Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 Key: (1) *** indicates the information on the event from the key (1st) source is scanty. (2) Ifriqiya: This refers to a location in North Africa, Egypt, or Sudan. (3) 'Nalanjar' is corrected to read 'Balanjar', as I determined this to be a keyboard error (N and B are next to each other). (4) The dates that arefrom the original Dr. Warner provided. The new date is because the event is matched but hte sources has a slightly different date for it. 1 624 Badr (Battle of Badr) Mohammed army Vs Meccan http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Muhammed's first victory against the pagans; com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Meccans & the Quraysh. After they had Muslims win to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, forced him to move to Medina, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- Muhammed had relied on charity, and 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, by necessity, he began to raid caravans McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, for booty to support his followers, 1999], 15 while spreading Islam. Islam became an ideal tool to unify his supporters, and also a key necessity for Muhammed to achieve his political ambitions. 2 625 Uhud Mohammed Vs Meccan pagans; http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Banu Nadir Jews expelled from Medina; Armstrong, Karen. Islam: A Short Meccans win. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Banu Qaynuqah jews were also expelled History. (New York, The Modern Library to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, (Armstroon, 2002). [Random House], 2002), xiii. Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- [http://www.islamlaws.com/wp- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, content/uploads/2014/10/Islam-A- McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Short-History-Karen-Armstrong.pdf] 1999], 14. 3 627-628 Medina Mohammed Vs Meccan pagans; http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Medinan muslims foiled a Meccan (Battle of the Trench) Muslims under siege; A brief foray com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference of their city. The Meccans were aided by occurs but no battle is fought; to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Bedouins. 700 mena nd boys of the Meccans retreat, Muslims win. Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza were 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, beheaded by Medinan Muslims, as they McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, were deemed to have refused to 1999], 16. cooperate with Muhammed's defense of medina agains the Meccan army. [NB: two other Jewish tribes, the Banu Qaynuqa and Banu Nadir had been expelled from Medina earlier ;https://islamreligionofwar.wordpress.co m/1e-genocide-of-banu-qurayza/] 4 628 Khaybar Oasis/ Fadak Mohammed Vs Meccan pagans; http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Muhammed conquered Khaybar & Oasis/ Hudaybiyah Muslims win. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Fadak; Muhammed negotiated a ten-year to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, peace treaty with the Meccan pagans Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- called the 'Hudaybiyah truce', as a result 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, of the Meccan rejection of Islam. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Muhammed & his converts were assured 1999], 16. of paasage to Mecca for pilgrimage, to the Kaaba shrine. 5 629 Mecca/Medina Mohammed Vs Meccan pagans; http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Truce of Hudaybiyah broken by com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Bedouin allies of the Quraysh. to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 16.

1 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 6 629 Muta Muhammed Vs Byzantines. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Muhammed's army was defeated by the World Heritage Encyclopedia ,s.v. "Battle (also 'Mutah') Byzantines win. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Byzantine army at Muta, near the dead of Mu'tah," to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, sea. This was the first clash between http://community.worldheritage.org Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- Muslims and the Byzantines. /articles/eng/Battle_of_Mu'tah 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 16. 7 630 Mecca Muhammed Vs Meccan pagans & http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Muhammed entered Mecca with a 10, Jews. Meccans surrender, muslims com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference 000 occupy. Christians from Najran, to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, strong army. The Meccans surrendered Yemen sign a treaty to accept Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- and political control by Muhammed. 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, the pagan leaders accepted Islam. An McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, amnesty 1999], 17. was declared, and the Kaaba taken over for Islam; All the Kaaba idols were destroyed. Neighbouring pagan tribes came to Medina to surrender to Islam, and to Muhammed's leadership. 8 630 Tabuk ( also 'Tabouk') Muhammed Vs pagan tribes (?) http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Akram, A.I., The Sword of Allah: Khalid Muslims win. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference bin Al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns. to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, eBook(Lahore: Feroze Sons Publishers, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1969), [Appendix B: Note 11: Date of 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Conquest of Damascus], 351. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Saha 1999], 17. ba/Khalid -Ibn-Walids-Seerah_en.pdf 9 632 Yamama Rashidun Caliphate ( forces of http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries The apostates were roundly defeated, (Aqraba plain, Saudi Khalid ibn al-Walid; Caliph - Abu dic.nsf/enwiki/38967 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of and the final phase was fought in the Arabia) Bakr) Vs Rebel apostates (led by 31 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of "Garden of Death", where 7000 Muslaima the Liar). The apostates Yamama", apostates where killed in one day. were roundly defeated. http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/38 96731 10 632 Zafar Rashidun Caliphate ( forces of http://ebooks.rahnum Akram, A.I., The Sword of Allah: Khalid The Ghatfan tribal 'chieftess' Salma {or Wikipedia- The Free encyclopedia, "Battle After previous victories, Khalid ibn al- Khalid ibn al-Walid) Vs the Ghatfan a.org/religion/Sahaba/ bin Al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns. Umm Zhiml}, was a former captive of of Walid (for the Rashidun Caliphate) tribe, an a apostate tribe, whose Khalid-Ibn-Walids- eBook(Lahore: Feroze Sons Publishers, Mohammed. Her mother had fought Zafar",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battl proceeded to fight the apostate tribe, led arny was led by a tribal 'chieftess' Seerah_en.pdf 1969), pp 117. against the Muslims but was captured e_of_Zafar by a tribal 'chieftess' Salma {or Umm Salma {or Umm Zhiml}. Salma was http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Saha and killed in battle. After her mother was Zhiml}. Khalid targeted Salma, and killed killed and her army roundly ba/Khalid-Ibn-Walids-Seerah_en.pdf killed, Salma was taken captive, and her in order to demoralize her army). defeated. Mohamed presented her to his wife After her death, the rest of her army was Aisha as a slave. However, Aisha slaughtered. After this battle, other recognized how unhappy she was, and apostate tribes chose to convert to set her free, and she returned to her Islam, or to be exiled, or death, or tribe. capture and enslavement. No other tribes in this region undertook any violence against Islam after this time. 11 632 (or 633) Buzakha Rashidun Caliphate ( forces of http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Wikipedia- The Free encyclopedia, "Battle Khalid ibn al-Walid) Vs Rebel dic.nsf/enwiki/38966 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of of Buzakha", apostates (Tulaiha, a "false 01 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_B prophet" {or Tuleiha}). The Buzakha", uzakha apostates were roundly defeated. http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/38 Victor: Caliphate forces. 96601

2 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 12 632 Ghamra Rashidun Caliphate (forces of http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Khalid ibn al-Walid) Vs the dic.nsf/enwiki/38966 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of remaining army from the battle of 10 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of Buzakha, 20 miles from Buzakha. Ghamra",http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/e nwiki/3896610 13 633 Kazima (Kazma)/ "Battle Rashidun Caliphate ( forces of https://shortislamicst Suleman K. (2013). Short Islamic Stories - Christian Apologetics & Research This battle was also called the "Chains of Chains" Khalid ibn al-Walid; Caliph - Abu ories.wordpress.com/ Enlightening Islamic Stories in a Nutshell, Ministry (CARM). "Chronology of Early River Battle." Bakr) Vs Persian army in Iraq 2013/12/02/battle-of- "Battle of Kazima", Islam." [Document prepared by Matt kazima/ https://shortislamicstories.wordpress.co Slick] https://carm.org/chronology-of- m/2013/12/02/battle-of-kazima/ early-islam 14 633 Iraq http://ebooks.rahnum Akram, A.I., The Sword of Allah: Khalid a.org/religion/Sahaba/ bin Al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns. Khalid-Ibn-Walids- eBook (Lahore: Feroze Sons Publishers, Seerah_en.pdf 1969), [Appendix B: Note 11: Date of Conquest of Damascus], 195.

15 633 Walaja Muslim forces Vs Persian forces; Christian Apologetics Christian Apologetics & Research Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Muslim forces were victorious, led & Research Ministry Ministry (CARM). "Chronology of Early and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of by Khalid ibin al-Walid. (CARM). "Chronology Islam." [Document prepared by Matt Wars in the Muslim World, " Islamic of Early Islam." Slick] https://carm.org/chronology-of- Conquest of Persia:Battle of Walaja", [Document prepared early-islamhttps://carm.org/chronology- http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/38 by Matt Slick] of-early-islam 96746. https://carm.org/chro nology-of-early- islamhttps://carm.org/ chronology-of-early- islam 16 633 Ulleis (Ullais) https://carm.org/chro Christian Apologetics & Research nology-of-early-islam Ministry (CARM). "Chronology of Early Islam." [Document prepared by Matt Slick] https://carm.org/chronology-of- early-islam 17 633 Hira Muslim forces led by Khalid ibn al- http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical Walid occupied Hira. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Dictionary of Islam: Historical to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- And Movements, No. 37. (The Scarecrow 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Press, 2001), xxi. [Book: Charlotte McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Mecklenberg Public Library] 1999], 19. 18 633 Al Anbar https://carm.org/chro Christian Apologetics & Research nology-of-early-islam Ministry (CARM). "Chronology of Early Islam." [Document prepared by Matt Slick] https://carm.org/chronology-of- early-islam 19 633 Ain el Tamr (Ein ul Tamr) https://libraryoflights. Nafziger, George F., and Mark W. files.wordpress.com/2 Walton. Islam at War: A History 011/09/islam-at- (Westport: Praeger, 2003), 20. war- george- nafziger.pdf 20 633 Daumat ul Jandal https://carm.org/chro Christian Apologetics & Research nology-of-early-islam Ministry (CARM). "Chronology of Early Islam." [Document prepared by Matt Slick] https://carm.org/chronology-of- early-islam

3 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 21 633 Muzayyah http://islamicblessing Akram, A.I. The Muslim Conquest of s.com/upload/The%2 Persia, A.B. al-Mehri, ed. (Birmimgham: 0Muslim%20Conques Maktabah Publishers and Distributors, t% 2009), 15. 20Of%20Persia.pdf 22 633 Muslims (led by Khalid ibn al- http://www.gutenberg World eBook Library, s.v. "Battle of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_S Sanni Walid) Vs Christian Arabs (led by .us/articles/Battle_of_ Sanni", [Article reproduced World aniyy#References Saniyy (See comment) Rabi'a bin Bujar). The Muslims Sanni Heritage Encyclopedia] Article decisively won. The Christians Id:WHEBN0007680322 suffered nearly 5,000 fatalities, while the Muslims had minimal losses. 23 633 Zumail http://islamicblessing Akram, A.I. The Muslim Conquest of s.com/upload/The%2 Persia. edited by A.B. 0Muslim%20Conques al-Mehri Birmimgham: Maktabah t% Publishers and Distributors., 2009. 20Of%20Persia.pdf 24 634 Dathin https://ia800204.us.a Hitti, Philip Khuri.The Origins of the rchive.org/24/items/o Islamic State: Being a Translation from riginsislamics the Arabic, Accompanied with 00hittgoog/originsisla Annotations, Geographic and Historic mics00hittgoog.pdf Notes of the Kitâb Fitûh al-Buldân of al-Imâm abu-l Abbâs Ahmad ibn-Jâbir al- Balâdhuri eBook Digitized by Google (London, Longmans, 1916), 167. 25 634 Bosra http://www.worldebo World eBook Library, s.v."Battle of oklibrary.net/articles/e Bosra," [Article reproduced from World ng/Battle_ Heritage Encyclopedia] of_Bosra http://www.worldebooklibrary.net/article s/eng/Battle_of_Bosra. Article ID: WHEBN0007598540 26 634 Khaybar & Najray Caliph Umar "unifies" Arabia http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim progressively. Jews from Khaybar com Diaspora: A Comprehensive forced to Jericho; Christians from Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Najran forced to Syria. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 21. 27 634 Qarteen http://www.worldlibra World eBook Library, s.v."Battle of ry.org/articles/battle_ Qarteen," [Article reproduced from of_qarteen World Heritage Encyclopedia] http://www.worldlibrary.org/articles/batt le_of_qarteen. Article ID: WHEBN0023336812 28 634 Ajnadayn Muslims Vs Byzantines;Byzantines http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical defeated. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Dictionary of Islam: Histoical to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- And Movements, No. 37. (The Scarecrow 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Press, 2001), xxi. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, [Book: Charlotte Mecklenberg Public 1999], 19. Library].

4 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 29 634 Marj-al-Rahit Muslims Vs Ghassanids; http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Ghassanids defeated. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference : A Guide to 8,500 Battles from to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Antiquity Through the Twenty-First Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- Century. Volume 1, A-E. Westport: 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Greenwood, 2007), 636. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/do 1999], 19. wnload; jsessionid=C82E3FC1C991EFD1917130 19D8CE7B9D? doi=10.1.1.691.3942&rep=rep1&type=p df 30 634 (635) Fahl http://www.worldlibra World eBook Library, s.v."Battle of The Battle of Fahl is also referred to as ry.org/articles/battle_ Fahl," [Article Sourced from the World the Battle of Pella of_fahl Heritage Encyclopedia]http://www.worldlibrary.or g/articles/ battle_of_fahl Article ID: WHEBN0010126467. 31 634 Damascus http://ebooks.rahnum Akram, A.I., The Sword of Allah: Khalid The Encyclopedia of the . DATE OF BATTLE: 635 A.D. In 650, Caliph a.org/religion/Sahaba/ bin Al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns. Cantor, Norman F., ed.1st Ed., (New York: Muawiya (Umayyad caliphate) made Khalid-Ibn- eBook (Lahore: Feroze Sons Publishers, Viking [Penguin Group], 1999), 142 Damascus his capital. Walids-Seerah_en.pdf 1969), [Appendix B: Note 11: Date of [Book: Charlotte Mecklenberg Public Conquest of Damascus], 351. Library]

32 634 Firadz(Firaz) http://citeseerx.ist.ps Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Firadz is located in present day Iraq u.edu/viewdoc/downl Sieges : A Guide to 8,500 Battles from oad;jsessionid=C82E3 Antiquity Through the Twenty-First FC1C99 Century. Volume 1 1EFD191713019D8C A–E. Westport: Greenwood, 2007), xxii E7B9D?doi=10.1.1.69 & 353. 1.3942&rep=rep1&ty pe=pdf 33 634 (?638) Kufa Kufa estab'd as a Muslim garrison http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Kufa was founded as a garrison along town. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference the Euphrates River. to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 20 & 22. 34 635 Marj-al-Suffar Muslim forces victorious led by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical (Near Damascus) Khalid ibn al-Walid.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Dictionary of Islam: Historical to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- and Movements, No. 37. (The Scarecrow 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Press, 2001), xxi. [Book: Charlotte McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Mecklenberg Public Library] 1999], 21. 35 635 Damascus Damascus is occupied under http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim The Caliphate is estab. in Damascus. Muslim forces led by Khalid ibn-al- com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Walid.*** to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 21.

5 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 36 635 Gaza Muslims Vs ? http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Gaza conquered by Muslims.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 21. 37 635 Buwayb Muslim victory.*** http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 21. 38 636 (?637) Qadisiyya Muslim Arabs Vs Persian Sasanid http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Armstrong, Karen. Islam: A Short History. Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical (or Al Qadisiyyah) army; Arabs won. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference (New York, The Modern Library [Random Dictionary of Islam: Historical [Central Iraq] to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, House], 2002), 21. (2)Bartlett, W.B. Dictionaries of Religions, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- Islam's War Against the Crusaders, Philosophies, and Movements, No. 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, eBook Edition (Gloucestershire: The 37. (The Scarecrow Press, 2001), xxi. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, History Press, [2008] 2013),19. [Text: Charlotte Mecklenberg Public 1999], 21. Library] 39 636 (Battle of ) Muslims Vs Byzantines;Byzantines http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim This battle led to the quick conquest of Bartlett, W.B. Islam's War Against the Yarmuk River defeated. After this all of Syria was com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Syria Crusaders, eBook edition (or Yarmouk) soon conquered by Muslims. to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, (Gloucestershire: The History Press, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- [2008] 2013), 12. 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, https://cmlibrary.bibliocommons.com/it McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, em/show/1854550106 1999], 21. _islams_war_against_the_crusaders. NOTES:This battle resulted in the conquest of Syria. 40 637 Iraq (Ctesiphon -or Mada- Arabs Vs Sassanids; Sassanids http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim in, Sassanid capital, defeated. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference southwest of to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, falls to the Arabs) Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- Ba'albek, Homs, Hama 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, also fell to the Arabs. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 21. 41 637 (?638) Jerusalem ProQuest ebrary Paine, Michael. The Crusades [eBook] Jerusalem Conquered under Caliph Umar Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical (Harpenden, Pocket Essentials, 2005), Dictionary of Islam: Histoical 20. Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, And Movements, No. 37. (The Scarecrow Press, 2001), xxi.[Text: Charlotte Mecklenberg Public Library] 42 637 Hazir http://ebooks.rahnum Akram, A.I., The Sword of Allah: Khalid a.org/religion/Sahaba/ bin Al-Waleed: His Life and Campaigns. Khalid-Ibn-Walids- eBook (Lahore: Feroze Sons Publishers, Seerah_en.pdf 1969), [Appendix B: Note 11: Date of Conquest of Damascus], 324.

43 637 Aleppo http://www.ancient.eu Ancient History Encyclopedia, s.vv. Conquered by Khalid ibn al-Walid /timeline/aleppo/ "Aleppo Timeline", 2014.

6 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 44 637 Orontes River http://www.ancient.eu Ancient History Encyclopedia , Iron Bridge Battle. /syria/ s.vv."Ancient Syria" [Article contributed http://www.ancient.eu/syria/ by Joshua J. Mark], 2014. "In the 7th century CE, Islam began to spread through the region through the Arab Conquests and, in 637 CE, the Muslims defeated the armies of the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Iron Bridge at the Orontes River in Syria. This proved to be the decisive battle between the Byzantinesand the Muslims and, after the fall and capture of Antioch, Syria became absorbed into the Rashidun Caliphate" 45 638 Jerusalem Muslim forces under Caliph Umar http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Military under: Caliph Umar conquer J'salem: Jews return after com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference being forced out in 629. to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 22. 46 638 Mesopotamia/Persia Muslim armies advance into http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Mesop. & Persia; Jews assist com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Muslims invading Persia. to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 22. 47 640 Balanjar Muslim Arabs Vs Khazars (Judaism https://bisericasecreta Koestler, Arthur. The Thirteenth Tribe: The Arabs advanced deep into Khazaria, 642-652 was the Khazars' state religion). .files.wordpress.com/ The Khazar Empire and Its Heritage. ISBN aiming to capture Balanjar, the The Arabs were beaten back in 2007/08/koestler- 0-394-40284-7. [New York, Random nearest town. In the great battle in 652, every instance of the first Arab- arthur-the-thirteenth- House, {ISBN 0-394-40284-7}. both sides used (catapults and Khazar war. tribe-the-khazar- ballistae). However the Arabs lost 4,000 empire-and-its- men, including their commander, Abdal- heritage.pdf Rahman ibn Rabiah, while the rest fled in disorder across the mountains. 48 640 Basra (S'n Iraq) Basra estab'd as a Muslim garrison http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim town. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 22. 49 640 Heliopolis Muslim army Vs Byzantine forces; http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim 1) A Byzantine army was defeated, a Byz forces defeated. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference fortress at Babylon was besieged by to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, muslims forces. Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 2) This battle led to the conquest of 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Egypt. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 23.

7 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 50 640 Caesarea Caesarea was captured.*** http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 24. 51 640 Palestine conquered http://www.ijs.org.au/ The Arab-Israeli Conflict 1948-1996: Christian Apologetics & Research Historical- Historical Background Ministry (CARM). "Chronology of Early Background/default.a [The Destruction of the Temple and the Islam." [Document prepared by Matt spx Jewish Dispersion] Slick] https://carm.org/chronology-of- early-islam 52 641 (or 640) Heliopolis http://www.radicaltrut Sell, Canon E., Muslim Conquests in h.net/uploads/pubs/ North Africa (Madras:The Christian Sell-- Literature Society of , 1914), 7. Muslim%20Conquest s%20in%20North%20 Africa.pdf 53 641 Sardinia 54 641 Old Cairo (fortress of Muslims Vs Byzantine empire; Amr http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Babylon) ibn al-As captures Old Cairo com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 24. 55 641 (or 642) Alexandria Cyrus the Patriarch of Alexandria http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Muslims captured Alexandria for the Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical Dictionary surrendered the city to Muslims; com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference first time. of Islam: Historical Dictionaries of Byantine army allowed to to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, In 646, Alexandria was recaptured again Religions, Philosophies, And disembark. Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- bringing Movements, No. 37. (The Scarecrow 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, it fully and permanently under Islamic Press, 2001), xxi. [Book: Charlotte McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, rule. Mecklenberg Public Library] 1999], 24. 56 642 Niharvand Muslims Vs Sasanids (Persian). http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim The Sasanids were also defeated as Jalula Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical Dictionary The Sassanids (Persians/Iranians) were (also Nihawand) This battle at Niharvand completed com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference in 642 A.D. of Islam: Historical Dictionaries of defeated by Arab Muslims at Nihawand the conquest of the Sasanid to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Religions, Philosophies, And (also Nihavand). Empire. Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- Movements, No. 37. (The Scarecrow 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Press, 2001), xxi. [Book: Charlotte McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Mecklenberg Public Library] 1999], 24. 57 643 Tripoli conquered After the conquest of Egypt, Tripoli http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (?Libya conquered) was conquered. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 25 58 644 Alexandria Alexandra rebelled upon sigh of a http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim A Byzantium fleet tried to recapture the Byzantine fleet, but rebellion was com Diaspora: A Comprehensive city, aided by a local rebellion. The short lived; Muslim Governor Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, capture was short-lived. Arab muslims Abdalla ibn Saad, foster brother of Africa, Europe, and recaptured the city. Caliph Uthman, recaptured the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Alexandria. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 26.

8 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 59 645 Alexandria (Nile Delta) Byzantines army under Michael the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Armenian captured the Nile Delta com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference area. to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 26. 60 645 Nikiou Byzantine army Vs Muslim Arabs. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing Press, http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/Battle_ Byz army captured the delta, but com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference s.vv., "Battle of Nikiou", [Article sourced of_Nikiou later defeated by Amr ibn-al-As at to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, from World Heritage Encyclopedia] , Nikou. Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 2014. Article ID:WHEBN0004246048 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 26. 61 645 Alexandria Muslim governor Abdalla ibn Saad, http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim foster brother of Caliph Uthman, com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference recaptured Alexandria. to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 26. 62 645 Armenia Armenia came under the Muslim http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim rule.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 26. 63 646 Alexandria Alexandria is permanently http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (Muslims recapture) occupied by Muslims. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 26. 64 647 Sbeitla (North Africa) Muslims Vs Byzantines; Abdallah http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim The first Arab armies arrived in Africa, ibn Saad defeated the Byz forces. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive and defeated a Byzantine army at Sbeitla. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 27. 65 649 Muslims Vs Byzantium; Muslim http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Muslim forces captured Cyprus, which Arab force from Alexandria com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference succeeded because of Muslim forces conquered Cyprus. to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, from Alexandria. Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 27.

9 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 66 649 Merv & Sarakhs Conquered by the Muslim http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Military under: Abd Allah ibn Amir (Central Asia, governor of Basra, Abd Allah in com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Turkmenistan) Amir. to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 27. 67 651 Khurasan (Iraq) A rebellion occurred among http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim 649 Qhurasan soldiers in Khurasan & Kufa, com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference between those who accept and to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, those who did not accept Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- Uthman's governor. 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 27. 68 653 Cyprus Muslim Navy Vs. Byzantines in http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Cyprus and the surrounding com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference archipelago. to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 30. 69 654 Rhodes http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Muslim forces plundered Rhodes, an Muslim forces plundered the city com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Island of Rhodes.*** Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, belonging to . Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 30. 70 655 Off the Lycian Coast Muslims Vs Byantines http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim This was the first major Arab naval (Battle of the Masts) (Commanded by Emperor com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference victory Constans II) First major Arab to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, over a Byantine fleet. Muslim naval victory. Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 30. 71 655 That al Sawari http://worldheritage.o World Heritage Encyclopedia , s.vv. rg/articles/eng/Battle_ "Battle of That al-Sawari," of_That_Al-Sawari http://worldheritage.org/articles/eng/Bat tle_of_That_Al-Sawari 72 655 (or 656) Bassorah (Basra) Muslim civil war; Forces of Ali ibn Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries The Battle of Bassorah/Basra was a Eggenberger, David. A Dictionary of Talib (Muhammed's cousin & son- and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Muslim civil war that is also referred to Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles in-law) Vs the Forces of Aisha Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of as the "Battle of the Camel" or "Battle of from 1479 B.C. to the Present. eBook, (widow of Muhammed). Aisha's Basra/Bassorah", Jamal." Aisha directed the battle from Rev. Dover Edition:1985. (New York: army was defeated. This was one of http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/60 the back of a camel, hence it was named Dover, 1967), Undet. Page the earliest Muslim civil wars. 2930#Preparation_for_battle. the "battle of the camel" No.https://cmlibrary.bibliocommons.co m/search?t=smart&search_category=key word&q=Eggenberger&commit=Search 73 657 (Battle of ) Siffin Two muslim factions fighting http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical ended in a stalemate, following the com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Dictionary of Islam: Historical assasination of caliph Uthman. to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- and Movements, No. 37. (The Scarecrow 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Press, 2001), xxiii. [Book: Charlotte McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Mecklenberg Public Library] 1999], 31.

10 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 74 659 (or 658) Nahrawan Book: Charlotte Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical Mecklenberg Public Dictionary of Islam: Historical Library Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements, No. 37. (The Scarecrow Press, 2001), xxii. 75 668 Anatolia () Turkey invaded by Arab Muslims. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim This year marked the beginning of regular com Diaspora: A Comprehensive (approx. annual) raids into Turkey by Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Arabs. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 30. 76 668 Sicily Arab Egyptian navy attacked and http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Rhodes captured again by Arabs. pillaged Sicily. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 34. 77 670 Tunisia conquered Arabs Vs Byzatines & Berbers http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Qayrawan in Tunisia estab. As a military com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to base to conquer Africa the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 31-32 & 35. 78 673 Transoxiana The Muslim Arab invasion starts in http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Muslim Arabs cross the Oxus River into Barnes, I. and Ruthven, Malise. The Arabs had conquered Transoxiana 667 A.D. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to Transoxiana in 667 (Transoxiana is Crossroads of War: A Historical Atlas of and the Indus region by 711. the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, partially Turkish). the Middle East. (Cambridge: Belknap Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- Press of Havard University Press, 2014), 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, 111. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 31-32 & 35. 79 673 Muslim forces Vs Byzantium; http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim 678 A.D.: Muslims ended their siege, and Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical Constantinople was contested from 674 (1)Fregosi, Paul. Jihad in the West: Muslim besiegement starts (668- com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference estab'd a 30-yr peace (p36). Dictionary of Islam: Historical through 679. Muslim Conquests from the 7th to 673); Muslims unsuccessful.The to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, the 21st Centuries. (Amherst, N.Y.: first siege of Constantinople failed Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- and Movements, No. 37. (The Scarecrow Prometheus Books, 1998), 41. 673 A.D. 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Press, 2001), xxiii. [Book: Charlotte [Book: Charlotte Mecklenburg McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Mecklenberg Public Library] Library] 1999], 34-36. (2)The Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Cantor, Norman F., ed.1st Ed., (New York: Viking [Penguin Group], 1999), 134. [Book: Charlotte Mecklenberg Public Library] 80 674 Crete (1) Arabs launched the "Seven http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Years War" against Byzantium. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference (2) Crete was captured by Arab to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Muslims in 674 A.D. Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 35. 81 677 Algeria conquered

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# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 82 677 Syllaeum (1)Byzantine forces Vs Arab Navy http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (Europe: Greece) fleet. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference (2)The Arab fleet was defeated, to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, halting Muslim expansion into Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- Europe temporarily. 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 36. 83 680 Karbala Book: Charlotte Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical Ruthven, Malise and Azim Nanji. http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/I Mecklenberg Public Dictionary of Islam: Historical Historical Atlas of Islam The Muslim slamic_Books_Megapack/Historical% Library Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, World. eBook ed. (Farmington Hills, 20Atlas%20of%20the%20Islamic%20 and Movements, No. 37. (The Scarecrow Mich: Cartographica World.pdf Press, 2001), xxii. [Thomson-Gale], 2005), 38. 84 681 Algeria Muslim Arab forces Vs Byzantine http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim forces. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Muslim Arab forces undertook a to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, military campaign. Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 37. 85 682 North African Coast By 682 A.D., the last Byzantine http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim forces and outposts fell. Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference forces executed battles along the to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, North African coast, resulting in Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- the occupation of Tangiers, Tripoli, 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, and Carthage by Muslim forces. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 37. 86 683 Cyrenaica, Libya Arab forces Vs Kusayla Berber http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim After Ifriqiya fell to the Berbers. forces. Arabs met Berber resistance com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference Qayrawan became the capital of the in 'Ifriqiya' ( (North Africa, Egypt & to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Berber State Sudan) and were forced to retreat Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570- to Cyrenaica. Ifriqiya fell to the 1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Berbers. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 38. 87 683 Al Harrah http://self.gutenberg Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing Press, .org/articles/Battle_o s.vv., "Battle of Al Harrah", [Article f_al-Harrah sourced from World Heritage Encyclopedia] , 2014. Article ID:WHEBN0020045177. 88 688 Oman Muslim Arab forces Vs Byzantine http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Musl. military commndr: al-Hajjaj ibn forces. Oman captured. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Yusuf Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, conquered Oman. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 39. 89 690 Baghdad Caliph Abd al-Malik Vs a rebellion http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim This was a failed revolt led by a Jew, led by a Jew, Obadiah. The rebellion com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Obadiah. failed. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 39.

12 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 90 691 Carthage, Tunisia Muslim Arab forces (Commanded http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Arabs captured the city, but were by Hassan ibn al-Numan) Vs com Diaspora: A Comprehensive repulsed by Byzantine forces. Carthage is Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Byzantine forces. captured, then retaken by Africa, Europe, and Byzantine forces. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 40. 91 692 Sebastopol, Muslim Arab forces Vs Byzantine http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Cecota, Błażej. "Islam, the Arabs http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/b Cilicia (Also forces (under Emperor Justinian II). com Diaspora: A Comprehensive and Umayyad Rulers According to wmeta1.element.hdl_11089_4270 'Sebastopolis' At the 'Battle of Sebastopolis' Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Theophanes the Byzantine forces defeated. Africa, Europe, and Confessor’s Chronography." the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Studia Ceranea 2, (2012): [Jefferson, N. Carolina, 97–111. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 40. 92 692 Ibn al-Zubair's revolt Ibn al-Zubair Vs Abd al-Malik. Ibn http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries The Umayyad Caliphate was split in two (680-692) Zubair was defeated and killed in dic.nsf/enwiki/16500 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of when Ibn al-Zubair refused to recognize the battlefield in 692, ending his 32 Wars in the Muslim World,"Ibn al- Caliph Yazid I and declared himself the long-standing revolt that al-Zubair Zubair's Revolt" "righteous Caliph" of the Hejaz region, had began after the death of http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/16 southern Arabia, Iraq, parts of Syria, and Caliph Muawiyah. Ibn al-Zubair 50032 parts of Egypt. refused to recognize the next Umayyad Caliph Yazid I. 93 698 697 Carthage Muslim Arabs destroyed Carthage, http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Bartlett, W.B. Islam's War Against the led by Hasan ibn al-Numan. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Crusaders, eBook edition Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, (Gloucestershire: The History Press, Africa, Europe, and [2008] 2013), 25. [eBook: Charlotte the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Mecklenberg Library]. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 41 94 700 Sind conquered Sindh was occupied from 713- http://historyofmusli Deshpande, M. D. 'History of Muslim 715. Islam estb'd control in Sindh mattacks.blogspot.co Attacks on India.' Reproduced from progressively from 700 - 1853. m/2013/02/islam-in- " Riots: The True Story", india-history.html [Gurgaon, Partridge Publishers, 2014]. 95 708 Sind & Transoxiana Muslim Arab Conquests. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Sind conquered-Lower Indus com Diaspora: A Comprehensive vallley Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Transoxiana-North East of the Africa, Europe, and Oxus River the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 42 96 707 704 Bukhara conquered Muslim governor of Khorasan, http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Governor Qutaybah constructed a Qutyabah ibn Muslim conquered com Diaspora: A Comprehensive mosque in Bukhara, supplanting a Bukhara and Samarkand. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Buddhist Temple with this mosque. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 44.

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# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 97 711 712 Samarkand conquered Samarkand, an ancient city in http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim The capture of Samarkand allowed Uzbekistan fell to Arab Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Muslim forces to easier control of forces led by Abu Qasim al-Thagafi. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, central Asian regions of Trasoxiana, Africa, Europe, and Balkh and Bukhara. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 47. 98 717 Constantinople Muslim Arabs, led by Caliph http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (1)The Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/I Sulayman, laid siege to the city. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Cantor, Norman F., ed.1st Ed., (New York: slamic_Books_Megapack/Historical% Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Viking [Penguin Group], 1999), 134. 20Atlas%20of%20the%20Islamic%20 Africa, Europe, and [Book:Charlottte Mecklenberg Public World.pdf the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Library] (2)Ruthven, Malise and Azim [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Nanji. Historical Atlas of Islam The McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Muslim World. eBook ed. (Farmington 1999], 50. Hills, Mich: Cartographica [Thomson- Gale], 2005), 29 (Map:Expansion of Islam to 750).

99 711 Muslim Arabs & Berbers Vs the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim CEMB Forum (Council of Ex-Muslims of (Seige of Cordoba) Visigoths. Muslims landed in com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Britain). Chronological History of Islam. Gibraltar from Tangier, and Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, https://www.councilofexmuslims.com captured Cordova and Toledo. Africa, Europe, and /index.php?topic=22184.0 the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 46. 100 711 Guadalete (Spain) Christian Visigoth Kingdom (King http://gejl.info/articles World eBook Library, s.v."Battle of (or 712) Roderic) vs Umayyad Muslim /battle_of_guadalete Guadalete" [Article reproduced from Caliphate. Umayyads won, King World Heritage Encyclopedia], Article Roderic was killed. ID:WHEBN0000163031 101 711 712 Seville Muslim Moors led by Musa ibn http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Nusair captured Seville. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 48. 102 711 Merida http://citeseerx.ist.ps Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and u.edu/viewdoc/downl Sieges : A Guide to 8,500 Battles from oad;jsessionid= Antiquity Through the Twenty-First C82E3FC1C991EFD19 Century. Volume 1 1713019D8CE7B9D? A–E. Westport: Greenwood, 2007), doi=10.1.1.691.3942 Westport: Greenwood, 2007), 655. & rep=rep1&type=pdf 103 711 Seville II 104 713 Coimbra Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing Press, s.vv., "Battle of Balanjar (723)", [Article sourced from World Heritage Encyclopedia] , 2014. Article ID:WHEBN0005353415. 105 714 Murcia

14 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 106 714 Santarem 107 714 Zaragoza 108 714 Leon 109 714 Castille 110 714 Oviedo 111 716 Lisbon Arab Moors captured Lisbon. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 49. 112 717 France A Berber-Arab Muslim army led by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Al-Hurr ibn Abd Al-Rahman al- com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Thaqafi crossed the Pyrenees and Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, raided France. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 50. 113 718 Byzantium Arabs Vs Byzantine forces. Arabs defeated by an army led by Leo the Issaurian. 114 718 Narbonne, France 115 718 Beziers, France 116 718 Agde, France 117 718 Lodeve, France 118 719 Maguleonne, France 119 719 Nimes, France 120 720 Sardinia () Muslim forces invaded Sardinia. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 51. 121 720-721 Narbonne, France Muslim forces take Narbonne. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 50.

15 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 122 721 Toulouse (Toulouse I) Toulouse is besieged by an Arab- http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Eggenberger, David. A Dictionary of berber Army. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, from 1479 B.C. to the Present. eBook, Africa, Europe, and Rev. Dover Edition:1985. (New York: the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Dover, 1967), Undet. Page No. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, [https://cmlibrary.bibliocommons.com/s McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, earch?t=smart&search_category=keywor 1999], 50-51. d&q=Eggenberger&commit=Search] 123 721 Balat, France 124 722 Caesarea conquered 125 722 (or 718) Covadonga https://cmlibrary.bibli Eggenberger, David. A Dictionary of ocommons.com/searc Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles h?t=smart&search_cat from 1479 B.C. to the Present. eBook, egory=keyword&q=Egg Rev. Dover Edition:1985. (New York: enberger&commit=Sea Dover, 1967), Undet. Page No. rch 126 723 Nalanjar http://self.gutenberg. Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing Press, Arab Muslims were victorius against the Balanjar org/articles/Battle_of_ s.vv., "Battle of Balanjar (723)", [Article Khazars. Balanjar_(723) sourced from World Heritage Encyclopedia] , 2014. Article ID:WHEBN0005353415. 127 725 Carcasonne,France Muslim Berber-Arab forces http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim conquered Carcasonne. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 51. 128 729 Bhukara Arab forces recaptured http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Bukhara.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 52. 129 730 Marj Ardabil http://worldpubliclibr World eBook Library, s.v."Battle of Marj ary.com/articles/Battle Ardabil" [Article reproduced from World _of_Marj_Ardabil Heritage Encyclopedia] http://worldpubliclibrary.com/articles/Ba ttle_of_Marj_Ardabil Article 130 730 Gascony 131 Aquitaine, France The Duke of Aquitane was defeated http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim See also, 'the Battle of River Garonne/the 732 by the forces of Abd ar-Rahman as com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Battle of Bordeaux, 730.' 730 he advanced into the Gaul Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, territory. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 53.

16 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 132 730 Garoone Umayyad army (led by the Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, (Also the Battle of River Governor of Al-Andalus, Abdul "Battle of River Garonne OR the Battle of Rahman Al Ghafiqi) Vs Aquitanian Garonne",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B Bordeaux) forces (led by Duke Odo of attle_of_the_River_Garonne Aquitaine). The Umayyads won this battle, and looted the monasteries of northern Aquitaine, before proceeding towards Tours, where the town was said to also have "abundant wealth and treasures." 133 731 Mosul Khazar Khaganate Vs Umayyad http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Caliphate. dic.nsf/enwiki/26548 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of This battle was the second Khazar- 28 Wars in the Muslim World, "Battle of Arab War. Mosul", http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/26 54828 134 730 732 Bordeaux, France Bordeaux was invaded by Muslim http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Jaques, Tony. Jaques, Tony. Dictionary http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/do forces led by Abd ar-Rahman. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive of Battles and Sieges : A Guide to 8,500 wnload;jsessionid=C82E3FC1C991EFD1 Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Battles from Antiquity Through the 91713019D8CE7B9D?doi=10.1.1.691.3 Africa, Europe, and Twenty-First Century. Volume 1, 942&rep=rep1&type=pdf the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . A–E. Westport: Greenwood, 2007), [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Westport: Greenwood, 2007), 153. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 52. 135 732 Balanjar Khazar forces Vs Muslim Umayyad Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries forces (led by Prince Maslamah and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of ibm Abd al-Malik); The Muslims Wars in the Muslim World, "Khazar- were victorious, and advanced Arab Wars:Battle of Balanjar", towards Samandar. http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/26 55077 136 732 Tours European forces (led by Charles http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Muslim Moors invaded S'n France with Cook, David. Understanding Jihad Eggenberger, David. A Dictionary of Martel) Vs Muslim Moors; Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive an army of 80,000 men at the 'Battle of (Berkeley, University of California Press, Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 forces (led by Abd ar-Rahman) Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Tours', but were defeated, bringing 2005), 209. [eBook: Charlotte Battles from 1479 B.C. to the were defeated. Africa, Europe, and Muslim advance into Europe to a stop. Mecklenberg Public Library] Present. eBook, Rev. Dover the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Edition:1985. (New York: Dover, [Jefferson, N. Carolina, 1967), Undet. Page No. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, https://cmlibrary.bibliocommons.co 1999], 52. m/search?t=smart&search_category =keyword&q=Eggenberger&commit=S earch 137 732 Poitiers Muslims Vs Byzantine Christians http://www.ahandfulo Karsh, Efraim. Islamic Imperialism: A The defeat of the Muslims was decisive Berger, Maurits S. Brief History of Islam Muslims were defeated. (Charles Martel). fleaves.org/document History. [New Haven, Yale University in preventing the spread of Islam in in Europe : Thirteen Centuries of Creed, s/Islamic%20Imperiali Press, 2007], 23. Europe. Conflict and Coexistence (Leiden: Leiden sm_A%20History_2nd University Press, 2014) 58-59. ProQuest %20Ed_Karsh.pdf eBrary. 138 732 Coasts of Europe Muslim navies raided the coasts of http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Europe, taking women and men as com Diaspora: A Comprehensive slaves, who were sold in the Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, markets of Venice. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 53.

17 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 139 736 Montfrin, France Charles Martel Vs Saracens. This https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia _ the Free Encyclopedia, was four years after the Battle of rg/wiki/Montfrin "Montfrin", Tours. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montfrin 140 737 Avignon Franks (Charles Martel) Vs 'Arabs', http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries The city of Avignon was occupied by 736 resulting in the Arabs being dic.nsf/enwiki/25008 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Arabs in 734. In expelled from the city of Avignon. 47 Wars in the Muslim World, "Untitled", http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/25 00847 141 736 Nimes Charles Martel's army Vs Arabs : Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, Nimes was devasted , and the "Battle of Nimes", Arabs were driven to Narbonne. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N %C3%Aemes 142 736 Aries, France 143 736 Beziers, France See Battle of Nimes. Beziers was https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/736 destroyed after the Franks (under Charles Martel) failed to capture Narbonne but devastate most of the other settlements. 144 737 Narbonne Charles Martel defeated Arab http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Fregosi, Paul. Jihad in the West: Muslim In 737, Charles Martel succesfully Muslim forces*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Conquests from the 7th to the 21st attacked the Saracen bases north of the Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Centuries. (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Pyrenees, including Narbonne, Beziers, Africa, Europe, and Books, 1998), 120. [Book: Charlotte Montpellier, and Nimes. In 739. Martel the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Mecklenberg Public Library]. successfully atacked and captured [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Marsielle. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, (Charles Martel was a 'Frank' Mayor in 1999], 54. King Theuderich IV's palace) 145 737 River Berre http://digitalcommon Baker, Patrick S. "Charles Martel Turns s.apus.edu/cgi/viewco South: The ntent.cgi?artic Hammer’s Campaigns in le=1163&context=sab Southern France 733-737." Saber and erandscroll Scroll 4, no. 3 (2015): 34-54. 146 737 Nimes Book: Charlotte Fregosi, Paul. Jihad in the West: Muslim Mecklenberg Public Conquests from the 7th to the 21st Library Centuries. (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1998), 120. 147 737 Avignon Book: Charlotte Fregosi, Paul. Jihad in the West: Muslim Charles Martel sent his brother to Mecklenberg Public Conquests from the 7th to the 21st Avignon, who laid seige Library Centuries. (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus to Avignon, putting every one of its Books, 1998), 120. "Muslim defenders to the sword." 148 739 Galicia 149 739 Egypt Copts rebelled in Egypt.*** http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 56.

18 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 150 739 Italy/European Papal Charles martel requested by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim territories to assist Lombards and Arab com Diaspora: A Comprehensive forces.*** Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 56. 151 739 (or 740) Akroinon http://www.byzantiu Byzantine Battles, s.vv., "Battle of The Byzantines defeated the Arab m.xronikon.com/battl Akroinos (Acroinum)" Muslims, in a rare victory. Akroinon or e.php?byzbat=b8_03 Akroinos in Phrygia, Asia Minor (modern Afyon , Turkey). 152 740 (or 687) Kufa http://www.islamicwe A Brief Chronology Of Muslim History, Zaydi Revolt b.com/history/centur svv. "7th Century (600-699) C.E." y7.htm 153 740 Spain Berbers of Spain rebbelled against http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim the Arabs.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 56. 154 741 Ifriqiya 27,000 Syrian troops were sent to http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim suppress revolts. One third of com Diaspora: A Comprehensive these were then dispatched to Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Spain. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 56. 155 745 Syria Constantine V invaded Syria to http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim fight against Islamic forces.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 57 156 746-747 Cyprus Muslim Arabs were defeated, and http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (Constantine V) recaptured Cyprus com Diaspora: A Comprehensive from Muslim Arabs. A large Muslim Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, fleet was lost in the battle. This Africa, Europe, and victory assured Christian the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . dominance of the Mediterranean [Jefferson, N. Carolina, for several decades. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 58 157 750 Zab, Iraq Abbasids Vs Umayyads. Umayyads http://historiarex.com Historia Rex ,s.vv., "Battle of Zab", Umayyad Caliphate is overthrown; the Eggenberger, David. A Dictionary of Note: Location is given as Zab al Kabir. (also 'Zab al Kabir') were defeated, & subsequently /e/en/273-battle-of- http://historiarex.com/e/en/273-battle- Abbasids rise to power.. Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles Online Source: murdered. zab-750 of-zab-750 from 1479 B.C. to the Present. eBook, https://cmlibrary.bibliocommons.com/s Rev. Dover Edition:1985. (New York: earch?t=smart&search_category=keywor Dover, 1967), Undet. Page No. d&q=Eggenberger&commit=Search

19 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 158 751 Talas Chinese army Vs Arab Muslim http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Ruthven, Malise and Azim Nanji. army. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Historical Atlas of Islam The Muslim Chinese were defeated, as well as Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, World. eBook ed. (Farmington Hills, the Turkish Nomads of the Jaxartes Africa, Europe, and Mich: Cartographica [Thomson-Gale], River. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . 2005), 146. [http://ebooks.rahnuma.org [Jefferson, N. Carolina, /religion/Islamic_Books_Megapack/Histo McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, rical%20Atlas%20of%20the%20Islamic% 1999], 60. 20World.pdf]

159 755 Pamplona Basque s Vs Arab army sent by the https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia," last governor of Al-Andalus Yusuf rg/wiki/Pamplona Pamplona", al Fihri. The Arabs were defeated, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona and Pamplona remained autonomous until 781. 160 756 Corodoba The Umayyad prince Abd al- http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (also Cordoba) Rahman, previously exiled under com Diaspora: A Comprehensive the Abbasid Caliphate, was Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, proclaimed the Emir of Cordoba, as Africa, Europe, and the only Umayyad escapee from the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . the 750 massacre. Cordoba [Jefferson, N. Carolina, became the capital of Moorish McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Spain. 1999], 61. 161 759 Narbonne, France Franks (led by Pepin III) Vs Muslim http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Wikipedia- The Free encyclopedia, "Siege Province of Al-Andalus (led by Yusuf ibn (Seige of Narbonne, 752- forces (from Provence). The Moors com Diaspora: A Comprehensive of Narbonne Abd al-Rahman & Abd al-Rahman I) & 759) recaptured Narbonne. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, (752–59)", the Emirate of Cordoba Vs The Franks In 759, there was an expulsion of Africa, Europe, and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_N and the Septimanian Goths (led by Pepin Arabs from Languedoc. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . arbonne_(752%E2%80%9359) the Short & Ansemund). The Franks were [Jefferson, N. Carolina, victorious. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 62. 162 763 Beja, Portugal 163 763 Caramona 164 767 Cyrenaica, Libya Cyrenaica was annexed into http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Egyptian territory. There was a Copt com Diaspora: A Comprehensive rebellion Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 64. 165 771 Ifriqiya Abbasids Vs Berbers. 90,000 http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim troops sent by Caliph. Ifriqiya com Diaspora: A Comprehensive succesfully recaptured from the Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Berbers. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 65. 166 777 Saragossa (Zaragoza) Europeans Vs Spanish https://carm.org/chro Christian Apologetics & Research Moors.Charlemagne invaded Spain nology-of-early-islam Ministry (CARM). but was stopped at Saragossa. "Chronology of Early Islam." [Document prepared by Matt Slick] https://carm.org/chronology-of-early- islam

20 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 167 778 Anatolia (Germanikeia) Byzantines Vs Arab Muslims. Arabs http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim defeated at Germanikeia and driven com Diaspora: A Comprehensive out of Anatolia. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 66. 168 779 Zaragoza 169 782 Western Asia Arabs undertook a brief campaign http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim against the Byzantines.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 68. 170 782 Bosporus (Asia) Arab armies advanced to the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Bosporus region.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 68. 171 783 Zaragoza 172 786 Western Asia Byzantines renewed their war http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim against the Arab Muslims. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 69. 173 791 Western Asia Another war broke out between http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Byzantines and the Arab Muslims. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 70. 174 793 Asturias 175 793 Orange 176 798 Lisbon Christians recaptured Lisbon from http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim the Arab Muslims.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 71 177 798 Cordoba

21 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 178 799 Merida Merida under Muslim control, but http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim with a high concentration of com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Christians. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 72. 179 800 Toledo 180 800 Saragossa 181 800 Franks secure, France 182 801 Barcelona The Franks (led by Charlemagne's https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, son Louis) Vs the Moors. The rg/wiki/Marca_Hispani "Marca Hispanica", Franks recaptured Barcelona ca https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_His securing the borderland between panica. the Franks and the Moors. 183 801 Merida 184 803 Cyprus A Muslim fleet pillaged Cyprus. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 75 185 807 Rhodes conquered Rhodes was pillaged by Muslim http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim 808 troops. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 75 186 811 Rayy This was a war of succession Wikipedia- The Free encyclopedia, "Battle The victorious army was smaller but fought between the two sons of of Zafar", utilized calvary, while the larger army was the fifth Abbasid Caliph, Harun al- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_R mostly infantry. The calvary forces Rashid. The armies of these sons. ayy proved superior due to the structural Al-Amin & Al-Ma'mun, fought each advantage gained by having smaller other near Rayy. Results: Al groups of mounted men, including Ma'mun defeated Al Amin's forces armored spearmen or mounted archers. decisively, and al-Amin was killed when Baghdad fell a year later.

187 812 (809-811) Baghdad (Bagdad) http://citeseerx.ist.ps Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and These were Muslim wars u.edu/viewdoc/downl Sieges : A Guide to 8,500 Battles from of succession oad;jsessionid=C82E3 Antiquity Through the Twenty-First FC1C991EFD191713 Century. Volume 1 019D8CE7B9D?doi=1 A–E. Westport: Greenwood, 2007), 0.1.1.691.3942&rep= Westport: Greenwood, 2007), 94. rep1&type=pdf

22 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 188 814 Cordova (also Cordoba) After a revolt led by a Berber, 8,000 http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim people were expelled to Morocco. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 77. 189 816 Alexandria Alexandria was seized by 15,000 http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Umayyad (refugees) from Spain com Diaspora: A Comprehensive (Cordova). Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 78. 190 818 Guadalquivir River (Spain) 191 822 Spain war The second Umayyad Emir, Abd al- http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Rahman II was installed as the Emir com Diaspora: A Comprehensive of Cordoba. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 79. 192 823 Crete Crete (Christian territory) was http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim A Muslim state was established by conquered by the Muslim Arabs. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Andalusian refugees from Cordova, who Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, had been expelled from Al-Andalus in Africa, Europe, and 817. They ruled until 961. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 79-80. 193 823 Spain war 194 824 Spain war 195 825 Spain war 196 826 Spain war 197 826-902 Sicily Christians Vs Muslim Arabs. After http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crete was conquered, the invasion com Diaspora: A Comprehensive of Sicily began, and was completed Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, by 902 A.D. Sicily remained an Arab Africa, Europe, and territory until 1092. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 79-80. 198 830 Spain war

23 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 199 831 Palermo, Sicily Palermo was conquered by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Tunisian Arabs. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 80. 200 831 Spain war 201 832 Spain war 202 833 Spain war 203 834 Spain war 204 835 Spain war 205 836 Spain war 206 837 Naples, Italy Arab attackers were fended off.*** http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 82. 207 837 Toledo 208 837 Spain war 209 838 Anzen (or Dazimon, Byzantine empire vs Muslims (led http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries which is Dazmana in by General Al-Afshin). The dic.nsf/enwiki/15137 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of present day Turkey) Byzantines were defeated, by 47 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of during the time of Caliph al- Anzen",http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/en Mu'tasim. wiki/1513747 210 838 Amorium Byzantine Empire Vs Abbasid Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia. "Sack Caliphate; The city of Amorium was of Amorium", razed and the city was taken by the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_A Abbasid army. morium 211 840 Spain war 212 841 Jerusalem Mosques and churches were http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim raided during a peasant revolt led com Diaspora: A Comprehensive by Abu Harb. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 83. 213 841 Bari, Puglia Province A Muslim emirate was estb'd in http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (Western Asia) Bari from 841-871. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 83.

24 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 214 842 Constantinople A Muslim navy attacked but it was http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim dispersed by a storm.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 83. 215 842 Spain war 216 846 Rome Rome is raided by Muslim http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Arabs.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 83. 217 849 Provence Provence raided by Arab http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Muslims.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 84. 218 849 Ostia Saracens (from Sicily & Southern http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Italy) Vs a Christian league (Papal, dic.nsf/enwiki/38372 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Neapolitan & Gaetan) ships. The 47 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of Christians were victorious. This Ostia", was a naval battle , and the record http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/38 was derived from a painting 37247 (commissioned by the Vatican) by the renaissance artist, Raphael. According to the painting, the Arabs ships were destroyed by a storm. 219 851 Martyrs of Cordoba From 851-859, Christians were http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim widely persecuted and martyred in com Diaspora: A Comprehensive the Muslim controlled city. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 85. 220 853 Damietta & Chata The Byzantine forces attacked Arab http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (Ifriqiya) Muslims in Damietta and Chata.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 85.

25 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 221 al-Farama (Ifriqiya) Byzantine forces raided al- http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Farama.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 87. 222 865 Morcuera This was a reconquista battle. https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, Christian forces (the two rg/wiki/Battle_of_the_ "Battle of Morcuera", Kingdoms of Asturias &Castile) Vs Morcuera https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_t the Emirate of Cordoba (led by he_Morcuera Muhammad I of Córdoba). The Emirate of Cordoba defeated the Christians, 223 865 Duero See Above (The two names are a bit similar) 224 866 Ifriqiya Revolts were underway in http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Alexandria & Fayoum com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 88. 225 869-870 Malta Muslim Arabs invaded and http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim conquered Malta.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 89. 226 875 Spain war 227 876 Dair al Aqui Saffarids Vs Abbasids; The Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, " Abbasids won a decisive victory. Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_D ayr_al-%27Aqul 228 877 Palestine & Egypt Palestine & Egypt were invaded by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim an Arab Muslim force led by com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Ahmad ibn Tulun. Akka/Acre was Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, designted as a naval base.*** Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 91. 229 878 Jerusalem Jerusalem was brought under the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Cairo caliphate by Ahmad ibn Tulu, com Diaspora: A Comprehensive and remained so, until the Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, took control in Africa, Europe, and 1516. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 91.

26 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 230 878 Syria Syria was conquered by Ahmad ibn http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Tulun.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 91. 231 878 879 Syracuse, Sicily Arabs took Syracuse from the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Byzantines. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 92. 232 878 Valdemora Alfonso III of Asturias defeated the http://www.ranimirum Unknown Author, "Alfonso III of Muslim armies in the Battle of .com/reconquista/alfo Asturias", Vademora, near Carbajal, in Leon. nsoIIIAS.htm http://www.ranimirum.com/reconquista/ The deafeated princes of Cordova alfonsoIIIAS.htm (Al-Mondir & Haxim), offered a truce and withdrew their troops from the area in 878. 233 880 Taranto, Europe Byzantine forces retook Taranto. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 92. 234 880 Spain war 235 883 Spain war 236 885 Syria Syria was conquered by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Khumarawayh com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 92. 237 891 Polei The Emir of Cordoba (Abdullah Ibn https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, Muhammad) Vs Umar Ibn Hafsun, rg/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_ "Abdullah ibn Muhammad al- a rival. Ibn Hafsun was defeated Muhammad_al- Umawi",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab near the castle of Polei in 891. In Umawi dullah_ibn_Muhammad_al-Umawi all the conquered cities, Abdullah then massacred all the Christians, but pardoned the Muslims.

27 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 238 893 Talas, The Samanids led by Isma'il ibn http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Central Asia. Ahmad, successful conquered com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Talas, converting the main Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Nestorian church into a Mosque. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 95. 239 901 Spain war 240 902 Taormina Tunisian Arabs completed their http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim conquest of Sicily from the com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Byzantines Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 98. 241 904 Tripoli Leo of Tripoli (Rashid al Wardami) http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim plundered Tripoli and abducted com Diaspora: A Comprehensive 20,000 peoples to be sold as Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, slaves. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 99. 242 905 Spain Reconquest of Spain by Christians http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim began, and Navarre was made a com Diaspora: A Comprehensive kingdom. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 99. 243 913 Ecija http://citeseerx.ist.ps Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, u.edu/viewdoc/downl Sieges : A Guide to 8,500 Battles from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_% oad;jsessionid=C82E3 Antiquity Through the Twenty-First C3%89cija_(913) FC1C991EFD191713 Century. Volume 1, A-E. Westport: 019D8CE7B9D?doi=1 Greenwood, 2007), 923. 0.1.1.691.3942&rep= rep1&type=pdf 244 913 Seville Arabs built a castle " The Alcazar of http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Seville", com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 101. 245 914 North West Recon 246 914 Jaen 247 914 Elvira 248 914 Finana 249 915 Juviles

28 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 250 915 Garigliano Arabs Vs Byzantines. Arabs http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim defeated.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 102. 251 915 Valencia 252 917 Leon 253 919 Leon The state of Leon was estb'd in the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Southern region of the Iberian com Diaspora: A Comprehensive peninsula, ruled by Christian Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Princes, along with the states of Africa, Europe, and Castille and Navarre. The Northern the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . areas of the Iberian peninsula was [Jefferson, N. Carolina, ruled by Caliph Abd ar-Rahman III McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 99. 254 919 Rosetta Fatimid Arab navy Vs Byzantines. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Arabs defeated.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 102. 255 920 Fez, Ifriqiya Fez was conquered.*** http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 103. 256 920 Junquera Emirate of Cordoba Vs Christian Wikand, "Battle of Valdejunquera", armies of the Kingdom of Leon and https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Battle_of Navarre; The victory went to the _Valdejunquera Muslims of Cordoba. 257 920 Pamplona 258 921 (& 935) Sijilmasa, Ifriqiya Sijilmasa was occupied by the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Fatimids for a second time. In 935, com Diaspora: A Comprehensive the Fatimids made undertook Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, another attack. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 103 & 109. 259 921 Spain war

29 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 260 922 Morocco, Ifriqiya Morocco was siezed by the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Fatimids.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 104 261 928 Bobastro In 928, Bobastro was captured by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim At the height of his power, Umar ibn Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, " the Emir of Cordoba (Abd-ar- com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Hafsun ruled Malaga (Rayyo), Granada Umar ibn Hafsun", Rahman III). It had been under Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, (Ibiria), and had a alliance with the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_ Umar ibn Hafsun, a rebel in Africa, Europe, and province of Jaen. Hafsun. Southern Iberia. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 103 262 930 Oman Oman was conquered by the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Qarmatians.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 107. 263 934 French coast, Genao, & Fatimid raids occurred in these http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim regions.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 108. 264 934 Leon 265 936 Alexandria Berbers captured Alexandria.*** http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 109. 266 937 Leon

30 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 267 939 Simancas Christians (King Ramire II of Leon) http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Vs Caliph Abd-ar-Rahman III. The com Diaspora: A Comprehensive King Ramire's army also included troops and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Christian forces defeated the Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, from Count Fernan Gonzalez, Navarreses Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of Moorish army. Some Umayyad Africa, Europe, and (under Garcia Sanchez I), and troops Simancas", troops deserted, and Rahman III the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . from the Kingdom of Asturias. Arab http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/12 was nearly captured. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, witnesses chronicled a fearful eclipse of 52943 McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, the sun that occurred on the first day of 1999], 109. battle, and for two days, neither army made any movement due to the terror of this eclipseThe battle occurred in the Iberian Peninsula, and was critical in deciding the control of the lands of the Duero. 268 941 Syria Syria was captured by Egypt.** The http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Byzantines recapture Dara, Nisibis, com Diaspora: A Comprehensive & Aleppo. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 110. 269 942 Mecca & Medina Mecca & Medina were seized by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim African forces.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 110. 270 943 Western Asia Byzantine forces launched into http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Arab territory to recapture the com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Mandylion, a Christian relic. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 110. 271 944 Western Asia Byzantine forces were defeated by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Saif al-Dawla.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 110. 272 946 Moroccan Coast The Caliphate of Cordoba seized http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim control of the Moroccan coast. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 111.

31 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 273 951 Italy Byzantines Vs Fatimids. The http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Byzantines were defeated in com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Southern Italy. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 112. 274 956 Western Asia The Seljuks, a Turkish tribe were http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim converted to Islam, after their com Diaspora: A Comprehensive leader 'Seljuk' and the ruling family Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, descended from him were Africa, Europe, and converted to Islam.*** the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 112. 275 956 Leon 276 959 Zamora 277 960 Transoxiana, Iran, Iraq, & The Seljuk dynasty came to power http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Anatolia in these territories. In 960, a com Diaspora: A Comprehensive 20,000 strong army was Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, converted, without a holy war. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 113 278 960 Oviedo 279 962 Taormina, Sicily The Fatimids conquered Taormina, http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim and renamed it 'Mu'izziya', to com Diaspora: A Comprehensive honor the reigning Caliph. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 114. 280 964 Cyprus Emperor Nicephorus Phocas http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (Byzantines) raided Syria and com Diaspora: A Comprehensive recaptured Cyprus.*** Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 115. 281 965 Cyprus Arabs Vs Byzantines. Byzantine http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim forces recaptured Cyprus. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 115.

32 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 282 965 Sicily "Battle of Rometta"-- Byzantines http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Vs Muslims (Kalbites). Byzantines com Diaspora: A Comprehensive defeated. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 115. 283 966 Spain war 284 969 Asia Minor General John Tzimiskes, after http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim murdering co-emperor com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Nicephorus, became co-emperor Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, and began the reconquest of some Africa, Europe, and Byzantium provinces in Asia. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 116 285 970 Damascus The Fatimids conquered http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Damascus. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 117. 286 970 Transoxiana The Seljuks infiltrated http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Transoxiana.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 117. 287 973 Fez, Ifriqiya & Morocco Bulukin captured Fez and the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim entire territory of Morocco.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 118 288 974 Navarre 289 975 Syria, Jerusalem, Baghdad Byzantine forces (under John I http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (Western Asia) Tzimisces) Vs Muslim forces. The com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Byzantine forces drove their armies Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, east & south through Syria, Africa, Europe, and Jerusalem, and Baghdad. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 119.

33 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 290 976 Palestine The Fatimids conquered http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Palestine.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 119. 291 981 Italy Byzantines allied with Arab http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Muslims to fight Roman Emperor com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Otto II, who was viewed by the Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Byzantines as an expansionist. Africa, Europe, and Otto set out into Apulia in the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Southern italy to fight Arab [Jefferson, N. Carolina, invaders.*** McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 121. 292 982 Italy Byzantines troops (led by Emperor http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Basil II) AND Arab Muslims Vs com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Roman Emperor Otto II. Otto was Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, defeated at Crotona, and forced to Africa, Europe, and escape to Greece. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 121. 293 982 Stilo Saracenes (Kalbid Saracens of http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Sicily) Vs The Lombards of dic.nsf/enwiki/26988 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of southern Italy, who were part of 51 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of the (led by Stilo", Emperor Otto II). The Saracens http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/26 defeated the Romans. The 98851 Saracens were led by Abu al-Qasim, the Emir of Sicily. 294 986 Barcelona Muslim forces conquered http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Barcelona.*** com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 122. 295 986 Spain The Christian kingdom of Spain http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim was conquered by Al-Mansur, the com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Emir of Ifriqiya. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 122.

34 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 296 987 Anatolia Bardas Phocas and Bardas Skleros, http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Barons of the Muslims took over com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Anatolia. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 122. 297 988 Leon Leon was conquered by Muslim http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim forces. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 123. 298 988 Western Asia The Fatimids completed their http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim conquest of Syria. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 122. 299 989 Anatolia Byzantine Emperor Basill II drafted http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (Asia Minor) 6,000 Russian troops to defeat com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Bardas Phocas at Abydos in Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Anatolia. The Byzantine forces Africa, Europe, and won, forcing Bardas Skleros to the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . concede. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 123. 300 996 Greece Byzantine Vs (converted http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim to Islam). Byzantine troops led by com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Emperor Basil II recaptured Greece Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, from the Bulgarians. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 125. 301 998 Spain Muslims, led by al-Mansur, http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim destroyed the Shrine of Santiago com Diaspora: A Comprehensive de Compostela, as they conquered Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Spain. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 125.

35 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 302 999 Syria Emperor Basil II defeated Arab http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim troops in Syria, in a counter- com Diaspora: A Comprehensive defensive response to Muslim Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, attacks on Antioch and Aleppo.*** Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 126. 303 1003 Navarre From 1003-1007, the Amirids http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim 1002 made successful incursions into com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Navarre, Catalonia, Galicia, and Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Castile. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 128. 304 1004 Barcelona 305 1009 Jerusalem The Church of the Holy Sepulchre http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim was destoyed. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 130. 306 1009 Leon 307 1009 Alcolea 308 1010 Cordoba 309 1013 Cardoba 310 1013 Cordoba The city of Cordoba was ruled Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, "Seige Umayyad Caliph , was under seige of Cordoba (1013)", by a rival army, led by Sulayman ibn https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_C al-Hakam. Sulayman's forces %C3%B3rdoba_(1013) sacked the city and massacred, and Cordoba surrendered in 1013; many Jews were killed and others fled. 311 1015 Sardinia (Italy) The Mujahid of Denia (Taifa of http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Denia, Spain) attacked Sardinia. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 131. 312 1016 Cordoba 313 1017 Al-Andalus The Burgundian crusades against http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Al-Andalus began. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 132.

36 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 314 1017 Khwarzm, Uzbekistan Khwarzm was conquered by Sultan http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Mahmud of Ghazna. However, com Diaspora: A Comprehensive local rulers already influenced or Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, converted to Islam. A Muslim Africa, Europe, and scholar, Abu'l-Rayhan Muhammed the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . al-Buruni served at the court of the [Jefferson, N. Carolina, local Jurjan ruler. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 117. 315 1026-1035 Illyrian & Greek coastal The Zirids and Kalbite navies http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim areas combined forces to make com Diaspora: A Comprehensive incursions into the Illyrian and Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Greek coastal regions. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 134. 316 1035 Castile (Spain) Scores of Jews were killed after the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim royal protection they had received com Diaspora: A Comprehensive under King Sancho was lifted. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 136. 317 1035 Fez (Morocco) The rulers of Fez were overthrown, http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim and 6000 Jews were slaughtered. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 136. 318 1038 Sicily From 1038-1041 Sicily was http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim attacked by Byzantine and fatimd com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Egypt forces. Eventually peace Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, treaties were established between Africa, Europe, and the Fatimids and the Byzantines, the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500). which brought a period of peace. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 137. 319 1037 Tamaron Bermudo III of Leon was killed http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim during the 'Battle of Tamaron.' com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 137.

37 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 320 1031-1086 Battles of Taifas (Spain) Ummayad dynasty based in http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim The Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. The decline of Abd al-Rahman III's Cordoba, Spain ended in 1031, com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Cantor, Norman F., ed.1st Ed., (New York: caliphate culminates into 23 "Taifas" and was replaced by the kingdoms Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Viking [Penguin Group], 1999), 395. (nations/factions) which are continually of the "Reyes de Taifas." Africa, Europe, and [Book: Charlotte Mecklenberg Public at war with each other until they are the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Library] reunited under the Almoravid Dynasty of [Jefferson, N. Carolina, N. Africa in 1086. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 135. 321 1040 Dandanaqan At the Battle of Dandanaqan, the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim CEMB Forum (Council of Ex-Muslims of https://www.councilofexmuslims.com/in Seljuks defeated the Amir of com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Britain). Chronological dex.php?topic=22184.0 Ghazna (Mas'ud), paving the way Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, History of Islam for them to invade and conquer Africa, Europe, and Persia. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 137. 322 1044 Spain war 323 1050 Lorca 324 1051 Spain war 325 1053 Malaga In 1053, after Muhammad I https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa al_Mahdi was assassinated, Idris III rg/wiki/Taifa_of_M%C of Malaga", al Sami became new ruler of 3%A1laga https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_M Malaga, but was also assassinated %C3%A1laga one year later. 326 1053 Niebla The taifa of Niebla was conquered https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa and forcibly brought under the rg/wiki/Taifa_of_Niebl of Niebla", Taifa of Seville in 1053, all the way a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Ni to 1091. ebla 327 1055 Algeciras In 1055, the taifa of Algericas was https://en.m.wikipedia Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa annexed to Sevillle by Yahya al- .org/wiki/Taifa_of_Alge of Algericas", Mutali. ciras https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_ Algeciras 328 1063 Silves This taifa came under the stronger https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa taifa of Seville (led by Abbad II al- rg/wiki/Taifa_of_Silves of Mu'tadid) from 1063. Silves",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa _of_Silves 329 1063 Graus Ramiro I of Aragon Vs Moorish http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries This was a Reconquista battle. Spain forces (al-Muktadir King of dic.nsf/enwiki/52365 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Zaragoza, SanchoII, and El Cid). The 7 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of Castillians/Zaragozan army Graus" , defeated the Aragon army, and http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/52 King Ramiro was killed in this 3657 Battle. 330 1063 Paterna Kingdom od Leon Vs Taifa of Valencia; The Leon army defeated the Taifa of Valencia. 331 1065 Ronda From 1065 - 1091, the taifa of https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa Ronda was subjugated to the rule rg/wiki/Taifa_of_Rond of Ronda", of Seville, under Abbad II al- a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Ro Mu'tadid. nda

38 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 332 1066 Granada Muslims rioted against Jews, and http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim many Jews were killed. The com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Muslims were resentful of their Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, prosperity and position. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 145. 333 1067 Turkey/West Asia African mercenaries were http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim massacred by the Turks. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 146. 334 1066 Carmona From 1066 - 1091, the taifa of https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa Carmona was subjugated to the rg/wiki/Taifa_of_Carm of Carmona", rule of Seville, then taken over by ona https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Ca the Amoravids from 1091-1143. rmona 335 1068 Arcos From 1068 - 1091, the taifa of https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa Arcos was subjugated to the rule rg/wiki/Taifa_of_Arcos of Arcos", of Seville, under Abbad II al- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Ar Mu'tadid. cos 336 1070 Cordoba In 1070, Cordoba was captured by https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa the Emir of Seville, Muhammad Ibn rg/wiki/Taifa_of_C%C3 of Cordoba", Abbad Al Mutamid. %B3rdoba https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_C %C3%B3rdoba 337 1071 Manzikert Seljuk Turks led by Alp Arslan Vs http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim The defeat of the Byzantines came after Paine, Michael. The Crusades [eBook] ProQuest ebrary Adamec, Ludwig W. Historical Byzantines at Manzikert. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive the Byzantines invaded Armenia. (Harpenden, Olcastle Books: Pocket Dictionary of Islam: Histoical Byzantines were defeated. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Essentials, 2005), 27. Dictionaries of Religions, Africa, Europe, and Philosophies, And Movements, No. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . 37. (The Scarecrow Press, 2001), [Jefferson, N. Carolina, xxix.[Text: Charlotte Mecklenberg McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Public Library] 1999], 147. 338 1076 Kumbi Almoravids (led by Abu Bakr ibn http://citeseerx.ist.ps Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Umar) Vs Empire of Ghana u.edu/viewdoc/downl Sieges : A Guide to 8,500 Battles from (modern & Mauritania). The oad; Antiquity Through the Twenty-First capital of the Ghana empire, Kumbi Century. Volume 1, A-E. Westport: was captured. In 1203, Kumbi Greenwood, 2007), 551. again fell to the Sosso and in 1240, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/do it was captured and absorbed by wnload; the Sundiata of Mali. jsessionid=C82E3FC1C991EFD1917130 19D8CE7B9D? doi=10.1.1.691.3942&rep=rep1&type=p df 339 1077 Ceuta Ceuta and Tangier (North Africa) http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim 1078 were captured from Barghwata. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 148.

39 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 340 1085 Toledo Spanish Christians (under King doi=10.1.1.691.3942 Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Fried, Johannes. The Middle Ages Alfonso VI of Castile) Vs Moors. &rep=rep1&type=pdf Diaspora: A Comprehensive Sieges : A Guide to 8,500 Battles from [Das Mittelalter, 3rd Edition, 2009]. Moors were defeated. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Antiquity Through the Twenty-First Translated by Peter Lewis. First ed. Africa, Europe, and Century. Volume 1, A-E. Westport: (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Greenwood, 2007), 1023. 2015), 186. [Book: Charlotte [Jefferson, N. Carolina, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/do Mecklenberg Public Library] McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, wnload;jsessionid=C82E3FC1C991EFD1 1999], 150. 91713019D8CE7B9D?doi=10.1.1.691.3 942&rep=rep1&type=pdf 341 1086 Sagrajas/al-Zallaqah Muslims (led by Ibn Tashfin) Vs http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (Spain) Christian forces. The Christians com Diaspora: A Comprehensive were defeated. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 150. 342 1094 Badajoz 343 1096 FIRST CRUSADE Western The first crusade began (1096- http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Asia 1099) com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 155. 344 1097 Western Asia Nicaea & Crusaders captured Nicaes & http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Konya Konya com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 155. 345 1097 Myriokephalon Byzantines (led by emperor http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Crusade Manuel I Komenos) Vs Seljuk Turks dic.nsf/enwiki/15371 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of (led by the Sultanate of Rum). The 7 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of Seljuks were victorious, albeit that Myriokephalon",http://en.academic.ru/d it was a defensive, strategic victory. ic.nsf/enwiki/153717 The battle was an unsuccessful effort to recover inner Anatolia from the Seljuk Turks.

346 1097 Dorylaeum Book: Charlotte Asbridge, Thomas S. The Crusades: The Crusade Mecklenberg Public Authoritative History of the War for the Library Holy Land. 1 ed. New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 685. [Book: Charlotte Mecklenberg Public Library].

40 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 347 1097 (or 1098) Antioch Crusaders capture Antioch after a http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade Paine, Michael. The Crusades [eBook] long seige. The Turks attacked after com Diaspora: A Comprehensive (Harpenden, Olcastle Books: Pocket the recapture but were defeated. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Essentials, 2005), 41. [ProQuest eBrary]. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 156. 348 1099 Jerusalem The Crusaders recaptured http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade. Paine, Michael. The Crusades [eBook] Fried, Johannes. The Middle Ages Jerusalem after a six-week war.The com Diaspora: A Comprehensive In 1098, Jerusalem was beseiged by the (Harpenden, Olcastle Books: Pocket [Das Mittelalter, 3rd Edition, 2009]. region was divided into four "Latin Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Fatimids. After Jerusalem was recaptured Essentials, 2005), 46. [ProQuest ebrary] Translated by Peter Lewis. First ed. states", including Edessa, Antioch, Africa, Europe, and by the Crusaders, the region was divided (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, Tripoli, and the Kingdom of the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . into four "Latin states", including 2015), 186. Jerusalem. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and the McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Kingdom of Jerusalem. 1999], 156. 349 1099 Ascalon The Franks Vs Fatimids near the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade fortress of Ascalon. The Muslims com Diaspora: A Comprehensive were defeated and dispersed Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, before they could wage a serious Africa, Europe, and attack. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 156. 350 1101 Ramia Christians (Led by King Baldwin I http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Crusade Kingdom of Jerusalem) Vs the dic.nsf/enwiki/15091 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of (Two other battles were fought in Ramia Fatimids of Egypt ( under Saad el- 18 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of in 1102 & 1105) Dawleh's command) Ramia", http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/15 09118 351 1101 Arcos 352 1102 - 1109 Tripoli The Franks Vs the Banu Ammar http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Emirs of Tripoli (vassal of the com Diaspora: A Comprehensive and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Fatimid caliphs of Cairo). The Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Wars in the Muslim World,"Siege of Chrisitian crusaders army of Africa, Europe, and Tripoli", Raymond laid siege to Tripoli, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/17 were eventually victorious and [Jefferson, N. Carolina, 10372 were able to establish a Christian McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, City state in Tripoli. 1999], 159. 353 1104 Harran Baldwin I & Bohemond of Eddessa http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade Defensive Asbridge, Thomas S. The Crusades: The Book: Charlotte Mecklenberg Public Vs Mawdud of Mosul & Diyar Bakr com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Authoritative History of the Library (the Artuqites). The Christian were Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, War for the Holy Land. 1 ed. New York: defeated at Harran. Africa, Europe, and HarperCollins, 2010), 685. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 159. 354 1105 Artah Crusader forces (led by Tancred, http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Crusade. The city was was divided Prince of Galillee) Vs the Seljuk dic.nsf/enwiki/15026 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of among the Frank nobles, and proceeded Turks (led by Fakhr al-Mulk 88 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of to capture several of the Mediterranean Radwan of Aleppo). The Crusaders Artah", coastal cities, including Sidon in 1111 defeated the Turks, and Prince http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/15 and Tyre in 1124. Tancred expanded his conquests 02688 to the east of the Orontes River.

41 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 355 1108 Ucles Castillians Vs Almoravids. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Castillians were defeated. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 159. 356 1115 Sarmin Seljuk Turks (Army led by Bursuq http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Crusade Defensive bin Bursuq of Hamadan) Vs dic.nsf/enwiki/15180 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Christians (Principality fo Antioch, 30 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of Edessa County). The Christian army Sarmin", was led by Prince Roger of Salerno, http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/15 and gained victory aided paricularly 18030 by taking the opposing army by surprise,spying , and reinforcements from King Baldwin I of Jerusalem.

357 1119 Ager Sanguinis The Principality of Antioch (led by http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Crusade Defensive Roger of Salerno" Vs Muslims dic.nsf/enwiki/16155 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of This battle was also known as the "Battle Ortoqids of Aleppo (Syria) (forces 0 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of of the Field of Blood" or the "Battle of led by Ilghazi of Mardin). The Ager Sanguinis", Sarmada." Muslims defeated the Crusaders. http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/16 1550 358 1121 Didgori Kingdom of Georgis Vs Seljuq http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Turks (coalition). The battle dic.nsf/enwiki/77760 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of resulted in a vistory for King David 7 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of IV of Georgia, and the reconquest Didgori", of Tbilisi from the Muslims, which http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/77 became the royal capital. 7607

359 1125 Azaz Kingdom of Jerusalem (Principality http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Crusade Defensive of Antioch) Vs Seljuq Turks. The dic.nsf/enwiki/22648 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Crusaders were victorious, even 3 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of though their army was Azaz", outnumbered. King Baldwin II led http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/22 this battle allowing the Crusaders 6483 to regain the influence they had previously lost.

360 1126 Marj es Suffar Crusaders (led by King Baldwin II of http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Crusade Defensive Jerusalem) Vs the Seljuk Emirate of dic.nsf/enwiki/15161 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Damascus. The Crusaders 48 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of succeeded, but were unable to Marj es Suffar", capture Damascus, which was a http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/15 key goal of this battle. 16148

42 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 361 1139 Ourique A Portuguese army led by Alfonso http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Henriques Vs Moors. Moors are com Diaspora: A Comprehensive defeated. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 160. 362 1143 Arcos 363 1144 Edessa Crusaders Vs. Muslims (led by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade Defensive Paine, Michael. The Crusades [eBook] Imad al-Din Zangi). Edessa was com Diaspora: A Comprehensive (Harpenden, Olcastle Books: Pocket taken from the Crusaders leading Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Essentials, 2005), 40 & 135. [ProQuest to the call for another crusade Africa, Europe, and eBrary] (2nd Crusade). the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 171. 364 1145 Granada 365 1145 Jaen The taifa of Jaen was established https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa by the Moors in 1145, and it rg/wiki/Taifa_of_Ja%C of Jaen", lasted until 1168. The taifa 3%A9n https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Ja included Muslims, Jews, and %C3%A9n Christians. 366 1147 Lisbon Moors Vs Christians (Alfonso I of http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries This was a Reconquista battle. This battle (Second Crusade) Portugal). The Portuguese defeated dic.nsf/enwiki/95332 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of was critical to the wider Reconquista, the Moors. 0 Wars in the Muslim World," Siege of and was one of the only Christian Lisbon", victories of the the second crusade. http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/95 3320 367 1147 2nd CRUSADE Two kings Vs Muslims (led by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade The German and French forces failed to Dorylaeum & Laodicaea Mas'ud I), were each defeated. King com Diaspora: A Comprehensive cooperate, and thus the 2nd crusade (Asia Minor) Louis VII of France was defeated at Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, was rendered unsuccessful Laodicaea, and Emperor Conrad III Africa, Europe, and of Germany was defeated at the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Dorylaeum). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 172. 368 1147 (or 1048) Lisbon Recon Book: Charlotte The Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages . Mecklenberg Public Cantor, Norman F., ed.1st Ed., (New York: Library Viking [Penguin Group], 1999), 358.

369 1147 Almeria Almeria was siezed by a combined http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim force from Castile, Aragon, Pisa, com Diaspora: A Comprehensive and Genoa, led by Alfonso VII of Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Castile. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 172.

43 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 370 1148 Damascus The second crusade was stopped http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Failed crusade battle. Asbridge, Thomas S. The Crusades: The at Damascus. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Authoritative History of the War for the Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Holy Land. 1 ed. New York: Africa, Europe, and HarperCollins, 2010), 685. [Book: the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Charlotte Mecklenberg Public Library] [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 172. 371 1149 (Europe) Mercenaries recaptured Corfu for http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim the Byzantines. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 173. 372 1149 Inab Book: Charlotte Asbridge, Thomas S. The Crusades: The Crusade Mecklenberg Public Authoritative History of the Library War for the Holy Land. 1 ed. New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 685. 373 1150 Carmona 374 1150 Badajoz This taifa was established by the https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa Moors in 1009, after the Caliphate rg/wiki/Taifa_of_Badaj of Badajoz", of Cordoba fragmented. It was oz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Ba conqured by the Almohads in dajoz 1150. 375 1151 Guadix 376 1153 Ascalon/Ashkelon Islamic Fatimids Vs Christians http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade Asbridge, Thomas S. The Crusades: The (A port city in Palestine) (Baldwin III) The Christians com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Authoritative History of the War for the captured Ascalon from the Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Holy Land. 1 ed. New York: Fatimids, but at the end of the Africa, Europe, and HarperCollins, 2010), 685. [Book: second crusade, Ascalon was the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Charlotte Mecklenberg Public Library]. recaptured. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 174. 377 1164 Harim Almaric I (Successor to Baldwin III, http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade Defensive Asbridge, Thomas S. The Crusades: The his brother) conceded in Bilbao, com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Authoritative History of the War for the and harim was taken by Nur al-Din Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Holy Land. 1 ed. New York: (Muslims). Africa, Europe, and HarperCollins, 2010), 685. [Book: the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Charlotte Mecklenberg Public Library]. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 177. 378 1167 Al Babein Christian (led by Amalric King of http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Crusade Defensive Jerusalem) Vs the Zengids of Syria. dic.nsf/enwiki/15224 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of The battle resulted in a draw. 17 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of al- Babein", http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/15 22417

44 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 379 1172 Murcia Abu Ya'qub Vs Ibn Mardanish http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (Spanish: Rey Lobo). Ibn com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Mardanish was defeated. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 180. 380 1176 Myriokephalon Byzantine Empire (led by Manuel I http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Komnenos ) Vs the Seljuk Turks dic.nsf/enwiki/15371 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of (Kilij Arslan II). The Seljuq Turks 7 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of were victorious, and this battle Myriokephalon", became the final yet unsuccessful http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/15 effort by the Byzantine forces to 3717 recapture the interior of Anatolia (Turkey) from the Seljuq Turks. 381 1177 Mont Gisard/ Mont Saladin Vs Baldwin IV of Jerusalem. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade Defensive Asbridge, Thomas S. The Crusades: The Giscard Saladin was defeated at Mont com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Authoritative History of the War for the Giscard/Ramleh. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Holy Land. 1 ed. New York: Africa, Europe, and HarperCollins, 2010), 685. [Book: the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Charlotte Mecklenberg Public Library]. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 182. 382 1179 Jacob's Ford Kingdom of Jerusalem (led by King http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Crusade Defensive. This battle consisted Baldwin IV) Vs the Sultan of Egypt, dic.nsf/enwiki/15025 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of of a seige the Castle of Chastellet at Saladin and a large Muslim force. 18 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of jacob's ford, which was in the process of The Muslim army, led by Saladin Jacob's Ford", construction to protect Jerusalem from defeated the Crusaders and killed http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/15 a Northern invasion. Many scholars 700 knights, architects, and 02518 blame the takeover of the Jerusalem in construction workers, and 800 1187, on this Muslim victory at Jacob's others were taken captive. Ford in 1179, after almost 100 years of Christian rule of the Holy City.

383 1183 Kerak Saladinn (Muslims) Vs Christian https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia Crusade Defensive crusaders (King Baldwin IV, and rg/wiki/Siege_of_Kerak "Siege of Kerak" Raynald of Chatillon). The Christian https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ke crusaders won the battle, as the rak Mulism withdrew for strategic reasons. 384 1184 Santarem Kingdoms of Portugal & Leon http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia ,"Siege (Alfonso I of Ptgl & Ferdinand II of com Diaspora: A Comprehensive of Santarem (1184)", Leon) Vs the Almohad Empire (led Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sa by Aby Yaqub Yusuf). A siege was Africa, Europe, and ntar%C3%A9m_(1184) laid against Santarem ,which failed, the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . and the Christian forces won a [Jefferson, N. Carolina, decisive victory. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 184.

45 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 385 1187 Cresson Muslims (led by Al-Afdal ibn Salah https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia Crusade Defensive. This clash of armies al-din) Vs Christian crusaders rg/wiki/Battle_of_Cres "Battle of Kerak" was a prelude to the "Battle of Hattin", (Templars, Hospitalers, and other son https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_C where Christians were soundly defeated crusader entities). The Christians resson and Jerusalem was captured by the were greatly outnumbered and Muslims. were defeated and only a few fighters survived. The Christian leaders were disunirted and fighting among themselves during the course of this battle. 386 1187 Hattin/'Hittin' CrusadersVs Salah al-Din. The http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Paine, Michael. The Crusades [eBook] Crusade Defensive The Middle Ages: An Encyclopdia for Crusaders were defeated at the com Diaspora: A Comprehensive (Harpenden, Oldcastle Books: Pocket (Christians defeated, Jerusalem Students (Vol. 2). William Chester Battle of the Hittin/Battle of the Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Essentials, 2005), 136.[ProQuest captured.Battle of "Hittin", was fought Jordan, Ed., for the American Council Horn of Hittin Africa, Europe, and eBrary]. at the foot of a hill called Qurun Hittin of Learned Societies (New York, the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [the Horns of Hittin]) Charles Scribner's Sons [Simon & [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Schuster Macmillan], 1996), 216. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 185. 387 1187 Jerusalem conquered Saladin Vs Crusaders. Saladin http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Jerusalem was recaptured from the Asbridge, Thomas S. The Crusades: The Paine, Michael. The Crusades recaptured Jerusalem, provoking com Diaspora: A Comprehensive crusaders by Sultan Saladin, provoking Authoritative History of the War for the [eBook] (Harpenden, Oldcastle the call for a 3rd crusade. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, the 3rd crusade. Holy Land. 1 ed. New York: Books: Pocket Essentials, 2005), 136. Africa, Europe, and HarperCollins, 2010), 686. [Book: [Source: Online ProQuest ebrary] the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Charlotte Mecklenberg Public Library] [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 185. 388 1189 Acre/'Akka' Acre under Seige by the Crusaders. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Asbridge, Thomas S. The Crusades: The Crusade Defensive; Siege laid by Guy of The Seige continued for two years com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Authoritative History of the War for the Lusignan until the city was captured in Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Holy Land. 1 ed. New York: 1191. Africa, Europe, and HarperCollins, 2010), 686. [Book: the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Charlotte Mecklenberg Public Library]. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 187. 389 1191 3rd CRUSADE Richard I, King of England, http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim embarked on the 3rd crusade. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 187. 390 1191 Acre/Akko (a port city) Europeans Vs Muslims. Europeans http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Richard I, King of England joined the recaptured Acre in 1191. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive seige of Acre when he began the 3rd Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, crusade, and played a major role in Africa, Europe, and capturing Acre. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 186.

46 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 391 1191 Arsuf Saladin Vs Christians (led by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade Defensive Asbridge, Thomas S. The Crusades: The Richard I, King of England). Saladin com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Authoritative History of the War for the was defeated. Richard then led the Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Holy Land. 1 ed. New York: crusaders within a few miles of Africa, Europe, and HarperCollins, 2010), 686. [Book: Jerusalem. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Charlotte Mecklenberg Public Library]. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 187. 392 1191 to Jaffa 1191:Europeans Vs Muslims. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade Defensive Paine, Michael. The Crusades [eBook] 1192 Europeans recaptured Jaffa. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive (Harpenden, Oldcastle Books: Pocket 1192:'Richard the Lionheart' Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Essentials, 2005), 136. [ProQuest defeated Salah al-Din at Jaffa. Africa, Europe, and eBrary] the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 186-7. 393 1195 Alarcos/'al-Arak' Abu Yusuf Ya'qub Vs Christian http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Castillians. The Christians were com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Sieges : A Guide to 8,500 Battles from defeated. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Antiquity Through the Twenty-First Africa, Europe, and Century. Westport: Greenwood, 2007), the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . 19. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/do McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, wnload;jsessionid=C82E3FC1C 1999], 187. 991EFD191713019D8CE7B9D?doi=10. 1.1.691.3942&rep=rep1&type=pdf 394 1202 4th CRUSADE The 4th crusade was underway http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim from 1202-1204. The crusade was com Diaspora: A Comprehensive concluded with the conquest of Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Constantinople by the Latin Africa, Europe, and Christians. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 193. 395 1203 Basian Kingdom of Georgia Vs the Seljuq http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Sultanate of Rüm dic.nsf/enwiki/74639 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of (Sultan: Rukn ad-Din 7 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of Süleymanshah II). The Christians Basian", were victorious, allowing Georgia http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/74 to safeguard it's southwestern 6397 region. 396 1204 Byzantium Byzantium was captured by the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusaders, who then established a com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Latin empire. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 195.

47 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 397 1204 Constantinople 1. Constantinople was conquered http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim by the Crusaders. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive 2.The Crusaders also set the Jewish Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, quarter on fire. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 195. 398 1212 Las Navas de Tolosa Almohads (the Moors) Vs http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa led to The Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. The Almohads are defeated by Christian Paine, Michael. The Crusades (Also the Battle of Al- Christian Spaniards (Led by com Diaspora: A Comprehensive the defeated Moors's withdrawal from Al- Cantor, Norman F., ed.1st Ed., (New York: forces from Castile, Navarre, and Aragon [eBook] (Harpenden, Oldcastle Uqab) Alfonso III of Castile). The Moors Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Andalus in 1225.This Battle was decisive Viking [Penguin Group], 1999), 395. at this decisive battle of Las N.D. Tolosa. Books: Pocket Essentials, 2005), 136. were defeated. This Battle was Africa, Europe, and in leading to the capture of the other [Book:Charlotte Mecklenberg Public Only Granada remained under the Arabs decisive in breaking the power of the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . great cities of Spain such as Seville, Library] out of the 23 "Taifas" in Southern Iberia. the Almohads in Spain. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Cordoba, leaving only a small territory in McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Sn Spain in Muslim hands, along with 1999], 198-199. Granada. 399 1217 Alcacer do Sal The King of Portugal, Afonso o http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Gordo defeated the Moors at com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Alcacer do Sal. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 201. 400 1217 5th CRUSADE The focus of the 5th crusade was http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (or 1218) Egypt. The crusade was led by Jean com Diaspora: A Comprehensive de Brienne, but was largely Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, unsuccessful. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 201. 401 1218 Damietta (Egypt) Damietta was beseiged, an in the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade Paine, Michael. The Crusades [eBook] 5th crusade (1217-1221), com Diaspora: A Comprehensive (Harpenden, Oldcastle Books: Pocket Damietta was briefly held by Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Essentials, 2005), 136. [ProQuest Christians, but soon gave the city Africa, Europe, and eBrary]. up for a truce. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 201. 402 1219 Sicily There was a Muslim rebellion. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 202.

48 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 403 1221 Pamphylia The Seljuks began their conquest http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim of eastern Pamphylia (Asia Minor). com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 202. 404 1224 Sicily A Muslim rebellion in Sicily was http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim crushed, and the Muslims were com Diaspora: A Comprehensive banished from the island to Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Lucera, in mainland Italy. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 202. 405 1225 Crimea The Seljuks attacked Crimea http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (Sudaq), which became a Seljuk com Diaspora: A Comprehensive protectorate until 1239. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500). [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 203. 406 1226 Baeza In a civil war to establish http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim succession among the Almohads, com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Al-Bayyasi, the Almohad Governor Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, of Cordoba proclaimed his Africa, Europe, and independence and rulership over the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . BAEZA, Cordoba, Jaen, and [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Quesada. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 203. 407 1227 Denia The taifa of Denia was established https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa after the Cordoba Caliphate rg/wiki/Taifa_of_D%C3 of Denia", collapsed, in 1010, and lasted until %A9nia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_D 1227, when it was conquered by %C3%A9nia Aragon (?). 408 1228 6th CRUSADE Frederick II of Hhenstaufen, the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim King of Sicily, led this crusade. This com Diaspora: A Comprehensive crusade resulted in a treaty Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, bringing Jerusalem and other holy Africa, Europe, and land cities under Christian rule for the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . 10 years. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 205. 409 1229 Balearic Islands Aragon conquered the Balearic http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim islands. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 206.

49 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 410 1231 Merida Alfonso IX of Leon Vs Ibn Hud. Ibn http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Hud was defeated. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 207. 411 1231 Jerez Moors (led by Abu Jafar Ibn Hud) http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Vs Christians (Castilian forces, dic.nsf/enwiki/15056 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Spain). The Castillans won this 93 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of battle. Jerez", http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/15 05693 412 1232 Valencia From 1232-1245, James I, Book: Charlotte The Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages . (1232-1245) conqueror of Aragon and Catalonia Mecklenberg Public Cantor, Norman F., ed.1st Ed., (New York: siezed the Valencia Islands. He Library Viking [Penguin Group], 1999), 358. forst attacked in 1225.

413 1236 Andalusia (and Cordoba) Ferdinand III of Castile, aided by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim the Nasrids, conquered Andalusia. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Cordoba was conquered as well, Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, and the Great mosque of Cordoba Africa, Europe, and was converted into a cathedral. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 209. 414 1236 Cadiz 415 1236 Ceuta The taifa of Ceuta was invaded by https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa the Almohad Empire in 1236. rg/wiki/Taifa_of_D%C3 of Ceuta", %A9nia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_D %C3%A9nia 416 1236 Cordoba After the Battle of Las Navas de http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Tolosa, Christians controlled most com Diaspora: A Comprehensive of Spain. In Cordoba, the Great Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Mosque of Cordoba was Africa, Europe, and converted into a cathedral. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Ferdinand III of Castile led the [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Spanish Christians to conquer McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Andalusia. 1999], 209. 417 1238 Valencia The Kingdom of Valencia was https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, created in 1238, as a result of the rg/wiki/Kingdom_of_V "Kingdom of Valencia", Reconquista when the Moorish alencia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_o taifa of Valencia was captured. It f_Valencia became a separate entity but still under the Spanish monarchy. 418 1240 Holy Land (Crusade) Richar Cornwall & Simon de Montfort led a crusade to the Holy Land. 419 1240 Kirina The King of Sosso (West Africa) , http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Sumanguru Kanté dic.nsf/enwiki/10380 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Vs the Mandinka prince, Sundiata 87 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of Keita (Muslim forces) Kirina", http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/10 38087

50 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 420 1240 Orihuela The taifa is reported to be in https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa existence from 1239 to 1249. rg/wiki/Taifa_of_Orihu of Orihuela", ela https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Or ihuela 421 1244 Jerusalem Muslim Turkish mercenaries of http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Egypt recaptured Jerusalem. This com Diaspora: A Comprehensive prompted calls for the 7th Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Crusade. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 212. 422 1244 Arjona Castillian forces captured Arjona http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim (Spain), but a Castile-Aragon treaty com Diaspora: A Comprehensive was necessitated to divide Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, conqured lands. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 213. 423 1244 La Forbie Book: Charlotte Asbridge, Thomas S. The Crusades: The Meckl. Publ. Libr. Authoritative History of the .. War for the Holy Land. 1 ed. New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 686. 424 1248 Seville A two-year siege ended, and Seville http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim surrendered to a Christian army com Diaspora: A Comprehensive (led by Ferdinand III of Castile). The Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Muslims fled to Granada and Africa, Europe, and Tunis. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 215. 425 1249 7th CRUSADE Louis IX of France led this crusade, http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim which focused on Egypt. This com Diaspora: A Comprehensive crusade resulted in the capture of Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Damietta, and a march on Cairo, Africa, Europe, and but the crusaders were met by the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . opposing forces before reaching [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Mansura, and the crusade was McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, again, largely unsuccessful, 1999], 215. prompting the Christians to accept this failure as a critical reality check. 426 1249 Garoone 427 1250 Al Mansurah Crusaders led by Louis IX of France http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade Vs Muslim Egyptian forces, fought com Diaspora: A Comprehensive at the Battle of Fariskur. Crusaders Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, were massacred Louis IX was Africa, Europe, and captured and released later after the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . terms were negotiated and met. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 215.

51 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 428 1250 Fariskur Battle of Fariskur' (See above 1250- http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade Al Mansurah) com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 215. 429 1254 Sijilmasa The Marinids captured Sijilmasa http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim and other towns. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 217. 430 1259 or 1260) Ain Jalut Mongols Vs. 'Mameluks' & http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Ruthven, Malise and Azim Nanji. Ain Jalut , Syria;Mamluks defeat the 'Baybars', where the Mongols were com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Historical Atlas of Islam Mongols. defeated at the Battle of Ayn Jalut, Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, The Muslim World. eBook ed. a location north of Jerusalem. Africa, Europe, and (Farmington Hills, Mich: Cartographica the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Thomson-Gale], 2005), 196. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Isla McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, mic_ 1999], 219. Books_Megapack/Historical%20Atlas%2 0of%20the%20Islamic%20World.pdf 431 1262 Niebla The taifa of Niebla was established https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa in 1023. In 1262, the taifa was rg/wiki/Taifa_of_Niebl of Niebla", conquered and absorbed by the a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Ni kingdom of Castile. ebla

432 1265 Lorca 433 1266 Murcia From 1266, the taifa of Murcia was https://es.wikipedia.or Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa incorporated into the kingdom of g/wiki/Taifa_de_Murci de Murcia", Castile. a https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_de_M urcia 434 1268 Jaffa & Antioch The Mameluke Sultan Baybars http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim captured Antioch and Jaffa. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 223. 435 1268 Antioch Jaffa & Antioch were captured by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade Paine, Michael. The Crusades [eBook] the 'Mameluke Sultan Baybars.' com Diaspora: A Comprehensive (Harpenden, Oldcastle Books: Pocket Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Essentials, 2005), 137. [Site:ProQuest Africa, Europe, and ebrary]. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 222.

52 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 436 1269 8th CRUSADE The 8th crusade was directed http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim against Carthage (Tunis), and was com Diaspora: A Comprehensive led by Loius IX, King of France. His Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, death in Tunis from the plague, Africa, Europe, and and his army was also suffering the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . from disease and heat. This [Jefferson, N. Carolina, crusade did not stop Muslims McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, advancing in the Holy Lan, and 1999], 223. they continued to gain territory in the Holy Land. In retrospect, the crusades did not achieve their goals, i.e. to establish and keep control of the Holy Land. 437 1275 Spain The Marinids invaded Spain in http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim 1275 & 1277, and these com Diaspora: A Comprehensive incursions were undertaken to Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, support the Nasrids counter the Africa, Europe, and Reconquista. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 227. 438 1277 Spain 1. The Marinids launched another http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim incursion into Spain com Diaspora: A Comprehensive 2. The Moors battled Aragon (led Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, by Pedro III of Aragon) in Africa, Europe, and Andalusia. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 228. 439 1287 Menorca The taifa of Menorca was https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, "Taifa established in 1228, but it was rg/wiki/Taifa_of_Meno of conquered by the kingdom of rca Menorca",https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T Aragon in 1287. aifa_of_Menorca 440 1291 Spain The Marinids launched a 5th http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim incursion into Spain. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 233. 441 1291 Acre Mamelukes Vs. Christians Acre was http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Crusade The Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages . captured by the Mamelukes. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Cantor, Norman F., ed.1st Ed., (New York: Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Viking [Penguin Group], 1999), 334. Africa, Europe, and [.Book: Charlotte Mecklenberg Public the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Library]. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 233.

53 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 442 1300 Castile (Spain) The Nasrids attacked Castile, http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Alcuadeta and Campina, and com Diaspora: A Comprehensive proceeded till the outskirts of Jaen. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 237. 443 1306 Ceuta A civil war;The Nasrids captured http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim 1305 Ceuta from the Banu al-Azafi. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 240. 444 1306 England & France 1. Thousands of Jews were http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim expelled from England com Diaspora: A Comprehensive 2. Approximately 100,000 Jews Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, were arrested, robbed, and Africa, Europe, and expelled from France. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 240. 445 1307 Ceuta 446 1309 Ceuta Ceuta was captured by the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Marinids from the the Nasrids. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 240. 447 1312 Alcuadeta 1. Alcuadeta came under control of http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim the Castille. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive 2. The regions of Algericas & Ronda Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, were restored to the control of Africa, Europe, and Granada. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 242. 448 1316 Ceuta Yahya ibn Afzi proclaimed the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim 1314 independence of Ceuta from the com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Marinids. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 244.

54 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 449 1316 Guadix An attack against Guadix was http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim launched by the Castillians. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 244. 450 1319 Granada An unsuccessful attack against http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Granada was launched by the com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Castillians. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 245. 451 1322 Lajazzo (port in Little The Mamelukes pillaged Lajazzo, a http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Armenia) trading port used by spice and silk com Diaspora: A Comprehensive merchants from Genoa and Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Venetians. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 245. 452 1327 Ceuta 453 1329 Maltepe (Pelekanon) The Ottomans defeated the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Byzantines at the Battle of com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Maltepe. Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 249 454 1331 Nicaea Nicaea (Iznik) was captured by the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Ottomans. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 248. 455 1340 Rio Salado (Spain) Spaniards Vs. Marinids & Nasrids. http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and On 30th Oct, 1340, Alfonso XI of The Spaniards defeated the Nasrid- com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Sieges : A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Castile, supported by Alfonso IV of Marinid alliance. During a second Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Antiquity Through the Twenty-First Portugal led a Christian army against a encounter, the alliance beseiged Africa, Europe, and Century. Westport: Greenwood, 2007), large Muslim offensive in southern Tarifa, near Rio Salado. At the Battle the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . 856. spain, led by Nasrid Emir Yusuf I of of Rio Salado , Muslim forces were [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Granada who was aided by troops from defeated summarily, hence their McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, Morocco to besiege attack on mainland Spain was 1999], 253. Tarifa, on the Strait of Gibraltar. Alfonso repulsed. XI of Castile attacked from the west at the Rio Salado, and was vitorious against the Muslim advance.

55 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 456 1353-1356 1. Gallipoli 1. Between 1353 & 1356, Ottoman http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim 2.Ankara forces captured Gallipoli com Diaspora: A Comprehensive 3. Eastern Thrace 2. Ankara was captured by Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Ottoman forces as well. Africa, Europe, and 3. After capturing Gallipoli, the the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Ottomans marched into eastern [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Thrace and captured several towns McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, there. 1999], 260. 457 1356 Poitiers The 'Battle of Poitiers' was fought http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim in 1356. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 261. 458 1360 Adrianople Adrianople was captured by the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Ottomans. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 262 459 1371 Samako (Southeastern The Bulgarians and were http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Europe) defeated at the Battle of Samako. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 266. 460 1371 Maritsa Ottomans Vs. Bulgarian & http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Macedonian Byzantine forces. At com Diaspora: A Comprehensive the Battle of Chernomen, the Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Ottomans captured and Africa, Europe, and Macedonia, which resulted in the the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Byzantine Empire acknowledging [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Ottoman . McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 266. 461 1387 Ceuta 462 1389 Kosovo Ottoman forces (led by Murad I) http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim The defeat by the Ottomans resulted in Ruthven, Malise and Azim Nanji. The Encyclopedia of the Middle (First Battle) Vs. the Serbians empire (i.e., a com Diaspora: A Comprehensive the break up of the Serbian empire's Historical Atlas of Islam The Muslim Ages . Cantor, Norman F., ed.1st Ed., coalition of Serbs, Albanians, Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, coalition. World. eBook ed. (Farmington Hills, (New York: Viking [Penguin Group], Wallachians, & Bosnians). The Africa, Europe, and Mich: Cartographica [Thomson-Gale], 1999), 275. [Text: Charlotte Serbian empire was defeated. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . 2005), 196. Mecklenberg Public Library] [Jefferson, N. Carolina, http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Isla McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, mic_Books_Megapack/Historical%20Atla 1999], 272. s%20of%20the%20Islamic%20World.pd f

56 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 463 1395 Rovine The Wallachian Empire Vs the http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Ottoman Empire. The Wallachians dic.nsf/enwiki/92318 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of secured a tactical victory. 7 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of Rovine", http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/92 3187 464 1395 Terek River The North Golden Horde http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries (led by Tokhtamysh) Vs. the dic.nsf/enwiki/48852 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Tamerian Empire ( led by Timur). 33 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of The Timur army was victorious, as a Terek River", result of some defections of http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/48 forced from the Golden Horde side 85233 to the Timur side.

465 1396 Nicopolis Crusaders (led by Sigmund King of http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim The Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages . Crusade:Christians defeated by the ) Vs Ottomans. The two com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Cantor, Norman F., ed.1st Ed., (New York: Ottomans.Crusader army is defeated at sites each had nearly 20,000 Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Viking [Penguin Group], 1999), 334. Nicopolis by Sultan (Ottoman) Beyezid I troops. They clashed at Nicopolis, Africa, Europe, and [Book: Charlotte Mecklenberg Public Yildrin (p.72). where the crusaders were defeated. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Library]. This enabled the Ottomans to [Jefferson, N. Carolina, coccupy and control Bulgaria fully. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 275. 466 1399 Vorskla River The Tartars led by Temur Kutlugh http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries This battle was a serious defeated for the and Edigu supported by dic.nsf/enwiki/66577 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Christians, and it was reported that "the TamerlaneVs Christian forces from 1 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of Christian blood had flown like a water, Lithuania, , & (led Vorskla River", up to the Kievan walls" by the Grand Duke Vytautas & http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/66 Tokhtamysh). The battle was a 5771 decisive victory for the Tartars, and the city of Kiev was besieged.

467 1402 Ankara Timur (from Tranxosiana) Vs. the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim The Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages . Ottoman Caliph Beyezid captured by Ottomans (led by Sultan Bajazet). com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Cantor, Norman F., ed.1st Ed., (New York: Saladin. Timur defeated the Ottomans, with Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Viking [Penguin Group], 1999), 334. an army 800,000 strong, Africa, Europe, and [Book: Charlotte Mecklenberg Public compared Bajzet's 120,000 the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Library]. soldiers. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 279. 468 1443 Petrela 469 1444 Stelluzi 470 1444 Torvioll League of Lezhe (led by This Battle opened up Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, " , Vrana Konti, & hamza 25 years of war Battle of Torvioll", Kastrioti) Vs the Ottoman Empire between Albania and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_T (led by Ali Pasha sent by Murad II); the Ottoman Empire. orvioll This battle was won by the Albanian League of Lezhe. 471 1444 Sfetigrad See Below (Battle of Svetigrad [1448])

57 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 472 1444 Varna The was fought http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim between the Ottomans (led by com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Sultan Murad II) and a coalition of Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Polish, Wallachian, Hungarian Africa, Europe, and forces and a Venetian fleet. The the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Christian army was defeated by the [Jefferson, N. Carolina, Ottomans. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 304. 473 1446 Drin 474 1448 Kosovo Ottomans (led by Sultan Murad II) http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim The Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages . This Battle was fought between Murad II, (Second Battle) vs a Serbian-Hungarian army (led com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Cantor, Norman F., ed.1st Ed., (New York: Beyezid's son, against the Hungarian by Jamos Hunyady). The Christians Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Viking [Penguin Group], 1999), 275 & Army, aided by German mercenaries. were defeated. Africa, Europe, and 334. [Book: Charlotte Mecklenberg Bosnia remained as part of the Ottoman the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Public Library]. empire until 1878 when the empire [Jefferson, N. Carolina, collapsed. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 306. 475 1448 Svetigrad League of Lezhe (led by Peter Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, "Siege Perlati & Skanderbeg) Vs the of Svetigrad [1448]), Ottoman Empire (led by Murad II); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sv This battle was won by Ottomans. etigrad_(1448). 476 1448 Oranik League of Lezhe (Albanians, led by Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, Oronik Skanderbeg) Vs the Ottoman "Battle of Oranik [1448]", Empire (led by Mustafa Pasha); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_O This battle was won by League of ranik_(1448). Lezhe. 477 1450 Kruje (Kruja) Ottoman empire (led by Murad II & https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia Prince Mehmed) Vs Albanians (Led rg/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj% "Siege of Kruje (1450", by Skanderbeg & Vrani Konti, & C3%AB_(1450) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kr the League of Lezhe army). The uj%C3%AB_(1450) Albanian army attacked the Ottoman camps & supplies, and were eventually victorious. The Ottoman siege at the castle of Kruje was lifted, and the Ottoman army retreated. 478 1453 Polog The "Battle of Polog" in 1453, was during which Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, " between the League of Lezhe (led Skanderbeg Battle of Polog", by Skanderbeg) and the Ottoman challenged Ibrahim to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_P Empire (led by Ibrahim Pasha). The a duel and beheaded olog. League of Lezhe won this battle. Ibrahim, placed his head on a pike, which prompted the Turkish troops to flee when they learned of the event. 479 1453 Constantinople The final seige of Constantinople http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim The Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages . Cook, David. Understanding Jihad began com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Cantor, Norman F., ed.1st Ed., (New York: (Berkeley, University of California Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Viking [Penguin Group], 1999), 134. Press, 2005), 209. Africa, Europe, and [Text: Charlotte Mecklenberg Public the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . Library] [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 309.

58 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 480 1455 Berat The "siege of Berat" in 1455 was Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, " between the League of Lezhe (led Siege of Berat", by Gjergj Arianit Komneni, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Be Muzaka Thopia, Vrana Konti & rat_(1455). Skanderbeg) Vs the Ottoman Empire (led by Issa Beg Evrenoz). The Ottomans won this battle. 481 1456 Athens Vs. (Christian) http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Greece. The Ottomans successfully com Diaspora: A Comprehensive conquered Athens and started Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, ruling Greece. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 312. 482 1456 Ottoman Turks (led by Sultan http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim An Ottoman fleet was destroyed; after Muhammed II) Vs Christians (led com Diaspora: A Comprehensive the Ottomans were defeated at Belgrade, by Janos Hunyady of Hungary). Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, they withdrew to . The seige on Ottoman Turks were defeated at Africa, Europe, and Belgrade failed, the Ottomans retreated Belgrade, Yugoslavia. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . to Bulgaria, then to Istanbul. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 312-313. 483 1457 Albulena League of Lezhe (Albanians, led by Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, Skanderbeg) Vs the Ottoman "Battle of Albulena", Empire (led by Isak Bey Evrenoz & https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_A Hamza Kastrioti); This battle was lbulena. won by League of Lezhe. 484 1462 Night Attack- Turks Vs. Wallachians (led by Vlad http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim [Dracula], along the River. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Vlad massacred 20,000 Turks, by Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, impaling many of them. Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 315. 485 1462 Battle of Mokra Skanderbeg's Army Vs the Ottoman The 1st Battle of Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, (Also the Second Battle Empire. The location of the battle Mokra occurred in "Battle of Mokra", of Mokra) was in Northeastern Albania, and 1445, between the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_ Mokrena Dibra resulted in an Albanian victory. Albanian league and Mokra_(July_1462). the Ottoman Empire, and also resulted in an Albanian victory. https://en.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/Battle_of_Mok ra_(1445). 486 1462 Lower Dibra 487 1462 Pollog 1 488 1462 Pollog 2 489 1464 Oher 490 1465 Kurmaniv

59 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 491 1466 Kruje (Kruja), Albania Ottoman Empire Vs Albanian & https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, "Siege Venetian forces (League of Lezhe & rg/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj% of Kruje (1466-67)", the ). The C3%AB_(1466%E2%8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kr Ottomans were defeated, and 0%9367) uj%C3%AB_(1466%E2%80%9367) withdrew their army from Albania. However, this was not a permanent victory for the Albanian-Venetian forces. 492 1467 Kruje (Kruja), Albania See Above "Siege of Kruje (1466- 1467) 493 1467 Herzegovina Herzegovina was conquered by http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Ottoman Turks. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 318. 494 1475 Vaslui Moldavia (now in ) (led by http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries This battle is also called the "Battle of Stephen III of Moldavia) Vs dic.nsf/enwiki/12622 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Podul Înalt" or the "Battle of Ottoman Turks ( led by 98 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of Racova." This defeat was one of the Hadân Suleiman Pasha). Vaslui", greatest against Islam, if not the greatest, Although the account shows the http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/12 with regard to the number of casualties Moldavian side was outnumbered 62298 inflicted on the Ottomans. several times, they defeated the Ottoman army, with nearly 40,000 dead Ottoman troops. 495 1475 Crimea Crimea came under control of the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Ottoman Turks. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 323. 496 1480 Otranto (Southern Italy) The Ottoman Turks captuterd http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Otranto. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 325. 497 1480 Rhodes Muhammed II failed to capture http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Rhodes. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 325.

60 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 498 1481 Zahara Christian forces captured the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim castle of Zahara. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 326. 499 1482 Granada Civil war (1482-1484): Abu al- http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Hasan Vs. Abu 'Abd Allah com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Muhammad (Baobdil). Granada Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, was under the control of Muslims, Africa, Europe, and ruled by Abu al-Hasan. Baobdil the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . seized power to rule over Granada. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 327. 500 1491 Granada Castillian forces launched a military http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim campaign against Granada. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 326. 501 1492 Granada Nasrids (Moors) Vs.Castile (Ruled http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Ruthven, Malise and Azim Nanji. by Isabella & Aragon Ferdinand). com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Historical Atlas of Islam The Muslim The Moors were defeated, which Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, World. eBook ed. (Farmington Hills, completed the reconquista of Africa, Europe, and Mich: Cartographica [Thomson-Gale], Spain by Christian forces. the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . 2005), 358. [Jefferson, N. Carolina, http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Isla McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, mic_Books_Megapack/Historical%20Atla 1999], 332. s%20of%20the%20Islamic%20World.pd f 502 1499 Zonchio (First Battle of The Kingdom of Venice (led by http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries This battle also known as the ") Antonio Grimani)Vs the Ottoman dic.nsf/enwiki/15092 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Sapienza" or the "First Battle of empire (Led by ). The 62 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of Lepanto", and was the first naval battle Venetians were defeated. Zonchio", to utilize . http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/15 09262 503 1499 Montenegro Montenegro was captured by the http://cspipublishing. Jenkins, Everett (Jr.). The Muslim Ottoman Turks. com Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas (Vol 1, 570-1500) . [Jefferson, N. Carolina, McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 1999], 340. 504 1500 Modon (2nd battle of Ottoman Empire (led by Admiral https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia Lepanto) Kemal Reis) Vs the Republic of rg/wiki/Battle_of_Mod "Battle of Modon (1500)", Venice. The Venetian fleet was on_(1500) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_ defeated near the island of Corfu, Modon_(1500) and the fortress of Modon was captured.

61 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 505 1512 Ghazdewan Mughal army ( led by ) Vs. https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia Uzbek tribes from Central Asia. The rg/wiki/Battle_of_Gha "Battle of Ghazdewan", Mughal army was defeated. zdewan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_G hazdewan 506 1514 Chaldiran Ottoman Empire Vs the Safavids http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia (Iranians). The Ottomans were dic.nsf/enwiki/50287 "", victorious, which was most likely 7 Bajaur"http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/en by virtue of having a larger and wiki/502877 better equipped army. 507 1519 Bajaur the Bajaur https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia Sultanate(Pashtun tribes). The rg/wiki/Battle_of_Baja "Battle of Bajaur", Mughal Empire won a decisive ur https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_B victory under Zahir ud-Din ajaur Muhammad and Babur 508 1522 Rhodes Ottoman Turks Vs a combined http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia European army; The Ottomans dic.nsf/enwiki/36235 "Battle of Rhodes", conqured Rhodes, but had lost 43 http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/36 about half of their forces. 23543 509 1525 (?1526) Mohacs Book: Charlotte The Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages . Suleyman I , sultan of the Ottoman Mecklenberg Public Cantor, Norman F., ed.1st Ed., (New York: empire Library Viking [Penguin Group], 1999), 398. (1520-1566), embarked on a military campaign in 1561, when he captured Belgrade. Hungarian King Louis III was killed in 1526 during the Battle of the Mohacs. 510 1526 Sambhal The Mughal Empire Vs the Western Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, " Afghan Confederates. The battle Siege of Sambhal", occurred in Sambhal, in Uttar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sa Pradesh, India. The Mughals mbhal captured the city, defeating the Afghan confederates. 511 1527 Majority (Muslim and Persian) https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia The Mughal army was smaller but not as Mughal forces Vs forces rg/wiki/Battle_of_Kha "" skilled, with a . (included 12,000 Muslim ). nwa https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_K The Mughal army defeated the hanwa Rajput army. 512 1529 Ghaghra Mughal empire Vs Eastern Afghan https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia There was a peace settlement with the confederates (led by the Sultan of rg/wiki/Battle_of_Gha "Battle of Ghaghra" Sultan of . Benghal). The Mughal army ghra https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_G defeated the Eastern Afghan haghra combined army. 513 1529 Ottoman empire (Including troops https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia Ruthven, Malise and Azim Nanji. Moldavia & renegades from ) rg/wiki/Siege_of_Vienn "" Historical Atlas of Islam The Muslim Vs A league of European kingdoms a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vi World. eBook ed. (Farmington Hills, including the Roman empire, enna Mich: Cartographica , Spain, & the Rhinish [Thomson-Gale], 2005),197. Palatinate. The Christian European http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Isla coalition won a decisive victory. mic_Books_Megapack/Historical%20Atla s%20of%20the%20Islamic%20World.pd f 514 1538 Ottoman Empire Vs European army https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia The configuration of the Ottoman fleet (Venitian, Spanish, Portuguese, rg/wiki/Battle_of_Prev "" was superior, while the commanders of and others). The European army eza https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_P the European army were hesitant and was defeated. reveza less skilled in tactical maneuvering.

62 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 515 1552 The battle centered around the https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia The Hungarians won this battle, on the Castle of Eger in the northern part rg/wiki/Siege_of_Eger_ "Ottoman Wars in Europe: strength of Dobo's leadership, as well as of the Hungarian kingdom. (1552) (1552)" harsh weather. The Ottomans had Ottoman Empire (Led by Kara https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Eg significant in-fighting among their Ahmed Pasha) Vs Hungarian army er_(1552) leaders, bu they also ran out of gun (led by Istvan Dobo). The powder for a period of time. Hungarians won the battle. 516 1556 Panipat Mughal Empire (led by Zahir al-Din https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia Source for this article: Davis, Paul K. Muhammad Babur, the ruler of rg/wiki/Battle_of_Pani "Battle of Panipat" (1999). "100 Decisive Battle: From Kabul) Vs Sultanate (led by pat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_P Ancient Times to the Present", Oxford Sultan ). This battle anipat University Press. was a decisive victory for the Mughal army. The battle was fought for the control of Northern India. 517 1560 Djerba Book: Charlotte Crowley, Roger. Empires of the Sea: The Mecklenberg Public Siege of Malta, the Library Battle of Lepanto, and the Contest for the Center of the World (New York: Random House, 2008), 80-85. 518 1565 Malta Book: Charlotte Crowley, Roger. Empires of the Sea: The Mecklenberg Public Siege of Malta, the Library Battle of Lepanto, and the Contest for the Center of the World (New York: Random House, 2008), xx* & 173- 187.(*Map:'The Siege of Malta-May to September 1565'). 519 1566 Szigetvar Hungarian Monarchy (Under the https://www.warhisto Dzhak, Yulia (2016). War History Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia. This battle/ Siege lasted for about 4 Habsburg , i.e. Holy ryonline.com/ancient- Online:“The Battle That Saved The "Siege of Szigetvar", weeks, and the Christians were greatly Roman Emperor Maximillian III ) Vs. history/battle-saved- Civilization” – Szigetvár, 1566 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sz outnumbered. Regardless of the defeat Ottomans (led by Sultan Suleiman civilization-szigetvar- igetv%C3%A1r of the Christian/European forces by the Magnificent). The Ottomans 1566.html Ottoman forces, the prolonged won this battle. resistance of this battle, delayed Ottoman advancement to Vienna. 520 1571 Lepanto Ruthven, Malise and Azim Nanji. defeated by a Historical Atlas of Islam The Muslim Venetian-Habsburg coalition. World. eBook ed. (Farmington Hills, Mich: Cartographica [Thomson-Gale], 2005), 86. http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Isla mic_Books_Megapack/Historical%20Atla s%20of%20the%20Islamic%20World.pd f 521 1572 Molodi Russia (Under 'Ivan the Terrible') https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia The Ottoman Sultan (via the Crimean Vs Crimea ( Under the Ottoman rg/wiki/Battle_of_Mol "Battle of Molodi" vassal Khan) was roundly defeated, and vassal, Khan). The Russians odi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_ forced to give up any ambitions of defeated the Crimeans. Molodi northward expansion into Russia "forever", having lost 25,000-27,000 during the battle, which was actually a third incursion into Russia.

63 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 522 1575 Tukaroi Mughal empire (Muslims) Vs https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia Bengal (Muslims-Sultanate of rg/wiki/Battle_of_Tuka "Battle of Tukaroi" 'Bangala' & ). Mughals roi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_T defeated the , which the to ukaroi the establishment of Mughal rule in Bengal in the . 523 1576 Haldighati Mughal empire (Muslims) Vs the https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia Kingdom of Mewar (non-Muslim rg/wiki/Battle_of_Hald "" Indians, Afghans, and Bhil ighati https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H tribesmen). The Mughals were aldighati defeated, though they were later able to capture several forts from the Indians. 524 1578 Alcacer Quibir The Ottomans (Sultan of https://en.wikipedia.o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_A Morocco)Vs Portuguese (assisted rg/wiki/Battle_of_Alc% lc%C3%A1cer_Quibir by Castillians, Germans C3%A1cer_Quibir mercenaries, and Moorish allies). The Portuguese army and their allies were defeated decisively. 525 1590 Tondibi Ottomans (Sultan of Morocco) Vs https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia Songhai empire (also Muslims). rg/wiki/Battle_of_Ton "Battle of Tondobi" The Songhai army was defeated, dibi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_T leading to the collapse of the ondibi Songhai empire. 526 1595 Calugareni Romanian Army (Region of https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia- the Free Encyclopedia Michael the Brave was greatly Wallachia), led by Michael the rg/wiki/Battle_of_C%C "Battle of Calugareni" outnumbered (< 20,000 Vs 100,000 Brave Vs the Ottomans (led by 4%83lug%C4%83reni https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_C ottoman troops), but his strategic Sinan Pasha). The Romanians %C4%83lug%C4%83reni maneuvres allowed him to benefit from defeated the Ottomans. reinforcements by the Transylvanian prince Sigismund Báthory (7,500 cavalry troops), 1500 troops from Habsburg, and 300 from Toscana. 527 1596 Keresztes A combined Transylvanian- https://en.wikipedia.o Wikepedia- Free Encyclopedia The Christian force was led by Archduke Austrian force (plus troops from rg/wiki/Battle_of_Kere "" Maxmillian of III & Prince other Christian European regions) sztes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_K Sigismund Bathory of . Vs Ottoman empire led by Sultan eresztes Mehmed III. The Ottoman force won this battle. 528 1621 Chocim Polish-Lithuanian coalition Vs the http://en.academic.ru/ Wikepedia- Free Encyclopedia (Also:"Battle of ") Ottoman Empire. The Polish- dic.nsf/enwiki/67180 " (1621)" Lithuanian forces won a decisive 95 http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/67 victory. 18095 529 1664 St. Gotthard Ottoman empire Vs . "League of https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia-The Free Encyclopedia. This battle was fought on the banks of the Rhine", including France, the rg/wiki/Battle_of_Saint "Battle of Saint Gotthard" the River Raba, near the monastery of Roman Empire, and Piedmont- _Gotthard_(1664) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_S Saint Gotthard The , Savoy. The European league aint_Gotthard_(1664) Moldavia, and Wallachia fought for the defeated the Ottoman empire Ottoman empire, as they were under the decisively. control of the Ottoman empire.This battle achieved (a) it stopped the Ottoman invasion of Austria, and (b) paved the way for a truce that allowed for Astria to gain the military capacity to begin the liberation of Hungary in 1683.

64 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 530 1673 Chocim Polish-Lithuanian common forces http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries This battle led to the signing of the peace (Also:"Battle of Khotyn") (led by Jan Sobieski) Vs. Ottoman dic.nsf/enwiki/67181 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of treaty of Buczacz. Empire. The Ottoman forces were 43 Wars in the Muslim World, "Battle of defeated, and later Jan Sobieski Khotyn", became the King of Poland. http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/67 18143 531 1675 Lwow Polish-Lithuanian forces (led by http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Polish King JohSobieski III) Vs dic.nsf/enwiki/51947 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Ottoman empire (led by Ibrahim 5 Wars in the Muslim World, "Battle of Shyshman [Abraham the Fat]). Lwow", Retrieved from Polish-Lithuanian army was http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/51 victorious. 9475 532 1683 Vienna Cook, David. Understanding Jihad (Berkeley, University of California Press, 2005), 209. 533 1685 Neuhausel Charles V of Lorraine Vs Bohemian http://citeseerx.ist.ps Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and troops at the fortress of u.edu/viewdoc/downl Sieges : A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Neuhausel. The fortress was oad; Antiquity Through the Twenty-First besieged by Austrian Field Marshal Century. Volume 1, A-E. Westport: Aeneas Caprara, and after defeating Greenwood, 2007), 454. a relief army at Gran, Charles http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/do captured Neuhausel, killing most wnload; of the garrison occupants. jsessionid=C82E3FC1C991EFD1917130 19D8CE7B9D? doi=10.1.1.691.3942&rep=rep1&type=p df 534 1697 Zenta advanced to besiege jsessionid=C82E3FC1 Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries C991EFD191713019 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of D8CE7B9D? Wars in the Muslim World,"", http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/11 08641 535 1716 Petrovaradin Austrians (led by Eugene of Savoy) doi=10.1.1.691.3942 Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Vs the Ottoman empire. The &rep=rep1&type=pdf and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Austrians defeated the Ottomans, Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of leading to a treaty signing between Petrovaradin", the Ottomans and Austria (with http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/13 Venice). 46626 536 1739 Stavuchany Russian army (led by Field Marshal http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Burkhard Christoph von Munnich) dic.nsf/enwiki/32653 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Vs Turkish armies (led by Serasker 28 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of Veli-Pasha). The Russians won, Stavuchany", but later had to sign a treaty. http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/32 65328 537 1770 Larga The was part of the Wikipedia-The Free Encyclopedia, "Battle Russo-Turkish war of 1768-1774. of Larga", Vs Ottoman Empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_L . The Russians were victorious arga despite having a larger army, on the account of having more guns, and 33 Turkish cannons were captured, along with a vast enemy camp. This battle was followed by the .

65 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 538 1770 Kagul The Battle of Kagul was part of the Wikipedia-The Free Encyclopedia, "Battle (Also '') Russo-Turkish war of 1768-1774. of Kagul", Russian empire Vs Ottoman Empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_K & the Crimean Khanate. The result agul was a decisive Russian victory. This was the largest battle of this war.

539 1770 Chesma Russians (led by Count Alexey http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Orlov & a British advisor) Vs dic.nsf/enwiki/52642 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Ottoman Empire (Kapudan Pasha 4 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of Hüsameddin). The Ottoman Chesma", Turks were defeated, and most of http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/52 their naval fleet was destroyed. 6424 540 1784 Morocco United States Vs Morocco. The Lawrence A. Peskin, (2017). Oxford US Ship (Barbary War) Moroccans captured an American Research Encyclopedias. Ship 'Betsy', bu the matter was America’s Interactions with Islam quickly resolved, and a peace treaty and Judaism in North was installed between the US and Africa,http://religion.oxfordre.com/view/ Morocco in 1786. 10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001 .0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-399

541 1785 Algeria United States Vs Algeria. Two Lawrence A. Peskin, (2017). Oxford US American ships were caputured Research Encyclopedias. (Dauphin & Maria). Their crews America’s Interactions with Islam were enslaved, and a diplomatic and Judaism in North dispute ensued, that continued for Africa,http://religion.oxfordre.com/view/ 12 years. 10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001 .0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-400

542 1795 Krtsanisi Persian empire (Muslims) Vs http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries The Persian ruler Agha Mohammad Khan Tbilisi Georgian forces. The Georgian dic.nsf/enwiki/63221 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Qajar was provoked to fight the forces were defeated and the city 9 Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of King of Georgia, Heraclius II, because of Tbilisi was destroyed. Krtsanisi", he had made an alliance with http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/63 the Russian Empire. 2219 543 1800s Fumbina Modibo Adama's army ( furthered https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia-The Free Encyclopedia, The Adamawa Emirate did not last after colonisation by Fulani Empire) Vs rg/wiki/Modibo_Adam "Modiba Adama", Adama's death in 1847. Adama reigned village settlements and states in a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modibo_A form 1806-1847. the region of Fumbina, which is dama located present day Cameroon and Nigeria. Adama waged many Jihad wars, and succeeded in establishing an empire, known as the Adamawa Emirate. 544 1801 Tripoli United States Vs Office of the State Historian, Dept of (1801-1805) sponsored by a collection of North State, " Barbary Wars, 1801-1805 and African States (led by the Pasha of 1815 -1816. Tripoli, Yusuf Qaramanli). The https://history.state.gov/milestones/180 United States defeated the Pasha's 1-1829/barbary-wars. forces, and a treaty was concluded in 1805.

66 Islam Battles

# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 545 1803 USS Philadelphia United States Vs Arabs (Tripoli). Capture of the USS Philadelphia During a blockade of Tripoli in the 31 October 1803: Selected Naval first babry war, the USS Documents, Philadelphia was captured after it https://www.history.navy.mil/research/li ran aground near Tripoli. The ship brary/online-reading-room/title-list- was captured and crew taken as alphabetically/c/capture-of-the-frigate- slaves. The US destoyed the ship in uss-philadelphia.html, (Published:Tue 1804. This event signified an Arab Mar 31 15:24:48 EDT 2015) victory. 546 1804 (1803-4) Tripoli See above - Tripoli , 1801-1805 [1803-4) Jaq, p1038] 547 1804 Tsuntua The Hausa city-state of Gobir Vs a Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, Nigeria/Cameroon Encyclopedia Britannica"Usman dan Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, " jihadist Fulani army assembled by "Gobir", Fodio: Fulani Battle of Tsuntua", Usman dan Fodio's army, a Fulani https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobir Leader",https://www.britannica.com/bio https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_o Islamic REFORMER, previously graphy/Usman-dan-Fodio#ref246912 f_Tsuntua exiled by the Gobir rulers though the Hausa kingdom was also Islamic.The Fulani army lost the "Battle of Tsuntua", but Gobir, and several other Hausa states were eventually captured by Usman Dan Fodio's arm, under the Sokoto Caliphate. 548 1804 Serbian Revolt Serbian nationalists Vs the New World Encyclopedia, "Serbian Ottoman Empire. Serbia was Revolution", emancipated, but it was not until http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/e 1878 that the Ottoman Empire ntry/Serbian_revolution officially recognized Serbia's independence. 549 1805 Derna United States marines (plus Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, Barbary war Dema muslim mercenaries and other "Battle of Derna", soldiers) Vs the Eyalet of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_D Tripolitania (Arabs in Derna, Libya). erna_(1805) This was part of the first babary war. The American side won this battle. 550 1805 Cuprija, Serbia This war is also known as "the https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, " This battle marked the first defeat of an Battle of Ivankovac", and was the rg/wiki/Battle_of_Ivan Battle of Ivankovac", Ottoman army unit by Serbian first major conflict between kovac https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iv revolutionaries. Serbian nationalist revolutionaries ankovac and the Ottoman Empire. The Serbians defeated the Ottomans, near the town of Cuprija, at the village of Ivankovac. 551 1808 Alkalawa Uthman ibn Fudi (from the Fulani http://citeseerx.ist.ps Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Nigeria/Cameroon 1806 tribe) Vs. the Kingdom of Gobir. u.edu/viewdoc/downl Sieges : A Guide to 8,500 Battles from The Fulani Empire defeated the oad; Antiquity Through the Twenty-First Emir of Gobir; Uthman also Century. Volume 1, A-E. Westport: defeated other major rulers of Greenwood, 2007), 35. Hausaland, to establish the new http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/do Sokoto Empire (under wnload; Mohammudu Bello). This war was jsessionid=C82E3FC1C991EFD1917130 a Jihad to estab. Islam east of the 19D8CE7B9D? River Niger. doi=10.1.1.691.3942&rep=rep1&type=p df

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# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 552 1812 Aslanduz Russia Vs Persians. The Russians jsessionid=C82E3FC1 Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries were led by General Pyotr C991EFD191713019 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Kotlyarevsky, but they won the D8CE7B9D? Wars in the Muslim World,"Battle of war, even though the were Aslanduz",http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ outnumbered by the Persians. enwiki/1590005 553 1813 Otto Crush Serb See Above, 1804 " Serbian Revolt" This war was part of the first Serbian-Ottoman war, 1804-1813 554 1815-1816 Algiers, Tunis, & Tripoli The United States Vs Algeria. Dey However, Dey Omar Office of the State Historian, Dept of Omar, the ruler of Algiers conceded reneged on the treaty State, " Barbary Wars, 1801-1805 and to the greater US force, and a negotiated by 1815 -1816. treaty was negotiated. Omar also Commodore Stephen https://history.state.gov/milestones/180 called for an exchange of Decatur (ratified the 1-1829/barbary-wars. prisoners. Dey Omar also accepted treaty on Dec 15, the ending of all ransom and 1815), and another tribute practices. United States one was negotiated Commodore Stephen Decatur then after Omar was faced sailed to Tunis and Tripoli and with battle against an negotiated similar treaties. even bigger US naval squadron. The treaty was negotiated on Dec 23, 1815, but was ratified in Feb, 1822 after an accidental congressional oversight. 555 1815 Sec. Serb Uprising Serbian nationalist revolutionaries https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, Vs the Ottoman Empire. In 1813, rg/wiki/Second_Serbia "", Serbia was re-annexed into the n_Uprising https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Ser Ottoman Empire. The second bian_Uprising. revolution gave Serbia more independence, allowing it to exisst as the 'Principality of Serbia', governed by its own parliament , constitution, and royalty.

556 1815 Meshuda Ship United States Vs Algerian forces https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, (Also (Second Babary War). The rg/wiki/Mashouda "Mashouda", Mashuda/Mashouda) American forces captured a fleet of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashouda Algerian naval vessels, called the Mashouda or Mashuda. The battle resulted in a decisive win for the American forces. 557 1821 Greek revolt Greeks Vs Ottoman Turks http://www.islamlaws. Armstrong, Karen. Islam: A Short Greeks fight for independence against com/wp- History. (New York, The Modern Library the content/uploads/201 [Random House], 2002), xxvii. Ottomans 4/10/Islam-A-Short- History-Karen- Armstrong.pdf

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# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 558 1825 Egypt invades Greece This is also called "the Battle of https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, Sphacteria", which was fought rg/wiki/Battle_of_Spha "Battle of Sphacteria", between Greece and (Ottoman) cteria_(1825) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_S Egypt, at Sphacteria, Greece. The phacteria_(1825). Egyptian navy, led by Ibrahim Pasha, attacked the Greek islands of Paliokastro & Spachteria. The Ottoman Egyptian forces overwhelmed the Greek forces, by way of more soldiers, and a bigger naval fleet, numbering 34 ships. 559 1853 Sinope (or Sinop) Russian Empire Vs Ottoman https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, "The Empire. The Russians won. A rg/wiki/Battle_of_Sino ", squadron of Ottoman ships was p https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Si attacked by Russian warships, and nop defeated. This was part of the , and the last major battle between naval ship fleets. 560 1860 This was a civil war which started in https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - - The Free Encyclopedia, " †The Druze follow a religion that initially Mount Lebanon, between peasant, rg/wiki/1860_Mount_ 1860 Mount Lebanon Civil War", developed out of Ismaili Islam. Maronite Christians and Druze Lebanon_civil_war https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_Mou https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze Arabs (overlords, panreligionist), nt_Lebanon_civil_war †This Druze military victory led to an culminating in a massacre in international outcry, and an intervention Damascus, where Druze fought in by European forces led by the French a joint army with Turkish soldiers army. from the Ottoman Empire, & Sunni Muslim paramilitary groups. 20,000 Christians, including American and Dutch consuls, were killed by the Druze, and many churches and Christian villages were destroyed.

561 1875 Herzegovina This was an uprising by the rebels https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, (1875 - 1877) of Bosnia against the Ottoman rg/wiki/Herzegovina_u "Herzegovina Uprising (1875-77), Empire. On the Bosnian side, the prising_(1875%E2%8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzegovin forces were drawn from the 0%9377) a_uprising_(1875%E2%80%9377) Principality of Montenegro & the Principality of Serbia. This uprising led to a series of events, and to the Great eastern Crisis, and the Berlin Congress in 1878, which gave Montenegro and Serbia independence, while Bosnia- Herzegovina remained an Austro- Hungary occupied , de jure Ottoman territory.

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# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 562 1876 Bulgaria Bulgaria revolutionaries Vs the https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free encyclopedia, "April The Ottoman forces perpetrated many (Bulgeria) Ottoman Empire. This was an rg/wiki/April_Uprising Uprising", atrocities, which resulted in a European uprising in Ottoman empire, in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Uprisi outcry Bulgaria. The Ottomans defeated ng and suppressed this rebellion, which contributed to the Russo- Turkish war of 1877-1878. Bulgaria gained independence in 1878. Although the April uprising failed, due to the publicity given to theharsh reprisals by the Ottoman empire, several vents that followed led to Bulgaria gained independence. Europe called for a reformation of the Ottoman Empire. 563 1876 Batak, Bulgeria See Above 564 1876 Serbian revolt Principality of Serbia Vs Ottoman https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - - The Free Encyclopedia, " Empire. This was part of the Serbia- rg/wiki/Serbian%E2%8 Serbian-Ottoman War (1876-1878). Ottoman War of 1876 - 1878. The 0%93Ottoman_War_( Serbians won the battles, and 1876%E2%80%93187 liberated many towns, one by one. 8) Eventually most of the South Morava basin was captured by the Royal Serbian Army. 565 1876 Montenegro Montenegro Vs the Ottoman https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, Empire. The Montenegro forces rg/wiki/Montenegrin% "Montenegrin - Ottoman War", defeated the Ottomans, leading to E2%80%93Ottoman_ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegri the signing of the Treaty of San War_(1876%E2%80% n%E2%80%93 Stefano and the Treaty of Berlin. 9378) Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%9378) This uprising led to the de facto independence of Montenegro. 566 1877 Aladja Dagh Russians (Grand Duke Michaell & http://citeseerx.ist.ps Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Russo-Turkish wars Gen. Mikhail Loris-Melikov) Vs. u.edu/viewdoc/downl Sieges : A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Turks (led by Ahmed Mukhtar oad; Antiquity Through the Twenty-First Pasha). The Russians defeated the Century. Volume 1, A-E. Westport: Turks who lost 6,000 troops, while Greenwood, 2007), 22. 10,000 survivors surrendered. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/do wnload; jsessionid=C82E3FC1C991EFD1917130 19D8CE7B9D? doi=10.1.1.691.3942&rep=rep1&type=p df 567 1877 , Turkey This conflict was between the https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, "Siege (Also Plevna) Russian-Romanian army (plus rg/wiki/Siege_of_Plevn of Plevna", Bulgarian volunteers) and the a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Pl Ottoman Empire, and is referred to evna as the , or the Seige of Pleven. It was a major battle of the Russo-Turkish war of 1877- 1878. The Russian-Romanian army was victorious. 568 1877 Brivitsa-3

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# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 569 1877 Turkey-Armenian After the Russo-Ottoman war of http://www.aga- Hoffman, Tessa. " Annihilation, 1877/8, Russia and other online.org/news/attac Impunity, Denial: European powers urged the hments/TokyoFullVers The Case Study of the Armenian Ottoman Empire to reform its ion.pdf Genocide in the Ottoman administration of the Armenian Empire (1915/16) and Genocide provinces, as part of the Berlin Research in Treaty of 1878. However, this did Comparison." 2004, http://www.aga- not improve the situation, but it online.org/news/attachments/TokyoFull brought the "Armenian Question" Version.pdf to the level of an international matter for the first time. 570 1883 Turkey 571 1918 Armenia-Azerbaijan The conflict started in 1918, and https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, This wasa brutal conflict, occuring then again from 1920-1922. First rg/wiki/Armenian%E2 "Armenian - Azerbaijan War", during the brief periods of Rep. of Armenia & the Rep. of %80%93Azerbaijani_ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian% independence of the two warring sides. Mountainous Armenia Vs War E2%80%93 The UK and the Centrocaspian Democratic Rep. of Azerbaijan & Azerbaijani_War dictatorship were also involved on the the Ottoman Empire & Russia, Armenian side, while on the Azerbaijan Turkish revolutionaries & the side, Russia, Turkish revolutionaries & Azerbaijan SSr, the Azerbaijan SSR were involved in the war, after 1920. 572 1914- 1923 Armenians During and after WWI, nearly 1.5 https://en.wikipedia.o Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia, 1919 (Armenian Genocide" million Armenian Christians were rg/wiki/Armenian_Gen "Armenian Genocide", targeted and killed by the Ottoman ocide https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_ Empire in Turkey. During Genocide. theTrabzon trials, witnesses testified that thousands of the Armenians killed were drowned in the Black Sea. 573 1920 Turkey/Ottoman Empire-- The first official govt policy of http://www.serfes.org Father Archimandrite Nektarios Serfes. (1894-1923) Christians genocide by the Ottoman Empire /orthodox/memoryof. "In Memory Of The 50 Million Victims Of was instituted by Sultan Abdul htm The Orthodox Christian Holocaust", Hamid in 1894, aimed at Armenian http://www.serfes.org/orthodox/memor Christians. From 1894-1923, yof.htm Christians living in Turkey, and in the wider Ottoman Empire were targeted for genocide, 3.65 million Christians were killed by the Ottoman Empire. 574 1921 Battle of Sakarya River Ottoman Empire Vs Greek forces. Bosworth, Clifford E., E. Van Donzel, W. 1922 Greece The Greek forces were defeated on P. Heinrichs, and G. Lecomte. the banks of the Sakarya River, as Encyclopedia of Islam - Vol. VIII [NED - the Greek army attempted to make SAM], New Ed., s.v. "Sakarya." Leiden: E. its way to Ankara in Aug, 1922. J. Brill, 1995, p. 881.

575 1922 Anatolia, near the Sakarya Ottoman Empire Vs Greek forces. Bosworth, Clifford E., E. Van Donzel, W. Greek army was repelled into the sea at River. In a second battle near the Sakarya P. Heinrichs, and G. Lecomte. Izmir. This battle ended the complete Greece River, Greek forces attempting a Encyclopedia of Islam - Vol. VIII [NED - reconquest of Anatolia. counter-offensive were repelled SAM], New Ed., s.v. "Sakarya" Leiden: E. J. and defeated by Turkish forces. Brill, 1995, p. 881.

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# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 576 1922 Greece Greeks Vs Turks. The Greeks won After this war, a peace Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Greco- the battle of 1921/1922 . Treaty was negotiated Turkish Wars", (the Treaty of https://www.britannica.com/topic/Greco- Lausanne) forced Turkish-wars Greece to return Thrace, Smyrna, and the islands of Imbros and Tenedos to Turkey. The two countries also exchanged their Greek and Turkish minority populations. 577 1974 Cyprus Turkey Vs Cyprus. In response to a After this invasion, New World Encyclopedia, "Turkish coup carried out in Cyprus to Turkish Cypriots Invasion of Cyprus", depose President Makarios III, so declared a separate http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/e as to join Cyprus to Greece, political entity in the ntry/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus putting the Greek Cypriots at odds north, while in the with the Turkish Cypriots. South, an independent region was established for Greek Cypriots. 578 1975 Lebanon (1975-90) This was a civil war between http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries The refugees included armed PLO Ruthven, Malise and Azim Nanji. One per year Muslims, but also had a dimension dic.nsf/enwiki/18725 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of guerrillas with veto power on Lebanese Historical Atlas of Islam The Muslim of Muslims Vs Christians. The civil 0 Wars in the Muslim World, "Lebaneses politics, as well as influence over foreign World. eBook ed. (Farmington Hills, war was the culmination of a Civil War", policy of other Middle eastern states. Mich: Cartographica [Thomson-Gale], gradual influx of Palestinian http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/18 Nearly 100% of Christians were expelled, 2005), 198. refugees (along with armed PLO 7250 and comprised many among the http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Isla guerillas into Lebanon (Majority 1,000,000 people expelled from mic_Books_Megapack/Historical%20Atla Christian) from Israel, after Israel Lebanon.After the war, Lebanon was s%20of%20the%20Islamic%20World.pd became a state in 1948. Israel occupied by Syria, further driving most f intervened and removed the PLO Lebanese Christians into exile, while army, but Lebanon was occupied others were assassinated or jailed by Syria after the war.

579 1977 Bayazid 580 1992 (to 1995) (Notes: Bosnia) This was a multi-ethnic conflict http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries When the Former Yugoslavia broke up between dic.nsf/enwiki/31302 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of into Croatia, Slovenia, and Serbia, the Bosnian Croats (Christian Catholic) 0 Wars in the Muslim World,"Bosnian Serbian section decided to fight against , War", the break-up. Later Bosnia also wanted Bosnian Serbs (Orthodox http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/31 to secede Christians) and Muslims in the 3020 regions comprising the former Yugoslavia, with most atrocities being committed against the Muslims in Bosnia Herzegovina. Several peace agreements were negotiated."

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# Year Location Battling forces & battle outcomes Data Source Source 1 Notes Source 2 Notes: Source 2 Source 3 581 1998 (1999) Kosovo Former Yugoslavia & Serbia Vs. http://en.academic.ru/ Wikipedia. (n.d.).Academic Dictionaries Albania, the Kosovo Liberation dic.nsf/enwiki/10096 and Encyclopedias (Wikipedia), List of Front, and Nato Forces. The Wars in the Muslim World,"Kosovo entrance of NATO brought this war War", to an end, and the Kosovo http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/10 Liberation Front was disbanded. 096

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