Universita' Degli Studi Di Pisa

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Universita' Degli Studi Di Pisa UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PISA Dipartimento di Economia e Management Corso di Laurea Magistrale in MARKETING E RICERCHE DI MERCATO TESI DI LAUREA MAGISTRALE: Nostalgia Personale e Nostalgia Storica nel mondo del calcio. Analisi empirica e implementazioni di Marketing RELATORE: CANDIDATO: Prof. Matteo Corciolani Gerardo Mattia Di Leo CONTRORELATORE: Prof. Alessandro Gandolfo A.A. 2013-2014 1 2 Anche al tempo perso, se mai esistesse. “Cosa avete contro la nostalgia? E’ l’unico svago per chi è diffidente verso il futuro” (La Grande Bellezza) 3 INDICE 1. INTRODUZIONE ...................................................................................... 7 5 2. STUDI TRORICI DI RIFERIMENTO ................................................... 11 9 2.1. Introduzione alla nostalgia ................................................................... 11 9 2.2. Le due tipologie della Nostalgia: la Nostalgia Personale ..................... 16 14 e la Nostalgia Storica 2.2.1. La Nostalgia Personale .................................................................. 16 14 2.2.2. La Nostalgia Storica ............................................................. 18 16 2.3. La Nostalgia Personale e la Nostalgia Storica: spunti, ........................ 20 18 fattori e implicazioni per il marketing 2.4. Studio delle variabili oggetto della ricerca ........................................ 23 21 2.4.1. L’evocazione della nostalgia ...................................................... 24 22 2.4.2. L’Autenticità percepita ............................................................. 28 26 2.4.3. Iconocità e Indicalità .................................................................. 30 28 2.4.4. Il Valore percepito ..................................................................... 32 30 2.4.5. L’intenzione d’acquisto .............................................................. 33 31 2.5. Studio delle variabili moderatrici ......................................................... 34 32 2.5.1. L’Atteggiamento nei confronti del passato ................................. 35 33 2.5.2. Il Materialismo ................................................................... 37 35 2.5.3. L’effetto del Genere ................................................................... 40 38 3. IL MERCHANDISING NEL CALCIO ITALIANO ............................. 41 39 3.1. Il merchandising nello sport: una panoramica generale ....................... 41 39 3.2. La situazione in Italia: i ricavi della gestione commerciale .................. 43 41 delle Serie A 3.3. Il merchandising nella società di calcio italiane ed il ........................... 46 44 confronto con le società straniere 3.4. La gestione del merchandising della Juventus F.C. ............................. 51 49 3.5. Criticità della situazione italiana ......................................................... 56 54 3.6. Un’idea per il futuro: il ritorno al passato, ......................................... 62 60 l’esempio dei marchi retrò 4. METODO DI LAVORO .......................................................................... 66 64 4.1. L’intervista in profondità ..................................................................... 66 64 4.2. L’esperimento di ricerca .................................................................... 68 66 4.3. Metodologia dell’Analisi Qualitativa .................................................. 70 68 4.4. Metodologia dell’Analisi Quantitativa ............................................... 74 4 5. L’ANALISI QUALITATIVA ................................................................... 81 79 5.1. Analisi delle risposte ......................................................................... 81 79 5.1.1. Risposte associate alla parola “nostalgia” ..................................... 81 79 5.1.2. La materializzazione di un ricordo .............................................. 85 83 5.1.3. Tifo e gadget sportivi ................................................................. 87 86 5.1.4. Maglia da gioco e nostalgia .......................................................... 95 93 5.2. Discussioni .......................................................................................... 102 100 5.3. Implicazioni manageriali ...................................................................... 104 102 5.4. Limiti della ricerca e sviluppi futuri ................................................... 106 104 6. L’ANALISI QUANTITATIVA ............................................................. 108 106 Risultati ...................................................................................................... 108 106 6.1. Effetto del tipo di maglia sulle variabili dipendenti .............................. 108 106 6.2. Effetto del tipo di maglia e del tipo di Iconocità/Indicalità ................. 114 112 sulle variabili dipendenti 6.3. Effetto dei moderatori sulle variabili dipendenti ............................. 118 116 6.3.1. Effetto del Materialismo sulle variabili dipendenti e ................... 119 117 studio dell’interazione con il tipo di maglia 6.3.2. Effetto dell’Atteggiamento nei confronti del passato ................... 122 120 sulle variabili dipendenti e studio dell’interazione con il tipo di maglia 6.3.3. Effetto del Genere sulle variabili dipendenti e studio ................. 126 124 dell’interazione con il tipo di maglia 6.4. Effetti dell’interazione tra il tipo di maglia, il tipo di .......................... 131 129 Iconocità/Indicalità e i tre moderatori sulle variabili dipendenti 6.5. Discussioni .......................................................................................... 137 135 6.6. Implicazioni manageriali ................................................................... 139 137 6.7. Limiti alla ricerca e sviluppi futuri ..................................................... 141 139 7. CONCLUSIONI ...................................................................................... 143 141 BIBLIOGRAFIA .......................................................................................... 149 147 SITOGRAFIA ................................................................................................ 159 157 APPENDICE 1 .............................................................................................. 160 158 APPENDICE 2 .............................................................................................. 161 159 RINGRAZIAMENTI ..................................................................................... 172 5 6 Capitolo 1: INTRODUZIONE Questo lavoro di tesi si compone di tre parti: la prima parte si concentra sui recenti studi sul tema della nostalgia; la seconda parte si occupa della situazione del merchandising nel calcio italiano con un focus particolare sulla gestione di questa attività da parte della Juventus F.C. ed infine la terza parte propone una ricerca empirica. Lo studio della nostalgia e del merchandising sono stati analizzati inizialmente in maniera separata, per poi unirsi e formare l’oggetto della ricerca empirica. Lo studio della nostalgia ha subito un’evoluzione da quando ha smesso di essere studiata solo da psicologi e sociologi ed è iniziata, soprattutto nel corso degli ultimi 20-30 anni, ad essere approcciata anche da studiosi di discipline economiche che hanno iniziato a vedere la nostalgia come una possibile strada da percorrere per future iniziative economiche e di marketing. Lo studio della nostalgia ha subìto una spinta decisiva dagli studi di Stern (1992), in cui veniva descritta non più soltanto in maniera unidimensionale, ma come composta da due componenti fondamentali: la Nostalgia Storica e la Nostalgia Personale. L’approccio alla nostalgia in questo nuovo modo ha ampliato la possibilità di studi e di strade percorribili dal marketing. Si analizzerà la Nostalgia Personale, quel tipo di nostalgia che appartiene ad ognuno in modo unico e personale, facente riferimento al vissuto di ogni individuo e si analizzerò poi la Nostalgia Storica, che invece fa riferimento ad un’epoca passata che non è stato possibile vivere per motivi di età, ma che l’individuo avrebbe voluto vivere. È necessario quindi affrontare queste due componenti della nostalgia in maniera separata, ognuna di esse viene stimolata in un modo diverso e anche i consumatori ne sono suscettibili in maniera diversa. Il marketing quindi affronta la nostalgia andando a stimolare diversamente le due componenti della nostalgia dalle quali si vuole ottenere una reazione. 7 Lo studio della nostalgia per spiegare i comportamenti dei consumatori è qualcosa di relativamente giovane ed ha riguardato varie tipologie di prodotti e di servizi. Il settore sportivo e calcistico in particolare, è invece ancora da esplorare del tutto e presenta notevoli situazioni interessanti e potenzialmente sfruttabili. Prima di analizzare l’effetto della nostalgia sui tifosi di calcio, è stato fatto un lavoro di ricerca e di analisi sulla situazione delle squadre del campionato italiano di Serie A. La gestione commerciale ed il settore del merchandising in particolare è stato analizzato prendendo in considerazione gli introiti derivanti da queste attività per valutarne l’incidenza percentuale sui ricavi ottenuti, mettendoli a confronto con le altre fonti di ricavo delle società. Quest'aspetto è stato importante per capire i punti di forza e di debolezza delle società di calcio. Dopo averla analizzata, la situazione italiana è stata messa a confronto con quella degli altri campionati europei, dove è stato riscontrato un notevole
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