Archaeological Diagnostics of Women on Nineteenth-Century Sailing Ships SEAFARING WOMEN: An Investigation of Material Culture for Potential Archaeological Diagnostics of Women on Nineteenth-Century Sailing Ships by R. Laurel Seaborn April, 2014 Director of Thesis/Dissertation: Dr. Lynn Harris Major Department: Department of History, Program in Maritime Studies ABSTRACT During the 19th century, women went to sea on sailing ships. Wives and family accompanied captains on their voyages from New England. They wrote journals and letters that detailed their life on board, adventures in foreign ports, and feelings of separation from family left behind. Although the women kept separate from the sailors as class and social status dictated, they contributed as nannies, nurses and navigators when required. Examination of the historical documents, ship cabin plans, and photos of those interiors, as well as looking at surviving ships, such as the whaleship Charles W. Morgan, provided evidence of the objects women brought and used on board. The investigation from a gendered perspective of the extant material culture, and shipwreck site reports laid the groundwork for finding potential archaeological diagnostics of women living on board. SEAFARING WOMEN: An Investigation of Material Culture for Potential Archaeological Diagnostics of Women on Nineteenth-Century Sailing Ships A Thesis/Dissertation Presented To the Faculty of the Department of Department Name Here East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by R. Laurel Seaborn April, 2014 © R. Laurel Seaborn, 2014 SEAFARING WOMEN: An Investigation of Material Culture for Potential Archaeological Diagnostics of Women on Nineteenth-Century Sailing Ships by R. Laurel Seaborn APPROVED BY: DIRECTOR OF THESIS:_________________________________________________________ Dr. Lynn Harris, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER:________________________________________________________ Dr. Bradley Rodgers, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: _______________________________________________________ Dr. Karin Zipf, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: _______________________________________________________ Dr. Amy Mitchell-Cook, PhD CHAIR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY: _______________________________________________________ Dr. Gerald Prokopowicz, PhD DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL: _________________________________________________________ Dr. Paul J. Gemperline, PhD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks to my thesis director, Dr. Lynn Harris, for her support with this study. I am grateful to ECU faculty and staff of the History department, Dr. Brad Rodgers, Dr. Karen Zipf, Calvin Mires, and also Dr. Amy Mitchell-Cook of UWF for providing suggestions. I would especially like to thank the staffs of all the New England archives and museum libraries from Connecticut to Maine that I visited: Custom House Maritime Museum, Maine Historical Society, Massachusetts Historical Society, Rhode Island Historical Society, Lynne DeGiacomo of Cohasset Historical Society, Nathan Lipfert and Kelly Page of Maine Maritime Museum, Mark Procknik of New Bedford Whaling Museum, Cipperly Good and Kevin Johnson of Penobscot Marine Museum, Carolyn Marvin of Portsmouth Athenæum and Paul J. O’Pecko and Maribeth Bielinski of the G.W. Blunt White library at Mystic Seaport Museum, and shipwright Roger Hambidge at the shipyard for the whaleship Charles W. Morgan. Also thanks to Laura Travis of Dittrick Medical History Center for photo permissions. Special thanks for the hospitality and encouragement from Emily Trower-Young and Lorraine Tamsky, and to the latter for telling me about the gimballed bed. This research would not have been possible without my work with the NC Underwater Archaeology Branch, and the generosity of family and friends who continued to cheer me on during this endeavor. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... vii PREFACE: A SEA CHANGE… ................................................................................................. viii Thesis Outline .............................................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 Previous Research ........................................................................................................................... 7 Theory & Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 10 Research methodology .................................................................................................................. 12 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 2: HISTORY .............................................................................................................. 16 Jane Girdler ................................................................................................................................... 24 Mary Congdon .............................................................................................................................. 28 Lucy Lord Howes ......................................................................................................................... 32 Sarah Hix Todd ............................................................................................................................. 36 Eliza Williams ............................................................................................................................... 40 Mary Stickney ............................................................................................................................... 44 Hattie Atwood ............................................................................................................................... 48 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 3: LARGE ARTIFACTS ........................................................................................... 53 Large Objects ................................................................................................................................ 54 1) Gimballed beds .................................................................................................... 54 2) Gamming chairs .................................................................................................. 55 3) Parlor Organs....................................................................................................... 56 4) Deckhouses.......................................................................................................... 57 5) Bathtubs ............................................................................................................... 59 Case Study: Whaleship Charles W. Morgan ................................................................................ 60 Captain’s Wives ............................................................................................................................ 62 Lydia Goodspeed Landers ............................................................................................. 62 Clara Tinkham ............................................................................................................... 63 Honor Matthews Earle ................................................................................................... 70 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 4: SMALL FINDS ..................................................................................................... 74 Packing her trunk… ...................................................................................................................... 76 Small Finds ................................................................................................................................... 78 1) Clothing and Accessories .................................................................................... 78 2) Personal Adornment and Toiletries ..................................................................... 81 3) Sewing Notions ................................................................................................... 86 4) Writing Implements............................................................................................. 91 5) Baby Paraphernalia & Children’s Toys .............................................................. 94 6) Navigation Instruments ....................................................................................... 97 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 101 CHAPTER 5: APPLICATIONS OF RESEARCH ..................................................................... 102 Case Study: Olive Thurlow ........................................................................................................
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