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Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the Region of Cape Emine (Central Bulgarian Black Sea Coast)
ZooNotes 68: 1-18 (2015) …68… www.zoonotes.bio.uni-plovdiv.bg ISSN 1313-9916 Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the region of Cape Emine (Central Bulgarian Black sea coast). Part I. Taxonomic and zoogeographic structure, life forms, habitat and humidity preferences TEODORA TEOFILOVA1, EMILIA MARKOVA2, NIKOLAI KODZHABASHEV3 1Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research (IBER), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd.; e-mail: [email protected] 2Sofia University, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria, 8 Dragan Tsankov Blvd. 3Forestry University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Hunting and Game Management, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria, 10 Kliment Ohridski Blvd. Abstract. For the first time the carabid fauna of the area of Cape Emine (the middle of the Bulgarian Black sea coast) was studied. Over the period 2010 – 2012 adult carabid beetles were collected. Investigations were performed at 13 sampling sites and pitfall traps were used. During the study a total of 12618 specimens were captured. They belonged to 134 species, classified into 46 genera, 18 tribes, and 3 subfamilies. Dyschirius rufipes Dejean, 1825 and Laemostenus janthinus (Duftschmid, 1812) were reported as new species for the carabid fauna of Bulgaria. Three species were new for the fauna of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Fifty-four species were defined as new for the area of Cape Emine. Two endemics were found: Pterostichus merkli Frivaldszky, 1879 (Bulgarian endemic) and Cychrus semigranosus balcanicus Hopffgarten, 1881 (Balkan endemic). Species of ground beetles were characterized and classified according to their zoogeographical belonging, degree of endemism and rarity, habitat and humidity preferences; the life forms they refer to were determined. -
The Synecological Analyses of the Edaphic Beetles (Coleoptera) from the Mixed Forest (Elm, Ash and Field Maple) from the „Codrii Tigheciului” Landscape Reserve
Muzeul Olteniei Craiova. Oltenia. Studii i comunicri. tiinele Naturii, Tom XXIII/2007 ISSN 1454-6914 THE SYNECOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF THE EDAPHIC BEETLES (COLEOPTERA) FROM THE MIXED FOREST (ELM, ASH AND FIELD MAPLE) FROM THE „CODRII TIGHECIULUI” LANDSCAPE RESERVE SVETLANA BACAL Abstract. This paper represents a faunistic and ecological study on the edaphic coleoptera from a mixed forest of the “Codrii Tigheciului” landscape reserve, accomplished during the vegetation period of 2004-2006. The coleopteran fauna from a forest of elm-tree (Ulmus caprinifolia) mixed with ash-tree (Fraxinus excelsior), sycamore (Acer campestre) and maple (Acer platanoides) was represented by 77 species from 37 genera and 7 families. The most well represented was the family Carabidae with 39 species from 16 genera, followed by family Staphylinidae with 15 species from 10 genera, then by the families Silphidae and Scarabaeidae with 9 species each from 4 and respectively 2 genera and the families Lucanidae and Tenebrionidae with 2 species from 2 genera each. The family Trogidae was represented by one species. Within the study the analysis of some analytical ecological indexes was realized, such as the abundance, the dominance, the stability and some synthetic indexes such as the index of ecological significance and the diversity index (the index of real diversity – H(S), the maximum diversity – H(S)max and the relative diversity (evenness). Key words: edaphicolous beetles, synecological analyses, Codrii Tigheci Landscape Reserve Rezumat: Analiza sinecologic a coleopterelor edafice (Coleoptera) din pdurea de amestec (ulm de câmp, frasin i jugastru) din rezervaia peisagistic „Codrii Tigheciului”. Lucrarea de fa este un studiu faunistic i ecologic asupra coleopterelor edafice dintr-o pdure de amestec a rezervaiei peisagistice ”Codrii Tigheciului”, realizat în perioada de vegetaie a anilor 2004-2006. -
Variations in Carabidae Assemblages Across The
Original scientific paper DOI: /10.5513/JCEA01/19.1.2022 Journal of Central European Agriculture, 2018, 19(1), p.1-23 Variations in Carabidae assemblages across the farmland habitats in relation to selected environmental variables including soil properties Zmeny spoločenstiev bystruškovitých rôznych typov habitatov poľnohospodárskej krajiny v závislosti od vybraných environmentálnych faktorov vrátane pôdnych vlastností Beáta BARANOVÁ1*, Danica FAZEKAŠOVÁ2, Peter MANKO1 and Tomáš JÁSZAY3 1Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov in Prešov, 17. novembra 1, 081 16 Prešov, Slovakia, *correspondence: [email protected] 2Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Management, University of Prešov in Prešov, Slovenská 67, 080 01 Prešov, Slovakia 3The Šariš Museum in Bardejov, Department of Natural Sciences, Radničné námestie 13, 085 01 Bardejov, Slovakia Abstract The variations in ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages across the three types of farmland habitats, arable land, meadows and woody vegetation were studied in relation to vegetation cover structure, intensity of agrotechnical interventions and selected soil properties. Material was pitfall trapped in 2010 and 2011 on twelve sites of the agricultural landscape in the Prešov town and its near vicinity, Eastern Slovakia. A total of 14,763 ground beetle individuals were entrapped. Material collection resulted into 92 Carabidae species, with the following six species dominating: Poecilus cupreus, Pterostichus melanarius, Pseudoophonus rufipes, Brachinus crepitans, Anchomenus dorsalis and Poecilus versicolor. Studied habitats differed significantly in the number of entrapped individuals, activity abundance as well as representation of the carabids according to their habitat preferences and ability to fly. However, no significant distinction was observed in the diversity, evenness neither dominance. -
Relazione Finale Della Ricerca Sui Coleotteri Carabidi Del Parco Nazionale Delle Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona E Campigna
Associazione di Ricerca e Studio nelle Scienze Naturali c/o Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Ferrara RELAZIONE FINALE DELLA RICERCA SUI COLEOTTERI CARABIDI DEL PARCO NAZIONALE DELLE FORESTE CASENTINESI, MONTE FALTERONA E CAMPIGNA Calosoma sycophanta (L.) Lestes – 2004 – Relazione della ricerca sui Coleotteri Carabidi del PNFC Indice Introduzione p. 3 Metodologia dell’indagine p. 4 Localizzazione dell’indagine p. 7 Metodi di elaborazione dati p. 12 Risultati e considerazioni generali p. 13 Carabidi del suolo p. 16 Altri Coleotteri delle trappole a caduta al suolo p. 21 Carabidi e altri Coleotteri arboricoli p. 21 Considerazioni sulle specie di interesse p. 24 Conclusioni e indicazioni gestionali p. 45 Ringraziamenti p. 47 Bibliografia p. 48 Allegato 1 - Elenco sistematico delle specie 12 pp. Allegato 2 - Elenco dati di raccolta per specie 48 pp. Allegato 3 - Cartine di distribuzione delle specie di particolare interesse 11 pp. 2 Lestes – 2004 – Relazione della ricerca sui Coleotteri Carabidi del PNFC INTRODUZIONE I Coleotteri Carabidi sono diffusi in tutto il mondo con oltre 40.000 specie, sono tra gli invertebrati terrestri meglio studiati e sono utilizzati come organismi indicatori del livello di inquinamento, per la classificazione degli habitat per la protezione della la natura, per la caratterizzazione dello stato dei nutrienti dei suoli forestali ed anche come indicatori della biodiversità (BRANDMAYR, 1975; THIELE, 1977; LÖVEI & SUNDERLAND, 1996; BRANDMAYR et al., 2002; RAINIO & NIEMELÄ, 2003). Un ridotto numero di specie svolge in Europa il ciclo vitale all’interno degli alberi morti a terra o in piedi e questi sono perciò considerate a tutti gli effetti come invertebrati saproxilici, al contrario molte altre entità geofile passano solo parte della loro esistenza nel legno morto e vengono definiti come subxaproxilici, o xaproxilici temporanei, ma tutti svolgono come predatori un ruolo importante nella regolazione dei processi di decomposizione del legno (BELL, 1994; SPEIGHT, 1989; SCHLAGHAMERSKÝ, 2000). -
Coleoptera, Carabidae) 721-736 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; Download Unter
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Linzer biologische Beiträge Jahr/Year: 2002 Band/Volume: 0034_1 Autor(en)/Author(s): Kataev Boris M. Artikel/Article: Taxonomic, faunistic and nomenclatural notes on certain Palaearctic and Oriental Harpalini (Coleoptera, Carabidae) 721-736 © Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Linzer biol. Beitr. 34/1 721-736 30.8.2002 Taxonomic, faunistic and nomenclatural notes on certain Palaearctic and Oriental Harpalini (Coleoptera, Carabidae) B.M. KATAEV Abstract: Based on the examination of types and other material, some taxonomic and nomenclatural changed are made. The following new synonymies are proposed: Lecanomerus atriceps MACLEAY 1871 = Acupalpus javanus JEDLICKA 1964, syn. n.; Stenolophus (Egadroma) nitens (MOTSCHULSKY 1864) = S1. cyanellus BATES 1889, syn. nov., = Acupalpus (Egadromä) viriditinctus SCHAUBERGER 1938, syn. nov.; H. rubripes DUFTSCHMID 1812 = H. marginellus var. munganasti REITTER 1908, syn. nov.; Harpalus decipiens DEJEAN 1829 = H. neglectoides JEDLICKA 1960, syn. nov.; H. franzi MATEU 1954 = H. asturiensis JEDLICKA 1957, syn. nov., H. fuscicornis MENETRJES 1832 = H. castillianus VUILLEFROY 1866, syn. nov.; H. caiphus REICHE & SAULCY 1855 = H. lucidipennis JEDLICKA 1958, syn. nov., = H. palaestinus JEDLICKA 1958, syn. nov., = H. syriensis JEDLICKA 1958, syn. nov. On the basis of specimens from Asturias, H. franzi MATEU 1954 is «described and its taxonomic position is discussed. Stenolophus (Stenolophus) szetschuanus JEDLICKA 1935, comb. nov. is transfered from the genus Anoplogenius CHAUDOIR 1852. The names Harpalus pulchrinulus REITTER 1900 and H. ganssuensis SEMENOV 1889 are treated as valid. The original description of Harpalus marginellus is attributed to GYLLENHAL 1827. The name H. -
Catálogo Electrónico De Los Cicindelidae Y Carabidae De La Península Ibérica (Coleoptera, Caraboidea) [Versión 12•2020]
Monografías electrónicas SEA, vol. 9 (2020) ▪ Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.) 1 Catálogo electrónico de los Cicindelidae y Carabidae de la Península Ibérica (Coleoptera, Caraboidea) [Versión 12•2020] José Serrano Tercera parte: Bibliografía Para facilitar el acceso a la información y la localización de obras, la presente sección se divide en dos bloques. En el primero se reproduce el listado bibliográfico recogido hasta 2013 en el anterior Catálogo impreso del autor. Se incluye la numeración original. En el segundo bloque (página 35 de esta sección) se incluye las obras posteriores y se subsanan algunas ausencias anteriorres a 2013. 1. Bibliografía incluida en SERRANO J. (2013) New catalogue of the family Carabidae of the Iberian Peninsula (Coleoptera). Ediciones de la Universidad de Murcia, 192 pp. Obras de conjunto sobre la taxonomía de los Carabidae de la Península Ibérica, Francia y Marruecos / General works on the taxonomy of the family Carabidae from the Iberian Pen‐ insula, France and Morocco 1. ANTOINE M. 1955-1962. Coléoptères Carabiques du Maroc. Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Phys. Maroc (N.S. Zoologie) Rabat 1 (1955, 1er partie): 1-177; 3 (1957, 2ème partie): 178-314; 6 (1959, 3ème partie): 315-464; 8 (1961, 4ème partie): 467-537; 9 (1962, 5ème partie): 538-692. 2. DE LA FUENTE J.M. 1927. Tablas analíticas para la clasificación de los coleópteros de la Península Ibérica. Adephaga: 1 Cicindelidae, 11 Carabidae. 1. Bosch, Barcelona, 415 pp. 3. JEANNEL R. 1941-1949. Coléoptères Carabiques. Faune de France, 39 (1941): 1-571; 40 (1942): 572-1173; 51 (1949, Supplément): 1- 51. Lechevalier, París. -
Habitat Fragmentation & Infrastructure
.0-3*/$ Habitat fragmentation & infrastructure Proceedings of the international conference "Habitat fragmentation, infrastructure and the role of ecological engineering" 17-21 September 1995 Maastricht - The Hague The Netherlands B I D O C >j•'-'MM*' (bibliotheek en documentatie) Dienst Weg- en Waterbouwkunde Postbus 5044, 2600 CA DELFT V Tel. 015-2518 363/364 2 6 OKT. 1998 Kfefc Colofon Proceedings Habitat Fragmentation & Infrastructure is published by: Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division (DWW) P.O. Box 5044 NL-2600GA Delft The Netherlands tel: +31 15 2699111 Editorial team: Kees Canters, Annette Piepers, Dineke Hendriks-Heersma Publication date: July 1997 Layout and production: NIVO Drukkerij & DTP service, Delft DWW publication: P-DWW-97-046 ISBN 90-369-3727-2 The International Advisory Board: Kees Canters - Leiden University, the Netherlands, editor in chief Ruud Cuperus - Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, the Netherlands Philip James - University of Salford, United Kingdom Rob Jongman - European Centre for Nature Conservation, the Netherlands Keith Kirby - English Nature, United Kingdom Kenneth Kumenius - Metsatahti, Environmental Consultants, Finland lan Marshall - Cheshire County Council, United Kingdom Annette Piepers - Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, the Netherlands, project leader Geesje Veenbaas - Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, the Netherlands Hans de Vries - Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, the Netherlands Dineke Hendriks-Heersma - Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, the Netherlands, coördinator proceedings Habitat fragmentation & infrastructure - proceedings Contents Preface 9 Hein D. van Bohemen Introduction 13 Kees J. -
I Coleotteri Carabidi Come Bio Indicatori Nell' Agroecosistema: Un
U NIVERSITÀ DI PISA centro interdipartimentale di ricerche agro-ambientali Enrico Avanzi I quaderni del Centro Enrico Avanzi dell' Università di Pisa I Coleotteri Carabidi come bio indicatori nell' agroecosistema: un caso di studio all'interno del Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerche Agro-ambientali ''E .Avanzi'' Stefano Cosimi - Elisabetta Rossi I Coleotteri Carabidi come bioindicatori nell'agroecosistema: un caso di studio all'interno del Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerche Agro-ambientali "Enrico Avanzi" Stefano Cosimi, Elisabetta Rossi Dipartimento CDSL "G. Scaramuzzi" - Sez. Entomologia Agraria, Via S. Michele degli Scalzi, 2 - 56124 Pisa e-mail: [email protected] La biodiversità è il caleidoscopio della vita Ringraziamenti E’ un dovere e un piacere ringraziare coloro che hanno dato un aiuto, talvolta determinante, alla realizzazione del lavoro. In particolare, P. Magrini e A. De Giovanni per la determinazione di alcune specie, A. Loni per l’analisi statistica, P. Giannotti per le foto, S. D’Amato per l’impostazione della veste grafica, M. Mazzoncini e M. Ginanni per l’ospitalità all’interno del CIRAA “E. Avanzi” e per la pubblicazione del lavoro. PREFAZIONE Questo contributo costituisce una parte di un dottorato di ricerca realizzato all’interno del C.I.R.A.A. “E. Avanzi”. Il tema trattato non è di per sé nuovo, dato che ampissima è la letteratura scientifica che descrive l’utilizzo dei Carabidi come bioindicatori, ma originale è l’inserimento di questa valutazione all’interno di una prova molto più ampia di confronto tra metodi di coltivazione diversi, biologico e tradizionale (MASCOT). In questa sperimentazione, per svariati anni, sono stati seguiti protocolli di coltivazione controllati e, fatto interessante, i terreni a confronto sono contigui, in modo da minimizzare l’influenza di ubicazioni diverse, come spesso avviene in analoghi lavori. -
13. Els Coleòpters Del Delta Del Llobregat. Aproximació Històrica I Noves Aportacions
13. ELS COLEÒPTERS DEL DELTA DEL LLOBREGAT. APROXIMACIÓ HISTÒRICA I NOVES APORTACIONS Miguel Prieto Manzanares1 1. Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona. delta-llobregat.indb 407 12/12/2018 16:51:22 408 ELS SISTEMES NATURALS DEL DELTA DEL LLOBREGAT 13.1. INTRODUCCIÓ Els treballs esmentats no es limiten a una llista taxonòmica, sinó que també inclouen El valor natural del delta del Llobregat va ser informació sobre l’hàbitat i la biologia de les reconegut ben aviat pels entomòlegs, que des espècies. Mateu (1947), en particular, ofereix de mitjan segle xix van freqüentar la zona una descripció exhaustiva del territori i el per a la recol·lecció i l’estudi dels coleòpters. seus ecosistemes a propòsit de l’estudi de la La proximitat amb els nuclis metropolitans família dels caràbids (de la qual va citar gai- de les comarques del Baix Llobregat i el Bar- rebé 150 espècies). Amb vocació conserva- celonès, especialment amb la ciutat de Barce- cionista, aquest i altres entomòlegs alerten de lona, va afavorir la presència dels naturalis- la degradació i l’empobriment del Delta cau- tes, atrets per la gran diversitat d’hàbitats, sats pel creixement industrial i la urbanitza- aleshores inalterats o sotmesos a transforma- ció, ja evidents en aquella època (Mateu, cions incipients. El primer catàleg de coleòp- 1947; Español, 1949a; Lagar, 1967a, 1970 i ters de Catalunya (Cuní Martorell i Martorell 1976; Lagar i Lucas, 1981). A partir del anys Peña, 1876) recull, de fet, nombrosos regis- setanta disminueixen els estudis sobre els co- tres de la desembocadura del Llobregat i leòpters de la zona, coincidint amb un nou àrees adjacents, la majoria corresponents a impuls en els plans de desenvolupament, localitats clàssiques de l’hemidelta esquerre. -
No. 11, February 1983
THE COLEOPTERIST'S NEWSLETTER NUMBER 11 February, 1983 With the first issue for 1983 come good wishes for the New Year (albeit rather belated). It is hoped that th~ coming season is most profitable to one and all. HELP WANTED. Does anyone have any duplicate Carabidae, especially th~se species ? Carabus granulatus, monilis. Dyschirius politus, salinus, obs~ 1 angustntlw. Miscodera avctica. Patrobus assimilis. Perigonia nigric~ps. Tre:chus micros, fulvus, rivularis 1 secalis. B.::mbidion nigropiceum, nigricorne, fumigatum, .!!!£Dticola, maritimum, fluviatile. Eterostichus parumpunctatuaL arlstr_ictus 1 longicoliis. Agonum versutum. Tri£hocellua coE;natus, placidu.J. Amara strenua, tibiali§..t ~£itans 1 fusca 1 spreta 1 famelica. Harpalus puncticollis, punctulatus 1 rufibarbms, rufitarsis, servus, neglectus. Bradycellus ruficollis, co]laris, sharpi. Acu~lpus dorsalis, consputus. Dromius longiceps, agilis, sigma, guadrisignatus 1 ,!!£~~ A friend in Italy has asked if I caxi send examples of the above - others not listed, I have been able to send. By exchange, I can offer a selection of mostly southern species = Cassida murraea, fErysolina menthastri, Pediacus dermestoides, BembidiNl sernipunctatum, Dorcus 1 Nossiuium pilosellurn, and so on. J.Cooter, 20 Burdon Drive, Bartestree, Herefordshire, HR1 4DL SUNSCRIPTIONS - Several 1983 subs are outstanding. Anyone who has not paid will be assumed as not wanting the "Newsletter''. Thank you to all those that have paid promptly. Subscription for 1983 = £1.20p 2 Ceuthorhynchus pervicax Weise, an increasing species ? My rec~nt note on this very local weevil (1980, Entomologist's man. Mag. 116: 256) refers to recent captures in Kent and Susaex. In some of its localities it is plentiful, indeed may be taken where ever there is a good growth of Cariamine pratensis on roadfside verges within the boundaries of its known distribution, except towarca its western limit in West Sussex where ita occurrence appears to be more patchy. -
Sticky Plants in Your Garden by Billy Krimmel1
SNAPSHOT: Sticky Plants in Your Garden by Billy Krimmel1 Sticky plants are widespread in summertime throughout their abdomens, so that if they do contact sticky exudates by California. e oils and resins secreted at the tips of their accident, they can slough it off and move on without becoming glandular trichomes oen shine in the hot sun, and in many entrapped (Voigt and Gorb 2008). instances are strongly fragrant (see definitions below). Some Another common visitor of sticky plants is a group of assassin scientists have argued that UV reflectance may have been why bugs in the subfamily Harpactorini (Reduviidae: Harpactorini). plants evolved glandular and non-glandular trichomes in the first Females in many species have specialized storage structures on place—to mitigate the effects of the hot sun drawing out water their abdomens for collecting and storing sticky exudates from from the plant’s stomata (tiny openings through which plants plants. As females in these species lay eggs, they coat the eggs breathe). Others have argued that plants secrete glandular with these exudates. Newly hatched nymphs then spread the exudates as a way to detoxify (Schilmiller et al. 2008), while still exudates from their egg onto their body—the functions of which others argue that they evolved as a way to repel or defend against is still a bit of a mystery. Investigators speculate that it might would-be insect herbivores (e.g., Duke 1994, Fernandes 1994). provide camouflage, better grip to the plant for the insect, anti- Glandular trichomes are found among diverse plant taxa — an microbial functions, better attachment to prey, some estimated 30% of all vascular plant species have them — and combination of these functions, or something completely likely evolved in response to a diversity of environmental drivers different (Law and Sedigi 2010). -
Cannibalism Among Same-Aged Nymphs of the Omnivorous Predator Dicyphus Errans (Hemiptera: Miridae) Is Affected by Food Availability and Nymphal Density
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGYENTOMOLOGY ISSN (online): 1802-8829 Eur. J. Entomol. 116: 302–308, 2019 http://www.eje.cz doi: 10.14411/eje.2019.033 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Cannibalism among same-aged nymphs of the omnivorous predator Dicyphus errans (Hemiptera: Miridae) is affected by food availability and nymphal density KONSTANTINA ARVANITI 1, ARGYRO FANTINOU 2 and Dionyssios PERDIKIS 1 1 Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology & Entomology and 2 Laboratory of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 118 55, Athens, Hellenic Republic; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Key words. Hemiptera, Miridae, Dicyphus errans, adult weight, cannibalism, density, development, food availability, omnivorous predator Abstract. Cannibalism, the act of eating an individual of the same species has been little studied in omnivorous insect predators. Dicyphus errans (Wolff) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a generalist omnivorous predator that commonly occurs in tomato greenhouses and fi eld crops in the Mediterranean basin. In this work cannibalism among same-aged neonate nymphs of D. errans was studied when 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 individuals were placed in a Petri dish along with or without heterospecifi c prey. Although nymphs were un- able to complete their development in the absence of prey they survived longer when there were initially 2 individuals per dish than in any other treatment including a single individual. This may indicate that cannibalism in this predator has positive effect on nymphal survival, which however was not the case at higher densities. The presence of heterospecifi c prey increased nymphal survival and individuals were as equally successful in completing their development as when kept singly.