1977 Activities

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,DOCOMENT 14S(ME

-vm 170 19. St.027 ' -- TITLE Aeronalitics and Space Report of tive President: 1977 e Activities. ' It4STITUTION .. Natipnal AWronautics and Space-Mministratiorc, A Wash-ingtOn, P.C. PUB DATE 78_ NOTE 96p.; photograpbs., and parts of appendices'may be igp marginally legible , AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing,. Office, 4ash.ingtOn, D.C. 20402 (Stock Ntmher 1 033-000-00737-0; $2.75) i , EDRS'-PRICE MF01/PC04 'Plus Postage.

DESCRIPTORS . *AerospaceiTectmology; Communication Satellites; *-Fedval Gd'vernment;FederalPrograms; LunAr . 'Research;Science Education; *ScientificResearch;

Space; *Space Sciencq; *Technology , . . 4 ABSTRAC'T The national programs in aeronautics andspace made steady progress in 1977 toward their long-termobjctives. In . aeronautics the goals were impro!ed perforMance,energy efficiency; and safety in aircraft. Inspace thegoals were: (1) bet+er remote sensing systems to, generate,more sophisticatedinformation aboUt .the Earth's environment; (2) cost-effective, versatile space . transportation; and (3) undetstanding the origins andprocescses of :Earth,arth the solar_(syStem,, and the Universe. Aeronautic research made real gains toward developihgtechnologies that would enable future transport aircraft to reduce fuel Consumption,by,up to 50,% along with lower noise a',Tid emiesion.61evers.The United States' attempted' 26 launches intospace in 1,977; 24.of'them put 29 ['satellite§ into orbit.(Author/BB) \.

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DEPARTM,ENT OFHEALTH EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN -REPRO. bUCEIS. EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGIN. ATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS- SSATE0-0 NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENTVFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

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, Aeronautics and Space Report of the Piesident 1977 Activities

' °mulles and Space Report- the President 1 '7 Activittes

National Aeronautics and Space fAdminis /moon Washington. D.C. 20546

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.1 Table of .Contentg

. , image 40,,,Immary a ti,S and VI. Departrne4 of the InterThr 66 Space Acail mes o'977 IntroFluction 1)1; In troctuc...on Earcfi. Resources ObServation 2cimmunic:1, Sivstems Program: 66 :Earth s 9 ?vu_. anal' Cartographic Iniorm.1- -"pace Scien:, _ 5 -:on Center 67 ransr,.rta': _ 7 '._-,nitoring the Environnient 11 kesearch 68 tik):;a. -7 CI lila' Ilt ICS .isid Space International, Activi,_:cs 69 VII. =nem of Transpor -)1) 70 13 -Itrocitiction 70 ;'"*. 'Os., if ath 3 Safety 70 icier r it Traffic Control and spa. t ion Navigation 72 .na T -T Resenrci Support _ 'VI' . cc;it!: _ _ °.1,111`17:7 hitt r.t. '--r/na 11 IcaRese.i.(:1,d Appendixes . -

III. DP-Da=1,er o Ty, 1,'.71se _ A-1 ,)acecraft Record I:1 anuction _ Record of. Space Laun rtivitie, .3 ,,:essful in Attaining Eara .'.;.frar LILL JQ . or Beyond e,tts11ii. v,,' N ra A-3 T- .J.S. Launchings-1' 76 IV. Den7 gent 9 .gip: lications/Satellites, 19- 1977 82 '9 Spact .9' B-2..' -Launched S ientific Paylo Other es Ai Satellites-- :kid Spaa 54 .973 ' -77 84 Spac' -;vities 56 13-3 #1.4.7Launrited pace PrObes, 1 Spar .,v :r Research_ 57 077 . . DatProgra: History o- ted States and Aer-,1,AttitAl (.4.: 1. 39 Mann, . S ace Flights. V. Deoartm- d F 50 unch Vehicles 8S . Intr...nwt U.S. Sp i iXies of the U.S. Govern- Spac . \Aclear Space A. Powei so ment 3. Space BudgetE dget Program .= 03 89 Space Disp Wasi.es .63 E- Pace A. Budget 90 Satellite o, 64 AeronautiBudget, 90

ttt .. . ,,... ,./. Aerospace Events of 1977. ,./ ...: / -.1-1ie United States in 1977 conducted the . successful approach and landin,,tesis of the Space Shuttle . u , Orbiter, neared completiop 'of the Shiatle facilities .at the Kennedy. Sracei%Cente, made operational use of data from the network of environmental'satellites, and continued work'to'iilprove m i l itary aviation.

JOn%October211/42, 1977,, Enterprise, thSpace Shuttle's Orbiter No. 1(above) ,separated from its 747 carrier' aircff and befkan its 5-minute glide to t first landing ott a concrete runway This wag the last of five approach -landing flights conducted iii 1977 t/NASA's Dryden FlightResearch nter at Edwards, California. Thellivflights confierned theOrbiter's ability to descend through the,'atmosphe e and makean airplane-like landint. In preparation for die orbitalfli ttests. scheduled, for 1979, the Shutt facilities at Kennedy Space, Cenr -in Florida neared ampletion. These Octo- ber photos show (below, lef )Launch Complex 39' being reworked from its Apollo' launch configur low i< its Shuttle configuration.and(below, right)the Orbiter landing facilit,y'(at lop) and tow road hading to the pair of rectangular buildi 'where Orbiters will be refurbished after flight.

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III I I I I N.

IV Environmental. i o p: vide- data used-- fog castinz and rerc:::-..5 left, er-nat,]ed infrirc u, Goes sattI.t shows acro Nortr 'America o 19.1977 :t-dense,: precipitation ijs iNer ICC.0 IlpSyl- Indee,d, ' losing ;Fin ston flout. J14.49. ation is he tweerthe April :le Sierra Nevac... Ntountail Le: Tod 1977 (right. Thi,rat: :naz um the Noaa weather sal e acz-_ ..te'warn, ing .TIC severe is West ern s:.:..ts during t f '7. . .

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- In 1977, the Department- of Defense conducted,flight tests of the Navy's Tomahawk cruise missile (right) and deployed increasing numbers of the new F-16 fighter aircraft (below) to the fleet's aircraft carriers.

A Stinitnary of-United States Aeronautics and Spitee. Actin hies in 1977.

Introduction, Opt---at:-al Sp, Ins

. pi --ratio1 telecomunications proe-ranis in aeronatitical space, Sat(.it telsat) inc eased.r,its s sin1977 toward long- inereSe . ines in 1977, 'bri (71 reron_autics the goal im- tot, t ' .,.e apability was a aug- I eneky efficiency,ii-safety nen:cc .u:. F ,.'"11 20, 1971, of another n fir :1 .space the goals wcr better Inte:sa ICI. :nto sychronous orbit to date :en 1\ -tems to, generate mot sophis- se. :c i .:lin regio .1 :for :.tout the Earth's envit ment; -tla Satelfite MA RISAT) -con- fet II -er,a1iLcspace transpormti,.,.nand sortirn :d c'ieutial seiceJ the Indian .71 ..t.TSt. the(ffiginS and processe,o .the ,Oeedit it id& -...; To its seryi c ii-- the Atlantic s\ stem, and the Universe .-:- . am. : ac ; : -co?inercial ship! and in all research_ made real gain.,toward three of-: sforor; U.S. Navy. M number of .mologies that would enabi . future U.S. shi equipA with M AT terminals par- -iftto reduce fuelconsuml..ionby- tripled th,("0 the *orlfleet doirbiedCon- 'it along with idwer noise and emis-- , stant c,, ,,.tNk. 1 ;le homoffice .aket: ship de- ...ar.w . ployme.- utielt rm.- --e cost-e i ective and speeds de? State' attempted 26 launches intO 1 livery-,.. roods. I' tC(.1 24 o: them put 29 satellites into. 11 . -y Cott t.nrc:t.ions tellit . The three ')it. . A.s ihited 15 satellites, iij 14 launches 2 mall 1e, .-.q ..reet ormilitaly com- tirw-nes I:: t. and -- third place'd a satellite into mur.ttion ..\byate iteare (1.) lightcapacity lipt:-,-.. '1 of s' tchronous orbit. DoD )rbited won, ,.'ide pdiv-i-o-:)oint. communication, (2) rhod-

' s - -to . . .11 10launches, I? withanother crate-capa'cityst., \Iceto mobile users, and(3) :ii :w..: for -1)oD by NASA. Of the NASA total, command and ,--mtro] d5rOmunication for strategic- ily 474:er . .' -,SA launches; Costs of launching the fOree!-. inainder -.were reimbursed by governmental; in- Fo-Itelfirst or these needs, in 1977 the Defense rnationa,..:11;;.i commercial customers. The N7 A Cor tticationsSatellite Program(DSCS)/had lit.inches included a,,, high-energy astronomy stel.., . out -erational spacecraft:two DSCS.. satellites re, two p.ane-..try satellites heading toward Jupiter, 'Taut, ..-A in May 177 and.deploYeemei the At- .rid a-_--adiati -n-counting satelJite focused on the !anti --idv,-.!st Pacific, a DSCS experimental-satel- nagnetciplicr_. , . lite.: -.cliett.in December 1973 and riow- overgthe This :napter will summarize highlights of the Indi; )cean, and NATO.IIIB on loan for tem- -ear, arranged topically. \rather than by agency. porar. .e over the easternPacific. Fqur more tibsequent chapters will)be devoted to the aero- '1)SC satellites were scheduled for- launCh in lautics and space Activities of the six Federal agen- 1978 develop/lent continued of the improved ieS sitthe largest programs-in those areas,q as DSCS imodel\ . ietermi7,--d by their budgets. ''' . The :ri'derate-capJ1 tcity requirement will be met A. , bythei:etSate iteCommunications. Service Communications (FIJS.- -T-( OM)- for contacting mobile units of the Nay- id AitForce..The first satellite is sche21.,--, Communications satellites were thefirst spac9) tiled for inch early in 1928.

:.: is --,stems t :. demoystrate commercial feasibilityand .The .tegic command .and control iystern. are st and fastest growing seg.:Merit -of, now pro-.- .ied by transponders on- several satellites, It s-.--.,ace develc. r ent. nendirre.-velopmgrit.of a-strategic satellite system. 1 PyuP t Corn rn er(tl llites.,At the 1-4, eFT-,: bons in tke. .mosphere and water .: on 9 7 three do r,- conunt nications ,atei its land st.1 I:te. lute s stems were Are: iat .er....increasing;ascii . 1 operation_ utf the ; and innaksi, and pro. nt the environint gigahertz) L t Ihis year the Fetiera Con1:-...u.nications Con u,7ion authorized Sat.;;1( .entorying and.1107. Bust: Systems to d. o and (light -test sate oiler:.- rt 1..andsatEA II the .1,2- . bands to (xc--le perinieL ex et tmental uul- wide. switched nicationsfoj'pr p.r4)gra:11 t ontinue odu:. iron:itch :rving larp-! 'trial and govern- ,si.and,at I and 2. ntsugu 07- perfot _Ince atsc a have voice and image traffi )e- Landsa: 1, Ate:- ft\ in o: bit. wa; tle_;.aded twe ) Molts locate( :stonierpremises. Ile ,.,veral sytem/ fail Latut neare nt . 1-.,tion of Public 0,..ing and theAP plet:on, with launch :led earl\ in 197 ,aly -Bro ic:cion of Landsat 1) Iing Service ; prized to'const ,t begun anc' Ate 150 Earth .110 71 a domestic After several year, nerinyntatiot t! lit ni to all pub -el, on-stationsI- ;le her of Landsat, Rio opt: ational o: 1.1N T so. In the Departrn,; literior

:1 Landtiat-lased CeS 1: i01.111:1i101. .,Inimunications ',oasts 'Ili ssists the Aril...... pmettof the Ile' Satelli w,. experimental -com- Indian reservath in its detioti mak:: ions satellites in use in-1 77. ithe requirement :Annan., a current .ITS 6 (Appli9tions ()logy Satellite toryof all publi, , and4heir -esoul, :s third year' in ..e a program of 20 becOme lieaviIN utleht `1; oil:ligii, :::11,':st lit-I:lents in ptiblic-,ery i)-oaAastingand in ;front Landsat a no ..,-: a I, tr-vey: r, and teclinblow- :..lon to its U.S coy automated inventies of.,igatcc and . ;e, is being tisci experie.e..11 wetlands-have bee, me possible tin ugh nd- .,..arnming to the -H-1. itorics, Pacylc ,:it data support( aerial infra ,(1p tog- othe, satellite. i:TS (coll.:mini- raphy; Technology Satel joint tCanadian- the Salt-Verde rive-,,,tem in Arizona man- Ititre exploringh Dowel space I ommuni- aged by a cooperatc project using Iildsat. Lo small--receivers ground -in remote NOAA. and,.GOES s.:tellite imagery :in:aerial Bs the'encl of19-. of' 18 U.S. exptri- ;surveys to map snow cover 'and on CTS 1 ott::ot.six were I uing in educational. reservoirs; , social services, :II-. .ormation exchange.. classification and monitoring of omit ictiv-' C. -onitnica /ions Spli ,-ith demandson the nits 'In such diverse :treas as Mon roar om- nun electro agnetic spa int increasing, NASA Mg, New Mexico. FLA-icla, and SOtr_h C. lina; nrnued res artfion rriti:Itor more efficientuse. 1. study of Landsat anti aerial imagery fa- x. ell near expansion of, (.7 communications spec- ' featuf-es that ma v relate to fault and itlure trun. A number of U.Sag.,:ncies participated in systems, which would\ help' evaluate mine the important :1977 Administrative Radio safety and locate and fitonitor leakage- in sur- Crierence on Broadcast -iatellites (where flext- face and underground mines. ' blj interim .planwas adomd for use of the 12- Cif1 band for satellites in-theWesternHemisphere Internationally the Departmevt. of Interior as- as o)posecl to rigid allotments elsewhere). Prepara- sisted the United Nations, five,,,Central .American tiOttwere also under way for the .1979 World Ad- ,Countries,'and Chile and Bolivi; in using Landsat ntinistlye, Radio Conference whose i-eitisions of data to inform themselves on resources and geolog- rAdip illations are intendectto applyfor the next Valproblems.- 20f eArs. \ The Department of Agriculture completed the T binned Nations Committeeon the Peaceful third year of its LACIE .program in conjunction Uses o '-Opter' Space; ands scientific and legal with NOAA 'and NASA. Designedto test satellite : subcommittees, met in 1977to continue discussions ,potential fO'r prediction of world wheat crops, the rof, the principles involvedin direct broadcast of program demonstrated enough promiseto encour- telex i$ioii by satellite. age the Department to acquire its own computers for further exyerimentation. LACIE is scheduled Earth's Resources, fd'r comPletioIn and final evaluation in 1918; , NASA rele4sed three apelications projects to 'the Sensors on space aile airvaft-platforrris-con users.foroperational employment: the Coast C-niard tinued in 1977 to inveritiiry and Monitor COndi- would use satellite-derived data to moni4tyice s 2' r m. *a /- - formation in the7Grea: Lakin; the Corps of En- ising airtrite and g'..;R n easurements, .,_: Midwest seededr.for gineers-wbuldAse Lardsat jOata to predict-water. EFA' experiment in - run -off in fl2od-pfone areas; ,tind. deorgiardecitkd fi: - -time in 17ackii.g sulfurdioxi1e from a . to use the satellite-based inventory4ng.stent. for :.:1( ,weciplant plume. ob..0,ztving the conversion " the state'sffural resources, a system airable the_Anospliere :Tito, ,,'2,ttificAtt amounts of acid in Missippi- 1160( crosol, am:. ifratct,-1:.the 'chemicals as- far, _ylonit.e ling the Sea State-Several agencit4s con- __ :-',,','.Anneters ttownwi0. Of. great consequence, ed experiments thatusedsatellite dat Ito Xs strategy,ol'control of air'pollution, the meare.the dynamic state of Earth's oceans ASA ., Were obtained!v 8rchestration of air- used data from Gcos 3 in 1977 to refine mels of arid ground-Ilist-A :measurements:, Since coal-"-N.:, the Earth's gravity field, which in turnields a ,,,-.yer'tplants are e..'7-',3..1 tomultiply multiply rapidly more precise geoid. This.islielpfuj in tracking c'it- the VS. over t1-. ..t 20 ye.,ars, this tech- culation features such as-the Gulf-\Stream and t, will be S.inc.!'1, ..1, importance in deter-- measuresure the height of waves. - -i. ng ::77e distan sop tribution to local and .;,0 Th'e Department of the Interior compiled satel- n. s.. .,

lite infrared measurements 'of monthly sea surface ac...... -essing an 11 1.L :nd of energy-relatettul, temperatures f47cthe past several years. They wereiltr: ton'roblem., EP. and NASA frxplored thF use -; consitlei-ed,usefttin long-rfinge" weather forecasting c. 11 .hrborne inidti-s.,ectral scanner -.to monitor and stndiesof climate dynamics. In the process of. --)(:,,17.1.--acterize the c7--vironmental impactS,of-the ,

-compiling the data, Interior discovered that a Large .,,. , ,-te-,t Major increas,: i:I. western ti-ip.mining in cold-water- anomaly; had develpped in 'the North is le,few years. By :id:pting the scarinefo this Pacific in the fall of 19-ii an4 reached Its ?eak in ,,,4.:,..in place of usui., aerial photo Phy, and February 1977. In rate ummer 1977 another such .eeci,ing its data into an automated la(17`tiseAlata anorntaly seemed to be/develo g. . ,-,:r-, :tion system,:, single mission can-cover.,a "-The Department of Defse 'finished insualing mineS am.'le tlata can be rapidly in-. met ofi 1 the Satellite' Data Processing' Center at the Navy's -..c; ,..1, -eci stored, . an relayed . to Eiieand state NIont i Fleet Numerica`KWeather Center. in ey, regutory offies. California. It will receive and process data com .:-ateirpollttion.'- .....SA responded tett request DcD weather" satellites' and also from NASA' Selt- fro: .0AA for satehite and aircraft data on the sat-A7 scheduled for laitnch in May78. The proc- 41 s-,..,11 from the Ark.114 chant off Nantucket p ,essed data will be used in weather d -ocean antily- Ian(:n December P---i. Aside from their ^imme- ses and forecasts. eV (l'ia erational ,tis-he data are being studied -Several other projects were opreratfng in. t90- to ).,..Ato i 'lematical Models 'pre- set baseline's for inter p,. tiltion of Seasat-A data lspill N.iASA joinecnvith coTIIIii ('''C Seasaf data in 'a two-year del itonstrattottpi ow ,ut, embr, Eing ., 'areas such as offslim:e,oil and gas explOtatiOn, fi41' ENE! 1 mental is and P dotecii n -eries, and shipping safety. NOAA planned some,, ? -35 experiments related to Seasatexperiments in, .It '7.Eition to",-the O'f-orts in col ection and.r:ata, volting winds and waves, currentsand circulation o.1 data about the Earth and its atinosphere,,;. c6natnics! surface temperatures, geodesy,_ and 'sea ''then,vere.substantial activities .devoted to both ahalyze ice-i opera Tonal and expCrimental programs to e.,.._.. Moppinthe Ocean Bottom. NASA has used,,a ancl predict ihe processes of natural and man,made scanning la,er beam On an. aircraft to experiment changt. in the environment. with mappng the topography o the ocean bottom Weather SatelliM! Operations. !hiring 1977 the inoastal regions, The,,eXperten't indicked that .N4Lict,pal Oceanic and/Ntmospheric Administration tit 'method can produce hi quality bathymetry %),of the DepAttnent `of-A Commerce op- A" maps quickly and economically. The DefensetMap- creed two polar-orbiting weather kaiellites, Noaa pinggency and,NOAA re specifjying the require- "4 4nd .5, to report-daily. weather' dTita afound the mes for an operational -7vstemforuse in aircraft. Earth. Of the geoStationxy satellitesthat focus onitoring,Pollutibn.'n '1977, sensors on air- antly on the weatheir patterns of North Artier- , craftplatforthi demonstrated their ability to track ica anits sea approaches, ate Goes 2 (Geostation- and monitor au impressive array of pollution prob. ...ary perationalEnvironmentalSatellite)was Vas. oThe -emphasis inthe., coOpetative program 144MCIted in June 1977 'to reprace Goes. 1'as the betv.ven 'dieEnviroymentalProtection Agency:.cett-stern- operational satellite, while SMS 2(Syn-. (EPA) aneMASA has (79/i-finned to be ,gn energy...-chronous Meteor logical. SatellitojreMained the related regearch and development.. western'opeFation 1 satellite. A , t . . ti.

%ma ' - Tiret '' -..SA's ZA.perimentai version of the* (Septendier1977) h'i:cbeing itnaly.e,edtolearn' next d. -I of, polar-orbiting weather satellites. . whetherIt urric lccloudsystems .shoW }vas me ng on schedule toward its faunch to(istic cloud( evelopments thhtindicatestorm date -it -8: .Noaa-A, the Irk operational strength lnd potential. model w series, is scheduled for launch , .1 I 111.0C late in ros-N will provide .higher resdu- pileriC RrSellITII. NVidespread 'Concernarose tion infrared imagery of . earlier in the 1970 that -some combination ofna- theEarth s _twat' and man-madegases and -particles measure moisture and Impel-a- 'was Ike- tcning to thin the ozoipc layerto a dallgerous ture',-'a:-.(-. : )1- proton..ai ectron flux near levc.This cOncern ledto a multi - agency - effort to pawl' cnongh *lath to understand the complexin: The :-..:..-::..meteorologicalszir scent (Pe- teractions going on in the stratosphere andto :IS- 'fense ,':....L'oi,;.,)giC.:Ii Satellite I'rogr.i -ontint3.ed .. certain the danger' level and possible remedis. ,Co supp..,! nil i itary operation's,. with-wo:they data NASA in1.97-7 continued. its measurements .4,s, fOr theentireEarth,.provided ,four tillesa slay' fromis quantities and distribution of ozone and other im- n pol..r-orbit\ing satellites. Tke fist of 'the - newc portalit stratospheric gases and of changes git -ation of0 n i ilitar.yiyeaillei .NI t,eliltet.hle . over Block .. fillip.. . new project studied the vertical p..rallelto Tirqs-N but. wali different . ._ move-. sensors- meat ofaerosols and gases between the lower - ecunc opera iOnalin1977 -and offered at- .. . .noonantmidnight imagery in 'visual and'infrared. mosplicre (troposphere) and theupper atmosphere wavelen--rnis of Cloud.cover at a quality previdusly, (stratosphere),. In the summer of 1977 NNSArclis- unafta::-_11)1e The second:satellite inthis serick_was patched an experiment team to Panamato employ also ran !chef( in 1977 and, declined operhtionalin " U-2 and Lear Jet aircraft, as wellas balloons and July. sounding rockets, to measure the. upW-Ard'move- Wet_ Rrseareh. In)) "1977, ment from troposphere to strittospliqc in the. tropi- -. . Fede J ,agencies, . cal..zone. dn. 1978 it contin, researchtoimprove our-abilityto is planned to vteasure -the 're-. itnalyze. ..nd forecast. weather conditions.. 4iift-se 'movement clownwald front stratosplkereto 'In the global: arena, the' U.8., ambnglother na- .1roposplcre that' is thotigI4 1(7 occur in the laid-. latitudes, ions, per:mute/1. prelimiiilny studies . - and experi- . , ins tljat would contribute to the cff.cctikeness of The measurement program(:. the. stratosplvre the41Tf,,,iT'2Gloal Atosphcri.Research,,r. erode ! ne\v insight. sinto the role of clil&ine g (( oxide compounds in the desiruction of 'Involving. some 113tuft'. , ns,,. this . ozone. It L. .. lona 1prograin in metcorologi will w'is. shown in197.Z,,that their 'role is larer---than take 1978 -1979. al preyiously thought. 'The 1111pol-trim gasestave been z TO- improve our abilityto detect,tract.."-). aud -.identifiedand measured windevidence has been ad- - monitor severe 'stows, NASA and ft0,A.A : sluced, tha,t, the world's torn atmosphere mixes 1 arc wor on an advanced instrument, for useiii-N'more rapidly than had beep predicted. '. --1G S sattilites to be lafpfched in the1980S..Tlris- I..,.." NOAA .51So mounted a coirrprel nsive.nwestiga- - 441tr I lentwillbe able. to report the ..climen-. nonintothe tlistribution of-niti-ren dio. in sionastrcture of atmospheric.' reniperactt and the stratosphere, using ground -based and airb A Water, - vapordistribution. 'Such Mformatio' could svettroscopcs, Flu, orocarbOtis . !rand F-12 and make possible Tidier aikl moreaccurate ,suit 19itrOtis4 oxide were ineakured yi thballoon -gran) warnings to the public. '-'-- techniqttcs. LaBcfratory test meastirmenesconsid- , . NOA.Afiekltested pechniquestugimagerF erably lowered 'the-predictions ofyone destruction from infrared and visible satellitein tttuntcnts to-.1.-1 y .emissions from superscinicair.eraft,. Id:: corre- estimate _lourly rainfall .fromconve clouds. Tondingly raised ,,predictionsof['estift iion by Tests-in three 'states ij1 this countryancm Vent -. chlorofittoiocarbons. zdelal showed a.good correlation between imagery Two forms of.gefivironmentalc gi dation stem- tid ground areas of no precipitation and . reasem- ming' float iircraft,are- exhaust nisstits and en-. '1pleestimates of rainfall in areas 'of heavy pre-. gins !wise. -NASA continued sseveral -year- re- cipitationkThc technique will help in pi-upoiiitiftg.search effort in both ai ;eas in '19i7. 'Experiments areas in daitger of flash flooding. Satellite data -also -with [the clean combustor, designed to lessen emis- were used in NOA research on d.velopm andnd ,sions; from arge e%ines during.takeof.f .modOcation 'of convective cloudsystems. Rainfall andlan mg, weref.00rpletatl.Emissions were tved from satellite imagerywere ap- 'withintllstandards set theBnvironnlentaI plied to attlysis of broad-area cumulus ut.odi'fi9- Protection AgenCy T 9, well below .the'level fion experiments. Similarly satellite data,as well of currpt .combustors. Researchwas began on as aircraft and radar data, from--Hurricane Anita reducing em ssioNsduring stfluls-pheric,cruisc:' This 4

zr researh centers on'irroving cortibustas ando-on' Space Science fuel eparatio f Aircrat noise ressearch investigfned,amo'other sCrilte is normally tOnsidered to I.gin at components, fuel sflozzles.'and acoustic aspects of 'an al_tintle where. Earth science leaves offnamely, the inlet ducts. One nozzle configuration was the at the interface b ween ,the Earthi's,,inagnetic field. inverted-vocity-m-ofile nozzle, xhich-: causes -the and .theStin's exl alatiOns, the solar wind. Froni hiltvelocityof tile jet to occur IA the outergion this departure Pok; space Science.Tileives- outward. insteaykof at the center as in .,bypass,_ex isstsj,s-. thrgugh.the solar svtem to the detectable portion tems/In combination with multi-element mechait . of the Universe. . ical suppressors, thiarrangemept seems . reduce noise from the. Ifigh-vellocity jet.' or the engine iulet ducts, a new technique sEarIZ-gunitudj&.s .; (Le loptd that simAes and makes more accurate---'--7Effects'-inthe, Eath'g magnetosphere,the. solar thdescription of theund radiation pattern front wind, aid activities on the Stinvlre the components tctx,'ant - nal.)4s qui ective,design of acousl of this complex fiektOf srudieg. l'' ., nem. I 40 " , ," , Eriec near theMagnetosVe. tedr-. Earth DynarnicL: Experiment. related to Earth nique for measurement- of -tlieh.teractions _of the ' ynarnicsinvRlye mineral an e rgyreserves; .solar wind and thelEarth's magnetOsphere became .earthquake fOretasts, and geodetic purveys., . , possible ,Nkritlithe latilla in October 1977 of) two

. Trial Models, of natural resources in" interesting. lntermitiOnal Sup-Earth. Extplorers.' The prograjn formations were being developed ft-Oni .gravity-daita ct 4/ also mal-ked, a new dimension in. i9.ternatiOnal: co-. derived from satellite-to-satellite tracking,niagnetic operati911, Lme satellite-flit e w.as, ma-n:a2'ed by the U.S., 'field data from. the Orbiting Get:physical Obstrva- the other by the European.Space °Agency with e):- .tory, anckother geophysical data. perimentsof intermingled origin on both satellites, - In stuaies of the r&entty_...discoveredtectonic Their ,datIt.ttill, enable ex?timenters o .thiguish , plates, NASA' hates, every other year for the lagt-five spatial plasma struttures`fromThreompleX tem-, years emplaced mobile laser rangi g stations ,, on poral effects of the solar Wind, impacting on. the both sides of the ,San Andreas Maul. By ran4ng on Earth' magnetiereld. A' third ISEE,satellite will satellites, the lasers haves tried toelineate ITlative' be'launched in 1978 into an tended traje4ory. . where:iv canmeas re the solar., vind before, it ar- motion between the NorthAmeri an-Plate and the .

. Pacific Plate.or. thg first time,nal)," sis indicated rives iit, the ma J ere,is well ,as solar events. ' that, vement ay have beenetected. Another Later the three satellite. v#ill joined by the,Solar' XfaximumOlssions f rtaclril. t rat studies---,of the refforin 1978 wilL try to verify th se finding: other form of laser ranging uses the Moon al Ea th -Suninteractions. - ti .>- TOAA its used GOES satell.e adastirernents v , get. Three widely dispersed Earth gations Are - . rance geosyn-; returning data now and another. four stations ail! . of: solarx-ray-takei'i at the being built. .The full network will. observe. polar ihronous orblt, to detect sofar flares befo e ,their Motiols and vieriatiOns,in the Earth's rotation elite,, -x-ray' awl extreme-tar-violeti'ra ion .reach..the, _ionosphere. One usef these dat.. cvill col? iia4.4 with much greater accuracy thailiany previous sN's-, . tem. .- 'them with ,higlr time-resolution theasurlents or *a . 1"115 Department of Commercd operated series the ionospheric effects. of cross checks-on dillerent systemno,r,determiling 2 her NOAA-res elemo strated that ever, positio onthe EartlWith the' griates1accurac cion.s...-.Lnthe intWplapetaify_ medium outside .Compulter'simulatio laser observations 9f the the Earth's maetosplierevoriginated from irithin -Lageos satellite ,p4iti ned geodetic stations ,Within:,the maignetasphere-. Thrts the Et ins thep.iti fiNcentitvetep.s. A Single- photoelectron, 13s.erWas ant110pitft..as'zi.source, within ourtat systelof ben stiidied thaf_would reduce costs. a?nd jm"prove ,,,the 'energetic particles and lOw-ergy cosmic rays,' --accutacy'9f locating' ranging stations. The prospects und-itt the Intel-111a netary ria' arethata1.5-centimeteraccutNiycouldbe The Solar' Wirid. VAA stiadie everal achieved. .' A C..- of the ,chemical comi5ositivaq of the 'solar wind. 4, , . The Smithsonian Institution sumrparized dietre- Some 'of the recent work 'addressed'the !Usti/deal, -sults of satellite tracking withits laser trarking puzzle of. thelargc quiet period- in Earth reactions .1 .network 'inthe fourth and finakversion of the. to the solar wind from.1.645-1715.. This abncorma-lly \--!-4 Sniithsonititi Standard Earth, 0-mathe.Atical repre- Jong quiet period; when therp teas visible eviderIe

. \,.sentation of the Eartfi's shape, size; -and gravity '-i-of absence of solar -activity, was attrilnIted 'to-!ii . ftelct...... steady-state solar

(

r ... , . Study of the Sun. NASA's Orbitivg Soh ., Thser- The Pigno.5. The disCovavy of. rings,around the A--..vatdry. 8 (Oso 8)preserved ityContintnty. of- ob--. --,,plane-t Uranus seas the' most 'dramatic' ?discovery of . seryation of the:Smithy . . monitoring the eww actiy- 1-oa faintto . :seen bytile largest telescope, ity Ileginning with the ups -ing of tle solar cycle. the ruigs were foundbytheiringa gap- in the Aspects previously under . . LI ly arehe downflow obsefvation of an occultation of ,m,94eral'ely firtr ilatioft patterns- in the. solar-annosplute. that , . '. bright star :mil -theta existence_:. was yeerfied by ob- --.were clerected by,Skylith; tiny magnetiCregions'that servatirms4. of several grout ef-bas'ed te'lescOpesi,and. brighten like sor:Jir flares shorag f after they aPpe:11": C!' ..the'"90-cebTipleter klescop "Rt.. tarted- in NASA :s and x-ray bright.Poin'ts, iyhich have . . ; p u zz 1 ink 1;44: ' , .s-pet'itilly, equipped C-14,1 aircraft know11_asthe '. . appearance at solar minimilm4-tivice tftrate Kj.tiver Airborne Observatory.. . bservetywhen discovered by Skylah,inthe Middle Qp. Miu-1,the the Viking, -orbiters and landers.....c4-, o'dn.! 6ohir. cYcle.. ' - . -glinted to .return data on- the atinospheremetcorol- ..-' The 'finding% of trite x-ray observationStaken by ogy, surface chemistry:and:themoon Phobias. s. The Skylab%shoiyed thaeholcs in theStills corona are',biolOgy ant)015ipfinic. chemistry instrtiments-_on they is sources'of.thc high-speed streams of ejectedrnatter landers completed 'their usefullifeits1977. The that strike the Earth's Magnetosphere..tOne 6f the major question toma,itis whether there is: evidence-- major discovcri5 inst.eftlyof. the Sun in .i-CCTIll .--,of. life onliti-s. Inttnisiyc investigation continued. years, thiS kno edge !la's been used 1;1,.National: 1wo Voyager s:itellites were launched -in, August . .Scien fotittl- on Obs6-vatOries to' etect c3ronal /and'Septertiberdn,ii. trajectory, to .ittpiter.and then_ hole.froinEarth, in normal daily obserya,titins.The'to SatAti-n." Dei.lenclingAr te-talits, Voyager 2 may

hole are reliable predictors fly on to.die planet Mntts.. , of, magnetic &to iris int' P. ' " . 0 : kti-t Corollary researchc has shown thatthe foi,m` ,LDeveldpimitt work on 'the a,lileo mission, of thetin s corolla is irreplar. lirliart these if-- , beka.t. 197.7.4t will consist a profit: that ...... ,regularin s account-for Ilte.tilnedifferences ii- ,-. :u : :- .'descend into'.jupiter.s. :tumuli!erennd -an orbiter. - , tides arriving A Earth.'' .., . ttCt.,,wild!.tak. the tilane. - itg .elirontitent:. -As pan 9f the Dap:program,-Air Forpe. scientists,satellits.for moreirrri,a ar.' , itre-studying the, theory Of .proccsSos 'leadingto salsalk ',Wile National Science tincetti used the 331 flares,and the time histOry, ,o1; ineterltiameter radio-rad high-energy _partiefes ' 6 .,telesCopeat 6Areci10, from lolai- 'flares. .Particularlythey. areltstudyingk- Ptierto.Rica, to prddticecpntor,ri maps- ,ok ', variations in,ultraviolent'sions frOm the.Sunas -..Nfae of Venus.. The higl ptqnit rapid, "?, , c cum t t la tioWa nd aria rgported by Atmosph -ic...xplorers -C, D, and >I'..- pi'dviding.. information and sounding rockets. . critical 'to .the tint erstanding i!tf the clienticarl'arttc . tural, .and topogrit_pnic ,fipitt,tii--es' of Ache, Venusian 'Study of the Moonand Planets surface.

iThe Moovan d "Vteteorites. "7514441.etcori ts Studies of,the Universe continyecl-ta_offer ,clues to the early histpii , of the : NASA launched a major astronomye ---- satellite.in/ - solar systpn,:tiny , No latintuwbearing particles lit August 1977, the High Energy AstTonamy gmpteorttes,inay be instelJar nutterials thatpixisted Satellite. 1 (er..8.5-.). The -largest .before the soarsystem did; 'compasitio,n. of mag- antomated,satellite ever. .nesium in meteorites; indicates latAhed, HEAD 1is the first of. the three sched--' thatraAioactive. tried td,,-be lainiched ,. aluminum-2 was foresent when the theteoritcs yet-e at intervals of /yew. Instrn- ii inehttel for cry of x-ray, gamma rays...Ind-eosin' formed; so . radioactiv4ty ml4 have. provided the rays, Jhese satellites are expected to rettirn.fulida- _beat for the idespread...:.orly .ineltiiig, that -took, pOlsc on the4;on Ad.'planets.,.. itdata an the -nature-ture.ofsome of the new dis- -, coemenu in the Universe, such Studi6. of the '1\194415-levidet1 4 as pulsars, quz6ars°4, .nesv rriocls for 'find possibly black:'hOleS. During 'the first ritethIlr the major processes, ffettingthe "terrestrial planets. I-IP,X0 i -was operational, a.rMercury viii,tha weak magnetic field, be able to observe objects much. farther and Mars with much. ancient, vpleanism_ away 'from but no ,'Elrth than can any ground-based telescope. .4 The r magnetic field. . ,k, ., ' FIrropean\ Space Agency 4will"--2rivideone of tl-K : . , 1 6 . ' , le I ,. t ... . /. instrnmenis as. well'"as scientists to 'ollerate the ex- NIashau sp.ite Flight Centq, in Iltintsville,-Ala- . . . 4' . 0 - . . .periments., . , .baii a, to he used in vibration, testing. The second :--,,.. `Tire Smitlistin prbitet"-4,944 be the first one to _venture. into orbit. .. i institution continued its., ,term analysis of.lata -fwnt,the Uhuru satellite,. pub- . It tvas bcingasseinblec4 and will be-checked out in . ''. ylishing .),Ite 41pirrtliiklitti,ii....-catalog 'listing . Ti')..,,,n-lid-197. before being fgri.ied on the.747 to Ken:, j Sources of x-ray emissionsnearly, twice the,ituitiber rietlyJ v Spiny Cente,r,-_.0o-Ftdir, to be readied for the ..., - . kr- - tpkviotisly ktt.),,h. IP aciditian csoinles with.ilf oi)iktailji0it tests. . )the11.'11.1ky Way 'associated-With 'lemur iiSt:.11'Sa Ild - 11 ,CS1 V .silile was th6,progress on the groundfireik x. ..,bldck, holes, nrany.'c;:..ttragalactic: oh cis tyzae11(1-e i- ities. helig1..tidied atKerinedy Space Center and .. ., ._ tified,,such as Seyfett gilla7.;j.6s,'!quitsiirs,and -i.litte s:.... 1,60,f,, Base. -.., , .., plaifrn.d..at Vandenberg Air Force .. --of: galaxies. Items in the'lat c:ttegb.ry. cinch co 4.'Califoialia,or;on_tlie flight campoitents still tinder ,--, tiiinetl,..s0i,091)..fotax`iosiiil. a i5iatively4NHIlrft, -u.L4..,..irtiCtioll'....T,Ilebig solid-fueled fiOosters were - grikrupnk'Ihese "stiktechisects.Of gakixesZn'c''-. ,-_t7(1Cor the firsttime inrids.197f ;MO- the .apparel-1'0-y bound together; g'av:itatiolia114. by 5.';Ist,- sbitosteifr. recovery-- parachutes hint Honed ...wellin Annotint.si-efs very hot, tentiojts; hydrogeplrelitrin gas.: drop test..;.'llie Extcl.iial Tank. whi.citwiil. Cow. -,If.sticlit clustets are cominan_throughout space, the, i..1.1the ,fitel and oss.di/r for the ()titian's ihrej mass pf AK previotislyuntletected..gas might pro--n liii.e'ngines.-is 1pi- RoeexpntlaUle piirtitni 'of vide a significant percentageof the ."missing mass - ''-the Space. Shuttle..NlantifIctured_iii;4Nc;t 111;1( theoretically needed,tir close the..T.lniverse. (1111410i/es stairdardi/ed, low-cost techniques, the s. kfirst intik Wa$ shiplzed.to. t 1011;11 SpaCe. T(Xh- nology. Laboratory, N[ississippi, in September 1977 Tran§portation for testing. . Spacelab, die Orbital laboratory theft cats be fitted . Some 'of the, science and much of the technology into the cargo compartment of the orbiter and pro- irk aeronauticsand space are devoted to devising videsupport for manned or amounted experi- .., new transportation Syst,ems or improving the efficiency and versatility of existing. transportation ments, is being ,fitnded and built by the European Space-Agency. In 1977 Spacelab rnoved past the :systems., halfway point in the design of components and. systems; all designs are to be-readyforthe critical 'Space Transportation System design review scheduled for February 1978. Maim- Tlie.Space. Transportation System, as major ad-.'facture of many components rot the flight unit is -7vance--that marks a 11(2.\\''\.'zty, of doing busindss in wider way; the -coMpleted.unit to be delivered space and a new plateau of maturity in the. to NASA in' two segments, oneone late in1979 and program ofspaceexploration,moved: steadily the other, early in 1989. Spacelab is scheduled to nearer to completion during .1977.-The., main com- orbit for-the first time in December 1980. .ponelitsoftheflightsystem the, orbiter,the The operational structure for the Space. Trans- solid-fuel booster motors,the external fild tank,,..poi.tation System is well advanced. In addition to and.Spacelabwer in various ph4es of testing. the basic-NASA and DoD missions, N. \SA Iran been The Inertiali.,pper Stage formerly the Interim negotiating launch agreements with organizations ,Upper Stagebeing developed by the Department such as Comsat, Western Union, and Telestit/Can- Of Defense to boost heavy payloadS into orbits be- ada. Also,in May .1977the U.S. and U.S,S.R. yond the performance curve of the orbiter, was signed a second- five-year bilateral agreement con- nearing the end of its intensive design phase. The 0tinuingtheir4)acecooperation.InNovember Spinning Upper Stages, now in design,. are Being NASA repksentatives met in Moscow witlt Soviet developed in two- sizes 'as a private venture and counterparts to discuss experiments that inighli,be are intended to loft lightweight .payloads from the inducted in a long-duration space mission involving orbiter to highCr the American Shuttle and the Russian ,Salyut space, The most visible prOgress on the Space Trans- station. Three meetings in 1978 would further eval- portation System in'1977 was the series of approach uate experiments And recommend a program tothe, itnd landing tests conducted at NASA's Dryden respective governments. Shuttle flightsfor1980-- Flight Research Center in California. A 747 com- 1981 are now folly booked; cargo manifests have rnercial airliner was Modified to serve as the carrier been developed for the firstfew years of Shuttle aircraft for piggyback captive flights of thesorbiker, operations. A handbook for users has iwen pith- then for releasing the orbiter in mid-air 'to make lished; user charges have been set for all classes Cif free flights rinti landings, Tile Enterprise, the first userS for the firstyetrrs .of operations, subje.ctto orbiter, is`to be modified. and. flown, on the 747 to ;tdjustment only for inflation. Advance deposits on

7 overiS 150 payload items were received ,by NASA Solid propellants withstood the stringent steri- fro industry, educational institutions, _ . ) and per- lization stanr,targs for. Viking and hence could be SOFIS.- used to yruncli payload; from the surface of other When NASA 'invited applicanionIIs for flight. crew plawt,r(Orliout risk of contaminating the planetary positi2 s on STS, more than 20,000persons re sinface, quest -application forms and more than 8000. were r ceived and processed.' Aeronautical Transportition \fxpen able Launch Vehicles As in space transportation, aeronautical transportation involves military and civil systems that. Vie United States spaceprogram had a total of are already operational Of arc, in active develoP- 26 latincliesin 1977; 24 of themwere successful in ment. orbiting 29 Satellites.-The two complete failures OperiztionalAircraftand AirborneSystems. involved..tr one Delta andone Ada's-Centaur. vehicle; one of tho. lost payloads was for the European Among government- agencies, DoD has tine major Space Agency and oneIntelsat 1V-Afor concern for operational. aircraft. the Com- Fuarr.ER AIRCRAFT. The F-16 multimission fighter:: sat/Corporation. A second Deltavehicle had an was approved 'for full production in 1977; the first upper-stage failure, putting- the .European Space of 1388 aircraft will be delivered in AUgust 1978'. . Agency payload into an orbit from whin. it isonly l :70, percent In May 1977 the European: partners in the F-16 effective. Other vehielesused were Belgium, Norway, the Netherlands, ,ind.henmark. . Seen avit'A'tlafi,"Thor, T and Titan. ,., . ill.. - signed Agreements to purchase 348 aircraft. The F-16 represents. the largest co-productionprogram 1. Research for Spacecraft Improvement- ever attempted, with over. $2 bill ion in contracts ...A, broad range. of research projectssought ways in Europe.. The first'customer outside the consor-.. to 'strengthen,. lighten, improve electronics,And tium was Iran, which signed an agreement to buy augment power sources on spacecraft. 160 aircraft. ..,,Materials and Structures. Therinal protectionfor The F-I5 air superiority fighter coutinued to be - re- entering spacecraftwas improved by a new, re- produced at the rate of nine aircraft per month usable insulation material with improvedstrength, and more than 250 had been deliveredto opera wear, and impact properties. Aso anew thermal tional units by the- end of the year.. coating, called "second surface Mirror,preventS r111e4,18-carriel:-hased strike 'fighter, approved' secondary thermal buildup from glare whilesaving for full development in 1975, is scheduled to make . weight. . its first flight in October 1978. It will.complement Structural weight may well be reduced byuse of 'the more sophisticated F-14A, which isnow rou- map ite-polydimide structur6. hi 1977 fotir such tinely making extended 'deployments on carriers materials were idehtifiedas having potential for in tlhe- Atlantic and! Pacific Flerts: structural use at temperatures of 315°C for aslong. The ..\-10- close-ahsuppOrt aircraftwas lit .pro: as 500 re-entry cycles; weighLreductionwas esti- duction, with. sOrne...75 of the .approved 339 de- mated at 28 percent. livered: T.hefirstoperational squadron was ac- Electronics. A' linear charge-coupled-sensor tivated- inpine 1977andinitialoperational_ _,tirray capabilitY was- achieved, threemonths ahead of that can image in the near-infrared hasbeen de- . signed. for reiperte sensing of Earth'sand other schedule, in October. planets' environments: Since it processes signils on The-ANT.8.11 is the follow-on version of the-successful :W-8Athe ...,the *Same chip.. as the imager,itsaves significant Marine Corps' lightattack amounts of size, weight, andpower. vertical/short-takeoff -and-landing (V/STOL)air - craft..In 1977 it completed the first .phase of wind- NASA demonstrated in 1977a robot that combines and coordinates tunnel testing at NASA's Ames Research Center. vision;locomotiOn, and The data confirm' the design intention that this manipulation. A unique visualmemory and im- :proved computer techniques enable version should demble the range or payload of the the robot, to AV-8A. Two prototype aircraft are under produc- process TV' iinages more than 10 tunes faster than previot&ystems. tion contract. BOMBER AIRCRAFT. Although. production of the SpaceProputs-iop.In' liquid-fuel'propulsion, B-1 bomber was halted, the three research, develop- components for a small,- reusable, Ifigh-perform- ment, test, and evaluation aircraft continued their ance em4ne burning hydrogen andoxygen and flight-test program at Edwards AFB, California. intendedforuseonorbitaltransfervehicles The flights ineasuied overall sperforrnance and achieved a record specific: impulse of 478seconds. structural air loads and evaluated the avionics. 8 TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT. The -Advanced Medium Wind shear is another threat to air safetyin. STOL Transport (AMST) had four prototypes terminal _ areas. *ce 1971 seven air' carrier ac-' completing a Phase I- flight-test program in 1977. Cidents have been invOlved with wind sheara In 1397 hours of flight, thertclemonstrated;STOL sudden change in wind weed or direction at di performance and operational utility. edges of airports ,where aircraft are flying .cloSco- HELICOPTERS. "Several configurations of helicop- cheround at low speeds as they approach or, de- ter4 s were continued in development -toward a'nuth- part the airport. Research efforts1 vere. begun )to.' ber of specialized functions. The Atirni's'Ul-1-60A measure and attempt to predict wind shear, and' develoP avionics that will enable pilots to cope Black Hawk is intended to support groundfOrces, .,- both in combat and service roles. The;1first 60 15 with. v i nd shear, effects. aircraft is scheduled for delivery in Ailgust ,1,978; -- the. conflict-alert warning system was installed there are-contract options for anolher 353 dvs r4lie ,in the last Of trie en route stations in 1977 and of -' forts were begun to install it in terminals. ThiSis 1,--rieict-:threeyears. , , t The Advariced attack Helicopter completed fq111-.ariother computer-based system in which 'the sys-, -`'engineering development in1977, with emphasise.,hem projects the existing position of aircraftunder( on integration' of the armament and fire control.7,` ,surveillatice predicts any situations where aircraft, Fabrication of additional prototypes wasaeferred '-come -Within 40. seconds of unsafe separation,. and wacns the controller by-audio and visual signal _So until 1918...... In the Cobra /Tow program, delivery of 290 re- that the pilots can be, contacted. 'Field testing of 1.977 arid -2, trofitted Cobra helicopters with the highly effective terminal equipment was completed' in TitheNoLaunched Qptita'lly Tracked ,Wire Guided is to be installed in major air "'terminals by early (ToW), missile, was completed in October. 1977: 1978. t ,. The first of 297 new, upgrEded Cobra /Tows was 'AIR TRAFFIC' CONTROL. To meet the need for an delivered in 'March 1977. The Army plans to retro: improved, instrument landing systeni in. the U.S., fit another 400 Cobras and to modernize the entire the FAA has been developing since theearly 1970s _.fleet with, among other improvements, consposite .the Microwave Landing System. In 1977 the sys- helicopter blades that will increase aircraft stir- tem reached its _third phaseprototype develop- Vivability and double the life of the blades. ment- and evaluation. Two prototype SmallCom: The Air Force completed initial flight testing in munitysystems' and .tWoBasicSystemswere 1977 of the H -3 combat rescue helicopteriipped. deliyered in Mid-1976 and have been in test and- with Pave Low III. This sophiStitated sensing sys- evaluation. Also the FAA:developed Microwave tem enables low-level penetration of unfriendly Landing System based on the, Time Reference territory and recovery of air crews in total darkness Scanning,Beam was submitted to the International. and bad weather. Civil Aviation Organization as the U.S. candidate CRUISE MISSILE& The Tomahawk is along-range for 'international 'standardization of landing sys- high-subsonic-speed cruise' missile that can be fired tems. NASA. joined FAA in demonstrating coupled through submarine torpedo tubes or from ships, apptoaches and automatic landings using the m i- aircraft, or mobile land-platforms. It is under de .-crOwave systern and a '737 transport.where display,

. velopment in two versions: a c ci ventionally armed navigation, and flight control systems marked ap- anti-ship weapon for:the Navy a d a nuclear-armed plication 'of all- digital systems to a Conventional transport. aircraft, land attack eapon for the Air Force. . Operation 1 Airway Systems. The Department of AIRWAYS MODERNIZATION. The FlightServiCe Transportat'on has responsibility for operation of .Stationsprovidepilotswithweatherbriefings. the National -Aviation System. Progress was made process flight plans, and provide. emergency assist- in several areas in 1977. ance and search and rescue. The format in which . AIR SAFETY. In 1977 the Minimum Safe Altitude the stations have traditionally operated is highly Warning systerri' was installed in all 61 major air labor-intenSiye. Demand for services has grown terminals, in the U.S. Begun in1973, this com- steadily and is expected to triple by 1995. Both to puterized system provides automatic surveillance minimize human error and to restrain costs, initial and altitude data to alert the controller to aircraft steps were taken to modernize the stations. flying below minimum safe altitudes. A companion AnOther modernizaeion was to upgrade the auto- alert system will now be extended to'the en route mation capability of the Air. Traffic 'Control Cen- air traffic control system.. Here the same kind of tersto control and coordinated the flow of air aircraft equipment will feed the\cornputers at the traffic. In 1977 a computer was installed in the 20 Air Route Traffic Control Centers. A demon- center in Jacksonville, -Florida, forthis purpose stration is scheduled for the fall of 1978. and software was ordered for its use. When in op-

-LJ eration.in late 1978, this im.proyeineni pleated laboratory and .fatigue tests andarc being trot should enable controllersto .bala:ic,.. capacity fabricated for testing bn operational aircraft. The against demand; thus improving the D f the air- Army concentratedits structures and materials . space and saving aircraft fuel' 4, minimizingthe need' for flying holding program on helicopter corn! osite components be- patterns :' cause of the higher penaltyhat weight imposes on helicopters and the heavier vibration stresses getearch. for. AeronauticsImprovement that can induce inetrilfatigue. BOth the Black Hawk rind , The Federal commitment to maintain thecom- Adyanced Attack" Helicopter. flewin petitive edge for Americancommercial transports, 1977 wkrli aerodynamic -surfaces and. structitral, military .aircraft, -and,general aviationcontinued in fuselage components made of compOsites. Twd '1977 as NASA and DoDpursued 'research and-de- other helicoptersthe.AH-1 Cobra.gtmship andthe velopmentiimprovements for aircraftand airborne CH47 cargo helicopterwere equipped Withnew. systems, and the FAA researchedimprOveMents in composite rotor blades as the beginning of 'a: modi.- safety and efficiency in the airand ground segments fication and improvement pro;rgarh. of the National AviationSystem. PROVEM EVE OF LONG- FIAUL AND. SHORT-HAUL Aircraft and Airb(3rne :Systems.*In' addition to AIRCRAFT. In research on future long-haul aircraft, research to minimize adverse-environmental effects- NASA fmind that the old: formula for adapting Ofaircraft (see the Earth'sResources section of this subsonic 'aircraft to market deniands by stretching summary. chapter), NASA.pursued-.ne(g technology or shrinking he length of the fuselage was not well suited. to that will .reduce consumption- of future trans-. aircraft. The intricate 1 r- . relationship between wing and fuselage on t aircraft ,by-as much as -50percent. . . ENGINES-. NASA seeks to reduce fuel.Consumption supersonic aircraft dictated -a new -approach. In while lessening deteriorationover time of current 1977 the U.S., appliedfor'"Ii patenton a different andfuture:turbofanengines. Workbegan this year concept employing lateral rather thari longitudinal .on redesigning the fan: blades and improvingthe fuselage. changeS,p_roViding wider or narrower durability.Of the high-pressureseals. NASA .also cross sections of the cabirtarea to alter the capacity explOred next-generationtechnology for a turbofan of 'supersonic aircraft. engine, with much lower fiielconsumption. . In the short haul sector, the Quiet Short -Haul .At:Ronv:iAmics. Wind- tunnel testing provided a Research Aircraft neared .completion-in '1977 with basic data base on the .supereritical,wing which can fabrication and installation of thenely propulsive- he applied to the- design of future.transpOrt air- lift wing and the engine nacekles. Following its craft. Also identified fortesting were other coin- delivery to NASA in 1978,- this aircraft is intended ponents such as winglets, propulsion systeminte- to validate In flight the technology thea. ViatiOn gration, and active controls, for reaucingwing- industry needs to manufacture quiet short-takeoff loading.. A Lockheed L101 1 aircraftequipped with .and-landing aircraft... active.cOntrols Ivor baseline data.flights in 1977'. AIRCRAFT FIRF. SAFETY. In 1977 the 'FAAcon- The search a, supercritical wing Of -minimum, tinued. its research and development towardre- weight has led' to wind-tunnel testingof .a 'ducingthe hazards ,frorir posterash_fires...Atwo-year wing section having the laminar-flow suctionsys- study was begun to design a system that ranks the tem: integrated into the primary structure. There- interior. materials in a _transport cabin,-fortheir sults are promising for future transports. collective combustion- hazards._ A simulated. wide- STRUCTURES. Advanced composite materials,were body, transport cabin was used in .cabin-fire teSts. being researched 1?),.NASA in1977 and .cOrnpo-. to assess pazards:.from the burning- of 'materials. nerits were being test-flown. One-of-thesecompo- inside the. cabin and the by-products -.enteringthe nents ten copies of the upper aft rudder ofthe cabin from fuels biirning imtside: Tests" wereper- DC-10was in routine flight in 1977 anda second. formed with the. Nyy to evaluatean antinisting- the vertical fin on the L1011 aircraft.entered de- additive in aircraft aids and the extentto which. it sign verificAt4on. minimizes the crash fireball. In DoD each service has researchprojects in Airway Systems. FAA and NASA continuedre- structures and materials.. The Navy is 'Seekingto search to 'improve the safety and efficiency'of the .replace the metal rotor bladeon the CH-46 heli- airway system. - copter with a fiberglass one that is resistantto cor- SAFETY OF FUTURE "TRANSPORTS. A number of rosion, small defects, and rapid failurepropaga new, sophisticated systems are nearing readiness for -tion, needing only visual pre-flight inspectionsand incorporation in the. next generation of jet trans- lvgthening the 'repair'cycle by-500percent. Four port aircraft: e.g., active control systems, composite diTferent components made of compositescom- control systems, digital avionics, and digital :fligAvt 10

1( 0 I .. r , ., ,,. . control systems. EVe::. though more and wature..variatiOns th t are cl aractcristic of Mars, expensive than equi: ---cAit the' would replace, they but thiy supp11"ed be t tosore of the systems in are" likely io 1w uscc ecausc t-!\. promise operat- the Lander spacecraddrinthe colder: periodS. ingefficiencies an«wer c:rating' colsnot Simil;iirevidence of durab e performance came acinevao w ,py any 0 21''ilea lh. A broad program fr om DoD's Les 8 And 9atellites; since March has been inaugurte.. by the FAA and NASA to. )97fi1'they Katie functioned Without 'interrnption. deternnne.guidel. les ,for the certification of. these Fitch of the twoVoyager Spacecraft launched in i: new technologies=- . Altist and tieptember 1977 has three large. isotope . AVIAToN SECUitITY: Protection- against., acts of egemerators on board that produce a" total electric terrbrism.oi- sabotage on aircraft or at airports con- output of .j75. watts. per spacecraft.. For the two tinued to receive research attention' in "1977. An stlacecraft. this totals as much. nuclear per as all experimental autOmxted radiation-contrast System oA missions currently in space. 1\7;at only are the demonstrated excellent ability to detect bombs" in el- units expectect to be functioning atJupiter baggage. The systemis being bought for .opera- ncounter 'in 1979,and Satinn,encounter in 1980= .. 981, but the power sources should be adequate 'tional USG a 1_ a irpdrI.S. . ptber tests specified locations on commercial air- /for,the approach to Uranus in 198,6 and possib,Fy craft Where Kuty.-homIA found in flight could be/Jot' the pass of Neptune in 1989'. Like the Other securell with least risk to passengers and the air-"Iflight-model" nuclear power source,. NASA has used, craft.-In all tests incorpTraling these least-risk pro-1- these are encased in proven containers that do not cedurcs, damage was confined to levels that; would ' leak radiation even under the stress of accidental ______permit the aircraft Ito land safeb.. ,- - i re-entry. /i Ihnantir Power System's. Experimental work con-

.":.: iittecl, on the materials and systerhs that 'might Space Energy best be used in a..dynarnic power system for. space-. electric power in the 1-2 . craft that cAruld prodUce R.esearch on exploitation of energy space take;' kilowatt range tins befond. The Department of two." forms:improvement of energy .-Sourees on ,. Energy_ isinvestigating the competitive perform- : ..wicecra ft . and qp/oration of !.itio-raited energy ances of the Brayton and Rankine engine systents. sources fOr. Earth application.' Ground tests are scheduled in early 1978 to enable. selection 'of the better system for development. . Sparse Power'

Electrical energy °sour .es. available fOr, use On r. Energy Systems Applications by spacecraft havetr ditionally 6eenhatteries,i In 1977, the space program continued to solar cells, fuel cells,;a dfadioisotope therrnoetec- tribute to the development and evaluation of -new iris. generators. Future Missions and ben PONVer energy sources for use. on Earth. requirements demand dynamic power sySteMs that Solar Grits. The Department o{ Energy sponsors will. generate substa tiallv 'higher .sioitages over work on reducing the weight and cost of solar cells, long mission f)pafiles. , for use on Earth-. Two projects .allocated to NASA, Solar. Cells, Batti)ies; and fuel.41.s...xperl- are the Low -Cost Silicon Arrayat the Jet Propul- mental solar cells.we e produced in 1177 di' t were Sion labOratory, which attempts to reduce cost and five limes thinner al d. lighter f'than ,tl-'.se.ow in increase the ,lifetnne' of solar arrays, and the Test use, in space-A hienof the silver-tint;att. ry and and Applications Project at the Lewis Research the hydrogen-oxyget ,fuel cell--the Sl1-.-At drogen Center, which eNixriments with applications of '. battery=wa.s- tested iii197,7 in simulate : ncho- solar cells that nilzht interest commercial users. In nous orbit. Not onldoes it weigh hat.- ,s Much two years the ma:A:et for solar cells has increased ,fis conventional Batt ries, but use of the sa ne fuel by a factor Of tell, the cost of ari,3' has been; bit, as the main propuls on system would offer further in half. and thr number of companies making weight sayAgs by c iminating redundantankage solar arrays for domestic use has doubled. and resen'e.,fuel. SateiliirPower Systems.Since1968thein- Radioisdtope Th rmor4ectrir Generato .s.The triguing concept of large power stations, in gco- Viking spacecraft thi t operated on the surf ice and synchronous orbit. converting the Sun's energy into in orbit about timej lan,J Mars in 1976 ;lid.1977 microwav c. energy and transmitting it to Earth, has' depended for'IOng-teem. reliable electric tic wer on stimulated interest and study. In recent years it radioisotope thermos ectrie kenerators st:pj lied by was studied by NASA; in 1976 management respon- the Department of ergy.Nc.: only clicthe units sibilitvwastransferredtothe Departmentof survive the extremes of diurn:../ iand seasonal' tem- Energy-. In 1977. the Department of Energy and 1.1 . . NASA embarkei on a th.4ear programr ending y study .of health,safety, 'and epviron- in' 1980, to investigate i'l le considerations 'in- mental questions:. of socio-economic, .international, xolved, iiit decision to pro; with deve .aid other institutional iSsetes;. NASA continued deftniP:: anOf comparisons ne hardwIr(- systems with other majorsources of-clectricapower. and the Department of.. assumed e Yx

12 Na,tional Nero4lautics 04,1' "Cr

lancl. Space AdIrniiiikralion .4° 0), u.sN lf"

... Introduction 1977.. Codniumications, environmentalresearch, Weather forecasting, and Earth resinirces were he

, Since 19523 the National Aeronautics and Spave : major targets.* c Administration(NASA). .has been thecivilian 'agencyof the .UrtifedStates gcArnment em CoMmunitations powered 6 ph-1,- direct, and_conduct research and Applicat?)nsTechnologySatellite 6.4TS6).lii development pertaining _Po s ace and aeronautics. January 19i7 ATS 6, now stationed over. the,.taid- . This pi-ogram is carried out concert with a Mini- Pacific Opposite,. the U.S., began..its. third year in ber of other civilian governor nt agencies. foreign, orbit with a program '.of' 20 expefignents. Mostlkf ..,.Federal, state, ailei localwhO have research or op: these are.in kublic.serv'teeidisciplines, with the rest. erational, interestsinthese fields. The milltatesin space scienl,e_and technology applications. A4, spac%and aeronautics program is conducted by tile itslocation .enablesitto transmit. experimentAl Department of Defense (DoD) . NASA exchanges program ning to. the Trust Territories, Pacific as: information and provides:.research and develop-' lands.. :-. ment assistgince to DoD. . Comm.iications Tedinology Satellite (C TS .1). Sever-al broad objectives have shaped NASA's This joint Canadian-U.S. satellite, the most power- 'space and aeronautics programs over the years. In ful transmitter yet launched, wa.orbited in 1976 space the goals, hay been the development of to . experiment with satellite communication5, to technology and tech- ques. for more effective space low-cost. ground stations on the 12 -GHz frequency; operations; dem-onstration- -of the practicildutility which is allocated specifically for -satellite broad- of 'space systems and technology; and scientific in- casting without power limitations. By the end. of vestigation- of .the, beginnings, development, and 1977, 15 Of the18. U.S. experiments had, started processes of the Earth and its atmosphere, of the operations. They :cover -a-a wide ran e of educa-' planets, moons, and Stin of our solar system, and I tional,health, socialservices,and..informatiOn- of the intricate diversity of the Universe, In aero- . exchange investigations. . , . nautics thegoals- have been researcll and (19.;clop- Study of FutUre Communications:-NASA- con- ritenttoimprove -the aerodynamics: structures, tinuen'esearclon improved components; for space engines, and overall performance' of aircraftin .communications and. demonstrated transmissions ways that make -theft more effiCient,, safer, and with experimental hardware to extend Capabilities environmentally. acceptable. in transmis on Of voice, data, and teleyislow. In ...The year 1977 was marked by solid progres& to- 'response to g wing concern' over present and im- ward these goals. In space NASA had a-total:of 16 pending Overcrding of the electroinagnetic spec- launches, of which 14 orbited 15 satellites. Of these, trum caused.... by the worldwide nppirge in..... use of.. satellites,1.0 were launched for -international, na- ., commuincatiOns, NASA .. . tionali or commercial customers, 3 were in further- ance.of NASA's own programs, and 2 were coopera- I developed techniques for .compressing band- tive satellites. In aeronautics, a number of weight- width, thus making more effective use of the and energy-saving projects made good progress. available frequency spectrum. ' studied means to open up new regions of the communications spectrum. Applications to Earth studied, experimented with, and modeled such probleMs as radio,frequency interference be- Experimentatiwith and demonstrationof tweensatellites anda between satellites and space systems that have potential application for ground- communications, optimum spacing of use in the public or private sector proceeded in satellites for communication, problems of intra-

40 1.3 . . and in er-regionid fiyquencv :ind orbit-slia.r:'. radio coMmunications. Yiut abo4d was an expert- ilig,, and adverse. propagation'accts. 'veinal trAsmitter sending Signals to the NinibuA

NASA was deeply involved inupportg 1 6 satellite; observers,were able "to track the balloon .technical etinsidiatictil other Fccleraf agencies that.. during' the four days of -it\s114tt mid locateits have 'regulatory,or operational respZlisibil-..downed position iloincters fo `.' Ay in communicationsprimarilytheOltceof rescue Helicopter. - T e\lecommanications Policy, Execittive Office brine Approval was obtained in1977.1o4 the. pint A...... Prp sidAt; Clic. Eicpartment. ofState; the -'1.e.deral Canachan-U.S. Search and. lo,k9Lic Mission to con .. .-. `Communications (;:ommissimi; and. theI)epartmen1 duct a deniChistotion of locating aircraft and ships of Health, Education and rt. el fare. vi distress. - Thespace . An. inipprr:ini segmentanaitanna, part _of this was NASA's participation :(withmore "-receive's'processor,'andtransmatcrtwould: be thaiii 51) technical inounte'd on .a papers)iii. tlieil.97.7 Woild Ad- --tTiros-N weather satellitetoha winistrative Radio Conference oi1Atacica;t Satcl- 'launched in 1981-1982. Grotind sratirs would Jr liter. .. , sited to phole .0yerage of the cot tine--tal.U... --tvettas this co ference was taking place NASA\--... 411d.iilost'of Cant la. Thy. So :ict Ubion at:France. Was alsoassistingin \preptrationsfor- the19.79. -anions other nations, have 1 ade conani: tents co : World -.Admtinistratis* IlladioC:onferciice. That part-ii7iirate in thelicanOnstratio* _. conferencejs.expecied tot complete:1y reVise tlicliri , '--tentational 14:14110-regulations. 'NASA's particorai. E.71 th es9urce3' ti )11 '

..iniereSt'lfiTs been in such'are.as as remote .sensiiV- \ , . . earth exploration, sea-Itch and pinliig 1977: use' :intii:i.e.tilitationof remotely ..., 'rescue, and Public ,. services ihrOadcas t i lig. sensed data from aircraftltd tiCtellites Contin'tted . _ .4 .111 ;iraidsv:iricetvnftises. - Co.!. tin.qinirations for'Priblic Sertiiri.,iticlic.s..were ' beefun onthe concept; tennology, ancl ccOnMilics... Both I :iriii:S.It; 1-tind .`2 Ivtre operat. tiatthrowg11-. out the N:(!;11-a.11110I1g.11 after five; .reat;in orbit -the-- of space communications for health Care,ofItica- '' tion: and public safety applications: S:1 saliciacl oerfOrm:ince of Linds:it el' ivas(let!tried -b\ the oser involvementindefining requirements and failure Of band 4 of the multispectr. . :MCI, (1C- economic viabilitY. tenor:16cm of.its power supply. and c. ; ion of its _ latitude control gas. The portable' I..:sat groand station, Which had been sending data - Data Collection via Satellite oii Pakistan, for.development of worldWide wheyestimates. as Three new initiatives in datacollectionI'vere well as for .regional resources projet,. ended op- begun in 1977: 6 '. orations in October 1977. .

. t U.S. ArmyCorpsof Tngineers, with NASA Dining the year, tandsat-C !ware( compfetiot support, '1)617.:Ht4....1.1;2rk on the NAtional Water with laiiiichl scheduled for early I97. Design:Inc ' construction, of Landsat-D ..the... second- generation _Resolitces Informationtjeriter,e. in Wasllington. , D.C. Earth resources ;satellite intended for launchin -C, 1981, was opehcd to bids from industry in August --'' the U Ge logihilKiii-ve..- :issistcctliytlic 1977. In April the new,' sophisticated prin,le Coins Col poratibn, began tlw cyidtiation. ., for sensoi. 9f- tli landsat-D' the Thematic -Mapper. be,:.111de- pote tial use of aininicet. Jai satellites-:cioinent. Anodic,: Te ficcillythe Canadian Am column-no-a-. -,:' tYpe of Eartirt.-cituccs satel- tions satellite to transmit Tentot6-station11- ...,liter the spacecraft for the Heat Cap.city Mapping virontnental data from the northeastern :Mission, Iv:is-completed AO undergoing 'finalte,t and Canada and from. Virginia: at She end of the year. with launch -lieduH-F tliD.epartment of Agriculture 'began opera- mid-APril 1978._ tioal of space- data- collection from Three Earth resources experiment, attended, data collect' v platforms in Utah for flight On the, second Shuttle Orbit:. -t and ,other western statc.s". in .1111y 1979: (1) an adaptation ;.; 6- tr fo gc.logical and other land ;,ppli,. a lent Search and ne,scu. The ability of ".,S11 .ttl ..multispectral radioinetc:.to. -or Satellites to, d in search and- rescue of distressed resources applications the newly acc- land, sea, or :rat it vehicles was demonstrated in .Sep- bands. in the infrared region of thes; nd' tember 1977 when a balloon withtwo, crewmen; (3) an ocean -color experiment. attempting to cross the Atlantic to Fraac.' was TheApplications°Systems Vert tic! caught iii a heavy snowstorm and forced down in "traasfer program is a mechanism- by the North Atlan6c off Iceland. Thestorm had applications projects arc brought to blown them faroff course and disrupted their meat and released tousers. In 1977 14 . 4. : i \ . users completed or nearlyeoFnple d three, projects; - Pre,p,arat ions/for the First \GARV Global Experi- . foiir new ones: W'rere_ap/Srifted., in 1977. ,Those re- meth (1.1;GE), to he 'cotiduct-eil during 1'978-1979 leased to users were: . .and invol-ing I'M cotrIries; ii-re rica?ing comple:

. tion. .- series of prepn-atOry Dataysterns Test's . the Coast?- hatsiwifti card adopted for ofrerational use ideted and the data ana triedby on the Great-.Lakes the ice- monitoring tecIliar . ( major Mot.. ,.;.1..!, nts and other privat.eand goy-i ritques deVelopedln the" Icewarn prpielt. & ertiment res411b1), .1)._ ',Hi- sa ellite-derived data. a Water. Mallgentent and Control project f-he two key- 1 arc um. r-meaqured Vertic I , was. completed for the Corps- oP Engineers,- tempera-tut- es clovd-track-meritred

,t- . , using Landsat data to predict run-off in flpod- wind fields. seat -instruments on Nithus/ ; 't. prone ar,eas...... , . . roN.cd.(6. 1 ii corarN: c Ile\ L.opineill of all in techniques developedin.,lee AafuralRf!- O terationd,/1 men( at-id. better sou-tiding tech- ,,g) . sources Information Systein'tvith.ifie'sta'te of 1 qu tjon pected -.circCinte,g;:ited into the - r-' --Mississippsi have been24.1optedgy the state of k*Fir-N satellite in time for use in th FGGE. Over Georgia,relqing tsti#thecapabilities,ofthe thlast half of 1977, basic geophysical data sets and . Georgia Institute of Tgchnpl ganalyzed ivincl-field4 data .were dLstributCd to the Of the, contint?rng experinien,) arth restirces rut : -rjor.nicidelin ' centers in the U..These are the psOjes, one of the most extensive h beetil the `mostost comprelie si.vesetsof Ancteoroloiical data Live Area Crop Iiiventory Experiment ,(LAGIE) ever assembled: they have been 1(erli lielpft;1 in ex-, peti,Qcntal forenst .1g,' .-,. In -1977 it completed its third year of cley4silig and or ' 4. . .testing -teclmiquO for accurately .forecAtifig each .-. By j lig clic] 0: 1977 fill il'issenger airliners had yes worldwide wheat pro4ction. 1ACIE is a been outfitted with' ntontatirequipment that will jotrit(endeavor..by the U.S. Department of ,Agricnl- oilier( meteorological data and immediately relay .. tore, 'the Nationa: Oceanic and Atmospherie.Ad- (bentto weather-urecasters via communications

ministration(N( . and NASA. ,1.-AGIEis .saiellites.Intl- i.11 tire.this system cap. provide.- cheddledfOr completion and final,evilltratioit in yeather,.data font areas of the tropic,. and -vim. +. aid -197- to the U.S.. Great Plains, .I.ACIE regions of the .southern Hemisphere drit haVe sel- a the last two years 'had. fore -Ist wheat sprocluc:' dom --1 reported on. Also tlieset will he

-.ion witlna 10 per-ed of the°recasts of the DeT henefi . to all outer aircraft flying these routes uartrnentofAgrcnIture's Sistical*Reporting ..in 'On°lin of up-to-de-min-ate flight:planning.'''' -Ser-,-ice for the winter wheat regn. Spring wheat which offers- economies iitint- andcfnei and gains estimates were not as accurate, ew -techniques fit flight safety. arc being tested toTimprove the pr. jections: The Department of :Agriculture has qcairedits own GOES satellites launcl ed after 19f)) will be able advanced itnagixg: processing equipment to further'tit observe the threelime sional struci ffe of the test LACE forecasting techniques. 'atmospheric temperature and water-va: distrib .tion Iv.ith an instrument being developed by NASA. Thesc new capabilities A-orniw excitinadvances Feather (4-'d Climate ' in ability to -detect, tra. and monitor the evolu- NASA. ,,,eat.er and climate program focuses on tion of severe 'storms., c:tabling earlier warning* to ieveloprn:ttt appliCations for weather-observa- the public.' Extensive research :inter development ions frorspa, c: de!ccting, tracking,- and predict- will be needed to bring this technology to Ppera-- :ng severstorms:..irecasting the daily weather, tionaI status. NASA is organizing and will conduct -vents': defining -fie dynam cs. of climatic-func- the necessary demonstration experiments in con- fons. In97-7 :.mpliitsis was on support of -the In- junction with NOAA. :ernati4'n Glottal .,...mo.spher. Research Program-. WOrk continued onthe -AtmosphericCloud ) and .tional cattier Service;,, and =2xtendint the capx-..ities of our current satellite. Physics Labora' tory, scheduled to orbit in tne Shut- ;*stems. NASA is also working with the National. tle Spacelab 3 in 19811 It will he a versatile tool Science Foundation and the National Oceanic and for studying basic ihysical factors in the formation. 'Atmospheric. Acrnittistration to marshal the na--ligroth.w andd. interton of water droplets and- ke don's- mt.--q. appropriate resources under a U.S. crystals withinte atmosphere. At the cloSe of Climate Plan. 'NASA's participation Will include 1977. propOsals -from7lie scientific research com- _ satellite remote sensorss,data applications, data timidly at large were being reviewed for selection 'management, and a variety of numerical modeling of those experiments that offer the fillies- posSIble activities. benefit from this research facility.

i:, ...... , ' 15 t .

Environmental Quality . ettyirontnent.roblents.\.'litot tile Argo illrclupti . . ... The strid)i/of environmentalqualitriS aimed spilled its(.:' -; of oil it 1)ecdalber 1976 off ',:an- atic,.--ket 1sland. . dever4ing,dtmonstratirtgs, at.1- transferringspat-e aulecilto a recriesf from 1..,,, technolog)'"itiatmeasures and monitors those :ts-'7 N().1.1 titcraft sate'llite' dataorl to pests 'of: the 'enN'irontnent IC:hichCa ftm- the quality trajwory 0 islick. areSbeing used ... . of Earsth's itinlosphere and' watei:. 3 nate ,,itrii.,1?einaticalmodel,f . The major-foctis of,reserch-imthe. upper atilbs improved praTietion oft.i life cyCle of oil spills' 111, at - pile is on :ite cootint :kg Injasurements`Ofqtfan- \titit'and distribution In .support ontrit.ilicern:Iiiplittl Joint Agreeinuins )f global ozone- and oth: ion, ,rtAt P;t1tos,plie .C.species*.atulof 'how the on the-Great Lake lietvecii the Canada..U.S.: age with tintii, 1112 iffrpoliatn calyinifLrnovcsna N AS. used mote, irria4ry frNL.i.ithchat beillzstudied is infi1lih.. lige of ga'ses :Alacrh- lites ttiad aircraft !;ensor. 44;c-estimate theamount I solsietwcen-the lower atmosphere jtropo.spriero of .sdiment enterimf fienn "their Halm- andi he uppoi- a tmosplicue .(qtratosiOrere) taries, The data NVCFC alsoIltied,COg1111('!.NVII411), -,--rt pros- T.1 ess :Avidly referred to :is troposphere-sfratosphere -.111CilStIrVIIICIIIS!a 4(211atthe ,surface,to produce, 1,. c Qyexcitange..Duringoul4 ,sumnoiermi1977). N:. SA.SA.com antour inaps`tif othe-rjittoportant pafittil t-..rs , ducted an experiment from thePaitainit'Ci-rer snch. splfates, Zone to measure Ellis exchlge.,as itorients. ,takes j9liri(. in ''-'4 thtropics. Itis -thotight '.il at this --knoto as . art../ and Ocean P.vnitni ics e Intertro*alConvergente Zone, is the loco;'- . , . trotof major upward .translAri from the tropo- Earth nantics* ri.. --- monitored and AtiditC. to sphere to the stratosphere. A, relatedexperinient. 11(.1pill ' the assessnre u of, mineral and .etiergy re-.01 to measure the transport frog the stratosipereto source potential. to forecast eartluptakes: and to tile troposphere.--is ifrlan ed fot191.itt th \mid- latitudes in the jet folumg ret.:1-on;.-where (10 geodetic suCveying. Applk-ations derive from t tajor studies of such physical characteristics of the solid downw!crd'itranspori is thought t t'occtic Earth asiits gl-ayity and magnetic- fields:till-rec.: -Remote sensing techniques fo: measuringquan- tities of key tr4ospheric rolhit +onic plateswhich form i--; crtrst1-urnStal deforma- its in the lower tion' cansect,ht earthquat s, subsiden4, and post- .at,tosiiherci continuedtompreve during1977: NA glacial npliftit g: the woi tIc of the Earth around and the state of Mti!-Yland,beganitilroject is po axi.: and vari.ons in tlt Etrrti',; rota- .in the fAll of 1976 . to ine;:s-i--tr.hc/dispersion of t i c vit . lie. aerbsols',enattedfrom plants. \ Xev mode:s'of the ,...: vitvfie 1)1.derived frothm NASA used .a ground-ba, . laseir radar (lidat) for satelli- the measurements. Mani:m(1's fl-natment :ftsatellite :rati....4, provi- better -defin1-. of Nit- tion ( - the short wave:-ngti. components of the utral Resources is using the' da to 1-mprove the gravit,. acids. 'Elicse gravi iv (iara; alonrg with mag-. mathematical models used tcip-:ict the enViron- netic-r id darr-fi;otn the (Oh :ingGeophysical Ob- mental impact of powerplant i/ en ions and to help ,seryatorc- and qa:ophysicla:, are currently -Icing the`state pick the most sintable i (..ations for(Curare used to cleyet)p trial mod.-j, of resources in power plants.Andiheiet" \SA e...,(triment began in :tier-. 1976 over Lakelfichiga estingformations.A ..\ .1y,--.cticField .ellite using it airborne sensor (Magstit) to measure carbon 111017 under developt-a:is a joint t`.-.ASA( r, :hie in. the urban Plumti generated by the cities U.S. Geologipl Survey pr je.. Tobe launched in . . Chic ;n Gary. The 1979, it will,provide an ttt a and nitore.acYcnrate sensor,a development:. . instrument Called a gas model of ) filter (arelation radios to global magi field. et-, succeeded. in measur- 'Iii tectonic research. NI .las since 1972 placed ing carbon monoxide . _Aributions as,-far as 160 mohile la. -r r:nging Stilt i

. 1'977, mollile lasers were deployed at these sites and" ex pense.. . . t a t,13.rd anien)ta sitein Califoinia to croZ,--#.0iipare - \lapping of ocaNni-bottoni ippography in sclastal ..tbest asurements,frotn:sateltite laser ramrilig with' i'(_ _ ion, ,r11 -tcycLion of -oceansurfacc pollutants'has th,ose from interferometry. Analysis is-expected to ht a d cxperimentally by the 'Airborne.lOccan- 5onfiritl the--.absolute accuracy of both se,ss3f dis- Ograph Lidar, winch uses sCannine-PAer bean' '- tance mea3urernents._ - incid! ba.thypietric or Iltioro-sensing Anothei- rise of laserNnirjfing employs the'lVloOn-1 I); ni fint tli Mar are being usedAy.DoD's Dc -, as tIget. Inn: r laser rankihg datArare beingac- .fense apping x.enc\LI,ncf NOAA's National'' quired 19y thNIYipnald Observa,Por3' in"1...:exas; Oceanic Survey todcne instrument specific:3'6°ns. the H4Fakala (4bserv?itory in Harriii; altii a station aiii '.mappingA for an opefationa , rite bathynletric near Canberra, Australia. Sitnikr statiotk dire be- system. -1Theexperime,nt,.. al data indicate- that high- , ing "ainstructed-instjapan, France,' Wet. OcrnFity. quality bathymetric maps can be' prodi,.!ces,1 quickry sand the"Soviet Union. When completed, this *ticl,e1)" and economically with this. technittfie.- ....--, dart bused group stations wilhlde able ..i to ob4ve" . . .. . , . .. polar mation-and cations in_the Earth'S fintation' Materials 1378ceSsing in Space rate with.mrich_ Wit. accnrcy.iivnt 4. attajnallle, 4' Work. iit we on inaLorials processing in space.' through' the Internat.'al, Latitude. Service>nsing ,..... claSsical:1,SOAsomical- was.mostly prep4Piitgry for the extended:series\ pf thods. Ns' .r.. ..' Anodic), form of Earth r -asiiroment that NASA--expernicins, : that will in gin witheThe Sfiace. Shut- .. 'tle, IlighV-.. .- Y. -. is involved. inis the expe. -.-161t,-. a t he reqttest, of' s. . . , Two short-durationrocket ..,flightsthisyear .S:4he N4tional.GeotletieiSin -.. to-at...nit-A to resolve s. marked the first flights of two systeMs for container- - . ft discrepancy in. the meas..:-ement of sea lever9ii. . . , the, Pacipc. coast, ,.as. det e:-filined by 'conventional, less,. processikicif materials in space. In..one of, these systems, electromagnetic fields 'simulttneouslc land and ocean techniqu. . A' inobile interferometry- unit, the Geos.36atelhte, and Doppler satellite hold materials in place without. physiGal contact . and heat the MaierilK In the other system, Station- king. have been used' to .acquire a set of data :.n_.that are being -analyzedthe inSurvey. ary sound waves in an appropriate. gas.:ap'plY posi- : ----d tioning ices on the E....1-1111S;-this positioning -....4 . featitr-c rested -.on its'n-,;Tflight .-i (means INcit- . OceanCondition Monitoring a.,:iForecastin,. santpL I ting will be tested later.3oth, systems . In nionitoring.and forecasts:1g ocean conditions. will pro( ,materials that cannot be .kcpi pure satellite clfrita are used for ainclersuulding and fore- when hea :d in containers; experiments will' also casting7the marine environnteat, developing ocean be p ssibie with new glasses that could be con- sensing techniques, Anti -'va I t..i t i ng dt-e. benefits..of ..verteeint,, unwanted crystalline-- fortis if melted 1 ocean satellite data. t s in .cortact with foreign materials. -# Data from Geos 3 con:Mile:I to be :ised during . Ele:-:ric,.separation of different types of living 19,77 to refine, models of the i-.arth's gravity field:__ celllk- s,tested in'sp,ace op the Apollo-Sbyuz flight Moreprecise'definition_of the shape fie gaict in 19-", w;Il encouraging results but further prog- ..- is needed to..track ocean cir :dationf...:1tiressiisc' h ress h: 'f), I slowed betase thei-: was at that time as the Gailf- Stream and to n7 the se: ,tie, wave no eF- -iermeans of rapi(la nic::surement of the .heights) h the North Atiall.. The in...'precise motie ..different cellsin an electric-field.A definition of the ocean geoid:as led to :-:.:_.cli im- grout:.)ased system to treasure such motion was proved correlation with subsi.--:ace tectoin:'eattires deSign:.:1 and constructed in1977, making it pos- Suchas fidgcs, escarpments. andV:1Cileti. The sible-:) predict the results of separation runs in Gebs. 3 radar altimeter has also demonstrated. a space.It .is also expected to have significant ap- limited, capability for mapping over land- and ice. plicationsin general medical and biologicalre- The promising new technology for ocean mon- search. itoringis theSeasat-Asatellite,scheduled. foief The. first solicitation for proposals, of materials.

. launch -in May- A Se asat demonstration pro investigations to be performed on Space Shuttle gram got under way in 1 7 at the request of citom: ..fligpts ,Was made:and. produced a 'iota! dt-120, re- rnercial users to validate.economic benefits. A series spenses... A first group of 14investigations was of two-year experiments will be conducted, in sev: Selected for flight on early missions and another 19 oral areas of ocean commerce, including Offshore ,imIjects were marked forfurther development _011'..and gas eXploratiOn, marine fisheries, and ritariT prior to selection itlecisi&S. The general objecti:'es time safety. To Aibiapigort theSe':experiments,-theuSers_- of the materials experithents on the -earlyShintle . - .. 17 r, . (,..11P . s"----.... j. ,.._, 0,-4 .------" ." rnissionsAvill- be to develop under- lending. of fun-fun ',Atmosphere, is mixing more quickly damental processoes404 properties materials d ; nd efficient lthan, Was predicte..,-

to demollstca,te. the value of spacfomate als . th spectroscopic and filtev.eollect easure-/ work. Stibjetts of Space invest ti ill include ntitts,,;liave \keen obtained of/hydren 'chloride crystal, growth from solutio , inItd vapor aildhdrogen Iltiori'd c(HF)in the strato ,,pha'ses; prelduction of specializ9d-omposite ncate- splicie...thesetVovitie infeirmatiOn' ibetut.' natOral rials; containerlesglass processing;,_441(1 synthesis,/and inan-inadecontribu ion13o ma ave, -les in of large-size latex particle3 tbpt- are tiniforqj in size. tshe. upper atmospher,e. e -: f.P',.,' . Bockscattel-ed tiltjaviolmeasurements of ozon; '''c, %., ... .- were obtained - bytheAtinOsphelic Exploree-E '.5 '.S-cienc6 ' . .satellite until March 1977. When combined with . '''t ci-ecalculated data Itont.the -Nimbus'satellites, these ... .. , Study of the Earth's bptter Atmosphere . ini?isurements should_. comprise. the most cOpplete -' A; The ionartrehatsive 'plan clatIst1 for globil ozone yet available. . that. was drafted in In the coTinuing )effort to ,improVepreoretical 1976 to develop a solid boll .. of knowledge - err -tire'models, such models were e.:Xpall(led tai incorporate,, p,hysics, .emistry, arid rAker processes 'of \de jrailinixte feedba- tertiperriturC'feedback, scatter , upper atsphere was. e tlnsively reviewed 4the , 111Cand.. -olbedo ..!fscientific.v -technical c !EMU ales, ftects+ The diurnal effects. on a straSp IC.I( 01011C (IC1)10.1011 arc being ilivestiOted in.some de- research."advisory. committee, and other Federal tail, and 041-1.:is uncleewfty.to. intygrate cheinistrk ..,,..agenciesc'-`. ,irt,'Implementingtl e plan, N SA Tias , titexisting; geite91, ciiQ4liation- models and to: -,-- eirthstrked on -a broad -Based prograin of fresh qich,\4- study-.thelkeffects 'rrid . importance of aerosojs .on, techriolOgY, a'Ad 'nrianitofing embracing,over 120 tasks. To slrarpen :the focus of the program, stratospheric phefiColhena.., ...... strategy has been devised, with the guidance anda rfeasureineyts of new reactin rites between im- .portant minor species in the 1' -40,, C10, Ndx, and -.. ass1stance of tlre advisorycommittee,.--elearly stating 0' families. plus extension. of existing ratesto the key scientific questions and pi'obleins thatnow limit understanding of the stratosphere--espe ,tratospheric temperatke and presstiV conditions the ozone-and specifyiNg what measurement have continued to improve data for the photo- required. to answer those questions and,..hocv beT chemical models: A corciplett7 list of reaction rates obtain them. ,_ has been compiled for all. known atmospheric reactions of impokance. ' ../ , . As part of the study of the upper atmosphere,a In ;issessiiig man-made effects, the predictions on combination Cof,fieldmeasurements, theoretical. cal- depletion of ozone by 'Spa .,".-c*,, lfuttle 'flights have culations, and. laboratory measurements have in the been incorporated into a draft" environmental itn-, past year changed the underst nding of the relative . pact statement and an aircraft assessment has,been importarics of Man-made ni rogen2 oxide.. (NO,) provided to the Federal Aviation Administration. compounds as compared to chlorine oxide' (C10,) .., Congress, thoregulatory agencies,lind the Nationals °.compounds in the destruction of -ozone. CIO, is -: Science Fount ation. Assuming 60 Shintle', flights now thought. to be a major contributor to the de- ,per4ear,,, the odd calctilations. predict that the struction of odd .oxygen (including ozone) in the mean ozone concentrations in the northern Itch-n- ipper atmosphere.- sphere will be reduced by .abOut 6.25 percent with Six balloon- profile inea,trements of chlorine- am uncertainty..factor-of two. Most. of this reduc-, (1) and chlorine monoxide (C10) have indicated Lion is produced by chlorine compounds in the that the amount of. CIO in the stratosphere is tittle exhaust. Alter replacement of the present highly variable. Other measurements have given el with a Ron c trorine-prodticing fuel. the ozone readings simultaneously of the amounts of laver would rem -ti to -normal in about Veyears., oxygen ilidiear OH, nitric oxide (NO) ,*oxygen .Ne calculations havbeen completed on the (0) , ozone (03) ,C1,. and C10. Latitude and alti-. ozone reductions that u uld be caused by con- tude distributions of nitrous oxide (N20) and the. tinned chlorofluoromethane (CFM) releases at the chlorofluorotnethanesF-11,-and- F-12werealso. 1975 rate. The National Academy of. Sciences has -measured. The findings were that concentrations defined error limits from uncertainties in cheap's- of each of these latter-species drop off rapidly above try, transport, and the recce rates. When these 12. kilometers altitude atlatitudes greater .than' error limits are applied, the prediction of ozone about 30°. No inter,liemispheric differenceswere recluOon becomeS 4 percent to 30 percent. In the obkrved for con_ centration distribntions of N,0 case of the CF/Ifs, tifilike the ease of the Shuttle -(-__10/0):, For' F -11 -and. F-I2, only-Sinall differences,efinients, the return to tan unpertinbed ozone level . of .10-.125'7were observed,indicatingthatttic is predicted to requi-re many years because of the

18 I \ 4 '1 .\\,./ slow diffusion of CFMs tratcr into 'Dr' strv- carries a special eororiagra capableofdetec ng $ sphere, -mass ejections as thty leaye the Sun on their jo :4 ,. "t ,'--( s nqy tOward'Eartlt Both the spritecvaftnd the A ch .ihrtIctober.- ...fgiudy of tile Sun aitd its Earth TWationships . , 1ierintents are on''schedule for la 40 1979. , It is'-dow well kno.t hat certaincertain effects in the a e Eartii's -upper atmNiflierernaritiq storms Ind 4,11ud.y of the S6fur Wind.'"An analysis finished n 177 showed the first visible evidence of the pas- . short-yave fadeouts,or exampl are associlited Sige of a high-speed sol.i'r Wind stream though\ with variations in the of of Olt particle anclPoit, . . . interplanetaryi. space. This dcfurred when.lhe ion ultraviolet light' fliixes:frorri the Sun. NASA at-, tairof cont Kohotitekbeing observechby'NASX's. ,tempts to understand how changes.in solar emiron- corncitary°14sektrch. Q,bsdrvat,oritt New Mexico) meat affect, the Eartand, if possible, predict theIs.ncu4c17, seVere -disteons as :a result a interaction occurrence , of sor phenomenal that shape and ,i' ' IvitV,1 high-speed wind4. streana from a solacorofial.. control the changing space,tlepvironinent of the hole (observed by soOr.telescePes,;on Skylab and Earth, This entails study. of Ire4Stin itself, thfxs6lai- ,g nNasuFedr) insitu1A, 'Interplanetary 171onitoting. 1 wind, aid the effects en theEarM's magnetic. field' . . . Platform 8)'.- Tili.S'4ame wind stream several days . and upper .annospheng, . ; i . )laterAsed to vvere geomagnetic storm in the -* Study cif the Sun. lh its thirlo-year of .operatioii,.. vicinit 'Mille ,Eapth..Theuniciteseries of observa- . the thibiting So a? Observatory, 8 (OSO 8) com-. ors an tinfkifialeled opportunityjfor tile billed continuati n pf*established observation pro- `study . . . of the origin of solar wihd strcams and.then grams with a vateli on.the new solar activity mark- ._ , their propagation ill:ay area of space which so far ___..,, ing the beginning .of the new sklar. cycle. Among :- .:, lifs been little studied. - the programs already.under way is the study of the Stud rof the .Ef fectr new' the Earl. The newly discoyered downflow circulation patterns Ai two International Stan -EarthExplorer satellites the solar atmosphere. This may. be important Tih launched in October,1977 irriel.loopilig trajectories understanding the energy. or mass transport into around the Earth mark both a higri" degree of in- the solar corona- and hence in the generation of ternational cooperation andthe first time two satel-. the solar wind.'.he stlic14, of new activity includes Hies Avere.designed to be Used together to study. the observations' of tiny 'magnetic, regions. which un-. Earth's immediate -space- environment. With one dergoflare-likehrightenintg withinhoi,,Irsalter satellite 5napaged byrNASA and the other by the emerging throilgh the Sun's surface. Study of these European Space Agency and witlr.Eurcip-e-an and ... simple features may provide /new insight into corn- U.S. experiments pn each, ISLE I and 2 will be ' Tim. flares in older. active regions, in which ex- investigatingotheinteraction of the solar particle plosive tursts Of Inas sSaturn. Scientific observations of the former will .cooled. This relationship beween thermal history begin in December 1978( Vi4ager l's closest ap- and planetary magpvism offer better- tinder- proach to Jupiter occur on, March 5,1979.t standing of other planets; the Earth, with'ts.strong Voyager 2 is on a slightly slower. trajectory; magnetic continuouS volcanism;Mercury, begin science observaions of Jupiter in. April 1979 with its weak magnetic field; and Mars, wi1. itsan- and its closest approach will be on July 9, 1979. cient volcanism 'and no magnetic. field; -Roth spacecraft will use Jupiter's gravitational field Thei,Pliznets:The most significant planery to swing around. toward Saturn, arriving in 1980- --roy'ery -of' the year was the. rings around the anet 1981.. After that encounter, Voyager' 2/may be de- Uranus. Tic rings' were detected'as. being flected into a- four-year flight to the planet Uranus. cause of an unexpected gap in the observation of PIONEER VENUS. One -of the most challenging kfre-/occultation of amoderately bright, star by, questions about Venus is why a Planet that is so Uranus. The discovery teas verified by observations 'much like Earth in many respects -has an atmos- made...With. several ground-basedtelescopes. and phere that is vastly different. Tiklirimai-y ob, ec NAS.V.s Kuiper.Airborne Observatory, 'a C -141 air- dye of the Pioneer Venus mission is to;study'Ahe craftmatinting a 90-centimeter telescope. The 'ex- VenusiA atmosphere. Two spacecraft- willbe istence ofr:ingksaroilnd 'Uranus-La phenomenon launched; a Multiprobe-a bus with --four atmos- hitherto knownorily-in the case of Saturn -wasan pheric-entry probes-in August 1978, arid an Or- important unexpected discoVery., biter in May 1978. Both spacecraft will arrive at VIIUNt' Nfis.sioNs: The four Viking spacecraft Venus in IircerThCr ',1978. The .probes will enter (two' orbiters and. two larider0 continuedto op: the Venn:skin atmosphe-re at the same time but at erate:norroalli-and.yelyrned science data froin the .--widely separated poihrs. plinet `Mars. Major_discovries have been mane 'in CALILRO. Begun, iri-197.7,. tlie mission - atmosphericcomposition,mete?i-Ology;surface ,consist of ari probe that will make /4" 20 direct measurements in Jupiter's annosplrt-ee and,. orbit in a celestial scanning mode,. rotating. slowly. an orbiter that Will orbit fOr over a year, studying and mail'ping the 'sky for x-ray and low"-energy Jupiter; its satellites, and its magnetosPliere.The gamma-ray sources:. the 'next three months would FederalRepublic of Germany,by _cooperative be devoted to pinpoint 'observations of scientific- agreentents.with NASA, will provide the orbiter allyinteresting' x-raysources. The fOilrexperi:. retropropulsicqtystein and two of the eXperim,ents. 'Dents, developed by six universities and Federal The Galileo mission will be -launched bythe agencies, provide complementary data on the de- Shuttle/Inertial Upper Stage in January 1982. tected sources in ,terms of 16cation, spectra, and . , time variations. Studies of the Universe space Telescope. After several years of,study and refinement,. the Space Telescope was aPproved as NASA's research in astrophysics is pointed to- a riel.v start in NASA's FY 1978 budget. It. is con- :ward the solution of such fundamental, questions ceived- as a long-term program that will provide a as: what 'is the origin of the Universe? What is the _capability in astronomy not achievable by any cur- origin' of theelements of which. the Earth andfrent or foreseeable groufbased telescope. The human bodies are constructed?' What high-energy Space Telescop4 a high - resolution, 2.4-Meter in- proCeSses occur. in space?' . strument which, when placed in orbit in late 1983. ....The tools used in such research are satellites will be able to observe objects at much greater dis- with differing 'assortments' of sKeia.lizedinstru- taces in the Universe than ,Can be reached by any inents; ground-based, telescopes; and, the specially ground -based telescope. It will differ from other instrumented -sounding-rtSckets, balloons, and air: unmanned satellites in 'that its design will .permit raft that can fly high enough to escape most of the in-orbit maintenance and repair by. astronauts or filtering of electromagrieM energy by the Earth's pick-up by the .Space'Shuttle and return to Earth , 'z',. atmosphere. . for refurbishment and relaunch. Any Of the focal- High Energy Astronomy Observatory: A major plane instruments cansibcplaced in either of event in astronautical research was the .suCcessfl these situations, encOUragit4'tipdating of the in- launch on August 12, 1977, of the High Energy strumentation 'and' the broadest use of the Space Astronomy Observatory 1(HEAO 1). The space-.Telescope to meet, scientific requirements arising craft was boosted by an .Atlas-Centaur rocket itito over itslifelime, 'whichis expected to exceed a a, nearly circular, low - altitude; low- inclination or -bit decade. which will minimize the radiation background for Contractors have been selected and contracts

the experiments. The largeSt Earth-orbiting un- . awarded for the detailed design and fabrication of manned scientific spacecraft-ever to be launched, the telescope and 'supporting systems. The first set' HEA01 is the first in a series ofthree.of its kid, of focal-plane instruments has been selected froM designedto- make ,significantcontributionsto among -the propos'als submitted by the scientific knowledge in the. disciplines of x-ray and gamma- communityThe European.SpaceAgency had ray astronomy,aswellascosmic-rayresearch. agreed to participate in the program by providing HEAO-B and C area scheduled for launch in 1978 one of, the schntific instrumentsthe. Faint 'Object and 1979.. . camera as well as the solar array that Will power Data .froin these satellites are expected to pro= the telescope system and personnel to man science vide valuable information on the nature Of some operations. of the most recently discovered and mostssnysterious ExP/orer-Safenites. Explorer satellites are rela- objects in the Uneiyerse; including pulsars, quasars, tively low-cost payloads designed to explore new and, possibly, black holes:From such information fields of scientific research, some of them targets could come better understanding of high-energy ofopportunity generated by inconclusive data processes in ,the 4/Universe and new theories of from other satellites. In January '1978 the Interna- energy production by-these objects. tional.Ultraviblet Explorer will be launched into All four experiments on HEAO 1 were operating a modified, geosynchr6nOuS' orbit to provide data and returning useful scientific data. During the on sources emitting energy in the ultraviolet por- first month :'of operation, a rare, transient, x-ray tion of the spectrum; it will be very important in nova was observed along with other sources in the designftg instruments and operational techniques. scanned regions... Within days 'this previously un- for thSpace Telestope: The IUE is another in- seen source became one of the brightest objects in ternatnal space venture; the United Kingdom the -x-ray sky. R-gAo l's Observations' are being and the European Space. Agency are contributing anallyzed by the investigators and several scientific essential hardware and the operations and satellite papers have already been submitted for publica-- observations will be conducted from One ground don. l'hespacecrafrt spent the first three months in station in the U.S. and another in .Etrope. The

21 geosynchronous orbit willenable observationsihy guest observers at each of the investigation by electron' microscope of thegenetics ground stations in and aging offruif flies in zero gravity. a manner similar to that in ground-basedoptical _ .observatories...; . 'Another internationalEXPlorer,theInfrared Space Transportation Astronomical Satellite,.was begun. in1977for launch in 1981. Thy U.S., theNetherlands, and the All operations in space, mannedor unmanned, United_ Kingdorrl have designedthis satellite to depend on some' means ofspace transportatiop survey the infrared sky witha "first of it% kind" Since the beginning of thespace age, transporta- cryogenically cooled telescope andfocal-plane de- tion has involved' expensive, expendablelaunch tectors. It should open up the infraredsky as did vehicles. For six years a new Space Transportation earlier Explorers in the . x-ray part.'of the electro- System has been in stages of design,developitent, magnetic spectrum. and testing. Pacing this effort is theSpace Shuttle, Of other Explorers designedto study selecj por; which, for the first time i,n the brief historyof space tions of the Universeone that is still operating exploration will be a space vehicle that isrecover- successfully is the. Small' Observatory 3, able and-reusable. The Space Shuttleis augmented which continues to provide uniquedata on Xecent- by other components,. developed andfunded by ly discovered x-ray burstsources. Ad Mxplorer in other organizations: Spacelab, by theEuropean the advanced study stage is theCosmic Background Space Agency; the Inertial Upper Stage, bythe Explorer, which could provide,the first careful ex- DepartmentofDefense;theSpinning Upper amination of radiation believed-to be left over Stages, by 'private industry. . from the earliest stages of theexpansion of the Universe. Space Shuttle Orbiting ?Astronomical Observatories.0A0 3, named -Copernicus, is The Space Shuttle is the keystone ofthe Space still operating successfully. Transportation System, which will begin The unanticipated long life ofthis satellite has providing provided a rich scientific harvest, frequent access to low Earth orbit in the1980s. The with more than world's first reusable spacecraft, the Shuttle 200 scientific papers published inthe field of ultra- will violet astronomy. offer' cost savings and unique missioncapabilities. Satellites can be serviced or repaired in orbit, Suborbital Vehicles. °Sounding or rockets, balloons, returned to Earthfor refurbishment;scientific and aircraft'continued to make theircontributions laboratories can be orbited and returnedto Earth to the development of tech-dology andto the 'ad- for examination. .A crew ofas many as seven per- vancement of science. For example,one NASA sons can orbit in the Shuttle, exposed to much sounding rocket flight, 4nilding on earlier observa lower acceleration than on previous mannedspace tions, offered new insightsinto the nature of systems, and can work in shirtsleeves in normal I quasars also it indirectlysuggested that the Uni- atmospheric pressure. Journey. into space, for both verse is finite in' size. In the NASA .balloonpro- people and pailloadS, should become routine.and gram,. one flight carried' aloft theprototype of a eliminate,.the need for costly expendable launch new, highly efficient cosmic ray detector. The air- vehicles. borne astronomy program has alreadybeen men- Development of the Shuttle is now far advanced, tioned with thee Kuiper Airborne Observatory-con- on schedule for the start of the orbital flight tests firming the discovery of rings aroundthe planet in 1979. Major ;Milestones achieved in1977 in- Uranus. cluded successful completion of the approach and landing. flighttests,the firstfiring of the solid Study of Life Scsences rocket motor, delivery of the first externalfuel tank, and; firing of the main engine forover five Experiments on Soviet Spacecraft.Cosmos minutes at the rated power level. 836 flew 7 U.S. biological experiments. TheI9-day Shuttle Orbiter. The orbiter's approach and flight ended on August 22, 1977, and the U.S. ex- landing -tests were conducted at 'DrydenFlight periments were received at NASA'sAmes Research Research Center, California. Captive flightsatop Center on September 25, 1977. Experiments in- 747 carrier aircraft were conducted fii-stand fol- chided inv.estigations with laboratory rats on the lowed by free flights. and landings of theorbiter, effects of weightlessness and normal gravityon the verifying its aerodynamic flight characteristics. This life span of red blood cells, on liver enzyme ac- first orbiter, named the Enterprise, will beflown tivity, on bone growth, and on muscle changes;as on the 747, Marshall Space Flight Center in well as on tosages from high-energy particles and Alabama for use in full-scale vibration testing.The 22 second orbiter,. which will be the first one to orbit performed on schedule by the Thiokol Ccirpora- the--Earth,is now being assembled at the Rock- Hon at Wasatch; Utah: Drop tests of the, booster's well-International Space Division plant in Palm- recovery parachutes were also performed, and de- dale, California. After a final Checkout, iF will be velopment of other systems proceeded on schedule. ferried atop -the 7'17 in late 1978 to the Kennedy Launch and Landing Facilities..Construction of Space Centel-, Florida, . to prepare .for the orbital launch and landing facilities at the Kennedy Space flight tests in 1979. Center is on schedule. Facilities needed for the The orbiter main propulsion test structure was orbital flight tests include the orbiter landing fa-* completed in June 1977 and Ishipped.to the Na- .-cility; mate/demate device; orbiter processing fa- tional Space Technology Laboratory; 'inMissis- cilities: hypergolic maintenance :. booster retrieval, sippi. It will be joined to an external fuel tank disassembly, and parachute facility: and modifica- and three main _engines for the main propulsion tions to the Vehicle Assembly Building, Launch test. Also a structural-test version of the orbiter is Pad 39A, and the mobile launcher. The computer-- now being completed at Palmdale. It will be inlayed ized launch processing system is largely complete to Lockheed's. Palmdale plant for full-scale struc- and ground-support equipment is being installed. tural tests in 1978. ProblemS with .avionics 'soft- Construction has begun on the second line of ware and production of the external- tiles provid- ground processing stations needed for the Shuttle ing thermal protection have largely been solved.. operational phase. Main Engine. Three Main engines are clustered Simiceiab. Spa b is an orbital facility carried to the aft ,section of the . orbiter. They are the within the car ay of "the Shuttle;its flexible major technological advance-over previous systems; components off preSstirized, shirt-sleeve labora- as such, they have had technical problems. The tory (the Module) , an unpressurized platform ex- basic requirement for a very long- lifetime reusable posed to the space environment (the pallet): and engine was a' new frontier for rocket engines; to standardized support services. Designed to be used this was added a requirement for a large increase 50 .times over 10 years. each Spacelab can act., as in operating pressure to pr vide a substautially a short-stay space station that can remain in orbit higher thrust-to-,weight ratio han existed in previ- for 30 days, though the normal. mission lasts 7 clays, ous systems. The main engin problems are mostly Experiments can be operated by as many as four in the high-pressure turbo machinery. uty prob- payload specialists: the intent, is to provide ready reins have been resolved andi testing continues. All access to' space fo,a variety of experimenters in cOmpanents have now been tested at the. rated manyfieldsandfrom many nations.Payload power` le71 and all except the flight nozzle have weights will range from 5* to 9100 .kilograms. been taken to the 'full power level (109 percent of The Fulopean Space Agency (ESA), in its agree- rated power) .Despite some delays, enginetests ment 1k ith NASA, is responsible for die design; de- have accumulated over 13,000 seconds of test time:. velopment. andmanufacture of the first flightmnit; accelerated testing is planned for 1978. allowing an er,y,:ucering model, two sets,of ground-support NASA to move with confidence into orbital ,flight equipment, and initial spares. The costs/to ESA tests: in 1.979. are now estimated at about $575 million. NASA External:Tank. This tank will contain in sepa- is responsible for .operations and development of rate compartments the liquid hydrogen fuel and connective itemS,-,such, as the tunnel between the the liquid oxygen that drive the main engines. .Spacelab and the cabin of the Shuttle. NASA plan's Since this is the one expendable component of the to buy atleast one production unit of Spacelab Space Shuttle, manufacturing and assembly of the Ififbni ESA. tank have emphasizedstandard,low -costtech- Ip 1977 .Spacelab moved ,past the halfway point .niques. The first tank, assembled. by the Martin, in approved design's of components and systems, Marietta. Corporation at .NASA's Michoud Assent- with the remainder expected to be ready for the blyFacilityin. Louisiana. was completed and overall 'critical design. review in February ..1978. shipped to the National Space .Technology Labor- Manufacture of many components- for thefirst atitty in September 1977 for use in the main pro flight unit has begun. Developmental tests are propulsion tests. Deliveries of structural test versions , «Tiling well for all subsystems, with integration of the liquid-hydrogen and liquid-oXygen tanks will begunin. April1977. With assembly andtest be completed early in 1978; a ground_ vibration of the .epgineering model under way, delivery to test article will also 1,',livered early in 1978 for NASA is scheduled in mid-1979. The first flight use in the full-scale. d ground Vibration test unit is scheduled to arrive at NASA in two incre- prograrn. ments, one in late 1979. and the other in early So. lidhocket Bhoster. The first test 'firings of the 1980. The first Shuttle mission That inclydes Space- Solid-rocket .booster .were in July .1977 and were lab is-scheduled fOr December 1980.

23 In fulfilling NASA's obligation for 'operational equipment, and the operational planning are al- support of the Spacelab, a contract was letin most complete. March 1977 for Spacelab .integration. Thecontract In addition to platiniiig NASA and DoD. mis- provides for the design, development, andfabrica- sions, NASA has been negotiating, launch agree- tion of most of the Spacelab equipment thatNASA ments with such domestic and foreign commercial is responsible for,' plus the system engineering and organizations.asComsat, Western Union, and integration needed to providean operational capa- Telesat/Canada to launch. communications. satel- bility for4acelab. Also,inSeptember 1977 NASA lives. With these . commitments and the govern- began work to modify the Operations andCheck-. ment's own requirements, cargo manifests have out building at the Kennedy Space Center so that been developed for the firSt few. years of Shuttle it can support preparations for launchof Space- operations.- Shuttle flights are now fully booked lab hardware. Construction should be completed for 1980-1981. in September 1978. There has been an intensive preparation for.op- Inertial Upper Stage. The Inertial UpperStage erational flights, scheduled to begin in mid-1980.- (IUS) (formerly the Interim Upper Stage)is de-- signed to take Shuttle payloads A user's handbook has been published; user charge out of low-Earth policies have been issued, establishing firm fixed orbit and place them into orbits beyond theper- prices for. DoD, civilian U.S. government, and corn- formance curve of the Space Shuttle. Thesolid- mercial users, including price lists for both stand- propellant IUS, with payload attached,will be ard and optional services. All users are guaranteed carried into orbit in the cargo bay of the Shuttle orbiter, deployed, and the motor ignited. TwO- a firm fixed price during the early years of STS op, ,-- eration,-. subject only to adjustments for inflation. and three -stage versions of the IUS will be avail- The objective is to encourage maximum-use of the able. Under developnrent by DoD, the IUSwill he system by all 'classes of users while ensuring that used by both DoD and NASA, with NASAuse NASA recovers operating costs over a reasonable confined primarily to missions requiringgeosyn-, period of time. Within that framework, special dis- chronous or planetary orbits. Validationises- counts are offered users who are willing to share sentially completed, and fi41-scaledevelopment is flights or to fly (1-1 a "standby" basis. DoD will be expected to begin in the firstquarter of1978. charged less because theft will be an exchange working toward an operational date in 1980.. launch and support services between. the NASA Spinning Solid Upper Stages. Complementaryto facility at Kennedy Space Center and the Air Force the IUS, the spin-stabilized splid-propellantstage facility at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. will be used to inject payloads into geosynchronous Acting within the bilateral agreement signed in orbits that are beyond the capability of the orbiter May 1977 lir the U.S. and .U.S.S.R. continuing. but call for lessnergy than that of the Inertial . space .cooperation for another five. years, NASA Upper Stage. Desi ned primarily for,the smallcom- representatives met in MoScow in November with. mercial payload,i will be carried into orbit by Soviet technical people 'to examine experiments the o rbitercrspun up, and then deployed before."lhat mightfittheformatofalong- dtiration ignition. The)inh t simplicity of spin stabiliza 'Thiission4eaturing ,the U.S. Space Shuttle and tof tion and solid prellant Motor will 'make for- Soviet Salyut space station. Representative's or the easy, economical transition to the Space Shuttle two nations were to meet three more times in 1978 of payloads now using expendable launchvehicles. (in April, July, and :October)to complete the' Two configurations- are being developed byprivate evaluation of experiments and to develop ,a pro- '`industry at rio cost to the government:-one in the gram to be recommended to their governments for 1 Delta vehicle class, the collier in the Centaurclass. consideration. -2. As many as four of the formeror two of the latter. can be accommojeatecl in one Shuttle flight. First Particularly encouraging has been the enthu- flht if planned for 1980. siastic response from American,industry, educ)-a tional institutions, .and private individuals in -re- Space Transportation System Operations.The sponse, to NASA's offer to fly sniall, self-contained :Space Trahsportation System (STS), consisting of payloads on a 'space:available basis for $10,000or. the Space Shuttle, Spacelab, andan upper stage, is less. By the end of 19774o1vance paynients for more intended to provide routine, less. expensiveaccess than 150 payloads had been received from industry, to spate for a wide variety of payloads, including educational institutions, and individuals specifying those accompanied bytheirscientistoperators. their intentions to fly experiments on the Shuttle., With the Space Transportation System scheduled Itis hoped that many of these, experiments will to be in operation by1980, the organizational contain innovative ideas from small businesses and structure,developmentoftheground-support, individlial researchers who for the first time will 24 0 have the chance to test their ideas in the space en- Delta. The most used of the vehicle 'systems, vironment at a cost they can afford.' Delthad 10 launches this year; 8 of them success- Operations .planning kept 'pace. with the tech- ful: ommunications satellites for NATO, Japan, nical developmentstechnical and business man- and Indonesia; a research communications satellite agement, procedures for integrated. operations, and for Ithly; a meteorological satellite for Japan and crew).training. Since NASA's, astronaut corps was one for NOAA; three satellites for the European not large enough to cope with the projected num- Space \Agency; and a NASA scientific Explorer ber ofyearly Shuttle flights, NASA 'solicited applica- .satellit'. Of the two failitres, the .first was in April tions for additional flight crew positions, including during he launch of the European Space Agency's the new mission specialist categories. More than GEOS mission; when the separation device between 20;000 persons requested forms and more than 8000 the second and third stages, of the. launch vehicle applications were received and processed for final failed.. This prevented the satellite from attaining .selection in 1978. synchronous orbit; it did gointo a highlty ellipti- . . Space Shuttle Life Science. A high-fidelity mock- cal orbit; from which it is meeting about 70 percent np of the Space Shuttle/Spacelab combination was of its mission objectives. After an investigation and the scene of a demonstration test, :conducted as a corrective actions, the next th ee launches were seven-day, single-shift Shuttleflight. The three- .successes. man crew performed 26 life-science experimonts The second Delta failure ocrreon September and 12 operational tests. Animals were used ex- 13, 1917, daring another European Space Agency tensively in the tests. The crew, consisting of a launch, this time an Orbital Test Satellite experi-, -mission specialist and two payload specialiSts, re- mental communications satellite on a Delta 3914 mained isolated in the .mockup for thlentite test, ,series vehicle. The Delta had a catastrophic failure, supported by "ground" flight control and payload exploding- approximately 5'1 seconds after launch. operations staff, Six developmental flight labora- The review board's investigation indicated that the tory items, produced and made available for this probable cause was failure of one of the Castor test, prOvided environmental control, waste man- IV strap-on solid 'motors. Since then, Deltas using agement, -animal handling, and feeding devices. smaller Castor II solid motors were. given clearance The first model of a new, higher pressure space- to launch the NASA-European Space Agency sci- suit for astronaut use outside the Shuttle is now entific explorers ISEEA and B, a European Space undergoing tests within NASA. Designed -to afford Agency.metechological satellite, and a communica-

. - greater Mobility and to cost leSS to make, it offers tions satellite fbr japan. ,. . .adjustments itisize for fitting of most, people by :,. Atlas- Centaur.ThreelaunchesusedAtlas- Centaur vehicles:two .Intelsat ,communications Modular selection of arms,, legs: and torsos.,, . Preparing for Space Shuttle operations, NASA satellites for the Comsat Corporation and. a NASA developed medical standards tailored to the Hindi- 'scientific high-energy, a straomy satellite (HEAD " vidual. -.crew 'and passenger responsibilities. Space 1). On one-of the Intelsat launches, conducted in ;medical standards ''or., selection of-' Astronauts September;' the hOoster failed approximately ,54. . -..Sec"onds after launch, causing the vehicle to tumble, - (Clayly, AstronautissiOn,Specialists,-(clits1JL) .. :. 464. Payloadkiecialists,i.Risserigers. (ClaSs'-III).:,!Ivete the Atlas,. stage to explode just alter -separation -- -....,- ...... !Irom, the Coutaur.sta ,and.the Centaur stage to ...published.- T eS tite,..Inttiec Sitei.seNd ..tir..--tei-: te'inct pa tioivin 1.iiidelffeliti,eki g e cc, 'itie:A:gkiOyedlgt.V range safety officer. Probable ..'e'afisk Of faillute teas a ruptured line in the hot gas '*.';:ta',.--....j.*:-.....:."-. f '...... 'g-,,,-.:` '.,'!'....''...Ai. ,. :.: ...'...... ):',.. .(i. k : -' .1` ,...... :,...... ,t':,,,: 4!",. ...:i....i.O.i . '. ',.. 0$,'.:.-.. :'," : '',..%'':.'i. generator'Jhats'idrives the turbopumps on the two

E.ipe.tAiolgic....e.a;i*h20. igif;s:;', :413..4:,'.',... : :'',Alias' outhbaid booster engines. This caused a'fire . .. ..,:.,.7;' .. ; ...... '..;',. :.::,::,7!::.:4,- .4',' ..: ...... ''ill the.-..engin-e,section. During.'1927-' t4:--eviiefitiaTA:hill,,,;,..7;,:thicits,.'f,-4 ,Titan HI-Centaur. The largest of the vehicle ;tr.,- ..-...... continuedlo,,provide.tranSp4*1401419,eg4 sy:Stems su &essfully launched Voyager 1 and 2 on variety of .iiset, tliongh.:K4r*t:& 4,1: f..70,.104-ii:..7!;; ONO boosters in August and September. These were failures, of which 1'm4.'1).107(446e.14:4,;,41-aCittga satellite' in elliptical. rather. ifian synchrOnous, or- the last missions now scheduled to be launched by bit..Of the total of 16 launches in the year, 12 this vehicle combination. were for the several categories of customers who reimburse NASA for the cost of the ,launch vehicle Advanced Studies and the support and launch' services. NASA continued to conduct advanced studies on Scout. The single launch of this ve.hicle system the feasibility and trade-offs between Italic:41s new was of a Navy navigation satellite in October from projectk, OIL program extensions, to provide both the Western Test Range, California. foetis to long-range planning and a data base for

(.1 25

fJ informed decision making. A major study looked developed with improved strength, wear, and im- at extended-duration missions of the Shuttle with pact resistance. This material was selected for use Spacelab. Options which appeared feasible were: on the Space Shuttle for." those areas subject to an evolutionary approach to large-scale space wear, 'such as around doors and ports. operations in which capabilities being devel- h ew thermal control coating was developed in opedinthe Space Transportation System 977. Known as "second surface mirror," the coat- could be augmented by a small electric-power ing has a- diffuse surface which, by eliminating module(25kilowatts)to supplement the glare, prevents secondary thermal buildup and int- Shuttle's power system. Later this module could proves temperature,,_'control;italso saves weight be increased in size so that the Shuttle could over previousmaterials used. Because of these ad-,. support communications, materials processing, vantages, itwasas selectiftfor use on the thermal and assembly of large structures in orbit, lead- control radiators &L.., e Space Shuttle: which are ing eventually td a space construction base. located inside the payload-bay doors. This type of Approaches were defined for fabricating and coating will find many uses in spacecraft of ,the . assembling large structures in space, for de-_ future. . veloping orbital operations, and for deploying Structures. As part of an effort to save weight in large antennas. Also included wasa study of future space systems, composite structures made of- reboosting and Yeusing Skylab, thespace sta- a graphite-polyimide combination are being de- tion that has been in orbit since 1973. veloped that can withstand temperatures-. 150°C future Space Transportation System require- 'higher than existing'composites, During 1977, four ments through the year 2000-include q'a capa- polyimide materials were. identified as hayng po- bility for orbit transfer well in excess' of what tential for use. as structural materials at atempera- the Inertial Upper Stage could provide. For ture of 315°C for as many as 500 re-entry cycles. example, extending manned flighttogeo- Techniques forfabricating structurg made of synchronous orbit would call for a large orliit- these materials are being developed..so that a typi- transfer vehicle with'payload capability from cal control surface can be, constructed and tested; 5 to 10 times that of the Inertial Upper Stage. if it verifies the predictions of structural integrity, For unmanned cargo transfer, solar-electric ion the reduction in weightisestimated ,to be 28 propulsion was investigated. percent. For long-range planning purposes, an analysisis underway to set feasible goals and determine tech- Guidance, Control, and. nformation Systems nology needs for future commercialuse of the space NASA's work in guidance, control, and informa- environment, with emphasis on worthwhile objec- 6On systems in 1977was designed to develop a tives for space industrialization. technology base that would permit a 1000-fold increase in availability to the user of space-derived 0 information, and reduce by an order of magnitude Space Research. and Technology the cost of mission operations 'by stepping up the : NASA's work, in space research and technology levelof autonomous : operationsinspacecraf , r I systems. - . provides advanced technology forfuturespace I missions. The'principal areas of study includema- Sensing and Detection. The first linear charge-' terials and structures; guidance, control, and in- coupled sensor array that can image in the near7 formation systems; space propulsion systemz; and infrared region bf the spectrum has been designed space energy systems. Although intended for use for remote sensing of-Earth's and other planets' en- in space, some of the technology has applications vironments. 'the device achieves signal processing on Earth as well. inreal time directly on the same chip as the imager and significantly reauces. weight and size as well as power needs. Materials and Structures Guidance and Control. Pursuing the cost ad- Research in materials and structures provides 7 tages of increased autorttation, NASA this year technology advances for reliable, long-life, light- ompleted aemonstration of a robot that combines weight structural materials for building spacecraft and coordinates the functions of vision, locomo- and large orbiting space structures. These advances tion,. and manipulation. The speed at which this could save operational costs and increase payload robot can process TV images was increased by more capability for future space missions. than an order of magnitude with improvedcorn - Materials. In thermal protectionfor 're-entry putertechniques and the design of a unique visual spacecraft, a reusable insulation material has been memory system.

.. . 446 26 4 Data Reduction and Distribution. Work'con- tents and tries to reduce itluAr cost. The associated tVizedon the improYement of softWare took and technologytriesto meet the growing need for tetchniques that interface user softwarepr grams, .energy in space. with somespin-olt, for applications andyipplications computers. A breadb for a`on Earth. conq der writer system that can tanslat user's Solar Cells and Arras. SOlar celltechnology progr, m into proven machine software in near -real .achieved a major advance in 1977 with pilotpro-. time ik is- developed this year. When opaational, duction of a solar cell five times thinner and lighter this cyst m promises to reduce, the cost of transit-. than thok now in use in space. Secondary benefits .,,). Lion sigm candy.. front these thin solar cells are reduced iragility and the potential for lower Cost'since less siliconma- Space Proprktsion Systems terial is needed. As for solar arrays, a large step . NASA's we 2 in space propulsion seeks to.ad- teward,demonstrating the feasibility of lightweight vance liquid,. solid. and heat-electric propulsion so solar arrays was the successful zero-g testing, using . that future Ea -th-orbital missions' and planetary a KC-135 aircraft, of the. root section of a 66-watt-

. explorations calhave increased performance at per-kilogram solar array. .. . reduced costs. 4 \ - Chemical Energy Cimversintn and Storagr. A Liquid Firdputsiin.. Testing ofcomponents for a', silver-hydrogen battery, a blend cif the technologies small, reusable, high- performance cngine burning of the silver-zinc battery and the hydrogen-oxygen ri oxygen and hydrogen designed for use in future fuel cell, has completed testing in simulatedgeo; 'reusableorbital-transfervehicles was -.anotable synchronous orbit. This prototype represents a pb- . , milestone in 1977. A thrust chamber assembly, with. tential for halving battery weigh I. a 400-to-1 nozzle .area ratio, was successfully tested Having demonstrated the basic Compata9ity of under simulated .vacuum conditions. Thespecific the reactantshydrogen and. oxygenin this new .impulse nicasured 478 seconds, the highest' known role, the technology offCrs promise that, since the 'value ever recorded for these propellants. same. reactants are being used both for propulsion Solid Propulsion. Significantprogress. was made and power, the weight savings from elimination of in demonstrating ,heat-sterilizable propellantsfor redundanttankageandreser.vefuelcanbe solid rocket motors that could lannch payloads significant: from the surf:ke of planets. Propellant 'chargesas .Thermal-to-Electri Conversion. Under a.joint large a\71 centimeters in diameter '(260 kilograms program with tlic Department of Energy, NASA ,- cif propellant- survived the Viking sterilizationre- has developed and delivered rotating units and quirement. o6 cycles of 54 hours each at 135°C. recuperators for a 500 - 2000 -watt' Brayton power sys- Thig,caPability is 4)eizig eiendedto larger., diam-. tem powered by radioiostopc. Longevity of the ro- eter' motors. 1 .. s tating machinery, has been the major technical . Electric PropuX7n. SubstantialLI-ogressoc- limitation of Brayton conversion systems. In ad- curred in the development of ion thrusters for dressing this concern, a larger (10 kilowatt) 'Bray-, bothlow-energy-levelapplicationssuch'assta- ton unit has logged over 30,000 hours of endurance tion- keeping of geosynchronous satellitesandthe testing and will continue toward a goal of ,50,000 honrs. higher 'energy levels, of primary propulsionfor planetary exploration: The station-keeper version- 4.5 millinewtoris of thrust7successfully completed ,a 10-cycle thermal - vacuum test and an accelerated- Tracking and Data Acquisition cyclelifetest(5000 cycles). The primary ion thruster (130 millinewtons of-,thrust)is targeted "I'hickingand data -acquisition represent the cru- to a FY 1980 technology ,readiness standardto be cial links that .return data to Earth for \analysis applied to planetary exploration. One element is and exploitation. These anivi&ties include tracking the Aevelopment of the power .processingsystems space vehicles for positionand trajectory, receiving that take raw power coming from the solararrays and processing science: and engineering telemetry, and Convertitintothe currents and voltages transmitting cominands to automated spacecraft. needed torun the ion thrusters. Development ver- proViding' voice' Communications for inann%1 sions of these power processors have been fabri- sion. cated and tested. The bulk of thoservices are proVided by the fa -ilities of NASA's two 'worldwide, tracking net- Space Energy Systems works. The Spaceflight Tracking and Data .Net- work isspecialized to support allEarth-orbital NASA's kesearch' in spve energy systems im- missions. The Deep Space Network is designed and proves the longevity and efficiency of energy sys- engineered to support planetary and interplanetary

1 Missions at great distances .from EarthmA NASA a spaceborne telescope justasif he were ina Communications System, employing a variety of ground observatory. Now unhergoing .testand communications links from simple land telephone checkout, this unique facility enables the investi- lines tolgatellite. relays, connects 'these facilities to gator to select the star he wishes to observe; a provide instantaneous information 'flow between computer complex will generate, commands, relay the spacecraft, the ground stations, and the project, them to the spacecraft through the ground sta- control centers. tions, and point the telescope to the desired star, automatically: Not only isthis popular with Operational Activities the scientist, but with the control loop, Throughout the,year the networks continued to vapid, flexible resport,se is possible when confronted support more than 50 Earth-orbital spacecraft and with unexpected results or brief phenomena. some14 interplanetarymissions.This includes Deep Space. Network Improvement. Capabilities tracking and, telemetry launch support that was of the Deep Space-Network were improved by the provided, to other governrne6 agencies, tocom- completion of a ntulrber of modifications that re- \\Inercial owners, and to a host of internationalco- duced the noise generated by the antenna systems \Operative and foreign missions, on a reimbursable themselves. Antennas must be extremely, sensitive asis. Sometimes post-launch support was provided to pick up spacecraft tranSmissions. from )hundreds as well: of millions of .miles 'away. In this situation the noise generated by the antennas themselves is a Support of the International Community major component of the interference that must be overcome if we are to communicate with distant In1977 telemetry and tracking support were spateCraft and navigate 'them across vast distances. provided to the. European Space Agency's Meteosat In addition the conversion of the 26-meter anten- weather spacecraft, several Japanese weather and nas to x-band frequencies began in 1977. X-band communications satellites, and the Italian Sirio will enable satelliths to transmit data at higher mission.Post-launch support normallyinvolves ratesand thereroie return: more .i.t.,itathan they maneuvering the spacecraft from its initial orbit can on S-band. The first of theselual-frequency into geosynchronous orbit and drifting the satellite antennas will he ready by late 1978 to assist in the to the desired geostationary position once inyn- 'simultaneous handling of the Pioneer Venus mis- c,bronous orbit.' Then operational controlisre- sion and the Jupiter encounters of the Voyager turned ?6 the owner in a series of graduated steps spacecraft. for a-smooth transition of the control,function with little risk tcOcontinuing operational reliability. NASA-Energy Programs Network Progress Data Processing/ImprOVerirt-reis.,At the Goddard 'NASA support of research and development in Space Flight Center, important improvements were the field of energy includes reiinbursed support to :made in 1977 to the large-scale, common-purpose the Department of Ertrgy and other agencies, and data processing facilities and the mission control derwition and undersTa.nding of was in which centersifor automated Earths-orbital spacecraft. A' space. technology may be used to helpsolve energy new telemetry processing system eliminates tape needs on Earth. The reimbursed activity in 1977 recording of-ata received at each station; data amounted' to nearly $100 million and 400 equiva- now erft'er a mass storage system dir_ectly from. lent man-years of efforr'rom several NASA centers. communications 'lines. This eliminate k the delay The definitionactivity' was largely funded by for recording- and the d1.1 ay involved in shipping NASA. the tapes from the stati sto, the control center. Also the data are cataloged automatically as they Solar Heating andSspeg . are stored, avoiding another tape recording. With these improvements, mucii greater voluMes of data NASA contributes to the development of sys; can be processed and delivery of data to the experi- tems for the National Solar Heating and Cooling menter is quicker. Program and provides contract, management and Control Center Improvements: A-new capability technical support for the commercial demonstra- in mission control wiltake effect early' in 1978 tion pait of that program. NASA also particillates when the control roorn or the International Ultra- in a joint program with the Department of Energy violet' Explorer is ac vated. For thest time the to install solar equipment on buildings in NASA participating scientist will be able tmanipulate centers.

28 'd Improved solar heating components andsystems sary .tilt assess technical fe ibility and thereby pro- are now being integrated into 45 operatidnal test vide a baseline for the studies by the. Department sites throughout the U.S. to test capabilities and of Energy. performance in a wide variety of climaticzones. Seventeen of the 45 systems werAompietecl in 1977. Prototypes of advanced cooling systemsare being AO Aeronautical Research and Technology tested at three locations. These systemsare a major

step toward cost-effective solar cooling of single- NASA's aeron. laical researchis aimed at(1) fafitily Thefirst_ofthese Rankine- , improving the enc. -gy efficiency of airgraft,(2)re- cycle systems will be instal*1 ina test building by ducing aircraft Dole and emission pollution,(3) improving aviation mid-1978. Also; 10 buildings. at NASA centers afety and. ,terminal-area oper- in California, Texas, lilAtama, Florida,and Vir- ations, (4)- advancing long aul and short-haul air- ginia will be dittipped with solar heatingsystems craft, and (51 providing technical support to the by mid-1978. military to maintain the performance superiority

rr of military aircraft. . Wind TurbAe Generators as, Improving the Energy Eff :mu: of Aircraft The 100' - kilowatt wind turbine -(M D.-0), dedicated two Tears ago at NASA's Plum Brk &Won The Aircraft Energy Efficie cy program, begun near Sandusky, Ohio, has undergonextensive in 1976, liTis as its goal the development of new testing. Early technical difficultieswere overcome technology that can reduce fuel. consumption of in 1977 and the .machine nowoperates automati- future transportaircraft bytqito 50 percent cally, 'delivering power to the *cal utilitycompany through advances in engine systems', aerodynamics whenever the wind exceeds Irkilometersper hour. and active controls, and structures. Another' machine, similar but ratedat 200 kilo- -Engine Systems. By improving engine compo- Taus, will begin operation at Clayton, New Mex- nents in current engines, NASA intends not only to reduce fuel consumption but to minimize deteri- ico, early in 1978. Two more of this model ivillbe installed next year at Culebra, Puerto Rico, oration of performance 'in current and future de- and rivative tin-bofan engines. During 1977 work was Block:Island, Rhode Island: Design andconstruc- tion of two much larger machines begun on redesign of fan blades and improving the was begun in high-pressure turbine seals; improvements- in these components could reduce specific fuel consumption by about 2.5 percent. Research on seal flow Photovoltaics (Solar Cells) effectiveness has led to design of a better seal con- As part of the Department of Energy's Nation , figuration to reduce leakage and thereby redUce d7 Photovoltaic Conyrsiorr Program, Work continued fuel consumption then the seals are used on coin- ,ionthe Low-Cost Silicon Solar Array. Projectat ponents throughout the engine. NASA's Jet Pro ulsion Laboratory and theTest Umponents -identified for furtherdevelopmenft 'in 1978' include incorporating new materials and and Applications Project. at NASA's LewisRe- search Laboratory. e first project develops tech- manufacturing processes; more efficientcooling,''re, nologies to reduce theosit and increase the life- duced-3,ealyge, imprOv4d bearings, and .UpproireA time of arrays. The Lewis project experiments with, coroponent-aerodyiamics. a variety of applications intended to stimulate near- NASA also eXpltred in 1977 the technology re- term commercial use. , quired:for a next-generation turbofan engine that significantly reduces specific fuel consumption by Satellite Power Systems approximately 15 percent less than current high- bypais-ratio engines. Work has begun on the ad- A joint study by the Department of Energy and vanced coniponentsfans,-compressors, combustors, NASA is under way, to develop by the end of1940 and turbineS. a first understanding 9f technical feasibility, eco- Aerodynamics and Active Controls. Testing in nomic viability,and 'socialand environmental wind tunnels' provided basic data on the aerody- acceptability of the Satellite Power Systemscon- .namic performance of the supercritical wing for cept. The Department of Energy will manage the potential application-to the:design. of. future trans- effort and assess the economic, environmental, and port aircraft. Over 1000 hOOkin the wind tunikl socialaspectsin comparison with other enemy were devoted to teSting, the`effects of varying the alternatives. NASA will foals onglechnical issues, wing aspect ratio, camber and sweep, and thecon attempting to define the systems to the depth neces- figuration. of the 'wing .control surfaces. Items iden-

29 4 c' . t . tified for adaitionalowind-tunnel g. are wing- of .high-altitude ilight..Such a reduction would re lets, propulAion system integration,nd active con- ducedie. posibility of destruction of atmospheric "trPls for alleviating wing loading. ork has begun ozone.71 Laboratory tests :n other studies_ have indi on applying active controls ant aerodynAmic im- rated that enriching fuel with hydroger during provement, singly or coupled, to future transport fuel premation is 'a concept which permits leaner aircraft.%Baselineflights were begun in 1977 witha fuelf\ir Turning and -thuS. redos the formation Lockheed .L1011 ,:thcryt equipped. withan active of Oxides of nitrogen. control system. Aircraft 1")1i oisi! Reduction. One ty of 'ply-level Work in laminar flow control has focusedon nozzle bein. investigatedis the inverted-velocity- achieving a practical wing structure of minimum profile nozzle. In this- cOnfigurktion the Sigh veloc- structural weiglif- by integrating the flow-suction ity of the jetOrsin the outer region lather than system with the primary. structure.. Wind-tunne at the centerasin the conveRrional bypass exhaust tests of a' full-scale wing model having a 6-meter stems. Gombinations of inverted-velocity-t.ofile chord and a .supetcritical cross-section confirmed nozzles ;Ind advanced multi-element mecha tt,cal that laminar flow cdold be achi ved witha wing suppressors were tested in wind tunnels in, varng design representative Of a futureansport aircraft. arrangements in 1977. Preliminary analysis of the .ReSearil was conducted on the aerodynamic data stiggefts that such sequences. can prove fruit- problan caused by the buildup of dead insectson ful in reducing high-velocity jet noise. the leading edge' d an aircraft wing in flight,ifhe Significant progress was also made in.under. results of the flight .tests at locations throughoutthe standing of sound attenuation, propagation, and ', U.S..demonstrated 'that 'a water sprayon a Teflon - racOion froM the engine inlet dftcts. j(new tech-. coated leading edge of a wing Would eliminate nique. was developed which will aid in the rapid,. boundary-layer .transition from laminarto turbu- efficient design of acoustic liners for ducts. The lent flow otherwise caused by the layer of. insects. method accurately describes 'the' far-field sound .. Structures. So that performance predictionsand radiation pattern from ducts with far greater sim- Manufacturing processes can be validated', NASA is plicity than was previouSly thought possible:An developing arid, grQund-testing six components advanced bulk linear 'ii-aterial was-demonstrated in - existin6 transport aircraft; thesecomponents h ve anititegrated__enginenacelle;itprovides high been made from adVanted composite materis up ,acoustic efficiency with savings in weight. to 30 percent lighter than metal..Teft.upper aft *In the study of human response to aircraft noise, rudders for the DC-10 were produced fromcom- a majoeffort- has been to improve the basesfor posite materials in 1977: The secondcomponent, relatinglaboratory . findingstocommunityre- the vertical fin -oft the L1011 aircraft, completed its sponses. Several studies to improve the noise di41,

critical design review- and entered design verifica-, . criptor for specific types of aircraft have been com- tion. testing.Experience.. to date indicatesthat, pleted. Critical ;aspects of the human stimuli ,,in when produced in sufficient quantities, thecorn- helicopter and supersonic aircraft noise have been posite components will compare favorably in cost. identified. The..data are being used in the develop- with their metal counterparts. Ment of natiortal,, and international noise standards...... Reducing Undesirable Environmental Effects /" In structural acoustics, development was begun Einissions of ,improv,ea prediction methods for the transmis- Reduction. Work on experimental.sion, absorptibn, and reflection of noise in clean con-dnistors, seeking to reduce the exhaust frame materials and structural configurations. Re- emissions from -large turbine engines during landing and takeoff, has been completed. Emission cent results show that structural weight requirements for noise attenuation may be reduced by as levels were significantly below those of conven- much as 50 percent by adv:inced design techniques.. tional engine combustors and comparableto the emission standards setfor 1979 by the Environ- mental Protection Agency. The experimental data Improved Safety Ina Terminal -Area Operations are being used by the Environmental Protection. Safety.Aircraftfirest' eitherin alight orpost- Agency in. evaluating emission-level standards for crash, are among the serious threats to occupants all future engine classes.' of aircraft. NASA is exploring several ways of con- Work has begun on a program to reduce aircraft trolling the propagation' and intensity offit-es. emission ,during stratospheric cruise. Concepts for Through thermochemical ;modeling, .NASAre- fuel-preparation and combustors are-being sought searchers have pro'videdauseful analyticaltool which can 'reduce. emissions of oxides of nitrogen for '-gui-dingMaterialsdesignersinstructurirg at the polder settings and'atmospheric conditions panels and cabin 'niers inwaxsthatwillin- 3o vIJ fjibit flammability, 'rapid spread ofire; and theation thatRabies him to perform complex approach . amount of smoke and tox:c gas. ew materials trajectori&in low visibility; they also include 30 have been developed which offer potential gains in fully automatic (hands-Off) landings.. , resistance to fires. Fire resistant polyimide foams are In cooperation with the Fetleral'Aviation Admin- being examined for possible use in seat cushions, 'istration, NASA is developing tellinology for ad- one of the main sources of smoke and flame in air- vanced airborne systems and flight procedures that craft cabin fires. can improve terminal operations ttiropgli effective In a crash, a 'major link between the ignition use of adVanced navigation. guidance, and cone sources hot- of the.engine, electrical shorts' intinitations systems being developed by the Fed- friction sparksand a fire is the fuel-Mist cloud that eral Ayiation, Administration. One such system is is generated by rupture of fuel tanks and lineS the A,Acrowave Landing System, a precision .guid- when the aircraft crashes. NASA is applying bask' ance system designed replace the 35-year-old In-'- chemistry in the study of aircraftjuel treated with strument Landing Syst. A 737 aircraft,with dis- small amounts of high-molecular-weight polymer play, navigation: an fight control systems repre- additives; test results indicate that these additives senting the first application of all-digital systems to inhibit the formation of fuel mist in crash situ- conventional transport aircraft, has demonstrated ations, coupled approaches and automatic landings with Aircraft' safety can also be improved if the per- the Microwave Landing System. The purpose of .sons who work in or use the national aviation sys- these flights was to demonstrate to representatives- tem feel responsible and secure in reporting threats of the Organization of Anierican States the matur- to safety which they have observed. In an effort ,to ity and integrity of the U.S. Microwave Landing provide a_buffer between the regulatory agency and System gs a 'candidate for the new international these individuals, NASA has for the last two years preci4ion-guidance landing system. -15rierated the AviationdiSafety Reporting System, in which complaints are submitted to it, synthesized, Advancing Long-Haul and Short-Haul Aircraft and worthwhile data are passed on to the Federal Long-Haul. Severalsignificantadvances have .AViation Administration* for appropriate action. been made' in identifying ;advanced technology for The system continues to be well supported by the supersonic transport, that are economically -atttac- aviation community, with more than 8000 reports tive and environmentally acceptable. The standard submitted! Many of-Ike reports have identified im- technique for:tailoring the size of "Tabsenic. trans- mediate safety problenis°, over 400 bulletins have ports from a, basic design to'fit other range and been forwarded to the Federal Aviation Adminis- payload demandS was to lengthen or shorten/ the tration for investigation and corrective action. This fuselage. This approach was found not to apply to' year the emphasis has been on developing a corn- supersonic transports with' their' highly integrated puterized data base, from which it will be 'possible,n_ andt. blended lying/fuselage designs. This year the to analyze in detail the more pervasive safety prob7. U.S. applied for a patent on a new concept which: lems. involyes lateral fuselage-Changeschanges to provide wider Terminal-Area Operations. Alkwea.ther use of narrdMer crbss sections for the cabin area' of helicopters' can be a major factor' in futureArans- supersonic transports. Also flightresearch with the portation.o ftthem into the total pattern of ter- YF-12 aircraft demonstrated for the first tithe that minal-area opera ions, helicopters must be equipped improved high-speed handling and ride qualities withflightan navigationinstrumentsthat Were achievable with a cooperative control System, will enable theto fly precisely prescribed flight which integrated "aircraft,inlet, and engine con- paths to small 1 nding pads while maintaining the trols. In ground-based research, structures made of required separation from other aircraft in the traffic superplastically formed titanium were tested,as flow in and out of the.x4ports. Since helicopters werelow-speed aerodynamic improvementsfor havevastlydifferentflightcharacteristicsthan noise reduction and the verification of coannular- other aircraft and impose a greater workload on nozzle awustic suppressionfor concepts of the pilots, their equipment and operating techniques variable-cycle engines. cannot be mere spinoffsfakua conventional aircraft Quiet Propulsive-LiftTechnology. In August systems. NASA has successfully demonstrated oper- 1977 the inflight measurements on the Boeing YC- ating systems and -piloting technique's for safe 14 and the Douglas YC-I5 aircraft were completed operation of helicopters in adverse weather and in as part of the test and evaluation of the USAF congested terminal areas. These demonstrations in- Advanced Medium STOI, Transport prototype air- clude some 60 manual approaches to.landing; using craft. Now ,being compared with analyticalesti- cockpit displays providing the pilot with informa- mates and ground-test data to develop improved

31 design - techniquesforfuture nsports, these search on nose. shapes . for aircraftis seeking de- measurements inFluded therm; and acoustic en- sign data on spin resistance to be used earlyin vironaerii on the Wing flapsys ems, intei'ior and the design cycle.of future fighter ;iireraft. ` flyover noise, engiue.inlet acoustics,.and handling qualities. Airframe/Propulsion System Interactions. The very large turbOfan engines being used in modern The Quiet Short -Haul ResearchAircraft made , fighteraircraft substantial progress. in..1977 with the have caused propulsiOnaerody- completion namics"to react with the aerodynamics of theair- of fahleication, assembly, and installationof the fiiine..for a larger effect on perfprniancet than new propidsive-lift wing,.-new engine nacelles, and in previous designs. NASA has used the F-1r> in flight fuselage modifications. Scheduled for dkveryto tests and models of the aircraft in wind-tunnel NASA in 1978,.this aircraft will beused to validate in :flight the design and 0N:rational measurements to provide datafor designers of technology future aircraft, .enabling -themto optimize per- needed by the .U.S. aviation industryto develop' quiet short-takeoff-and-landing formance by includinv the effects of propulsion- transports. and by system aerodynamics in their basic design. Federal regulatory agencies to establishappropriate certification standards. NASA / FlightPrograms. Thejoint NASA/Air Force Highly -Manetyerable Aircraft Teehnical Support to the Military Technology program has moved to the point'where the prhne contractor has fabricatedparts for the The support by NASA of military 'programsad- jeci flight vehicles and is now in final assembly,, "vances broad -ixeel technology for use bythe mili-. with delivery of the first vehicle plannedfor early tary el.ing future generationgenerationsof military in 1978. The. NASA/Air Force Transonic Aircraft aircraft. / Technology program has been completedand its . Stall-Spin Research. investigation ofstalls and data are tvailable to the industry; showingwind- spi4is has proceeded for severalyears beCause of the tunnel-to-flighipcorrelation for supercritiCal wings. undesirable departure and spincharacteristics of NA§A and the Air Force. havetwo -joint heli- modern fighter ailtaraft. Losses from spin-related copter-research programs: the Rotor SystemsRe- accidents have.averaged 70 aircraftand 38 airmen search Aircraft and the Tilt Rotor ResearchAir- per year. NASA's Langley Research Center, inco- craft. The first of these has completedits initial operittion with the USAF, has contributedto the operational checkoutlights and is being readied revers;i1 of this trend .through itsresearch in aero- for research. flight testing, using. both therotor sys- dynamics and control systems. The F-15F-I6,'and. tem and wings for lift. The Tilt Rotor Research,.. F-17 aircraft are highly spin-resistantas a result of Aircraft has .finished its initial hover flighttests and this reseaLch. Currently theaerodynamics andcon- is now in the ground-testprogram that precedes the trol systems of the F,18 are being tailoredto pro- full-scale wind-tunnel tests and the firsttransition vide a high degree of resistanceto spin. Basic re- ,flight.. lit.

32 4,

Department of Defense

Introduction DEFENSE SATELLITE COM NI UNICATIONS SYSTEM. The primary mission of the Defense Satellite Coin- Department of- Defense aeronautics and space munication*System (DSCO)is -to provide rapid, developmental activities are fundimental to na- reliable, and secure satellite communications for tional security. Aeronautical activities support the* the 'National Command Authorities and to con- national defense role in terms of tactical and stra- tribute to the ldwide Military Command and tegic aircraft ancruise missiles,airborne early Control Syste e .system.has provided excep- warning, grog d and ocean surAillancE amphib- tional communicates support tothe National ious and ground/air assault mobility, and air mo- Command Authorities. , bile command, control, and communications: Space The initial research and developmenC phise of activities support the national defense rol terms the Defense Communications SatelliteProgram of mission support for communications, vigation, provided a limited operational system 'from 1966 weather and ocean forecasting, and surveillance. through 1974. The space subsystem currently consists of four operational spacecraft: two DSCS II ,satellites (numbers 7 and 8) launched in May 1977 Space'ACtivities and deployed overtheAtlantic and Western PacificOceans; DSCS IIsatellite(number 4) Space Systems and Programs launched in Deceniber 1975 and recently moved from the western Pacific to the Indian Ocean, and Military Satellite Communications Activities. De- NATO IIIB obtained on&loan for temporary use fense requirementsforsatellite communications. over the eastern Pacific Ocean. A dual launch of call fOr three categories of s&vice:(I) high-capac- D.SCTIA satellites (nilmbers 9 and 10)is scheduled ity, long haul trunking (point- to-poit' cOmmuni- for girch 1978 to replace the Indian Ocean satel- cations). (2) moderaite-capacity mobilfuser service, lite and the NATOIIIBsatellite, which must be and '3) strategic-force 1command and control. returned to I;JATit),in aecordance with the tem-

Militany comthunication Oinks,, including,those porary loan agreement. DSCS II satellite Plumbers using satellites, must have an anti-jam capability II and 12 will be available fdual launch in Whieh civil systems do not need, so that hostile November 1978. In addition, the Air Force has enemy activity cannot degrade our military satel- contracted 'fOr,fotir additional,Iiigher powered lite communication systems. In the near term these DSCS II satellites (number 13 through 16)to re- services are satisfied by(1)the Defense Satellite plenish the DSCS space segment in 1979-1980. Communications System, Phase II (DSCS II), (2) Gran-rid terminals for DSCS are provided by the the Fleet Satellite Communications System (FLT- Army. During 1977, a total of seven new terminals SATCONI) plus leased services on the maritime with 19 -meter antenna4eflectors becanie available satellite (Marisat), and (3) the Air Force Satellite for operational use. Additional digital modulation Communications System, (AFSATCOM), consisting equipment procured by the Army represents prog- of the Satellite Data System (SDS),FLTSATCOM, ress toward an all-digital sys,tem. and other hosc satellites. At varying times in the The next generation of DSCS satellites will be future, these 4ar-term systems will be replaced DSCS III models. A contract was awarded in 1977 by(I)the DSCS III,(2)the General Purpose for the development of one qualification model Satellite Communications System(GPSCS), and and two R&D flight models. The first R&D satellite ,(3)the Strategic Satellite System (SSS).Easch of (DSCSILIA)is scheduled for launchinmid -1979 these military satellite communications programs for about one year of R&D test and evaluation. The Will be described in more detail. second R &D satellite(DSCSIIIB)'is scheduled

33. . . lot/launch in mid -1980 forabout a -six-Montb test The AFSATCONJ terminal segmentrt p Floc!. The DSC.S III satellite will have Multiple, of airborne, mobile. 'and. fixed terminals. Terminal dependent transponders to efficiently-handleboth deployment will begin in1978. Planning for the small and largeterminals.Its. communications 'concept for a Stratepic'Satellite,System (SSS) as a rhannels will have. improved antizjamproteetiem follow-on tokF..c;ATCON1 is under way. through the use of multiple-beam antennas capable ;ARMY COMMUNICATIONS ACTIVITIES. of nulTp r,or minimizing uplinkjamming signals.. The Anny. Satellite Conmumications Ground, In ad( the normal S-band tracking,telem- viromnent includes. the development of .strategic etry, and comm!ind functions operated by-theAir and. tactical -satellite communications'ground Force, die DC.S.0 III satellite will,-havea sup minals for use by all services. Two. .major projects high-frequency(SHF). Itommand capability,a in this program element are the QSGS II and the trolled operationally by the DefenseCommunica- Ground' Mobile Forces Tactical Satellite Conimu- " tionsAgency.'thiscapabilityi will improVe nications Program. A third and -smaller project in response time for convolling ',reconfigurationsof this program is devoted to the exploratOry devel- communicationschannels.' The satellitewill con- opment required to support the two major -proj- form to nuclear survivability .guidelinesand will ects.. eltave a design lifetime of/about sixyears. Since the DEEF;;\s;SE. SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM .Space.Shuttle will become operationallyavailable SUPPORT. Til(f U.S..Army has completed themodi- during the lie of the DSCS IIIprogram. the new fication: of existing. DSCS ground terminals to satellite is))lig designed to be Shuttle-compatible. upgrade their reliability' mil communications'ca- The SHFK mmunications satell'iterequirements, pacity. Two AN/ESC-78 terminals have been in- of the 1980s nd beyond will be satisfiedby the installed and-are operational at Forty Det'riek,' creased -capability and flexibility ofthe DSCS III land. SeVenteen inoreliavebeenProcuredto satisfy satellite.' the needs of the DSC.S Lind, by the end' of 1977. . FLEET SATELIT COMMUNICATIONSSvs-rENt. Mod- 1 were installed worldwide. The contract for 21 AN./ crate capacity; mt4bile-user service will-beprovided" MSC-61 medium 'terminals' isscheduled to be 1/Y--theFleetSatellite ,Communications System awardec by. March 1, 1978. The AN/TSC-86 light .(FLTSATCON1). Its objective isto develop, pro- transportable tetminal 'Contractwas awarded Sep- cure, and imj*lement a satelliteconi. munications tember 30, 19-77, for 'Ince terminals. A contract for system to satisfy the most urgent, wotldWide.tacan additionaY tliree terminals was'awarded on Oc- t cal.and strategic communications,requirements of . tOber 31). 1977. 1 l'eN.S. Na and U.S. 'Air Force. Productioncon- ° TACTICAL SATELLITE" COMMUNICATIONS.Several tracts for the first three FLTSATCOM sliatecraft small SHE 'terminals. have been under tests have been awarded. The 'firs[ launchis scheduled fume 1975. These small terniinaLsare now uncle)... for early 1978. -Installation of fleetbroadcast, re- contractfortow-it-teinitialproduction. When ceivers is virtually complete, withshipboard trans-. fully deployed;- those terminals will provide ..,ikiver§ andi,jnfoilnation 'exchange'systems in 'over bile.qiulti-charittelcommunications the 200 ships aril.' 40submarines. The third leased NEI- ground mobile forces transmitting through, the -- risat spacecraft became operation:ilin 1977,. thereby... DSCS satellites front the field. Engineering develop- providing virtually.. worldwide UHFsatellite com: ment has begun on a UHF, manpack terminal munications. ThOshipbOard terminalequipment and for,a, U(I-If vehicular terminal. will be operated through bOththe Marisat and The inter4 operational capability provided by FLTSATCOM systems. Installation of secure voice. the test models continues tosupport various con- - shipboard terminals coltmenced in1977. tingencies and field exercises. Operational testing .,In.'the ft:nure, this Glass of service willbe Satis- through the 'fear has assisted in refining conceers fied by the General Pui)ose SatelliteCommu,i)ica, for use of this significanttransmission medium in tions System (GPSCS)to support mobile users ,of support of combat readiness operations. . the :Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines. (hut-Mg INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION°IN SpAcy. The 19717, a jointprogram office was esiablishe' or the United .States and the United Kingdom continued . GPSCS.1 to operate under an agreement whereby the U.S. AIR- FORCE SAT 1.LITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM. and the .U.K. would exchangean e>enti-ally equiv- The Air Force Satellite Communications(AFSAT-or...-itirnt amount- of satellite capability between U. COM) System will provide command .S. and contr DSCS and U.K. Sk ynet satellites,- andto -interop- . communications for strategictegic forces. The spaceseg- crate with each other's Earth termimils.. ment includes VIA;ch transponderson- severalspace- The-U.S., U.K., and NATO continued in craft types, inchidi g FLTSATCOM agree -` and the Satel- . ment for a post-1975 communications satellite litc.,Data. System (SDS). arrangement. The Partieswillexchange satellite

34 9 capacity during specified conditions and willal- lites in three orbital planes at 2O,400 kilometers, a locate channels temporarily. on a day-to-day basis ground segment for calibration and control of the when_difficulties are experienced.` satellite's, and 25,000 to 35,000 user equipments of As a result of an agreement signed in September various classes. The GPS' will provide all-weather 1976 'between the U.S. am.f_NATO.Ohe U.S. has coverage using a common grid, enabling users to had the exclusive use of the ,NATdr IIIB satellite passively determine position to. within 10 meters during 1977: This arrangement!will. continne 'until and velocity to within .03 meter per second. A spring 1978In return, the U.S. will provide NATO lower cost, receiver will provide less accurate in- with equivalent DSC'S satellite capacity at a time formation (100-200 meters) suitable for most navi- to be desiknated by NATO 'and agreed to by the gational purposes. The system may also be used to s provide precise- worldwide time transfer. Progress continues toward establishing the U.S.- ' NAVSTAR GPS. isinthe concept-validation LIIS.S.R..Direct Communication Link, *inch uses phase. Six satellites will be launched by the end of satellite communication circuits via Intelsat and 1978. Development models of allclasses of user. Molniya satellites. The link was created inaccord- eq.hipment, including high-accuracy, low-cost, and ance with the1971Strategic Arms Limitations man-pack models, will be extensively field,tested. . Talks agreement between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. NavigationTechnologySatelliteNumber2 Since August 1976, the Molniya system has been Us- (NTS 2) , developed by the Naval Research Lab- able .24 hours a day, and end-to-end testing con- ._ oratory, Was launched inJune 1977. NTS 2 is prin- . tinues, using both telsat and Molniya. cipally a test bed for advanced frequency standards which are the key to the precise pot tio riing capa- Navigation Satellite Acity bility of the NAVSTAR system. NTS 2 carries a The Navy-Navigation Satellite System, referred navigation payload identical to that to be raunched to as Transit, achieved its t.velfili year of. operationin 1978' in support of the system validation pro- in 1977. The Purpose of developing Transit was gram, to provide a worldwi wo-dimensioLl system for De ense Meteorological Satellite Program. The position fixing t n accuracy of better than one se Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) half-of a kilome erprimarily in support of strate- coinued to providhigh-quality visual and in- gic ballistic missile submarines. Transit usage has frared imagery and other specialized meteorological been expanding, bothrnilitariland commercially. data to suppport military operations. The DMSP It has been adapted to sti.diverse activities as. obtains wVather data for the entire Earth fOur offshore oil exploration-'..lad measurement of the times a' day, using two.. satellites in polar orbits. drift of ice over.the poles. The six satellites provide These weather data are stored aboard the satellites an opportunity for a wiser to take a position fix and7later transmitted to Air Force Global Weather every two hours or less, depending upon the lati- Central in Nebraska and the .Fleet Numerical tude. In October 1977, a modified Navyavigation Weather Central in California. The imagery is also satellite, was placed in orbit. In addition naviga- transmitted in r,eal time to transportable read -out tion equipment) this Transit carries two specially stationat key locationS worldwide to support tac- instrumented transpbnders or radio relays called- -- tiCal operations. During 1977, the first of the new translators...These translators will be used to lest. generation Bleck'5D satellites. became operational, a Tridertt .Missile Tracking Systsm -(SATRACK) providing visual and infrared cloud cover imagery

and to check out anthcalibrate range safety ground ofheretofore . unequalledquality. The second . stations and equipment. . Block 5D satellite was launched into a dawn-dusk Since .the early 1970s,- a Transit improvement orbit and was declared operational in July 1977, In \program has been under way. The improved satel- addition to imagery, bdth of these satellites provide iites will provide greater survivability, as well as a high-qualityvertical 'temperature and moisture. disturbance compensation system to adjust for or- prof le data for the entire globe and provide pre- bital disturbances caused by solar radiation pres- cipitating electron counts from the auroral regions. sure and atmo eric drag. The first of these satcl- The second of these satellites also provides data on lite& is plaed to be launched in the fall of 1979, the state of the ionosphere. the seconin the'spring of 1980. A joint Air Force/Navy program was initiated in The 'AVSTAR GlobalPositioningSystem FY 1977 ,to-develop and. procure a four chanhel (19 (GPS)is a joint service program ib provide an MHZ-94 MHZ) passive microwave imager for increased capability for three-dimensional, high- DMSP. The sensors will,,prbvide data on precipita- accuracy, continuous; worldwide navigation. The tion location, rate, and type; soil moisture; and on' ..operational NAVSTAR GPS will consist of 24 satel- sea surface/atmosphere interface.Feasibility Thas

35 4 1 been demonstrated by measurements conducted in before being retrieved. This will allow the effects 1977 by die NavaLResearch Laboratory. Four of on materials' td be tested. N SA agreed to assign the sensors are planned for deploiymenton DMSP at least four of the LDEF rays for DoD use on satellites in 1980-1.984. DoD continuedto coop- Orbital Flight Test No. 3. erate with *NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminislration in development of'Space Research and Technology theTiros-Ndomesticweathe4Ceti lite.The Tiros-Nsatellitewilluse an. adaption of the Space - related' research and technology by the De- DMSP 'Block 5D spacecraft but with different partment of. Defense' includes effort, defining the sensors. spate environment and assessing its effect on the Space Shuttle. The Concept Validation. Phase performance of DoD systems operating within it.' for the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS)(fornietly the One program is to measure atmospheric density Interim Upper Stage) development for' Space Shut- and composition by means of rocket observations tle use is planned to be completed inFebruary and accelerometers on satellites. Another continued 1978. This phase has defined four IUS configura- interestisthe Measurement and monitoring_ of tions to meet the high-altitude mission: require- Charged particles, and electric fields inspace. Data ments of the DoD and NASA.The Full Scale from an earlier satellite(S7.2-1) continue to 'be Development Phase of the IUS is plannedto begin used for improving models of, the particle popula- in March 1978. tion of the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts? The Air Force acquiition efforts fora Shuttle. The Defense Advanced ReSearch Projects Agency launch and landingcapabilityat Vandenbergit (DARPA)is developing concepts, designs, and Force Base, California, continue with definitioiof technology for advanced Strategic surveillance from the facilities and support equipment requirements space. New concepts in optics, detector arrays, and planned for completion ddring 1978. Designefforts signal processing will provide a capability, fora fir, the planned 'facilityconstruction in FY 1979 are wider rangeoffuturemissionoptions.The well under way. The environmentalstatement as- DARPA' 301 gamma-ray spectroscopy project;to he_ sociated with the planned. constructionactivities .launched in mid-1978, employs state-of-the-artin- has been released for publiccomment. trinsic germanium sensors' and newlydeveloped Space Boosters. The DoD familyfspace boosters long-lived mechanical cryogenic coolers forremote is comprised' of the Atlas and TitanIII standard location and characterization of radiationsources launch vehicles and the surplus IRBM.SM-75 in the Upper atmosphere and nearspace. Respon- Thor sibility for this project- will be transferred and surplus ICBM Atlas E/Fvehicles.These to the boosters launched, 12 DoD space missions Air Force at the end of FY 1978. Progress in.detec- during tor arrays has allowed DARPA to 1977: 5 Titan II1s,:l SRI -75 Thor, 4Atlas, 1 Scout, initiatethe' and 1 Delta (the ScOut and Delta being Teal Ruby experiment to demonstrate detectionof launched strategic vehicles from space. Currently by NASA for DoD). To cetrrect deficien- scheduled _cid in the Titan III,an effort to integrate the for launch in March 1981, this experimentwill gather spectral and spatial scene-intensitydata and Inertial Upper Stage and its redyndantavionics provide a into the Titan III family of., launch°vehicles was demonstration of advanced detector technology. . initiated in June 1977. - Solar Radiation Monitoring Program..The Navy Space Test Program. The space testprogram pro- solar monitoring program in 1977 consistedpri- vides spaceflight test and evaluationfor DoD R &D marily of developing additional applications_for experiments and certain operational spacecraftnot authorized their own means for operational predictions of propagationphenomena space flight. The affecting HF and VLF radio,systems. Solrad-1i anti two' payloads flown in 1977werethezNavy.Naviga- GOES satellite data provided significant tion Technology Satellite (NTS 2) and real-time a geodetic solar measurements for the predictionsysteM under package (NAVPAC)., the first %f threesuch geo- evaluation at the Naval Communications detic satellites being placed in orbit. Station, The remain- Stockton,,California. The NavalResearch Labora- ing two NAVPAC's are scheduled forFY 1978 launch. tory. pursued basic research studies in solar. physics, solar terrestrial relationships, and plasmaprocesses Environmental experiments are to he flownon to determine these sola%effects on Navysystems and NASA's Long.Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). Operations. The LDEF is a,reusable, gravity-gradient-stabilized. As part of the continuing Air Forcetechnology free-flying structure on whichmany experiments program in propagation - environment prediction, can be moult*. It will be placed in orbit by the solar processes are being investigatedand solar Shuttle and reinain there for at least sixmonths emissions are measured. The programs insolar 36 .4 emissions include the theoretical study of the proc- terns. Organization (SAMSO)is oriented toward esses leading to solar flares. The Air Force .Geo- deYelopment and orbitaldemonstrationof pd. physics Laboratory works closely with the National vanced prime mission equipment and supporting Science undation's :Sacramento Peak Observa- subsystems. The primary 'objectives of these new tory. Air .rorcescientistsare developing techniques 'developments arc performance, survivability, and to forecast the time-history of .high-encigy solar reliability. particles that may impact the Earth following a In advanced space communications, the Lincoln major solar. flare. The Air Force4is installing a Experimental Satellites (Les 8 and 9) concluded a worldwide radio-solar-telescope networkfOruse highly successful test program which demonstrated with the Solar OpticarObserving Network. spread-spectrum, jam-resistant EHF and UHF com- Air Force scientisare alsoparticipatingin munications with aircraft, ships, and Earth termi- rocket and satellite o serrations of solar ultraviolet nals. Advanced electroniagnetic and physical sur- emissions. Working closely with NASA scientists. vivabilitytechniqueswere .tested.The Les9 Air Force personne are studying the variation of satellite was turned over, to Air Force Commmica- solar UV observeby spectrophotometers 'on At- tions Service in October 1977 for operational em- - mosphere Exglor r C, D, and E satellites. Rocket ployment. Research and development testscon- flights designed tmeasure'solar.UV flares between tinued using the Les 8 satellite. 230 and 122.0 A gstroms continue to be flown and, The technology of satellite space power systems in conjunction. ith satellite.measurements, used to advanced With the fabrication and testing of high- deVelop models of the solar UV emission spectrum. efficiency silicon and gallium arsenide solar cells Environmen al Remote Sensing. Significant Navy and the orbital demonstration 'of a nickel- hydrogen accomplishmei is in 1977- ihcluded the., completion. battery,intended. to replace current nickel:Cad- of the installa ion of the Satellite Data Processing mium spacecraft batteries. Center at the Fleet ,Numerical Weather Central, In advanced early warning sensors for missiles, Monterey, Cal fornia,. The- center wilt process real- Space and Missiles 'Systems Office continued the time data fro the Defense NIeteorologital development of critical components of a mosaic (DMSP), and will receive and process real- staring sensor. Such a sensor offers inherent per- time satellite data froM the NASA'Seasat-A project formance and survivability advances over current after the sa ellite is launched in May 1978. Data line-scanning. sensors..The objective is earlier, more from these satellites will provide global ocean data precise detection of launches of hostile missiles. for inputs to atmospheric. and oceanographic op-. erational analysis and forecasts. Significant progress Space Ground Support has, been made ,in developing applications of in- DoD space activities are principally supported by frared imagery from DMSP and NOAA satellite the Army's White Sands Missile Range; the Navy's. data in observing sea-surface thermal structures and Pacific Missile Test Center; and the Air Force's,, locating oceanic fronts, eddies, and water masses. Eastern Test Range, Space and Missile Test Center, Several fleet exercises conducted during the year Satellite Control Facility, and Arnold Engineering demontrated the .potential of using satellite-col- Development Centel. These facilities are available lected sea-surface temperatures for tactical applica- for use by Federal agencies, industry, and other na- tionsin Antisubmarine 'Warfare and Undersea tions and support a wide variety of test and eval- Warfare. The sea-surfacetemperature measure- uation activities. ments and analysis capability also supports the Eastern Test Range (ETR). The objective of the National Climate Program, Air Force's ETR is to provide. support to a variety The Air Force Geophysics Laboratory continues of DoD space andballistic.. missileoperations, to monitor space. environment-induced effects as NASA space programs, and commercial or inter, obkrved at the surface .of the Earth. Using trans national sateRite launches- under the sponsoship missions from beacons on both orbiting and'geot of NASA Current improvement emphasizes the stationary satellites, scientists are measuring iono- enhancement oftelemetrY,radartracking and spheric scintillation and signal time delay ata range safety. During FY 1977, ETR provided sup- - number of ground stations around the globe. These port to Navy testing of Poseidon and Trident bal- measurements indicate signal statistics(fade mar, listic missiles. Launch and data acquisition support gins,- message reliabili0for satellite communica- were provided to NASA's Viking program, satellites tions systems and positional accuracy for navigation for commercial organizations and foreign -govern- satellite systems and Air Forte .survelliance radars. ments, and operational space payloads for the Air The Air Force Space Technology program under Force and NASA. ETR was also actively engaged overall management of the Space and Missile Sys. in conducting planning and analyses in support of

37 the Space Shuttle, which will belaunched for or- enced by present and future aircraft of larger sizes bital test flights from the Kennedy Space Center and higher speeds. With it, AEDC will be ableto in 1979. . fully test air-breathing propulsionsystems, on 'the Space and. Missile Test Center (SAMTEC).SAM- 'ground prior to flight, thus minimizingextensive.. TEC manages, operates,.and maintainsthe Western flight tests and avoiding possible costly modifica- Test Range (WTR) in support ofDoD and NASA tions to completed propulsionsystems. tests. WTR is a national range providing range White Sands tracking, data acquisition, and flight Missile Range. (WSMR). The safety support Army's WSMR continued to provide for all ballistic missile,space launches, and aero- support to. nautical tests.at Vandenberg Air DoD and NASA aeronautics andspace programs..A Force ,Base, full spectrum of launch,. flight, and fornia. The number of launchesremains at ap- recovery serv- proximately 50 ballistic lid ices was prtMded, including groundand flight space launches and safety, surveillance, command and 60 aeronautical flights per\year.Major programs control, data include Miniiteman, Titan, acquisition, and analyses. Army and AirForce pro- F-15, E-3A, Bomarc, grams include the Space Shuttle, Astrobee rocket, and Thor. SAMTEC is activelyengaged in planning for Space Shuttle launches Aerospace Sounding Rocket Vehicle,* andthe At- from Vandenberg mospheric Measurement Balloon Program. NASA AFB, whichinvolves extensiveconstructionof launch, maintenance, and logistic programs that were supported includedthe calibra- facilities. - tion rocket program, Satellite Control Facility (SCF). upper atmospheric rocket The SCF con- sounding program using the Aerobee rocket,nu- tinued to operate ina near flawless manner during 1977: Eighteen launches (13 merous smaller rocket systems, and a variety of DoD and NASA, astronomical test programs. 5 ballistic), 63,220 satellite contacts, and 51,551 network hours were supportedduring FY 1977.1 The Pacific Missile Test Center. The Pacific Missile major portion of the restorationof Guam Track- Center operates an extensively instrumented Sea ing Stationwas completed. Modifications to the Test Range off the coast of Southern California.In network to provide essentialsupport to the early addition, the Center has radar and telemetrycapa- NAVSTAR:GlobalPositioningSatelliteswere bilities at the Pacific Missile Range Facilityon the made, and various communicationsand data sys- island of Kauai, Hawaii. These facilities in 1977 tems improvements Were also completed-. To reduce supported the DoD Global Positioning System, data processing at remote stations,a four-year pro- providing radar tracking, teleinetry, and command gram to centralize data proCessing at the Satellite 4Iestruct capability for the launchsequence, and Test Center was begun. Byeliminating unneces- using the NASA Advanced Technology Satellites sary equipment and associated , manpower, this con- (ATS 1, 3, and 6)for data relay. The Center is solidation will produce significantsavings by 1982. Development of SCF-Compatible also -engaged in planning support, of the NASA Timed Division Space Shuttle Orbiter. Multiplex telemetry equipmentwas completed. Its procurement and network modificationwill begin Kwajalein Missile Range (KMR). The Army's in FY 1978. Studies ofSCF support requirements Kwajalein Missile Range continuedto provide, generated by the DoD's transitionto the Space maintain, and operate a national-rangeto support Transportation Systemwere continued. technological advances in both offensive ar'id defensive Arnold Engineering DevelopmentCenter (AE- strategic weapon test programs. KMR isour DC). AEDC is the Free 'World'smost coniprehen- only range with the technical capabilityto obtain sive complex of technicaland support facilities critical data associated with terminal ballisticsof designed to simulate flightenvironments on the intercontinental ballistic missiles andsupport de- ground. AEifirs workranges from basic 'research fensive testing technology. KMR radarshave also and development associatedwith environmental proVided backup tracking data for theNASA space testing to full-scale flight-hardwaretesting. In 1977, program. AEDC provided over 45,999test hours in support of programs such National Parachute Test Range. During 1977 as B-1 and F-16 aircraft, Air the National Parachute Test Range continuedsup- Launched Cruise Missile, SeaLaunched Cruise Missile, and support port of NASA and DoD space programs, primifrily to the Energy Research and for programs requiring an application of parachute Development Administration. subsystems. Principal programs supportedwere: the AEDC is acquiring the AeroPropulsion Systems Air Force aerialretrieval- system, NASA Space Test Facility (ASTF), which will he capable of Sli'intle boosterrecovery system, and the NAV- simulating the severe flight environmentscxperi- STAR Global Positioning System, 38' Aeronautical Activities delivered to the Tactical Air Command and United States Air Forces in Europe by the year's end. The Aircraft and Airborne Systems second and third of 'a- planned six. combat wings were'activated during the year at Bitburg AB, Ger- F-16 Multimission Fighter. After an extensive re- many, and Hollornan'AFB,-New Mexico. view of all aspects of the F-16 program, full pro- F-IS Carrier-Bawd Strike .Fighter. The Navy's duction was approved; the 'first of the programmed McDonnell Douglas/Northrop F-18 aircraftwill 1388 aircraft will be delivered in August 1978. The become the ref lacement for the remaining Navy and full-scale development test program continued on Marine FA Phantom fighters as they reach the end schedule, with fiveaircraft currently flying and of their service life. An attack version of the same three more scheduled for 1978 delivery. The F-I6 aircraft will begin replacing the aging .A-7light/ European partnersBelgium, Norway, The Nether- attack aircraft the mid-1980s. Introduction of lands, and Denmarksigned formal agreements in this aircraft into the fleet will provide the tactical May 1977 for 348 aircraft. With' almost S2 billion commander at sea with a high-performance, ,agile of F-16 contracts in Europe, this is the largest co- strike fighter, capable of defeating the projected air production program ever initiated and a significant threat and surviving over' territory. The step toward standardization of NATO weapon' sys- F-I8. though not as sophisticated as the F-I4 .Tom- tems. Iran became the first official Foreign Military cat, will complement the F,I4 in maintaining mar'a- Sales customer by signing an agreement to pur- time air superiority. The Secretary'of Defense has chase 160 aircraft. approved full-scale developnient of thisaire' -aft..." B-I Bomber Program. Plans for production and with first flight planned for October 1978. deployment of the B-1 have been halted, but de- f-LIACarrier-Ba.sedTacticalFighter.F-14A velopment and testing have continued. so the tech- Tomcat squadrons are now routinely making ex- nical base will be available should alternate strate- tended deployments on carriers of the Atlantic and gic systems run into difficulty. Pacific Fleets.. Twelve operational and two training Three research, development, test, and evalua- squadrons have completed transition to this aircraft. tion aircraft are currently flying in the test program and two additional 'squadrons are programmed to at Edwards AFB, California, to measure overall receive the Tomcat in 1978. The F-I4A continues performance, gather data on structural air loads, to prove its versatility as a higlfiy maneuverableand arid evaluate the offensive .avionics subsystem,. Pri- agile fighter. mary.emphasis has...been placed upon low-altitude A r-,571. The success of the AV-8A aircraft in sat- terrain-following penetration equipment, weapons isfying the light attack vertical/short takeoff and delivery capabilities, navigation, -communications, landing(V /STOL) requirement of the Marine and overall system performance. Corps has led to the development of the much'more A-I0 Close- Air Support Aircraft. The Air Force capable AV-8B. plans to procure 733 A-10s to provide a specializi The AV-8Bisanimproved.vectored-thrust close-air-support aircraft. The A-10:s research and V/STOL aircraft based on the AV-8A concept and development is complete, except for new systems the current Pegasus 11 engine. Theeairplane incor- being added to improve effectiveness. Of the 339 porates a supercritical composite wing, redesigned aircraft approved for production, approximately 75 inlets, and lift improvement devices. The AV-8B. have been delivered to Tactical Air Command. produced by McDonnell-Douglas Corporation with The first operational squadrdn wastctivated in Hawker Siddeley of the United Kingdom as the Ju'he 1977; the plann71, initial operational capabil- principalsubcontractor, will be equipped with ity was accomplished in October 1977, appiqxi- angle-rate bombing systems for improved accuracy' mately three months ahead of schedule. Favorable in weapdn delivery. . reliability and maintainability have continued, so The AV-8B program has completed the initial the, anticipated low operating costsshould be phase of full-scale wind tunnel testing at NASA's realized. Ames Research 'Center. The NASA_ data confirm F:I5 Air Superiority Fighter. The last of the F-15 that the AV-8B aircraft will have superior V/iSTOI, development j*ogram milestones was successfully characteristics with approximately double the range passed early in 1977. A limited development effort or payload of the AV-8A. Two YAV-8B 1(AV-8B will continue to complete threat updates to tin prototype) aircraft are under contract with McDon- electronic countermeasures equipment and various. nell Douglas Corp. other component improvements. Advanced Medit STOL Transport (AMST). Production deliveries of the F-15 continued at The AMST completed Phase I prototype program the rate of nine aircraft per month throughout the in 1977. Objectives of the advanced development year and a total of more than 250 aircraft had been program were to demonstrate STOI_, technology,

. , 39 e evaluate operational utility, and providean option 1977. Testing the upgraded engine, transmission, for modernization of our aging tacticalairlift force. and dynamic componentsImprove Cobra' Agility. The AMST prototypes demonstratedthese objec-. and Maneuverability (ICAM) was completed in fives. However, the projected productionand op- May 1975. These litAM components are incor- erating costs of this sophisticated aircraftdesign are porated in the 297 new aircraft on which deliveries not sufficiently offset by its operational utilityto. began in March 1977. The Army's plans include justify continuing the program. the retrofit of an additional 400. Cobra helicopters The 'Boeing YC-14 and McDonnellDouglas VC- and a modernization program of the Cobra/Tow 15 prototypes completed their flighttesting in An- 0yeet. The modernization program will substantially gust 1977. These four aircraft accumulated1397 increase secondary armament capability; survivabil- flight hours and demonstrated satisfactoryperform- ity; and the reliability, availability, and maintain- ance against all goals of the PhaseI flight test pro- -ability. The modernization program also includesa gram. new main rotor blade of composite materials now UH-60A Black Hawk. The Army requiresa Itchcopter in final demonstration in the technology base that that provides combat support andcombat' will increase survivability and double the blade service support necessary to sustain groundforces life.

engaged in land warfare. . .CH--17 Modernization. The CH-47moderniza- Air frame engineering developmentcontracts tion program is designed to .increase the life of the were awarded to Boeing Vertol and Sikorskyin CH-47A, B, and C models and improve the August 1972, with a contract to General per------Electric formance of the A and B models. 'The intent isto for development of the T-700 engine precedingthe 'modify three prototypes through development and air frame awards in March 1972. Duringdie corn- - testing of seven moderized systems; rotor, drive, hy- petifive development phase, each airframecontrac- draulic, electrical, advanced flight control,cargo for built three flying prototypes and flewover. 600 handling, and auxiliary power unit. Integration of flight test hours. The government flewover 700 these systems will improve -reliability, availability, hours during the "fly-off-evaluation.TheT-700 maintainability, safety, and survivability. engine experienced over 30,000 hoursof develop- E-3A Airborne -Warning and Control System ment and field testing. . (AWACS). The first E-3A-AWACS was deliveredto Sikorsky was awarded ip $83.4- millionproduc- the Tactical Air Command at Tinker AFB, Okla- tion contract on December 23, 19p 4. o r 15 aircraft, homa, on March 24; 1977.'his delivery culininated with options for 353 addltionallfraek'Hawks over a successful program to develop a high powered the next three yeas.. Fifst productiondelivery is airborne surveillance system capable . of detecting scheduled for August 1978. General Electric -was . and tracking aircraft at all altitudes andover all simultaneously awarded.2 $38.3-million engine pro- terrains. - duction contract.. . EF-111A Tactical Jamming System. The EF-111A. Advanced 1lttack Helicopter. Aftera. prime, Or- is being designed to provide ground -and airborne frame contrfctior was selected jnDecember, 1976 to radar jamming in support' of all tactical,air mis- continue development, Phase IIfullengineering,,.sionS. The peacetime mission will beto provide developmentcOntinued during 1977. Theprimary emphasis is . training in electronic countermeasures for our own the total systeMs integration of the air defense and tactical forces.-Flight testing of the armament and fire control. Competitivecontracts two prototypes was initiated in March. 1977 and were awarddd in March 1977 for developmentof 'Nfay 1977., respectively. All contractor flight testing the target-acquisition-designation and Pilot-night- Was completed in September 1977. Government vision subsystems, whichare parts of the fire 'control Development Test -and Evaluation (DT&E) and system. Aircraft efforts were directed toward design Initial Operational Test and Evaluation (IOT&E) and testing of the airframe modificationsStemming are scheduled from October 1977 through April from evaluation of the Phase I aircraft in1976. 1978. . . Fabrication of the additional flying Prototypeair- Tomahawk Cruise-Missile. Tomahawk isa high- craft was deferred until 1978 becauseof fiscal re- - subsonic-speed, turbofan-powered, long-range cruise structuring of the program. missile sized to 'be fired froma subrriarine torpedo Cobra ITOw.. The Cobra/Tow program,,:including tube,,buralso capable of being launched fromstn.- retrofit of 290 of the existing Cobra helicop- face .ships, aircraft, and mobile ground platforms. ters and, purchase of 324 new aircraft with the This missile is being developed intwo forms, a con- highly effective Tube Launched OpticallyTracked ventionally armed antiship version anda nuclear- Wire. Guided (Tow)Missile, was continued in armed land attack version. 1977. Deliveries of the.Ketrofitted Cobrahelicopters The antiship Tomahawk isessential' to Navy began in June 1975 and were completedin October general-purpose forces infa sea- control offensive/ . 40 defensive role. Tomahawk Will providean impor- Aeronautical Research and Development 4 tant complement to carrier-based air in extending Aircraft Structures and Materials Technology. the Navy's antiship capability over a broad ocean Each of the services has research and devpment area. If they are to have a flexible sea control capa- programs directed toward its needs for improved bility, Navy forces must be able to challenge the ,structures and Materials- for aeronautical and space enemy at Aea when neither side has air support. applications. Among these is the .Navy's engineering Tomahawk is designed to provide this capability development program initiated to develop a fiber- through deployment of long-range offensive power glass composite rotor blade as a replacement. for on a variety of platforms. The stand -off capability the CH-46 metal rotor blade., The fiberglass rotor' afforded by Tomahawk will pose a credible threat blade is designed to be corrosion resistant, provide to enemy surfaces forces at, minimum risk to our no environmental degradation, beinsensitive to launch platforms. small defects, have slow failure propagation with a The primary need for the land-attack Tomahawk change in stiffness warning, require only visual pre - isin the theater role, where its single-warhead, flight inspections, andrincrease mean time between high-accuracy, penetrativity, and survivability make r5pairs by 500 percent. This blade will significantly it particularly suitable for use in limited nuclear increase the effectiveness of the CH-46 helicopter attacks. fleet. t Tomahawk is planned for installation on attack The Navy's composite aircraft structures 'pro- submarines, cruisers; and Spruance-class destroyers. gram continues to demonstrate significant progress. A ground-launched version of Tomahawk is being Components which have completed laboratory static developed for the Air Force. and fatigue tests include the S-3 spoiler, F -14 over7 wing fairing, F-14 main landing gear. door,' and a Pave Low 117. The Air Force's prototype H-3 wing for BQM -34E supersonic target vehicle. Addi combat rescue helicopter equipped with Pave Low tional components are being fabricated'to be placed III completed initial flight testing in 1977. Using on operational aircraft and monit red Over an ex- forwhrd-looking ipfrared devices, terrain-avoidance/ tended period to answer critical tecl nical questions following radar, and inertial/Doppler navigation, as well as increase con dence in graphite com- the system permits low-level penetration of un- posites. This programw1proviqe the Navy with friendly territory and aircrew recovery under con- long-term experience'in composite structures in an ditions of total, darkness and adverse weather. An operational environment, extend design and fab- invaluable additionto the military rescue fleet, rication technology to large primary structures, and Pave Low IIIblends thelatest,state-of-the-art establish, greaterconfidenceinacqnisition/life electronics with atime-tested, long-range rescue cycle cost-projections. vehicle to provide the only system of its type capable of surviving the intense hostile environment After several -years of development wo0e, composite structures began to accelerate into tlite Army predicted for tomorrow's combat situation. inventory in 1977. Both the Black Hawk and the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System Advanced. Attack Helicopter began flying_in 1977 (JTIDS). The JTIDS program objective is to de- with composite aerodynamic surfaces andi fuselage velop a highly flexible data network to satisfy mul- structural components. The AH-1 Cobra gunship tiple tactical operational users. When'deployed it received new composite main rotor blades and the will provide high capacity, jam-resistant, low-prob- CH-47 cargo helicopter: got the composite rotor ability-of-intercept communications to interconnect',blades portion of its overall modification/improve- all participants in an area of tactical military op-.( ment program. A plan to retroOt composite rotor erations. JTIDS employs modern spread-spectrum blades onto the UH-1 and OH-58 fleets was devel- and time-divisionmultiple-accesstechnologyto oped,to reduce the life cycle costs of 'these opera- provide multi-access, jam resistant communications tional aircraft. In 1977, research and development as well as accurate relative navigation with other efforts continued toward producing from composite cochannel transmissions such as IFF and Tacan.ii materials safer, lighter, and more durable rotor \With the Air Force acting as lead service, all hubscrashworthy landing gear, and less vulnerable s Itrvices are participating in this program, and a fuselage structures, with savings in weight and cost. joint program office has been established. Initial Advanced Helo Rotor System. The Advanced operational application of the early phase of JTIDS lido Rotor System's objective is to prove the flight will be in the Air Warning and Control (AWACS) feasibility of the Circulation Control Rotor (CCR)" aircraft. When fully deployed, it is anticipated that concept with it full-scale system in which design-to- JTIDS will a fford the means for: close coordination cost goals and trade=off parameters will be estab- of forces of .all services. lished for the rotor system. The CCR system is to

41 . . ,i. . be capable of replacing all Aisting helicopTerrotor Time effect of the shape of the tip of the,. blades systems without any- inherent operationalS. limita- on noise and viln'ation is being studied. As a con- tion. Operating on the basic principle ofa. trailing-. sequence of this prqgrani, the rotor tip on atest edge boundary-layer blowing system, therotor blade U11-1 Was modified into an ogee shape, reduiing is provided cyclic control by air modulation,elim- noise and vibratory loads, .jind, for this particular' inatingconventionalrotorheadcomplexities on, increasing aerodynan,uc performance. I yowl. (swashplate, lead-lag-hinges, and flapping hinges). it1 an ogee tip shape is presetitly being fabricated improvingaircraftmaneuverability, reliability. Or testing next Year on the AS-IS Cobra. . - maintainability, and reducing overallvibration The-French and tht. U.S. Army are purstiing'a e levels:The first full-scale CCR blade Wa's fabricated join l' program to understand the role. of transonic Charing April and the first full-scale whirl test. of the aerodynamics in vibratory loads. The French:ve complete C(12. system will-begin in February 1978. completed experiments on a non-lifting rotor with The X-wing concept (nib/es...GCB, technology and both square and swept rotor tip shapes. The Army high-speedrotor .technology(Reverse. Velocity has found go6d agreement between these experi'-' Rotor) . The X-wing prograin,will deniontrate the .ments ;Ind altalsis for the squate rotor tip and is feasibility of the higli-speed rotor and. X-wingcon- now performing the analysis on elic swept tip .shape. cept in parallel with. the Cl:R pro-gram; bothpro- An investigation of a high-energy rotor systbmre- grams.are scheduled for completion in: FY. 1979., sulted in the demotist.rtition of An 011-58 modified Helicopter Acoustie.Research. Experience gamed to provide high rotor inertia that could autorotate by correlation of inflight and wind - tunnelacoustic safely from any-altitude and speed. This investiga- data has accumulated and it "quiet" rotor bladede- tion will continue next Veal. t"define the design sign has been initiated. Instrumentation forit per- constraints of such it turtle system. manent- measurement system of in-flightfar-field Hehropter Aerodynamic Launch Environment. noise has been completed. A hovertest facility is Attack helicopters experience' a number of launch behig calibrated, apd an experimentto provide transients, such as vibration, rotor downash, and acoustic data fora Intrametrie variation ofrotor rotations /translation of the aircraft...... , Because these geometry is being initiated. These' efforts are all factors affectmitefistfew meters ofamissile's aimed at reduction of: acoustic (Jetectability_ trajectoi-V, the result:hit errors muse impact disper- Advancing Blade Concept (ABC) Demmistratm. sion at the weapon's potential tar44-et. \rode! tcisting Aii-crafl. Helicopter technology has progressedto on the AII:1C utiliting laser techniques, flow vis- the point where many of the unsolved problems ualisation, and rotor wake aheory has aidedmap- are concerne'd with high-speed maneuver' flight ping of the rotor 'flow field. :In -addition. low-air- One design, concept which promisesto idle late .speed sensors have been tested and strategically 'some of these. problems incorporates co-axial, coun- located On the aircraft IQ prOVitic the 14110t with terrotating rotors.In December IA. the Army previously- unavailable airspeed readingsrInvestiga- contracted with Sikorsky Aircraftto design, co lions by the Army are continuing to utilize these struct, and flight-test this concept; the ry-vIting air- dataforfire- control :itigmentation which should craft is called the Advancing Blade Concep1)0.BC). ultimately improve veapon accuracy. The ABC completed itsflighttests in the pure Remoiely Pilule(' f'ehicles (RPT'). The Army is helicopter mode in the spring of 1977,' attaining conducting it systein technology program to demon- speeds up to 320 kilometersper hour. In a program strate that a.smallairborne RI'Vcan obtain recon- just getting underway, the Army, Navy,and NASA naissance and target acquisition information ,be- have joined forces to. fund high-speed(up to 550 yond the lbrward, edge of the battle-area.Its kilometers per holly)tests of this concept. Thetest application is for those high-threat situations where aircrafthas beenfitted with-thrusting. engines probability Of survival of twinned systems isunac- (loaned by the Air Force) and isnow preparing for ceptably low. The full-scale Rry. including further tests. a TV sensor and laser range finder designator, hasa . Helicopter Rotor Aerodynamics. Both civiland. wingspan of 3.7 meters :n61 weighs 66 kilograms. It military helicopterssufferfrom --highvibratory flies at speeds und-q- -180 kilingeters -loads-. These vibraids increase per hour, vet operating costs will be extremelylifficult to shoot down. A con-' by causing frequent replacement ofcomponents and tractor validation j rogram consisting of 65 flights. contribute to pilot fatigue andpassenger discom- was completed in ilv1977. The Air Force and - fort. A number of inyestigatins are undo:way to ;Navy have limited RPV progranTs yvhich comple- /understandthebasicaeroc/p mink mechanisms ment this Army program: \ causing these loads and to develop designmerit-. ,h After a s (Tessinl competi- niques to alleviate them while improvingor main- tive, -(1Figtoitto-cOstengineering (levelintent _pro- taining aerock-naMic performanm. granio.. 01(9 'AN ..\SN-128 Dip') a-nay! ation.rsub- 42

4<, . system entered production. The AN,1ASN-128 will systems' in addition to improved vision in in- provide' Army' helicopters a self-contained tactical cle:ntent weather. One major emphasis' has been .:'. navigation capability. Range and bearing to ten the application of technology for cost reduc- Vit:heckpoilits, hs well as present position,are pro- non in the modular FL/R (Forw-erd Looking viled to the crew. First applications will beto the Itifrared),,, progrant:' tvhich will enable

'Black Hawk .and the A( -1S. . widespread employment of infrared imaging Competitive, design-to-cost 'engineering develop- devices. A major thrust for the future is the !tient contracts 'were awarded for the Integrated 'development two-dimensional arrays of in- Avionics Control System (PIACS). The IACS will frared detectors to provide increased sen.sitiVity, proVitle an integrated panel for the control of up to resolution, compactness, and reliability. ten avionics "black .boxes!'. (radios, transponder,. .\ major atance. in visible sensors has been - automatic direction _finder, etc.) . and save cockpit achieved. in the development of a miniature space and improve the man-machineinterface; solid-state TV .camera- using charge coupled

Prototypes will he deliveretduring FY 1978. devices (CCD) . "This provides self scanning of Eliytionirs For Al4ation.. The pervasive role of thescene,thereby eliminating , theVaCIIIIII1 electronics in aeronautics and space continues to MIX!,'CleCt1011 beams, high voltage supply, and grow. The current generation. of large-scale inte- filament...\part fromitssin: and reliability gratedcircuits and techniques todayis making advantage, the camera has exceptional dynamic many electronic functions that were promised by range(5(10to one) ,greater sensitivity than the transistor generation affordable and reliable. vidicon tube.' for low-light level viewing,',10- The greatest impact 44. been inAhe area of micro- -niegahert4 t.ata rates, and digital system com- processors for control;titlance, and built-in test, patibility with sampled data outputs. Current The e advances in electro-o ticsand microwaves have technOlogv 'efforts are directed toward larger -also been impressiYe in their impact on the sensor arrays for increased resolution and 'techniques

capabilities of modern' aircraft. . to extend the long-wave le,ngth response into The direction Of advanced electronics for aero- the infrared. , mimics can best be shown by examining three tech- Fiber optics research has led fibwr4Vith Vel"V nologieselectro-optic, microwaves, and computers, low loss and to military'qmility connectors and and by how'each affects 'a variety of systems. transmitter-receiver modules: Fiber optics in ELECTRO-OPTICS TCHN6LOGY.Electro-opticsis .stalled on the A-7 aircraft demonstrated the still an emergent and rapidly growing technology. potential for rower weight and volume lw fac- The revolutionary development of the laser and tors of 20, increased reliability, lower initial the evolutionary kvelopment of low-cost, compact and life -cvcle costs, elimination of radio fre- television cameras .haVe led' to TV horning and quency interferenc6 problems, and redo. laser designated i4r,ecision..woapons. However, elec- nerability.to battle damage. tro-optics technoIogy is alsO incorporated in many. Ring laser gyros are the subject of a coordi- other devices, ,such:isinfrared imaging devices, nated Air Force, Navy, and Arm}' program charge-coupled imager's and signal processors, rit$ from exploratory through advanced 'develop- laser. gyros, ,fiber optics, and .displays. -Recent sig- ment. The ring laser gyro has no *Loving parts nificant applications are: in the conventional-sense; insteaA'the measure- Laser designators have progressed farthest to- ment of frequency cange of the laser beam is ward operational systems in the form of light- used to detect attitude Changes. This offers weight target designators and range finders. great potential for higher reliability and re- The PAVE SPIKE system, when integrated duced support costs. In addition, the laser gyro with the F-Es avionics. permits daytime de-. will be more resistant. to shock, vibration, ac- livery of. laser-designated ordnance by the des-. celeration, and other requirements of a quick- ignating or other aircraft': The 'PAVE, TACK response aircraft or missile environment. An infrared imaging system will provide F-1Es and experimental.. laser inertial navigator has dem- F-4-11 Fs ,with a day :night capabili tv for rang- onstrated an accuracy of better than ynvo kilo- ing,tracling, and designation. The PAVE meters per hour of flight time in actual flight PENNY compact laser searchand-track-systcm test.. which, aboutten ,times betterthan willallow various close-air-supportaircraft, previous Laser gyro systems. Plans callfor a "system . such as the A-10 to pick up targets illumi- completednavigation in1978 with nated by either an airborne or ground-based productiotnunits available as early as 1980. forward air controller. Electra-optic- dk'plaNs using liquid crystals and Infrared imaging devices proride a night pip light-emitting diodes arc replacing cathode ray eration capability for optical search and track tubes andhicandescent larnps for those applica- ' . 4 tions where weight, volume, andruggedness A mi jor technological thrust is in signal prod .are at a premium. Current development efforts essing to sort out target returns from cluttered are aimed at cost- effective fabrication of larger backgrounds and to identify threat radars ina " area displays. denseelectromagneticsignalenvironment.- RF AND MICROWAVE TECHNOLOGY.Microwave Charge-coupled devices, surface acoustic wave technology fOr radar and communications filters, and microprocessors have all playeda is Con- role here. siderably more mature than electr,o-optics,but continuesto show surprisingly vigorous evolution. An emerging interestisthat of millimeter First, for the signal generation function,solid -state (mm) waves, which refers to wavelengths of devices satisfying the lciwpower and.low noise re- one to ten millimeters, or corresponding fre- quirements at frequencies fromUHF to millimeter quencies of 30 to 300 GHz. Potential applica- waves have. seen a decade of discovery and develop- tionsjOr mm waves include target designation, ment. Second, there have been major advancesin J air-tcriroundimaging, guidanceforbeam-.., our ability to,carry out sophisticated signalprocess- ridirrmissiles, low-angle tracking of surface- , inglIn ever shrinking package sizes, hugging missiles and aircraft, and short-range 'communications. RadiometriC area correlators Gunn effect solid-state-sources havecompletely which are airborne passive wave radiometers, displaced low-power klystrons forlocal Oscil:\ are demonstrating the ability to navigate by lator and testgenerator applications from 5 using the natural -radiation from surface fea- GHz (gigahertz)to 35 GHz because of their tures on the ground. If successful, the system low AM and FM noise and convenientoperat- will be very difficult to countermeasure and ing voltages, typically 12 volts andless. Re(' will operate in moderate rain, and cloudy 'liable operation forover 100,000 hours is now weather, where .current infrared radiometer commonplace. 4- systems have difficulty. Myatt diodes have shown impressiveefficien- cies and. power output in therange above 6 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY. Exploitationofthe GHz, where bipolhr transistors have phenomenal growth of computer science isa major perform- area of technological emphasis within DoD. Given _ ance deficiencies. Combining the power out- the rapidly decreasing cost of hardware, puts of . several 3070-efficiency diodes haspro-. a number duced over 50 watts of computer-based research ireas offer the potential at 10 GHz, offering a new of ,providing irmajor impact On the aeronautkal potential for medium-power solid-statetrans- mitters. The advances have been systems of the 1080s. and 199.0s. Major advances in achieved by hardWare and software are occurring. increased understanding 'of thetechnology of gallium arsenide material. Low cost, compatt, and reliable microcom- Gallium arsenideisalso importanI for the puters will revolutionize a Variety of functions latest solid:state powersource, the Field Effect in missiles ard .aircraftAir-to-ground missile Transistor (FET). This device hasrecently target acquisition has been improved by adap- demonstrated an output ofmore than one watt tive threshold gating to enable the missile to at 10 GHz, complementing its previouslydem- distinguish. atarget from' the ground clutter onstrated low noise characteristics forSignal and ,noise.' COmputer correlationof terrain detection. Its wide band-width andefficiency features, sensed by radar or passive radiom- are of significance for electronic countermeas- eters, with previoutly stored mapping informa- ures where a single iaminer must handlemany tion can now be used to update thegyro con- threats'at diverse frequencies. Current develop-, trols for precise navigation over long distances, merit efforts are directed towardincreased yield to enable large scale integration of very-high- Present aircraft contain. as many as a dozen ininicomputers, handling functions suchas speed FETzlogic c4cuits., navigation, altimetry, fire control,weapon de- For fundainental reasons,vacuum tubes con- livery,search, and flight control. The Air tinueto supply the high-power transmitter Force's Digital AOionics Information System sources needed for 'search,acquisition; and (DAIS)is a test bed to evaluate new systems tracking radars. The emphasis here hasbeen architecture,in which .informationistrans- an increased reliability and lower life cycle ferred rapidly between the various parts with costs. Combining pule and carrier-waveper- data processing at each sensor and dataman- formance in the sank tube package is being agement via similar executive processors. In- pursued to achieve capability forelectronic creased flexibility and inochilarity arrthepo- countermeasures with reduced volume. tential benefits. k 44 '1"") In addition to research aimed at developing Ai'EGG arc combined with low-pressure co o- 'better computer hardware, DoD is also plhcing nents(fans, compressors, and fan turbines) and increasing emphasis on using hardware capa- inlets, exhaust nozzles, afterburners, and control bilitiesmoreeffectively,primarilythrough systems to assess full-scale. engines from the Stand; softWare improvements. The .objective is cost pointof installationconsiderations. The Joint reduction of the estimated $3 bill(on DoD Technology Demonstrator .Engine(JTDE) pro- . spends annually on software-related problems. gram ispart of ,APSI. Accomplishments include The approach is to develop better tools for.the demonstrations of variable cycle engine concepts software designer.and to standardize on a mini- and verifying instalied performanCe increases while mum,ifumber 06 higher qrder languages. reducing fuel consumption by matching the engine 7 Synthetic Flight Training-Systems (SFTS). Two cycle to changing flight conditions. The JTDE ef- major events have occurred during 1977. First, the forts are progressing toward denionstrations in FY CH-47 Flight Simulator (FS), using a closed circuit 1978 and 1979. - Itelevisidn camera which roves across a three-dimen- Alternate Fuels Program. The alternatefuels sionalterrain model in response to the pilot's con- program is part of a long-term- coordinated effort trol inputs, Was completed. The' significance of this among the services, lvASA, and the Department of first.Army visual simulator is thonbility to perform EnetR to ensure that liquid., fuelS obtained from various flight maneuvers, eviergency procedures, domestic resources such as oil shale, tar sands, and and instrument flight at less cost and in complete coal will be likeptable in high-performance engines. The initial DoD effortis an experimental safety. program to produce aviation turbine fuels from Second, the Army will complete its acceprance shale oil and coal. Results to date provide encour- for testing of the AH-1 Flig and Weapons Sim- aging evidence that the aviation industry can use ulator (FWS). U 'ng a cam a model board similar fuel produced from the \vast U.S. resources of oil to the CH-47 FS,ut with a wider field-of-view, the shale. H-1 simulator is the first to incorporate weapons Research in Helicopter Propulsion. The helicop- engagement along with the other flight maneuvers. ter drive train and power plant have been sig- The evolution will continue with the development nificant contributors to high acqui.ion' and high of the UH-60 Black Hawk Flight Simulator which operating costs. A number of prop ams are under: will use a camera model board for one cockpit and way to reduce thy cost by develop ng design tech- a computer-generated imagery visual system for the niques that permit a gas turbilie-Ito achieve high other cockpit. Testing, to be conducted in 1979 will performance while maintaining' a simple,. durable evaluate the training benefits of .these two tech- design. An advanced centrifugal .compresTor pro - nologies. Concept formulation is underway for the gram is underway to develop a high-pressure-ratio .AH-64 Flight and Weapons Simillator, which will compressor with a single centrifugal stage to re- complete the evolution from., the UH-1 FS instru- place existing designs that have from two to five ment training system to a full "corithai mission axial compressor stages in addition to the centri- simulator" with thecapabilitytoproduce the fugal stage. The Army entered into contracts with sound and fury of the battleId. DeIsiornent will Allison Division, GeneralMotors; and AVCO begin in 1979 with testing to\e comincted in 1982. Lycoming Divisionfor afour,;year program to Research in Aircraft Propulsion Systems. The develop advanced technology demonstrator engines Advanced( Turbine Engine Gas Generator (AT- (ATDE) rated at 800 shaft horsepowsx. The(ATDE EGG) program is the main Air Force propulsion will reduce fuel consumption by approximately 20 program assessing 'core engine components under percent while iniproving the Power-to-Nveight ratio realistictest .condition's. The program has tradi- and reducing' the installed Vulnerable area by ap- tionally assessed performance and has been incre proximately 50 percent relative to current producing in scope to include life cycle costing and struction engines. The. ATDE program -utilizes. the re-. tural Nesting earlier in the engine development sultsof previous'. Aifmy component researchto cycle. Acc mplishments in1977 include several 1M vide -a signifiCantly more durable engine at -an- succes demonstrations of variable-area turbines, affordablevaist. ercost , designconcepts and manufacturing The drive-train program has focused on the-po- methods, and burners with increased durability. tenti. Ifor significant weight reductions With intr Also realistic structuraltest methodologies have ceas d reliability. An advanced coupling program been completed by all participating contractors. was oMpleted this year that promises to provit The Aircraft Propulsion Subsystems Integration 1, kilogram %ye-iglureductionitthe UH- (APSI) program is another joint *Air Force/Navy There are three active transmisMon programto program. High-pre'ssure turbine engine cores from build- add evaluate criticaltransmission po- 45 rents. If these components are successful,transmis- be charged a fixed price for the firstsix years based sion weight could be reduced byas much as 20..on realistic average projected materials and ser percent, while cost could be/reduced by 20 percent ices costs. Forlatinches after, the first sixyears, te and mean time between Arammissionremovals price will be adjusted annually, basedon forecasts could' be increased by.up to 100 percent. of annual costs for that year for materials and Airdrop. The Airdrop DevelopmentProgram has services. Details. of the policy based on thisap- solved the. age-old problem of inversion-type mal- proach will be negotiated. . functions of the main' personnel parachute.The FY 1978 DoD /NASA FacilitiesCoordination. anti-inversion net is_a basketball-typenylon ney Prelimimirycoordinationwasbegunbetween added around the circumference of theparachute NASA' and the Air Force for examination of facil- canopy at the bottom and extending 46 centimeters ity' programs most likely to be of mutual.. interest(' down the suspension lines. Thenet prevents panels or with high potential for duplication. The normal of the parachute from blowing throughopposite budgetary review process within eachagency re-. suspension lines during parachute deployment. The di-teed the number of proposals. The earlystart and anti - inversion net has not only eliminatedthe in- detailed nature4the review, as well as the desire version malfunctions, but has produceda bonus to make most effective use of ,resources,. Allcon- effect of .ptactically no malfunctions ofany type. tribute to assuring elimination of unwarranted In over 90,000 jumps with net-equippedparachutes, duplication early in the prod ss. The final DoD only two malfunctions occurred. Thisachieves re- and,,,NAS6 review involved oD projects esti- duced personnel, injuries and reducedparachute mated to cost S70 million, a 22 NASA projects maintenance pretliously caused by inversionburns. totaling $1624 million. These facilitieswere in- The modification program to add theanti-inver- cluded in the President' budget. sion net to, field stockswas completed in 1977.. All new main parachutes are equipped with the National Aeronautical Facili ies Program: Three net: facilities ,constitute the Natio al Aeronautical. Fa- cilities Program: . Relationship with NASA The Air Force Aeropropulsion- Systems Test Facility design is complete, construction 'bid- Aeronautics and Astronautics CoordinatingBoard ding is in progress, and the facility is proceed- The Aeronautics. and AstronauticsCoordinating ing within costs toward beginning operatign in Board .(AACB), the principal formal coordina- 1981. Congress appropriated the full! $437 Mil- tion mechanism between DoD andNASA. Major lion for ASTF in FY 1977. policy issues of mutual interest in aeronauticsand Modifications to the 'NASA 40-x080-foot loW space are .addressed. speed wind tunnel are now in the-preliminary

Reimbursement for Shuttle Services.In June design stage. Congress appropriated $6 million . "1976 NASA offered forcomment a preliminary in FY 1977. The facility is scheduled for.-com- proposed policy on reimbursement forShuttle serv- pletion in 1982 at a total cost of $85 million. ices to DoD. This initial policy proposedconsider- The NASA National. Transonic Facility is in ing all direct and indirect cosy_asa basis for estab- thesite-preparationstage.Congress appro- lishing. a -.priceto DoD for a letlicated Shuttle priated S25. Million in FY 1977 and-the facility flight. At the October 13, 1976, AACBmeeting the is scheduled to operate in 1982. Co-Chairmen agreed to explore simpler.approaches Hirer- than- expected .bids. on the transonic-tun- ,,to developing a fair, reasonable price forsuchserv- nel shell and motor caused NASAto institutea. ices to DoD. An approach hasnow been agreed joint DoD/NASA reexamination of thettaOhel upon which is simple and encourages efficientop- configuration.. Itwas concluded,that .while the Nesi er,ations, early transition froth expendablelaunch tunnel design is still valid, insulation and model vehicles to the Space Shuttle, providespricing sta- angular travel capability. need to be increased,so bility, and establisheS a mutually acceptableprice. the total cost will he about -$85 million. Thein- The DoR reimbursement to NASA "willbe based creaseis primarily in higher-than-estimated bids on the costs of materials and services,to be mu- (inflation) although some is,attributedto necessary tually agreed upon. The DoD willprovide, the 'design changes. DoD requirements have.not been Vandenberg. Shuttle latinch4 supportfor all non- compromised' either during desig7 or as': result of DoD users in return for provision byNASA of all cost increases: . , ?Shuttle launth support from KennedySpace Center Shuttle Orbiter Fleet Size The ,timely and .Sltuttle flight operations a ailatil- support, for all DoD ity of an adequate natitmal fleet of orbitersto sup- flights. These services are 'projectedto be of ap- port military as well as civil users ot. the Shuttle is proximately equal value to each -agency. DoD will essential if the full capabilities of the Shuttleare 46 to be realized. The fleet size must he based on total running engines have now been operated for ap- nationaltrafficforeign sand domestic, civiland proximately' 60 hours. The first aircraft has also ti militaryprojectedfortheShuttle.Extensive flown dirge hours of hover and low-speed tests since studies conducted by NASA, with Air/Fttrcesup- its new-design transmissions and vertical / horizontal port, over the past two years plus detailed reviews XV-15 is campletingoperational,tests under remote within -the Administration have.led,to the decision control in preparation for full-scale wi,ns,1,...auinel that NASA should prbceed' with the production of.. testing in th4iNASA-Ames 40-x-80-foot Ivind tunnel,

fotir Space Shuttle orbiters. to be initiated in early 1978. The second XV-15 is -J Use oLjohnson Mission Control Center. PresentAl)eiug prepared for liMited grounN4sting prioto DoD jilannin -for its Shuttle launches.is predicated entering contractor. flight.. tests early in1978 to on the usef NASA's, Johnson Mission Control establish the basic -Bight characteristics fOr both Center (JNC)forsimulation,training,and helicopter mad airplane modes of operation. Shuttle control for all DoD missions. How- Spacecraft Charging Technology. The Air Fora: °ever, as currently degigned, JMCC cannot handle Geophysics I;aboratory(AFG.I.).isactivelyin- payload. data for classified missions. A number Of volvedintheJoint USAF/NASASpacecraft. options for accommodating classified DoD launches Charging Technology Program. In addition to dein the JMCC have been evaluatedover the past theoretical and empirical models of the year by by both DoD and NASA. Recently a low-cost natural environment leading to spacecraft electrital approach has libm defined to modifying JMCC charging. at :synchronousonous altitude, AFGis prepar- which will adequately Protect-- ctiisified payload ing a handbook that. w-41 dOcuMent, the full range launches on the Shuttle with mintim disruption of variability of charged particles and fields that to civil users. The v4lidation of this approach, the can be expected at this altitude. Data from the Air "controlled mode". concept, has been started. Force Scatha satellite, to be launched ih.1979, will be included in-a future supplemei to the. hand- JointProgrims book. Scatha satellite instrumentation, supplied by 1. c the Air Force, will include electrostatic analyzers, Rotor Systems Research Aircraft (RSRA). A joint'; charged particle flux speitymeters, and electron .Army-NASA contract for the' design and fabrica-t and ion beam systems to'assess the feasibility of '. tion of two Rotor. Systems Research Aircraft has activelycontrolling. satellite. chargingand:: dis- produced twokresearch aircraft which willserve as charging. Close\ coordination- between the inter- ., wind ainnels".for helicopter research. The -dependent activities of the Air Force and NASA aircraft design will permit in-flight testing of full-' 'continue through the Joint USAP/NfASA Space- stale main rotor systems having from two to six craftjCharging Technology Program. Models of the blades. The design also permits. the addition of energetic electron flux at satellite. altitudes will be. fixed wings and thrutting engines that will permit instrumented to measure energetic electrons in the. rotor testing at flight; speeds.. up to .450 kilometers range 110 MeV. These measurements are needed per hour. These two aircraft will provide da'ta that ,to determine the dosage rates dm? satellite micro- will help -solve aerodynamic problems that are -,compoitents will be subjected to under operatiMial cuilkntly mathematically intractable andcannot. ba,scenarios. : solved-without the aid of precise Right research re- Seasat -A Data Processing.a NASA and the Navy sults. The Rotor Systems Research AFreraft, with have. agreed to a 'cooperative effort for Seasat-A` its fir et of rotor blades, has completed its. first data processing. The Navy will do real time proc- phase ia flight 'testing as a pure. helicoPter;itis essing of the NASA Seasat -A satellite_ data <) the presently beiog fitted with wings and thrustingen- ,Fleet Numerical Weather Central, and make the gines to enter. further flight testing. in high-speed proccssedidata available to NASA for distribution maneuvering flight.After establishing. the basic to the user community. The navy will also demon capabilities of the. research aircraft, they will he strate the utility of the Seasat data as inputs to , used to test and 'optimize the performance of var- global atmospheric and oceanographic analyses._ancl I ions candidate rotor designs and to.obtain- data for forecasts. This NASA /Navy effort-capitalizeseffort capitalizes. . on improvement ih_rotorcraft prediction methodology..the significant Navy piograms to develop Oceatio- -. Tilt. Rotor Research Aircraft (XTL15). Undera graphic applications for infrared imagery from the joint Army/NASA contract awarded in 1973, Bell. satellite data, and to use the data in analysis of Helicopter Textron completed the fabrication of sea-surf:Icethermalstructuressuchaslotating two Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft (V.ef5) during oceanic fronts,eddies,. and water masses. The stir-,/ the past year, The first of the two aircraft has been face temperature measurement and analysis capabil- . extensively ground tested on.a.tiedown test facility; ity1supports the objectives of the National Climate its new design transmissions and vertical/horizontal Program. Several fleet exercises conducted in 7977

1'. 47

O G .. -demonstrated the potential of utirizing satelliteS 'dates kir the'Space Shuttle Program. Tile selections collected sea-surface temperatures for tacticalap- froni.over.80(g) applicants would 'be announced in . ,.plications in undersea 'w,riare.'' A I978.- At present,(197.7) DOD ,> has eleven officers Standqrd Atmosphere. The joint. effortbetween assigned as,astronaids, National Oceank and Atmospheri'cg Admini Sir:a& a of whoin have prior s pate .fl igh .t experience.

'(NOAA), NASA, and USAF which pretluced the . . tl.';. !,iandard Atmosphere (1976) continues.The Technical Development DoD has de- joint publication has disseminated .0wealth of tailed a niunber of technically trainedpersons to knowledge of the uppgr atmosphere)taitted' dur- NASA t ssist in programs of mutual interest. The ing the past solar cycle. Extensive rocket andsatel- technological. transfer backto DoD in unique func.- lite data acquired over more than one complete tional area.isimportant. The total iumber of solarcycle are incorporated. Thii° stratospheric deiailees u r the program in Fy 1978 is 59 '(45 measurement capability will 'provide important from 'Air Forc 'spiti-off .benefits to the Nationhi Plansfor StratoS- from Navy-, and-6 from 'Army). pheric Research and Monitoiing whichare now They are working in a variety of operati4al.and being prepaytt at the Federal levelas a result of R&D programs ,but most are associated with the the growing concern over ozone depletion anden-. Space -Transportation System. The latter activities ,'vironmental deterioration. ..' inclade spacemis'sion planning, avionics andcorn: Astronaut Selection. DoD isfully cooperating, munications security,. crew procedures, payloads with NASA in their selection ofastronaut candi- SoftWare, logistics, and Eicilities .construction. ,

48 Department of Commerce

Introduction prove navigation, communication, and surveillanct The Department of Commerce agencies of commercial ship operatiops; and by using satel- con- lite.,data for demographic studies and poptilation tributing directly to the nation's aeronauticsand space programs include the National Oceanic and Oilimates. Atmospheric Administration '(NOAA), the Na- Siiice Systems tional Bureau of Standards (NBS),the Maritime , Administration (MARAD)the National Tele- ,Satellitio Operalioiss .. communications and Information Administration (NI -IA), and the Bureau of the Census. Polar-Orbiting Satellites. During 1977, the Na- tional Environmental Satellite' Service (NESS) of The' long- ange goals of these organizationsare the National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdMinis- to ensure wis .. use of the environment and its re- tration (NOAA) operated two satellites, Noaa 4 and sources; to pro ide standards and .related services Noaa 5, of the Iroved Tiros Operational Satel- for uniform Inreliable physical measurements, lite(ITOS). series. oaa 5 is the primary opera- standard reference materials, and datato commerce, tional satellite and a 4 is the in-orbit backup. industry, and government; to' improve shipcom- Development of theIros-N series,the third munications, navigation, safety, andmanagement generation of. operationalolar-orbiting satellites, techniques; to provide specialized engineering,man- is continuing. This series of tellites will replace: . agementand advisory assistance on national tele- the present-1140S .series beginn in late '1.978. - communications 'issues to other. Federal agewies; TiebS-N, the NASA..p&ttotype, will be latinclied;Cii and to proyide information.on population trends, mid:1978-; Noaa AINOAA'S first,operational.satel- grpvIr.tk.sand internal structure of national lite of this series,- isscheduled for launch in late... land areas. . 4e . - ,These goals are accoMplished by operatingand Installation Of the Tiros-N serics'iotind equip- improving the nation's operation-al environmental ment began. at the 'NESS'Satellite Operations Con- '; atellite systems; by providing data toassess the im- trol Center in Stiithind, Maryland, in September. pact of natural' and man-induced factors on such 1977: The majoritcompcinents of the ground system. things as globjeloOci, supplies,national energy are the Data Acquisition and Control,Subsystem problems, and environmental quality; by conduct- (DACS) and the data Processing and Services Sub ing fundamental research to improve mans under- system(DPSS).The ,DACS equipment willbe standing of th,e environment; by using satellitedata located' atWallops,' Virginia;Gilmore Creek. and aerial photography for charting, coastalmap- Alaska; San Francisco, California; &inland,. Mary- ping, and geodetic research; by improving weather land; and Lannion, France. This system''will acquire services throuth the automation oE forecast and ob- environmental and engineering data and facilitate servation stations, better 'radar systems, and . con- complete operationa/, control of the,entire ground trnued atmospheric research; by improving the system and satellite.he data processing equipment assessment and conservation of all .liming marine will be located at the NESS computer facility and resources; by conducting telecommutikations and be integrated with the acquisition system 'and a information policy analyses, and navigation, tele- wideband communication network: The acquired ommunication, and remote sensing studies tosup- data then will be preprocessed and conditioned for port communications Services; by providing basic storage and products developed and distributed. to me sureihent and calibration methods for operating the users...The.data also will be retained for archive technical systems and 'engineering data for the de- bv,the 'Environmental. Da. Service. sign. and construction of sophisticated space and Geostatismarr: Satell es.Geostationary Opera- aeronautics equipment; by .using satellites to im tional Environnientaatellite Goes 2 was launched

49 'n

a .t June 16, 1977, On August 15, Goes '2was positioned gust 1976) ,it pr.oduced results corresponding to an: over the equator at 75° West. longitude to replace actual wind field., Goes 1as the eastern 'operational satellite. Goes 1 Research was continued to determine why the was placed on standby in an orbit centered at 105' subtropicak jet stream Acts ,is a southern boundary West longitilde. Synchronous MeteorologicalSatel-, to severe weather. An examination (lfive case lite SMS 2 remained at 1350 West longitudeas the studies was made to seeif cold air in the hiRli Western operational satellite. troposphere north of the jet is a contributing facto] Iii February.1977, NESS increased to72 the daily. to deep instability. Detailed 200-millibar tempera- number of Weather Facsimile broadcasts from the ture analyses" showed a wedge of cold air between two geostationary satellites. Each broadcast lasts 7 the subtropical and polar jet streams: Severe sidrms minutes and transmits both processed images from occurred where the 200-millibar cold tongue was the polar-orbiting satellites and unprocessedsectors superiMposed over the surface warm tongue and in from the two geostationary satellites, Plain-language. areas of weak calculated divergence at upper levels. operational messages related to the schedules and Work was continued to improve methods for ex- planning, activities are broadcast twice each day tracting meteorological information from the High from the eastern satellite andonce each day from Resolution Infrared Sounder data from the Nimbus the western satellite. These dataare received and 6 ex crimental meteorological satellite. Processing used .by agrowing number of Departmentof De-, of da a was completed for the Global Atmospheric tense and foreign meteorological agencies.In Octo- Research Pi'bgram .(GARP) Nimbus 6 Data Sys- ber 1977, a liMited number -of NationalNleteoro- tems Test periods 5 and 6. These data will be used logical Center conventional weather chartswere to provide specifications for the First .GARP Global broadcast daily from the eastern .satelliteat times Experiment in 1978. other than the normal weather facsimile broadcasts. Research was".conducted using Scalining Micro- These broadcasts and routine imaging operations wave Spectrometer- data from 'NiMbus 6. Results were made shnultaneously. showed that the data would be adequate as a lower resolution back-up system to Tiros-N for deriving Satellite Data Uses temperature soundings. These data also were used to estimate 700-Millibar wind speeds in large ty- Determining Winds and "I'mp'eratures. During phoons and preciPitable water amounts over tropi- 1977, researclrcontinued on the automatic coniptita cal areas. The results showed fair agreement with 'tion of winds from cloud motions observed bygeo- conventional radiosonde measurements, stationary satellites. One study compared simul- . -Monitoring Global Radiation. Time averaged taneous wind vectors from identical clouds tracked global heat Tmdget .2lata from Noaa ScAming Ra-. by .both Goes 1and SMS 2. Results showed that diometers continued to be archived and compiled \the objective geographic registration of the infrared in 1977 and were used in many studies. In one case, images was atcurate within S kilometers,: NIedia'n radiative heating data for the 1975/and 1976 South- Wind vector differences were 1.2 and 1.5imeters per east Artia summer monsoons were studied. The 1975 second for compther-derived winds and for:man- monsoon had greater intensity than the one in 1976; itally computed winds respectively. A and there were differences in radiative heating in In another study, an objective analysis. prOcedUre Southern and Central Asia during the two spring for editing low-levelpicture-pair winds derived and summer seasons. Also, snow cover over Soviet from geostationary satellite images has been tested Central Asia was greater in the spring of 1976 when with satisfactory results. The object is tq eliminate dle monsoon was weaker. Substantial changes in- .. inaccurate data. This technique Vvill 'reduce,tite radiative heating, likely related. to monsoon devel- amount of manual editing by'12 .percent. Also, the opment, were observed over much of the central temperature .slicing technique usedtocalculate and eastern tropical Pacific. Earth Radiation Bud- low-level .cloudmotions has been modified by in- get data from Nimbus 6 continued to be used for creasing the array size -used in the calculations., This Monitoring, glObal incoining solar and outgoing reduces the amount of inaccurate dat:t andpresents terrestrial radiation and as a measure of the solar amore lherent wind. constant. These data will 14e valuable tools in con- A technique is being developed to define the Jow- ducting climate-related studies. level wind field around a hurricane. The cOmpti: Knowledge of the Earth's radiation 1)1004. is an nents are cloud motion wind vectors from high integral part of the nation's total climate program. resolution visible images, the location, of ttie hur- In 1977, NESS/ established a group of researchers ricane center, and a hurricane intensity . to work with NASA on the development of an

When appl,ed to data from 'Hurricane Belle. (An, Earth Radiation Budget Satellite System (ERBSS). 50

5(3 . \ J. . The object of theERBSSis to acquire radiation vided every half hour by the Miami Satellite Field budget dataforunderstanding and predicting Services Station. climatic change. The instrument designedto meet Durin'the .1976 -1977 winter, NWS forecasters these objectives will measure reflected and emitted received GOES enhanced infrared images that were radiation over .a broad range of spectral intervals. used to display surface temperatures critical to frost Tlw ERBSSwill derive radiation data frominst1:11.....- predictions. The forecasting' technique was tested mews tobecarried 1 future NO. A-Tildast-N operationally in support, of the Florida citrus indus- satellites and a NASA Applications Explorer Nils try. In the 1977-1978 wtmer season GOES ihfrared sign satellite. . data will be displayed in digital rather than image Environmental 11'nruing Services.Throughout form. Digital temperature data are expected to be 1977, 'the Goys Data Collection System .(DCS) more timely, accurate, and economical. c tinned to grow in site and variety ofuses: There Using GOES infrared tymperature data, NESS is ar ay 22 national and international users par- developing a digital clOud-top height display to tic pating in this program wluct incorporatesnear-- detecttheposition, movement, and growth of ly 600 Data Collection Platforms(DCP). Some thunderstorms. This technique will be further re of.the new applications included deploymentof 25 fined using the .NWS Automation of Field Opera- magnetometer platform for the International.1 Mag- tions and Services system. This will allow forecasters netospheric Study Program, relaying huiTicane data to monitor more objectively local thunderstorm, from a C-130 reconnaissance aircraft, and imple- development from satellite data. Also under devel- mentation ofthefirstAircraft-to-Satellite Data opment is a set of digital satellite products that Acquisition and Relay platform ona commercial .show hurricane intensity,rainfall amounts, and jet. Importance of the GOES DCSwas realized in solar insolation. areas of t country- where the National Weather A quanthative method for analyzing tropical Service° (N )had.DCPs located to detect flood- storm intensity uses GOES enhanced infrared im- ing: NWS a1 NESS developed pi-or-Owes to col- ages. The procedure involves contouring the coldest lect data hourly whenever a flood threat arises. cloud tops to shovta certain temperature patterns These procedureswereusedseveraltimesin that are related .to the storm s wind speed, central Pennsylvania, Colorado, Oregon, and Texas. Dem7 pressure,andcenterlocation.Thistechnique onstratiOns of the GOES DCS also'were presented enables forecasters to estimate hurricane intensities to government officials in Santiago, Chile, and to at night when visible images are unavailable: participants in the World Meteorological Organi- GOES' enhanced infrared' images are used to zation's regionalassociation meeting inMexico .detect high concentrations of dow-leyel moisture: City, Mexico. . When skies are clear in -the Orly evening, moist A major milestone in the development of the airinthe. boundary layer will cause the land GOES DCS was reached When.a second generation beneath it to appear darker than land under dryer ground processing system became _operationalon .air. This is because land under moist air cools at a June 15, 1977. The ,new ground system consists of slower rate. It is in these areas_where fog is most computers -located at the World Weather Building likely to form later in the night. Thus areas with a and the Wallops Command and Data Acquisition high probability of fog foi-mation can be predicted Station, communication equipment betweenthe several hours in advance. -computers, expanded channel capacity, real-time During 1977, specially enhanced visible images dissemination of collected data,. and. redimSant were used to locate .fog areas and forecast the time equipment for emergencies. of fog dissipation. Early morning images were ana- The GOES -Tap system, inaugurated in 1975 to lyzed for; fog brightness.. Brightness is related to fog provide -sector-by-sector' weather images from Goes dissipation time. satellites, was expanded during 1977 to serve 20 Work continned.on the detc6tion of haze and air Federal and 16 nonfederal users. The NWS also pollution from satellite images. Earlyimorning and provided Tap service to users locatethnear Jheir- late afternoon visible pictures, taken when the slin Weather Service forecast Offices (WSFO). -During angle ish-120, show these hazy, pollutet?.areas ticularly well. The haze often'restricts visibility and 1977,. WSFO Tap service was increased to 72 sub- scribers. Lanica Airlines of Nicaragua became the can be a hazard to low -level aircraft. operations. first commercial airlinetouse the GOES-Tap: Thus satellite images aid in making short -range During 1977, I.anica, along with eight otli, Miami- forecasts of restrictions to visibility. based Latin American Airlines, used GOES-Tap Search and RescueSupport: In 1977 NESS con- images for aircraft routing over the Gulf. of. Mexico di-rued to provide:satellite data to support the U.S. and the Caribbean. Sectorized images were prci- Air Force and U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue .

51 r. operationshe California Wing of the Civil Air ments, like those expected from the color scanner, Patrol has been rising satellite imagesfor Search can provide otherwise virtually unobtainable infor- and Rescue missions since 1974. Satellitepictures mation on the detection, growth, add decay of show weather conditions at the time the pilotswere plankton,. Such information can provide a better in distress. Up to40-percent reductionin mission understanding of marine ecosystems. flying hours has been achieved by using satellite Mean monthly seasurface temperature fields, data. derived from satellite infrared measurements, wore The Coast Guard used satellite data inits Search compiled for the past 'several years. These data\ and Rescue missions to determinesea surface tem- were used to construct annual-change and anomaly peratures and ocean current boundaries. Sea surface charts for. possible use in long-range weather fore- . temperatures are important to mi,ssion planning, casting and climate dynamics studies. One interest- especially in the winter whentemperature, differ-. ing feature was a large cold-water anomaly that eines between the Gulf Stream and adjaoefit shelf developed in the North Pacific in the autumn of waters can be more than'17°C. This a 1976 and reached peak intensity in February 1977. difference in life expectancy,as affected by _expo- A similar anomaly appeared to be developing in sure, of several hours to several days and 'a radically the same general area in late suinmer 1977. different drift rate and direction. NESS is using GOES visible and infrared digital Determining Ocean Conditions. Seasat-Aisa . data to produee coMposite sea surface-temperature NASA oceanographic satellite scheduled for launch gradient maps. 1/1/ using GOES images at various . In 1978. It is designed to provide all:weather global. .times 61 the day, a cloud-free composite of the sea monitoring of oceanograplic conditions usingan . surfaes,Aermal structure is displayed. During 1977, array of microwave instruments and, one visible- this Zit coniPosite was used to determine theposi-., infrared instrument. NOAA will participatein a tion of the Gulf Stream and the Gulf of Mexico research and demonstrationprogram using Seasitt- Loop Current. The Satellite Field Services. Stations A data as they apply to NOAA requirements. have prpvided this information to continercial and Thirty-five experiments are plannedn the open sports .fishermen,recreationalboaters,andthe ocean and coastal zone on winds and waVes. .cur- merchant marine. rents and circulation dynamics, surfacetempera- In March 1977. work began on prepar.ing,triaps tures, geodesy, awl' sea ice. Demonstration activities showing ice conditions in the Labrador Sea and will involve meteorology, oceanography,geodesy, D_ avis Strait. These maps, derived from Noaa 5 and living marine resources. In addition plansare and Goes 1 satellite images, were disseminated three under way to sponsor a few experiments bynon- times a week to the Coast Guard as'an 'aid to navi- govtrnment organizations; gation. Also, the Coast Guard was briefed on..clond ,Ocean color research continues in support of the conditions over its International' Ice Patrol' area, Coastal Zone.-Color.,Scanner to be carriedon Nim- based on satellite images. This information saves bus-G, scheduled for launch in 1978. The capabil- aircraft time and reduces operating costs. NESS Pity to acquire in situ opticalmeasurements simul- also continued to prepare and distribute ice maps taneously with remotely-sensed radiance datawas of Alaskan Coastal waters for shipping interests for demonstrated by experiments conducted inlate the fifth consecutive year. 1975. A more extensive ship and aircraft fieldpro- High-resolution iinages from Landsat1 sand 2 gram. was carried out in the Gulf of Mexico in were used by NOAA's Pacific. Marine Environ- October 1977, by scientists from NOAA, NASA, mental Laboratory to compile an atlas of under- the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Texas water internal waves off the North 4meriqn east A&M UniverSity. The objectiveswere to provide a coast, the first large-scale view of this phenOmenon; prelaunch in-situ data base for 'development of The data were used to prepare taoceanographic chlorophyll- and total suspended sediment models, investigations of internal waves. to standardize measurement procedures for these Scientists from NOAA's Outer. Continental Shelf parameters, and to Est instruments for acquisition Environinental Assessment Program used sea sur- of spectral irradiance data. face temperature data from NOAA satellites in con- The Scripps Institution of Oceanography,sup- junction with hydrographic.'data to map surface ported by NESS, completed developmenton the currents in the Gulf of Alaska. This program sup- bio-optical state of the.ocean whichcan be charm% ports the University of Alaska in acquiring and terized by determining certain opticalparameters cataloging remote sensing data from satellites and as a -function of wavelength Then bib-optical state 'aircraft and distributing these data to scitidists in- can be related to chloroph)il concentrations, which volved in Alaskan studies. ' further can be linked to other important biological, NOAA's Wave Propagation Laboratory devel- features of the ocean. Satellite optical measure- oped- a method of using satellite radar altimeter 52 . . data to determine sea state. This method has been....nique will aid in monitoring areas of convective applied Co a limited amount of Geos 3 altimeter rainfall for agricultural uses and flash flood warn- data, producing estimates of significantwave height ings. Itis. especially useful for areas where no re- to 0.6. meters accuracy over 70 kilometer-square porting stations arc present, or where surfacere- areas. ports arc delayed by poop communications. Deter Mining Lake Conditionx. Analysis ofsatel- Also. GOES visible and infrared images were liteinfrared data over the Great Lakes during*used to develop a.digital enhancement technique November 1976 showed the lake surface tempera- for estimating rainfall rates and potential rainfall . tures, to be an average of 5 °C cooler thanon the for tropical storms.'-The National Hurricane and same date in 1975. These low temperatures pre-Experimental Laboratory used this technique to. ceded one of the heaviest iceyears on record. On prepare. rtinfal4 estimates for the NatiOnal Hur- February.7, 1977, Noaa 5 satellite data showedLake ricane Center's warniit services: The NWS River Michigan was completely frozen over for the first Forecast. Center at San Antonio, Texas, used this time in 20 years. inforaition to monitor heavy rainfall continbtpusly NOAA's Great Lakes Environmental Research as Flurricane Anita crossed the.Texas-Mexico coast Laboratory and NESS used satellite multispectral in September 1977. images to map reflectance patterns from calcium j'he NWS collected rainfall data from 61 un- carbonate precipitation in-le Great LakeS. This manned sitesinits Automatic: Hydrologic 01) milky-water phenomenon, ca ed a whiting,was ex- serving System. These data were transmitted to amined over a 4 -year perim.Results showed that River Forecast Centers vi- le GOES.Data,.Collec- whitings occur regularly 'd ring thesummer and tion System and wet.used in the river and flood fall in Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Michigan.: forecasting program. Determining Hydrological Conditions.' NESScon- NESS completed a series of satellite -derived, snow7 tinued to produce .satellite maps of snowcover in cover' Maps and graphs of North America and ., about two doien United States and Canadian river Eurasia for the period November 1966 to Septem-, basins. Nearly 500 snowcovermaps were compiled ber 1977. The maps showed the monthly variation ,between November 1976 and June 1977. UserSwere of snowcover, and the graphs showed the monthly, the National Weather ServiceUS. GeologicalSur- seasonal, and annual variation of snowcover on' vey, Corps of Engineers, Soil Conservation Service, each continent. A 12-month running mean" of ,and Bureau of Reclamation. Thesemaps were used monthly values showed no significant fluctuations to !lel!) asses-s,the..extent of the 1977 drought in the or trends for North America; but two large increases Western 'United, States. Snowpacks in the high cle- f -, in snowcover were observed for Eurasia. One of vations of Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, California, these occurred in the 1971-1972 winter and the and Oregon, were .found to bethe loweStor near other in the 1976-1977 winter. the lowest on record. Using Noaa 5 VHRR images, A study was made of near-infrared. reflectance mid -April areal snowcover for California's Sierra from snow using Skylab multispectral scanner data. Nevada. Mountain .Range was determinedto he Results shoWed that reflectance over uniform snow- only one third of what it had beenon the same pack is'significantlylower in the near-infrared than date in 1975. Satellite derivedsnow and ice cover in the visible red part of. the spectrunt, and that MaPs were transmitted daily to NWS hydrologists the near-infrared can be used to distinguish ob- in the middle Atlantic and northeasternstates. This jectively between snow and clouds. More data are information was used 'to prepare river and flood needed to clearly distinguish between snow reflec- forecasts. Regional hydrologistsfound the informa- tance measurements made, in the laboratory and. tion to he especially useful because this section of thbse obtained from spacecraft and 'aircraft. the country. experienced one of the mostsevere Monitoring Agricultural Conditions. In coopera- winters. in 'history. tion with the Great Plains Agricultural Council A technique for estimating hourly rainfall from and the U.S. Department of Agrtculture. NESS 'convective clouds using enhanced infrared and high joined in an effort to develop a technique for esti- . resolution visible satellite imageswas field tested in mating solar insolation over the Great. Plains using 1977. Field tests:were conducted by hydrOlokistsat GOES digital data. The parameters measured were. the Weather .Service offices at Phoenix, Arizona. surface brightness, cloud brightness, cloud cover, and LubbOck, Texas; the Kansas City, Missouri, precipitable water, and surface pressure. The first Satellite Field Services`Station; and the Division of three parameters were determined .frti'msatellite Hydrology in Caracas, Venezuela. Preliminary re- data and the last two from surface measurements. sults show successful identification ofareas of no These data arc presently .being correlated vs,;ith stir-. significant rainfall and reasonable estimates of total face truth !manometer data provided by the Great rainfallin heavj, precipitation areas. This tech- Plains Council. Eventually, the insolation data may

53 be incorporated into yield mocals forsorghum and Other Uses of Satellites and.Space wheat crops. International Cooperation Fisheries Monitoring. During 1977..NES con- tintied to produce charts showingocean thermal Sharing Data. More than 120 countries receive fronis,, observed from high-resolution satellitedata. low-resolutionAlumna isPictureTransmission along the California coast. The Ocean.ServicesUnit (APT) images, and a zen countries also receive at Seattle began issuing similar information for the high-Tesolution images 'loin NOAA polar-orbiting offshore waters of Oregon and Washington.Ip-is satellites. Another 20 In h-resolution stations are known that nutrients and plankton importantto planned, including onet McMurdo Sound, Ant- the food chain for fish are concentratedalong these_ arctica: Ten countries in the Caribbir and in fronts as a result of seasonal upwelling. Forthe Central and South America also 'receive Weather past three years, these charts have been used by Facsiinile(WEFAX)images from geostationary West Coast tuna and salmon fishermento loeate satellites, and new stations soon will be operating prodiictive fishing al,eas. In spite.of increasing fuel in Western Europe, Africa, and some Pacific Ocean costs and more stringent fishing regulations, the sites. cominercial;.-Irshermen have improvedtheireffi- The National Weather Service, under the Volun- ciencydnareduced overfishingofsmall areas. 'In tary Assistance.Program.for the World Meteorolog- 1977, this service was expanded to the nortlimtsf. iral.Organitation, established combination APT/ Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. The swordfishindus-o WEFAX stations with improved satellite, video try is being provided week.ly Gulf Stream analyses, capability in Costa Rica, Honduras, and Guatemala and,some fishing ,companies are purchasing satel- in November and December.1977. These stations lite images ror clii'ectuseintheir fishing operations. can receive data from polar orbiting and geostation- The National Nfarine Fiiheries S&vice, in ary satellites aqii will be the prototypes for eventual coop- replacement of- older APT equipment. The capa- eration with other Federal and privateagencies, initiated research to use satellitesfor bility of the satellite to relay environmental data tracking por- to ground stations within the satellite's transmis- poise migration in the eastern tropical PaCific.A preliminary study was conducted by fittijig trained sion range has improved the observation andpre- diction efforts of many nations. porpoises with small transmitters capable ofoperat- inga year and relaying position data via the These data recently have been used by the U.N..' bus 6 Rennote Access NIanagernent System.Data can., Food and Agricultural Organization to suppress -"locust emergence and migration in northern Africa. be received fortipto 200 platforms within-the satellite's view and from 1000 platformsper orbit. They have been used to support exploratory oil _drilling activities in the North Sea and Canadian The Fisheries Service also participated in'Sea- Archipelago: to estimate snowfallinNorway for sat-A prelaunch' studies conducted off thecoast of tydro-electric power generation; and to improve California during the spring of 1977to determine flight if a scatterometer system would_ forecasting,flood.control. efforts, marine rovide acctirate transportation; and research. in weather modifica- measurements ofwind-stresLfSr estimating.,...tion J water moverriCnt: nany countries, Much internatialon good Tesefeitilis ".4-1,441- derktd from eooperation and coordina -' in 1978. The objective is to C"-a-ItOftetbe pOtential of space-borne scatterometer tion.ainOtik :nations using this form ofspacetech- measurements'for MI: nolcigy. provedyieldpredictionsforcertain estuarine- Thel'United States and the Soviet Unioncon- dependent fish. The survival of thesespeciesis tinued to exchange satellite cloud pictures, during dependent on the egg and larval stages beingtrans- 1977.. During the year the Soviets launched ,a new ported by surface water currents toestuarine nurs- ery grounds. series of 'satellite called Meteor 2. The visible and infrared radiometers on this satellite appear to have The National Fisheries Engineering Laboratay,1".environmental monitoring capability close toour in cooperation with NASA and the,CoastGuard, "'OS series. PhotOgraphs received from -the saiel-` investigated the-use of space-borne Synthetie ° lite have a resolution of about 2 kilometers. In ad- Jure .Radar systemsforfishery, management and dition.the United States received data ,from Meteors, fishing vessel surveillance. Prelifhinary resultswere 24 through 2B and sent data from Noaa 4 and 5 published this yeardeseritingtests of vessersur- to Russia'. veillance conducted over concentrations of foreign During 1977, the Department of State, Agency for -. vessels in the Bering Sea. Detection .of broad International Development (A ID), was provided range of fishing vessels seems certain, but gtieitions with cloudcover data over the sub- Sahara part of remain' concerning additional information suchas Africa and the Caribbean area fol" use in deter- vessel speed, direction, activity, and size. ; , mining the probability of precipitation. As part of 54. - Cl) thetropic]stormsuryeillanceprogram,high proved Doppler data and more refined. data proc- winds and potential flooding in tropicalareas of essing haye reduced positional errors to less than 50 the -world also were monitored. centimeters for 40 stations, and 10 to 25 centimeters Dernogiaphic Studies. The Bureau of theCensus, for different:cc( positions. Comparison with the ex- suppdrted by AID, demonstrated the use ofLandsat rnal standards of Very Long Baseline Interfer- data in demographic studies. Studies forBolivia onryposition .determinations andtheHigh and Kenya were completed in 1977, andthe results Precision Transcontinental Traverse yielded atom- documented the use of satellite images in preparing. parable .ac,cttracies. A high-quality aerialunera is Population and Housing Census.operationalmaps, being devellpped and tested to provide hi her den- The reports also noted the relation of landcover sity geodetic control more quic ly and eco omically. to .population density. The altimeter data base set up fore Ceos 3 The Census .Blireau.also continuesto study the satellite ,now 'contains more that 1500 p sses. These use of Landsat data in dOniestic census ;activities. data have been enhanced ihrou h im rayed analy- An Applications System Verification. and 'Transfer sis techniques and have proded more accurate agreement was signed with NASA. The expet'irnent solutions for the Earth's %/national field. The .will test the utility and cost 'effectivenessof using., Ocean Survey contint to work with NASA in computer-processed. Landsat data for delineating setting up methods a d programs for using altim- , urban tringe zones alound'the nation's majormet- eter data from Seasat-A for geodetic purposes. ropolitan areas. Urban land cover, recorded.-by Analysis of Geos 3 and a Navy navigational satel- Landsat, is being compared with photographsfrom lite data for determination ofocean tidal ampli- high-altitude aircraft and other cartographically tudes has confirmed that standard published ocean prepared prOducts: If Landsatproves useful atAl tide modelVe 'in error by a factor of one-third. cost-effective for monitoring the geographicexpan- As a result, a value for the acceleration of the Moon sion of .urban areas, a larger sample will betested. has been determined. This supports recent analysis of long-term astronoMical observation's. Weather Modification On January 10, 1977, the Survey, the Defense NOAA's National Hurricane and Experimental Mapping Agency, and the Groupe de Recherches Meteorology Laboratory used satellite datafor its de Geodesic, France, started making Doppler .ob- research into the development and modification of servations at the Ukiah California Latitude Obser- vatory,to convective -cloud systems. Studies were initiatedto supportthe Frenchexperiment' to apply rainfall estimates from satellite imagesto the determine polar motion by .Doppler tracking of ar- anal).* of cumulus .modification experimentsover tificial satellites. The Survey started, a new project, an -extended area. Satellite data promise to be im- Polar Motion Analysis by Radio Interferometric portantfordiagnosinglarger-scaleeffectsof Surveying (POLARIS), to monitor polar motion weather modification.. and -Earth rotation with improved spatial and teM-- The Laboratory also used satellite data in 'hur- poral resolution using radici interferometry tech-, ricaneresearch. Data, collected with satellites, air- niqttes. The POLARIS data will have wide applica-' craft, and radar from Hurricane Anita (September tion in deeOpaCe navigation, celeStial mechanics, 1977) are being analyzed to determine if systematic relativity, ind Earth evolution studies. 'Oscillations of cloud growth occur, if satellitescan The National Bureau of Standards has investi- track cloud elements at speeds correspondingto ob- gated the use of a single photo-electron laser rang- served wind 'speeds, and if characteristic cloudde- ing technique to reduce the cost and.. increase the velopments occur that.. can be related topresent accuracy' of satellite ranging .stations: Preliminary storm strength and potential for future develop- studies indicate a 1.5-centimeter accuracy in rang- meat.:, ing to the Lageos sateltite. Under deyelopment; is a . 3-waYelength ground-to-groundlaserdiStance-. Determination of the'Earth' Shape and measuring Systent"ith a 50-kilometer range and Gravity Field an accuracy of one part in 2million. The. system is intended to provide accurRe. geodetic ties to a

NOAA's National OceanSurvey and the Joint surrounding network of markers from a site whose . Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics madecom- location is determined by satellite or lunar laser puter simulations of observations on the Lageos ranging stations or long baseline interferometry satellite by laser stations and determined 'geodetic stations. station positions on the Earth withmean errors less The use of high-accuracy-range measurements to than 5 centimeters: This method was liMited. in ob- an orbiter around, the planet Mercury, for testing taining the desired accuracy because of limited gravitational physics was studied: A check- on a knowledge of the EartlCs graYitational field. Im- posSible change in.the gravitational constant With..

55 time may be possible. Much improved checkson a theory and ineasiirement techniques for microwave number of other aspects of present gravitational antennas. Itis now possible to perform atcurate theory-also could be performed with such a mission. near-field measurements in the laboratory. Accurate gat. pattern, and polarization dataare obtained Satellite Communicatio, for prelaunch -testing of complicated multiantenna satellite systems and the terrestrial evaluation of Catrzinunic-ations-SttidieS. The Office of Telecom- ground stations. unications -published a study comparing there- liability of submarine cable and satellite communi- Orbiting Standards. Test and measurement meth- cations: Data from the American Telephone and ods for the Orbiting Standards Platform are being :TelegraphNompany's overseas message teleRhone deNed. The Bureau of Standards will provide the Jeircnits fronA1970-4975 were used. Comparison. lor , required standards and carry out the satellite post- eti4 olglie :six years provided summaries ofcauses verikt-ation program. The platform will be ,,oV'cabTe",:outages and ways- in which servicewas accessible to virtually all users of satellite systems restored. Satellite communications were found to and will provide more reliable calibrations. than bernore reliable.. can be,achieved by other. techniques. , A,frtudy was published on the aspects of direct Tipic.Screices. During 1977, time code transmis- oice communications from a satelliteto individual sions on the 468-MHz frequencywere continued for natural disaster warnings. TheAisc of --g from 1%th GOES'satellites. Improved satellite posi- home .radios-and_television sets for receiving these tion prediction techniques resulted' in time code signals appeared remote.,- performance of better than 25 microseconds. A Three continuer programs were'developed and commercial version of the GOES satellite clock pUblished. that will automatically -check- the -coin- system now 'is available,. The GOES time code is pliance of fixed ,Earth stations' with international in use or being considered for use in scientific data power and antenna beam pointing restrictions; monitoring and correlation, navigation, communi- help engineers maximize satellite antenna, coterage cation systems, and -electric power networks. over particular portions of the Earth, while min- The lcureau of Standards has developed an ex- imizing the effects of interference to other telecom- tremely accurate atomic dock for satellite use. The municationsystems;and calculatecontours of device uses atomic: hydrogen and has design features power. density measured at geostationary orbit. Eliot are adapted to remote control in space. Other Conimercial Satellite Service. The Maritime Ad- rttonicclocks, 'based on cesium and rubidium ministration continued to expand itsprogram of ritsonances, were testedin a simulated space en- commercial satellite communications. In 1977 the vironment. These atomic clocks are critical: com- Maritime Satellite (MARISAT) consortium an- pcments in world4ide, satellite-based navigation nourkell commercialservicesfromtheIndian systems intended for space, air, sea, and ground OCean. The number of U.S.-owned vessels equipped position location: With MARISAT terminals tripled, and the world fleet doubled in1977. .The MARISAT satellite communications system has opened 24-hour tele- Space Support Activities phone and teleprinter service to ships at sea. Luxury liner passengers can now make ship-to-shore tele: Weather Support -phone .calls directly from their staterooms. Cargo_ Launching Activities. During 1977, the National ships can avoid ports shut down by strikes, pick up Weather Service provided meteorological support new orders, and shift cargoes from _one ship toan- to life Space' Shuttle,01.andsat,/i ayagoi, Seasat, ana otkr... enroute: Oiltankersoperating .between the 'Rocketsonde and Atm'ospheric.Offone Measure- Alaska and other U.S. ports can .keepcin contact ment Programs. For the Space Shuttle, support.was with the home office. Canadian ice-breakers, whose principally background and planning studies of at- mission itis to keep. Canada's 'far-north sea lanes mospheric conditions .at launch' and landing. sites. open for,the shipping of supplies and equipment Landsat support required forecasts of cloud-free for resource development, can maintain constant areas nder the orbital path of the 'satellles.. For communication with the Ministry of Transporta- the Voyager mission, forecasts were used to de'velop tion. Underway- oil drilling rigs located in the Gulf programsto maximize return signals from the of Alaska ,can communicate with their headquarters spacecraft/. Seasat support consisted of obtaining on shore. .Satellite communications mean more surface ninth data for evaluation of the radar altim- ,efficient cost-cutting traffic management. eter QII GeOS 3. Meteorological support was-pro- Saleliite Antennas. 'The National Bureau of vided to the Wallops Flight Center for its -rocket- Standards extended the development of near-field sonde and atmospheric ozone projects.

56 Solar Activity itiated to determine the effects of gravity on-liquid The NOAA Space Environment Services Center, flow and flame propagation -find inhibition. operated jointly by NOAA and the U.S. Air Force, is the National and World Warning Agency for Space and Atm sp_eric Research disturbances on the Sun, in space, inhe upper at- Space Physics mosphere, and in the Earth's magnet'field. Alerts and measurements of these disturbses are pro- Interplanetary Physics. NOAA Space Envi- vided to scientists in space'physics and geophysics ronment Laboratory made dynamic, multidimen- for planning scientific sttolies and experiments. The sional computer simulations of solar flares using largest of these, the International Magnetospheric Skylab observations as a guide. This work, per- Study (IMS),is an international cooperative scien- forMed in collAOration with the University of . tific program (1976-1979) designed to provide 'a Alabama in Huntsville,. enables.simulation of dis- better understanding of the dynamfcs of the Earth's turbances that_travel from the Sun to the Earth. 4r Several modals of the chemical composition 6. external magnetic field. The Center supported the IMS with data collection and dissemination, and tons, electrons; and ionized helium) of the steady predictions,, that were used to schedule satellite op- solar wind have been studied. One model confiders rations, rocket launches, and ground-based experi-. nonradial flow near the Sun while anothercon- ments. Similar information was provided to both siders radial flow fitOm the Sun to any point iyy military and civilian communication satellites and space. Recent workias suggested that the peri6r1 military reconnaissance systems. The prima'data from 1645-1715, when there was visible absence of systems usecliwere the Space Environment 1\Mlitor solar a steady, magnetically feature- and Solar Proton Monitor on the GOES and IOS less,low velocity.), solar wind flow around the satellites, the Global Solar Flare Patrol open ted Earth's magnetosphere. by NOAA and the Air Force, and data colled Hydrogen Cyanide has been observed in the Jo- from the International Ursigram and World Days vian atmosphere inquantities greater than ex- , Service. . .. pected. Seeking to explainthis,the Bureau of The Environmental Data. Service operates the _Standards has developed a mechanism to measure 'World Data Center-A fok, Solar-Terrestrial Physics. the rate constant for hydrogen cyanide formation. Last year World Data Center-A establisheda tem- improved therinodynantic values obtained through porary IMS Central. Information Exchange Office. infrared absorption and 'mass spectrometric studieS

This_ officeis responsible for informinesat,ellite. have been obtained for methyl and methylene radi- rocket, balloon, and ground-based experimenters cals. These species are impoi.tant in the- chemistry about accomAplishments, programs in progress, and of Jupiter find are derived from the decomposition. future program plans for the duration. Of IMS. Op- of methane by solar` radiation. portunities for program coordination are stressed Techniques to analyze ultraviolet spectra are be- and hive resulted in satellite experiment reconfig- ing developed using chromospheric models for solar urations, rocket launch schedule changes, and reactive regions;.'and.the study of wave modes in the of experinientt from the surface to solar 'Chromosphere. and transition region is under satellite altitudes. Prompt' notification of special way, Using Oso 8 observations. Spectroheliograrns data collection opportunities based on multiple obtained from the Naval Research Laboratory's satellite configurations -has been provided weekly Skylab experiment have been used to study the tot scieptists. An address list of participating scie'n- formation- of neutral and ionized helium lines in. )tists)was prepared and distributed to 2p00 persons the solar. atmosphere. Observations of cool stars tofacilitate,directcontactbetweenscientists. have been analyied to derive chromospheric models Monthly IMS newsletters carry the bulk of pro- and estimates4 of the gravity-dependence of non- I gram information, maps, and news of preliminary radiative heating in these stars. The first extreme- scientific results. ultraviolet observations of a flare _star. PrOxima Centattri,obtained from an experiment on Apollo- Space Processing Research Soyuz, were analyzed in terms' of coronal properties Ntw research efforts were started by the Bureau of this siar.,This -information will be useful to radio of Standards to support NASA's program of using astronomers all over the world. the Space Shuttle as an orbital workshop for materials science. The advantages of low gravity con- Atmospheric Physics ditions in materials processing and khermochemical Ionospheric Physics. Space Environment Labora- measurements on reactive oxides were evaluated. Ian tory scientists used solar, x-ray -.ricasttrements from addition, measurements 'and calculatAtis'Were in- the GOES satellitesto detCct solar flares. Research

57 was started to detect these explosionson the Snit 'raised the predicted stratospheric Ozone destruction before their- x-ray andextreme ultraviolet flux in- 'ley chlorofluorocarbon . release. . . . tensity increased enough to significantly affectthe A -new Bureau of Standards instrument was used ionosphere. One use of early flareetecti6nsystems to measure calibration stantiards for a NASA satel- will be high time-resolutionmeasurements to de- lite dedicated to mapping atmospheric ozone. Radi termine the ionospheric effects of solarflares. . ()metric Calibrations performed for. 'NASAare .im- Magnetosphcric Physics. Analysis of,energetic ion portant to -NASA programs for monitoring solar datain the interplanetary mediumoutside the radiation. Earth's magnthosphere shows theseparticles have originated from the magnetosphere. TheEarth thus Atmospheric Chemistry joins. the Sun and Jupiteras a source, within the solar system, of the energetic particles Photoithemistry. The Bureau of Standards has and low- demonstrated, for tile first time in laboratory exper- * energy cosmic rays f and iii the interplanetaryme- dium. Siientists hae concluded that the -extra-.iments a possible method of sunlight destroying terrestrial ring curs ntis not composed of solar chloromethanes in the troposphere. Solar radiation wind protons,- but of heavier ions ofhelium or reachingthe troposphere can -break down chic.- oxygen. 71The theory, proposed last year, that the komethanes if Ow chemicals are first adsorbed to ionosphere rather than the solar windis the major tie surfaces of sand' or quarti particles. The ex- some of energetic radiation-belt tent to which these chemi ll piolluta12ts may be re- ions, has been moved from the trop confirmed by observations that show ionsof iono- ere is being3ssessed. spheric origin jetting upward towardthe outer The Bureaus is participating in an interagency magnetosphere where they are trapped andproduce program to: predict the effects of haloca rbons. and the ring current. Evidence is mountingthat the nitrogen oxides on the ozone concentration in the process which energizes ionospheric, ions and injects stratosphere. Thiv possible buildnpof'halocarbons. them into the magnetosphere is thesame process their global distribution, and fate requires analyti- cal Measurements at extremely low Concentrations. which jets electrons from the magnetosphereinto the atmosphere to produce auroral displays. Rate .constalits have been determined for there- An act ions of chlorine and oxygen atoms,with chlorine auroral ,theory has been. developed thatthe ionosphere's demand for electrical nitrate over the temperature range 225°, to 273°K. current from , the The rates indicate that the chlorine reaction is not magnetosphere leads io tice creation of electricpo- tential difference along the geomagnetic fieldline. important. butthe.oxygen atom reaction competes The cxiStence.osucha potential difference would with solar photodissociation above 30 kilometers. Nitric acid is an important molecule that connects lead directly to the acceleration of electronsdown- Ward to produce theaurora and ions upward' to the hydrogen and nitrogen oxide reaction cycles in produce the ring current. the Earth's stratosphere. The details of its decom- Data from GOES magnetometers yosition by solar radiation are necessary, to under- were used .tO ;tamd the reaction cycles ofozone production and begin development of techhiquesto predict geo- acleplction- magnetic disturbances called substorms. Thiseffort will help the Space Environment Services Center to Data Programs predict disturbed. Communication conditions.and predict conditions which lead to electrical malfunc- Environmental Data tions onboard communication satellites. Oil Storage. The Enyironinvottal Data Service's ,S'grato,SphericPhysics. The NOAA AcroiNmy Center for Experiment Design and Data Analysis- Laboratory has obtained comprehensivemeasure- uses the GOES, Data Collection System to obtain ments of nitrogen dioxide distribution in.the strato- !lowly observations of ocean circulation patterns sphere Using grotindi and airbokne spectri3scopic trout a protot)lie Salt Dome Environmental Mon- techniques. Global rOasurements of stratospheric itoring. System in the Gulf of Mexico: Under the concentrations of fluorocarbons'F-11 and F-12:and -Strategic Petroleum Program, salt domes'or caverns nitrous oxide alsqfhave been obtained using, bal- are used for oil storage.. The enlargement of these.- loon-grab sampling methods. The nitrous oxide caverns byleaching presents a 'problem of-brine dis- measurements yielded improvd vet-deal' transport, posal in the coastal waters. The monitoring-ofp coefficients thatwill allow better predictions of tential salt brine disposal areas provides the da stratospheric ozone loss from manmade causes. Lab- needed to chapiicterize and -predict brine dispo,al oratory reaction rate measurements have substan- pa awls. - tially lowered the predicted stratosphericozone Ifror/d Fooi/ AssessMents. The. Large Area Crop destruction by supersonic aircraft and substantially . Inventory Experiment (LACIE), a cooperative cf- 58 fort. of NOAA, NASA, and theDepartment of Ag- aeronautical chios are needet!Lmore quickly. To riculture,has demonstrated technologyto monitor keep pace with this demand, t global weather patterns, identify current Ocean Survey, or- anomalous ganized an Aeronautical Chart Autornation.Project, Cs weather situations, and make quantified estimates The-automated approach to aeronautical chartpro- of the weather's influenceon potential crop yields. ductet On wa+- demonstrated this year when Radar Statistical climate crop yield models developed by Vid Maps: generated by thissystem, were rated tht Center for Climaticand Envirorkmental Assess- by;theFAA as superior to those produced manually. ment- support this experiment. LAC1also ispro- Thies project is expectedto make more efficient .use vided periodic assessments of the effectsof weather of personnel and increase responsiveness to chart and climate on crop productionover the major preparation deadline% agricultural regions of the world. Theseassessments utilizeoenvironmental satellite data,to supplement Use of Sensor Data from Aircraft information available. from the limitednetwork of ground based weather stations. Researcleading Safety Services. -The NOAA Atmospheric Physics to operational precipitation estimates frosatellite and Chemistry Laboratorycontinuedto conduct data was initiated with NESS in August1977, to tests of a prototype. clear-airturbulence detector enhance the global assessment capability. and alarm system using NA A's C-141,1-k, Learjet. and Convair 990 aircraft. The inffareadiometer Aeronautical Programs detects anomalies in the watervapor ahead, of the aircraft and gives 2 to 5 minutesites advancewarning Aeronautical Charts of clear-air turbulence. -The National Ocean Survey, inresponse to a re- The NOAA National Severe Storm Laboratory quest from the Federal Aviation Administration usedaircraft,conventionalanddual-Doppler radars, a 444-meter weather-. instrumented "(FAA), will certify obstacle and terrain data for72 tower . air terminal sites in the UnitedStates. This is in and a mesonetork of surface stationsto investigate support of FAA's Minimum Safe Altitude Warn- the Doppler radar's potential tocate and depict' ing system,:which alerts air trafficcontrollers when thunderstorm turbulence- by n, g wind varia- an aircraft descends below a safe flight altitude tions. noppler;radar capabilities in opticallyclear within a 120-kilometer radius ofan air .tetminal air- were studied for depiction of windshear asso facility. Fifteen majoj sites were analyzed in dated with thunderstorm.gust fronts whichendan- 1977. ger aircraft...dui-1i; airpprt landings and takeoffs. The FAA and tiadOcean Survey also havedevel- oped product requirements" and specifications Pollution Monitoring.cThe Oceart Survey's Ocean for Dumping Program Office conductedan experiment an Airport Facility Directory for the coterminous in the Gulf of Mexico during July and United States. It will be comprised of 7volumes to August be phased in over a period of 6 1977,. to characterize the physical and chemical onths beginning oceanographic conditions at an industrial waste in late 1977. The Directpry will b -made'available disposal site. NASA. aircraft acquired multispectral through subscription anewill be updatedevery 8 scanner and aerial photographic data over-an or-. weeks. . . . _ "ink sludgeso as to track the distribtition of yaste. . As air traffic and the complexity of 'regulations A sirnilirr experiment followed in December 1977, and control procedureS increase, more specialized at a Deepwater Dumpsite in ,the- Atlantic Ocean.-. ,

5,9 Department ofenergy

Introduction to ensue the effectiveness of .safety and envi- In the twenty years ofle'SpaceAge, the Depart- ronmental requirements forspace nuclear sys- ment of Energy (DOE) and itspredecessors, the tems operations;. Energy Research and DevelopmentAdministration toperformdatareductionanalyses . on and the Atomic EnergyCommission, have hada launched or deplpyed nuclearpower systems groping role inour country's exploration and.ex- for compNison with predictionsand for guid-' ploTtation ofspace. From, a few early earth-orbital ance toward future design alternatives; missions through lunar landingsto long-term outer- to initiate studies on the technology ofalterna- planetary journeys, thecompactuess, reliability and0 tive.poWer sources, suchas reactors, for poten- life of nuclear isotope'power 3%pplies, have been tial high-pow.kr-dehiandsapplications. \ essential to missionsuccess. A corminuing primary goal is to support the nation's in support of these objectives, tlteexpertise at civilian space ex- government-owned, contractor-operated -; labora- .ploration efforts with particularorientation Toward tories is critical..POE has recently NASA r*sions which depend completed con- .upon delivery of struction of07filutpni*m1 -238 fuel fabrication adequate .electrical power whileoperating in a laboratories and plant facilitiesat the Savannah retnote, hostile, of spqializedenvironment. River Plant site. Supporting In addition to' the research in fuel and space applications of nuclear advanced heat source design isconducted at the power, the practicability of using space forapplica- new Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory Plutonium tions that bear directlyon the nation's energy Facility. Continuing research and problems is being invesfigad. improvement ip One can foresee the containment capsule materials is pursuedat Oak possible adaptation of today'sspacecraft and satel-. Ridge National 'Laboratory and lites to the needs of tomorrow's at the Mound Fa- world. New spate cility where heatsource assembly functions are technologies nisi spin-offs from today'stechnologies. also performed. will undoiabtedlplay an important role inre- solvi,ng or energy pioblems. Program Abstract

Space Applications of NuclearPower DOE,:s Of of Space `Applications is the keystone in the structure linking" nuclear materials - Program Objectives and, their,technOlogy th.e space power requirements 7In supporting NASA and DoD,DOE applies its of other government agencies. TheAtomic Energy various resources with thefollowing intent: Commission, fulfilling its historicrole in the devel- to exploit fully the results of prior opment of special nuclearmaterials for peaceful research in uses, provided the technical base for production nuclear fuel and special materials,thermoelet- of tric 'elements, and plutonium-238 in suitable quantitiesfor space ap- c te engine systems; plications. This radioisotope has to develop, analyze, and Zlesign become the work- ,toward the horse heat source for the majorityof systems past, specific performance andenvironmental represent, or future. Its 87.7-year half-life quirements established for themission; and its alpha-emission decay scheme combineto enable de- to deliver environmentally acceptable,opera- sign and' development of . tionally safe, and technically qualified nuclear space power supplies with light weight,, little shielding andlong-term 'opera- energy systems to the user agencies; tional reliability. to develop power systems technology forfuture Inone of its essential roles, the Office of requirements directed toward increased Space power, Applications seeks to effectivelycduple its expertise improved. conversion efficiencyand safety, and in nuclear technology with lower cost per electrical watt; -the skills of commercial contractors. Thes'e contractors provide thedevelop- 60 meet, fabrication,and support functions needed to deliver We and efficient interagency agreement suliported byap r iately systems to corrvert the funded procurement requests. NIntualulfillment radtAiSotoee decay heat intoelectrical energy. The is evident at launch so-called static conversion 'systems or depldyment; mission sup - use solid state port for tese; culminating events also is,providcd thermoelectric couples providingup to 500 watts to ensure c Nilete nuclear safety coverage, where of stable directcurrent to the spacecraft. Develop- required, and to a,4ist-in data review/ona post- ment of static convedters is continuing, . pointed to- launch basis. . ward higher efficiency and greatermodularity. Dy- namic conversion Studies of trends and national needs of thefuture systems transfer the isotopic decay have indicateda potential requirement for heat to atworking fluid, whichactuates a generator reactor- l through either a piston based poser systems to proVide)10-100kilowatts of or turbine system. Two electrical power for specialized applications.. such systems are currentlyunder development, with Ad- expected efficiencies in the tanced dynamicconversionLkystems- arc expectedto range of 18=-30,,percent. be used with these reactorsas schedules 'develop. suitable topower requirements in excess of 1000 -:, watts. Program Progress , In its corollary role, the Officeof Space Applica- The following table provideSa brief recapitula- tions maintains liaison withNASA and DoD to tion of spites nuclear poWer. systems (radioisotope. explore and fulfill their needs for space nuclear thermoelectric1..yenerators power. The instrument of liaison is the -(ItTs)or reactors) ) coordinat- supporting the indicated successful NASAor DoD. ing comtnittee; the vehicleof implementation isan missions:

' Stimmary of U.S. Sace NuclyarPower ,SystemS'(1961-1977) . System Mission Launch Date Status Snap-3A .RTG Transit 4A Snap-3A RTC:, 6/29/61 Achieved orbit is Transit 4B 11/16/61. Snap-9A RTC: - Transit' 5BNI Achieved orbit Snap-9A RTG 9/28/63 Achieved orbit Transit 5BN-2 12/05/63 Achieved orbit Snap -10A React& Snapshot 4/03/65 Snap-I9B3 'RTC, Achieved'orbit Nimbus. 4/14/69' Achieved orbit Snap-27 RTC. Apollo 12 .Snap-27 RTG 11/1409 PlaCed'on lunar surface -Apollo 15 1/31/71 Placed on lunar stirface Snap-27 RTG Apollo 15 7/26/71 'Sitap!19 RTG Placed on lunar surface Pioneer 10 3/02/72 Operated to Jupiter!) Snap-27, RTG Apollo 16 Triad-RTG 4/16/)72 Placed on lunar surface Transit 9/02/72 Achieved! orbit Snap-27' RTG Apollo 17 Si.mp-49 RTG 12/07/72 Placed on lunar surface Pioneer 11 4/05/73 STrieP 19fl'G Operated tai Jupiter;_on way to Saturn Viking1 & 2 tZ Landed on Mars 98//0209/7755 MHW RTC Lcs 8/9 MHW RTG", fejt.i 3A14/76 Achieved orbit ,Voyager 1 & 2 8/20/77.A Lmjnclitl on was to outer planets 9/05/77 L

Current Status. As of the end of 1977 the ,scientific 'instrumentation, NASA. hasAc- The Transit, Snapshot. and Nimbi'ssystems ciimaitedevidence of approximately )0,000 are in up to 4000-year-lifetime orbits after moonquakes and 2000 meteorite impacts, ini fulfilling numerous program objectifiesand in dition to obtaining.dataon charged particl6 certain cases indicating.areas for design im- tlie Moon's .atmosphere andon the mag- provements. Atic environment andinterior' lunar. struc- Tht Apollo, LunarSurface Experiments Pack- Pture. . age (ALSEP) units were established by. the . 4rwenty trajectory moriths after, itslaunch in Apollo explorers in five different locationson .March 1972. 'Pioneer .10encoinwtered Jupiter, the Moon. 'Specifications called fora one-year performed close,up. studies of the planet, its operting life for the first four ALSEPs and moons,. and its environment-. and transmitted two years.tor the Apollo 17 station; all have these data to eager scientists:on Earth. The exceeded this requirement by deliveringpower four radioisotope thermoelectric generatorson up to the official termination date of Seittent- this spacecraft continue to report theirown tier 30, 1977. As a` consequence of the ratable- polder output and scientific data after 5.6years performanc-e of both thepower supplies and, of setvice and limn' a distance exceeding 1.9

61 billion kilometers from Boththe,Earth and the space. Reports telemetered from the Voyagers Sun.-System perforinance is folSowingan ex- , friacate,stable oper4iOn *qf the MHW genera,. pected -trend, while the spacecraftfollOWs a to s and favorable.prognosis for data retrieval solar system escape trajectory. at Jtiplter encounter in 1.979 and Saturn en-', Pioneer 11, technologicallya twin but prograin- counter in 1980,1981. It is anticipated that maticallydifferent,performedaJupiterflyby the 'generator lifetime will be ad4uate tore- maneuver and then was targeted for Saturnen- turn information from the approach to Uranus counter in 1979. Power system performance data, in 1986 and possibly from Neptune in 1989. reported in flight from a distance of 1 ..a. billion kiloin- 'Trends in Techology. Materials technology and etersgrom Earth, again indicatea stable, predictable output after 4.5years of operation.2 generator design-have shown a steady evoruttonary improvement as the space nude&power program The Viking laridaa-swere successfullyposi- advanced tostieetthe challenges of ever more tioned at two selected siteson the planet Mars "stringent inASion requirements. Selection offuel on July 20 and September 3; 1976 after launch material was limitedinitially to plutonint-238 on August 20 andeptember 9, 1975, respec- metal or an alloy with zirconium; .these materials tively. The soil*mptirtg apparatus, the com- 'yielded 6-7 thermal watts per cubic centimeter of plex.' senso s and analyticallaboratories on fuel, but.were not compatible with typicahcapsule board the hinders, and the telemetry andtele- metalsat . elevatedtemperatures. Plutonium-238 vision equipment transmitting informationto oxide microspheres, fused to high detisity witha Earth 1.vere dependentupon the radioisotope plasma torch, were. much More,. stable ,incontact' thermoelectric generators(RTGs)for con- with containment metals at elevatedtemperatures, tinuing power supply. Theunits remained but suffered from a low power density of 2.5-3.0 viable throughout the di rnal andseasonal. watts per ceutimeter. Significant improve- .--.temperatwe variations aracteristic, of The ment wa's, achieved with molybdenum-coated par- Mars weather patterns. In t, some heat from ticles,, hot-pressed 'into a disk; This fuel4Orm.was 4 the generators alsowas diverted periodically t15. Much more. stable toward its ^environmenVand keep...certain lander equipmentwarm during sholked a power density-in-excess of 4.0 watts per` the colder periods. 'Latestreports from the etrbiccentimeter. Further advantageswere uchieved . landel telemetry systemfindicate stableper- with a hot-pressed sphere of plutonium-238 %tide; for ce at a predictable power output level, welded into an iriditint capsule, and cushionedin -P pfterrnore than a year-on the Martiansurface. a protective fibrous graphite:intpact shell:' This, The LinColn Experimental Satellites (Les8/9) fueled unit not only operates at hightemperatures' were launched in March 1976 as communica- but is desikned to withstandreentry heat and im- tiOns satellites. The radioisotope generatorson pact and to resist corrosive actionf in any environment. board not only providenecessary operating , power but also are to demonstrate the depend- Thiouglimit, the design history ofspace nuclear ability ancrsurvivability ofa satellite powered power systems, severely competitive trends inspec- in this manner for long-term' operationin a ification are evident.- Increasingpower- demands hostile environment. At last check, thenuclear' live beew tempered by constraintson payload n power supplies were delivering per slightly,Weight; as a consequence,ngineers,used ,beryllium in excess of expectations, and performancewas and s'pecializecl graphites to reduce power systn very satisfactory.)The record of Les 8/9-gen- weight. Increasing safety requirements for launch" erator performance lends encouragetnenty) and possible reentry situations result' inzmuttiple:. use.orthe Multi-Hundred Watt (MHW)units enctiPsulkion with resistant metals; inresponse; inotherapplicationswhereEarth-orbital power supplies are required. f(ie] 'specialists developed fuel -forms with higher ' The two Voyager spacecraft power density and improved mechanical and chem-. (formerly- des- ical ignated Mariner Jupiter/Saturn) were launched' from the Kennedy -Space Centeron Simitarly, the development of thermoelectriccon- Atigust 20 and September 5, 1977, respectively. verter materials has been responsive to the demands Each was powered foritsscientific mission for additional power witl)out weight penalties. The studies by three MI-IW generators. Theircoin- lead telluride modules of 'earlier systemswere im- binedoutput was on tie order of 475 watts proved in efficiency by tie. of a tellurium-antimony- per spacecraft. The total nuclear -power al- leg;bythisexpedient,,,,: the lbtated for this missiond'essentially equals the on factor rose, from 5,,0 to 6.3 percent. An total 'ofallprevious missions currentl in nod increment in efficiency was achieved by 62 AdOption of, silicOn,germanium couples; conversion 'Representative materials and their performance rose to 6.7 percent, and the higher operatingtem- parameters are tabfflated to show the steady prog- perature enabled greater wattageoutput.. ress to date:.

Generator Snap -3 SnalA-27 Snap.-19 Mil IF

Mission Transit 4 Apollo Pioneer Fuel Form .,. Les 8/9 ,Pu-metal . PnO.,microspheres Mo «Inlet Thermoelethent. PbTc Pr.essed 'PbSlite Plae-TACS . Si.Ge . ,Specific,Kwa, w/lb 0.67 1.06 Conversion efficiency, percent .1.36 1.90 5.0 5.0 6.3 6.7

Trendi in Systems. To date, thestatic 'therinco....`ipation- of this requirement; DOE has initiated; electric conversion. systems have satisfied require- . design and materials studies' ona general purpose ments for up to 500 watts of electrical power.; de- heat source, which would be coupled witha sele-, livered reliably for mission durations oflip to ten nide thermoelectric .converter. Improved perfor- years. Conversion efficiencies in the range of 5 to 7 mance and s:ifety 'benefits are expected from this percent, however, ,may limit payload weights and combination. therefore scientific opportunitigs, may not be real- On the horizon- are DoD requirements which ized. Research has proceededon -a-class of selenide, indicate -a need for (a) systems. supplying electrical thermOelement materials whichita.Ve shown. .855 power in the 1-2 kilowatt range, and' (b) consider-' percent conversion factors in the laboratory, and.;, ably more Substantial systems delivering" 10.100 appear to be capable of developmeht ,toward 10-15 kilowatts To support the indicatednear-term need .percent efficiency. When achieved, the synergistic-,'for the, lower power levels, DOE is actively explor- benefits of. nuclear power and optimal conversion,ing the.:'elative merits -Of two candidate' dynamic factor will provide. striking advantages in retrieval` systems, Brayton isotope power system and the of scientific data from outer-pla,petor0 missions. kilos tisotope, power' system. The 'latter system In arVeipation of near-team requirements for oys an organic Rankine cycle engine. Develdp- nuclear electric power supplies capable, of deliver-, mem and engineering are progressing in each area ing 500-2000 watts, DOE has coupled its nuclear ground demonstration testa are scheduled for early expertise with indirstry in the'developm of-both 1978 and detailed evaluation will be pursuedto a Brayton Cycle engine and an organic:Rankine enableselection of.p that, system best fulfillingits cycle engine. It is expected that either of thesesys- functional specificationsand, best suited to the con- tems, when chosen for Right development, will have ditions of Shuttle launch. A demonstration flight efficiencies approaching*.30.percent.. ;test in 1982 -1983 is contemplated as park of the The trends in technology and systems, pUrsued DoD. space test program. Affirmative results from with adequate and well-managedresources, will ;that demonstratiOn flight test would be significant lead toward continuing progress andnew outreach, input to the seWction of the power system for the as .suggested by the charts. global positioning satalite, deep space, surveillance systems, and frg6neral purpose satellite communica- Program Planning tions systerrV For thylligher kihpwatt range, isotope powercon- Inthe summer of1977,Congress approved verterl, are not viable candidates:rather, space- and began funding the Jupiter Orbiter /Probe,a borne reactors are appropriate. Numerous round- 'NASA mission scheduled for launch in 1.982. Its ob- based reactor syStems already have shown 'promise jective is to .further explore the environment,at- and studies leading to development of their specific mophere; topography, and structure. of that fas- utility for pace applications are plannedas a con- cinating planet. Iii support of this endeavor, DOE tinuing element of the DOE space pt.Wer program. has undertaken to develop the selenide isotope gen erator, incorporating the higher efficiency selenide Space Disposal ofNuciarWastes .conversion materials and the flight qualified NEHW heat source. Two generators delivering 240 watts A co'opeKtive study with NASA 'Lewis Reseal0i each comprise the nuclear power complement. Center in TY 1972 investigated-the feasibility of Additional NASA' missions proposed as FY 1979 nuclear waste disposalinspace. It was determined "new starts" inchide the solar -polar mission for that spact disposal coidd reduce but not eliminate launch in 1983;.thiS-mission is sponSored jointly by the need forcrrestrial disposal. inthods.It was NASA and the European Space. Agency. In antic- also conch'd that additional4processing would

"63 Progress in Space Nuclear Power: ,Progress in Space Nuclear Power: DOD Missions NASA Missions

1000 Jupiter Orbiter/Probe

Lincoln Experimental / Satellite

Apollo

I 100 I I I

Viking

I O Proneer Nyibus

." 4

I Transit!

1 1 1 1 1 1958 1962 ,1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 - 1968. 1970197 1974 1976 19751980 1982 I

0 be rain' 1 to concentrate the long:lived radioac- 'gested in'1968 and in recent -yearswere ttuder Stuciy . tivity fracta n for transport tospace. During the by NASA. In 1976 the lead management responsi- past year, E provided further informationto bility for the SPS endeavor was transferred 'front 'NASA to support a study tomore specifically id'en- NASA to DOE. tify,the pOSsible applications of the 6 use ost the Space During 1976 a DOE task groip studied the SPS Shuttle for such disposal. The NASA-studyis concept, including th scheduled for completion in 19.79: NASA .a tivity,. and-concluded that,' whileo ol4iotts or clearly unsur ,. Satellite Power/Stations 'mountable probleMs were identified, insufficient in-- formation was. available for any significantprogram Satellite Power Statiofis -(SPS), geostationai'y decisions. The task group recommendeda three-year. orbit, which would convert solarenergy to micro- program, of studies leading, in 1980, to a recom- wave energy for tra.fismission to Earth and ultimate iliendation regarding the advisability of continued use as a terrestrial energy source, were firstsu trevelopment efforts. In recognition of the technical '64 t) , ,,. . breadth of the recorrifitended study,an SPS panel sible for health, safety, and enyironmental. factors. -of a DOE/NASA coordinating committeewas es- s'ocio-econo/nic \issues, and' c.amparative evaluations. rtablished in late 1976. Thik panel prepared,in May with terrestrial alternatives.- During 1977 joint of- 1977, a program plan for th developmentand evil, forts by NASA and DOE in implementing this plan uation of the SPS concept. In this plan,NASA is were accelerated. . -----,res for`systems definition; DOE is tespon- :

4 6

65 Department of the erior,

Introduction data collected by U.S. Geological Survey(USGS) The Department of theInterior is responsible for aircraft, by National Aeronautics andSpace Ad- the nation's public landsand for maintaininga ministi-ation(NASA)researchaircraft, and by balance between. the-use and conservation ofna- Landsat, Skylab, Apollo, and Geminispacecraft. tural' 'resourceson these, lands. Effective resource Training and user assistance in applyingremote- management and research requireaccurate and ly-senSed data -are also major functionsof EDC. timely data, whether collectedQn the ground, front To facilitate regional applications,the EROS' high- or low-altitude aircraft, or from satellites. In program operates thi'ee. Applications Assistance Fa- some investigations data frommore than one level cilities where the publicmay view microfilm of of observatiollynd fromvarious sensors suchis imagery available at the EROS DataCenter and multispectral scanners,cameras, and radars are use- 'receive assistance in searching andordering data 'To'collect data, the departmentrelies on air, via computer terminal linkto the central computer craftfor acqUiring aerial phoi6graphs,carrying complex at Sioux Falls. .experimental 'airborne instruments,and executing programs such as selection Qfutilitycorridors, Application Demonstrations and Research eadastral surveys, and resource inventories. EROS program scientists seeknew applications The need for surveying andrepekitive monitoring of vast and often inaccessible of remote sensing to significantresource and envi- areas- has also ronmental problems, commonly in cooperationwith created a growing interest inthe .department, in- other organizations. One example is satellite 'data,primarily from the the Pacific experitnental Northwest Land Resources InventoryDemonstra7 Landsat system because of itssynoptic, repetitive, and uniform coverage. Digital tion Project, sponsored by the PacificNorthwest Landsat data have Regional Commissionincooperation withthe made possible the extractionof information by EROS program, the Geography computerized techniques. Because program of. USGS, of the flexibility and NASA. This project has demonstratedthe util- that digital data offer in collectingand inanaging. ity of Landsat data from these large volumes of information, , programs for re-. resource managersin source management in tne states of Idaho, Oregon, some bureaus of the departmentarc incorporating and Washington. It is estimated that this new technology into their use of Landsat' activities. data will :permit aforest inventory of. western Washington (40,50( square kilometers)to be com- Earth Resources ObServationSystems Program pleted in one half the time andat one tenth the The ptirpose of the InteriorDepartment's Eaikh cost of standard methods..Asurvey monitoring Resources Observation Systems(EROS) program urban change was done with 98perctnc, accuracy is to develop, demonstrate, and in1 nun -month using Landsat datafrom these encourage'applica- programs tions of remotely:sensed data acquiredfrom aircraft versus 15 man-yearsusing -tantlarcl and spacecraft whichare relevant to runctionzd re- method's.Because of the usefulresults ,already sponsibilities -of the department. Theprimary areas achieved: an .operationalresource inventory sys- of activity are: tem in the Pacific Northwest basedon the use of Landsat data from these pl-,eigrinns is applications demonstration and plaied. research Other current application demonstrationsin-- user 'assistance and training dude: .) data reprOdu!ction and distribution The key facility of the EROS1 Delineatiou of glacial moraines iii,the north- pro inis the ern midwest by visual analysis ofsubtle terrain EROS Data Center (EDC)1 inSiOux Falls, South features on a 'nook of 54 Landsatimages ac- Dakota, the principal archive remotely sensed quired du mg spring 197271976. 66

',1)1 1. Experimentation 1%iitli' optical and digitalen; and industry are the principal purchasers pf Land- hancenient,.chniques on Landsat irnag04 Of ,sat data, accounting for approximately 32 and 27 the Sa , --haitte1 to facilitate tletec- ...... , percent respectively,. of the total atesrM.-he Federal non- .in coastal watv:e.ak,,, government 'is. the next largest category, at about Application of the Aus,traliancOtept of_ Lind 24. percent. systetEs mapping to. the-California Desert Con:..- ''' A digitalimageprocessing stemisbeing servApn Area. The Bureau of Land-Manage:: ''-i,thid.ied, byNASA aild EDC to p Ovicle products ment and EROS 4re cooperating in this study;.. from Landsit,t-C data, expected,_ in 1978; which will - using aerial phOtographs, Landsat data, and be superior tO4rtjst*.om Landsats 1 and 2. During interactive computer analysiOto classifythe 1977, about 175 Landkit-_-images were computerL soil, vegetation, landform, and other surface properties. enhanced for specialorders, approximating the image quality that will be routinely- available With Use of Landsat intagery of theTrust,Territo- the new system: ries in the Pacific to. aid "delineating shallow bottom features. Through special arrangements with NASA, 'hand 4 ofthemultispectral National Cartographic Information Center scanner was operated in the high-gain ino,cle, EDC also supports the National.' Cartographic thereby enhancing the underwater features in Information Center, a facility of USGS whichpro- the Shallow. seas. vides cartographic data and information Use of Landsat data in Project 143. of the on aerial. photographs from Federal, state, and private or- . United Nations Educational and Scientific and ganizations as well as data collectidn plans' of those Cultural Organization (UNESCO) -sponsored organizations. To facilitate the purchase of im- InternationalGeologicalCorrelationPro- agery from satellites and aircraft by the public, a gramme. .-number of NCIC offices located throughout the Training and, consultation fora 'Landsat in- country are connected by remote terminals to the ventory of natural reigunces of five Central central compute)r complex at EDC. American countries, ".b e performed by the EROS program ..and 'Purdue University with funds from the InterAmerican Development Monitoring the Erivironment Bank. Alaska Use of ,Geostationary Operational Environ- mental Satellite(GOES) and Landsat data To provide data with which to analyze the en- collection platforms to monitor stream flow, vironmental impact of oil -explorationon the Na- water levels, snow pack, weather, and. volcanic tional Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, the USGS -events in Chile and Bolivia.. Performed coop- Geography program made a digital classification of enitiVely with those two countries by The EROS the land cover and vegetation on ten.- Landsat, program and the Water Resources Division of images. covering the area. USGS. Changes/-in the Gulf of Alaska shoreline since 141.11 ,were an4zed from various sets of aerial pho- Data Reproduction and Distribution tographs to assess a potential staging- area for offshore oil and gas development. Since its c,stablishment in 1972, EDC has dis-- tributed approximately 1.8 million reproductions During two 11191107s. of Alaska's dry. -stunrnet4 more than 5.00fires burned about 8100square fi-om the -nearly 6 Million imagei in`the database. ers of forests: The state used a Landsat Half of the reproductions were frbmiLandsatinn - rangclaof inventory to decide where to concentrate agery, and in :kddition to imlges, nearly6000 com- fire proect ion . puter-compatible tapes of Lindsat.data have been supplied to useee 11 War volume of 'allpritducts soldin1977 MiningActivities amounted to about 42,500,000: Landsat. products, Bet:.use of the increase in surface mining activ- while comprising only 18 percent of the data Kise, itics, Ctservation Division of USGS is using -aerial accounted for S1,674,000 or 62 percent of the total photograi Sand satellite imagery to delineate vat-- sales. Of that digitally enhancedscenes ions categort of surface mining operations and amounted to .S137,000, and computer-compatible stages of techmat ion in the Powder River basin of tapes 5374,000 or more than 30 percent of total NIontana Wyoming and in southeastern Idaho. Landsat salesreflecting the increasing trend toward otographs and Skylab and Landsat images digital rocessing of Landsat data. Foreignusers are being evaluated for use in mapping land- use,

67 vegetation, and drainageI" in preparing environ- in geochemical analysis of the materialson the sur- mental analyse; and impact statementS. face of Mars. Large -scale Bureau, of Mines has ..funded foUr maps were made of the new. remote landing-sites,'and uniform scale rslosaicswere made sensing projects aspart of its**State Liaison firo- of \large a*icas of the planet photbgraphed. grani. In, New .Mexico, the Navajo and by the McKinley orbiter. These will serveas a:basis for 4S- new planet- coal mines, rants uraniumdistrict, and potash wide map series for Mars. mining areas are 'being monitoredfrom Landsat imagery. Digital 'analysis of LandSatdata is being USGS Minerals Land As,sessineril Program. Meth- used for monitoring phosphatemines in Florida ods developed for discrimination of hydrothermal!y and kaolin mines in Georgia and altered rocks by ratioing andcontrast stretching South Carolina. and mapping of major structural lineaments with The Mining Enforcement andSafety Administra- tion is using aerial Landsat data are being applied ina new-explora- photographs-an atellite mul- tion model for southern Arizona. tispectral, imagery to identifylinear k tures .that may be related to fault and fractukeystems, to In the Powder .River Basin, Wyoming, Landsat evaluate mine. ground skability..andto .locate and images are being usqd in developing techniques for monitor le,akage and niovenient ofmine embank- detecting subtle chain ges in vegttationcover, which ments in surface and underground mines.These may indicat the presence of altered rocks and efforts to identify potentially hazardousground in mineralized areas. Data beyond the .spectralrange mine areas have been appliedto Over 100 sites in of the Landsat multispectralscanner were acquired 26 states. , by an airborne scanner-, (". Indian Lands Hydrology .The Bureau of Indian Affairs,NASA, and USGS USGS hydrologistsare studying sea ice in Arctic cooperated to obtairis -high-altitudeaeriaP\photog- and Antarctic regions aspart of the 'Arctic Ice Dy- raphs of all Indian lands. Theproject was namics Joint Experiment, using data from tended to include orthophotoquads, wind's aircraft will be and from the scanning microwave radiometeron used in a census of Indians in1980 by the Bureau Nimbus 5. These data indicated that there of the Census. . was only r a 50-percent concentration of ice in 100,000square kilometers of the Arctic ice pack. Fouryears of Data Collection Systems ctatas ow that the morphology and dynamicS of the ice ar r The Satellite Data Relay Project-of the USGS more complex than was Ntherto realized: Water Resources Division coordinatedthe instal- Landsat and NOAA satellite instagerywere used lation of field radios (DataCollection Platforms) in USGS research onsea ite dynamics arid zonation at -100 hydrologic. sites in the United Statesfor test- in the Beaufort Sea and tbeirsrelationitobottom ing the GOES teleMetrysystem. Field installation morphology and geolo ic jsr Cesses: Theuse of arti- of Comsat General platforms hasbegunin ficial islands, placed to-, sodify the icezonation, 'preparation fora 1978 demonstraion of the cons-. was proposed to make thneshore environment less mercial syStern., hostile. 1..14/15/Geologie DivisioniscooPeratipg with Bureau of Reclamation uses imagery ofclouds NOAA in a study otthe Earth's magneticgeld. The from GOES to analyze stormsystems in a research GOES system is used to relay informationfrom 25 study of harsh winter climate in the SierraNevada strategically placedmagnetometers to the NOAA Mountains and to forecast and control experimental facility at Boulder, Colorado, wherequick access is events in Project Skywatcr, a weather modi*tion available to researchers viacomputers. program. Aircraft arc used for data collection and USGS geologists are also using theGOES system cloud seeding in these &xperiments. to monitor Nariaribns in the abundance ofhelium in the soil in remote NevadalocationsAThe infor- Laid Use mation is used in earthquake predictioniresearch. The Geography program devisedefficient com- Research puter techniques to produce a land cover Map of the Washington, D.C., metropolitanarea compiled Geology from October, and April 1973 Landsat data.Part of a six-map folio at a scale of 1:1,000,000, theissap Planetary 'studies. The USGS providedscientific is overprinted with placenames and landmarks as leaders4ip and technical support inplanning the well as census tracts on the Universal Viking mission, in orbiter and laisder Transverse imaging, and Mercator rectangular coordinatesystem. 68 In 1977, NASA and the USGS starteda three-year Also in cooperation with AID, .USGS scientists cooperative Application Systems, Verification and participated 41 discussionS about :applications of Transfer project to test'thefeasibility of theopera- Landsat data in aseries of television programs tional use of Landsat digital data for change detec- (AIDSATy reliiyed to 26 countries by the..ATS. 6 tion and updating land use and landcover naps communications satellite: A program with Thailand being produced b.y the USGS Geographyprogram. establishing. a remote sensing center forreproduc,- w data and training staff 'has been extended for Into national Activities another year." A photomosaic was prepared for a In -additiontothe remote sensing workshops-Philippines land 'reform program. New faults were conducted for foreign participants by. the EROS discovered on Landsa.t images of Jordan in a geo- Data @inter; USGS cooperated with the,vDepart- .logic.mapping program. Ment State and .1;arions international organiza- In USGS bilateralagreements.Landsat data ' tions n offering technical assistance, consultations, wer.e among the tools used in selecting a,.. andriefings op the applications of remote sensing sae for -. Nigerials: Wm Federal capital city; a LancRat ap- data to 60 othei; countries. .. USGS with the U.S. Agency for l'nternational De- plicattOps office was established infSaudi Arabia to velopment (AID). sponsOred4th.eFourth' avro ..'ititl'in. ,assessing the petroleum and 'mineralre- Workshop in Turkey,,and contributed to the (level- souites and preparing base maps of that country. opment' of remote 'sensing th Iran, Pakistan,- and Scientist'from 'Icelatid,Iran, Japan, Lesotho, Turkey. -franks also being assisted in startinga Poland, Spain, iend,.TIMiland spent all o pare of Landsat data center as an adjunct to their planned 197.7 woi-king in USGS facilities on remote set if..- ground receiving station. projects." ietr\ i;

4 I

69 A Of 1 ftt, i6,...1 , fp_ . c).r, 4- ci 1St O i0 Department ofTransportation fG Ito-

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Introduction the large centralcomputer complex installed iu The Department of Transportationmanages a each of the 20 Air Route Traffic Control'Centers significant 'aeronautical researchand system devel- (ARTCCs) in the contiguous 48states...Demon- opment program through its aviationcomponent, stration of,this safety featureto the operating, serv- the FederalAviation Administration(FAA). This ices is planned for the fall of 1978. .. . . program supports FAA's. . ijor missions of assuring . the, silk .and efficient 'usef the national airspace, Wind Shear fostering civ(iyaeconauti and air commerceat ... Since 1971 there have been home and abrazid,Nandpr mating air safety. seven air carrier ac- cidentsin which wind shearabruptchange in oviyid speed or'direction Or Air Safety in the approach /departure zdnewas a iajar contributing factor.During 19 Minimum Safe Altitude Warning(MSAW) , FAi- . nsored research and development in ace areas in its search for solutionsto this prob- The' Federal Aviation.. Administration itiated, lem: .. this program in 1973 'inresponse to a ational Transportation ,Safety Boardrecommendation. The iDevelopment of- a ground-basedhazardous initial effort concentrated on-enhancingautomation wind shear detection and trackingsystem; in the terminalA.area of airtraffic control by in- Development of avionics to assist pilots incop- traducing new computer softwarefor the Auto- ing with wind shear encounters; mated Radar Terminal. System(ARTS-III)at The testing oimproved- techniques for`fore-,. casting. low-I major airports. The altitudewarning "systemre- ,e1 wind shear associated with I ceives surveillance and altitudedata from properly. .frontal zones.Ground-based sitscir testingwas equipped aircraft thatare being tracked by the air. . clinducted 'asixairports using additional traffic control system. These dataare compared'with anemometersmot-tilted in the approachldepar- ..highest-points-of-ground,eleyation data containedin trirezones tdetect wind shear; airborne sir- a terrain map stored inthe t7minal corn1nit9: illationstudies were alto employed. Tech- memdry. Whenever an aircraft, is flying,too `low to niques for displaying ,aircraft,grotindspeed The ground, the system providesthe controller with versus indicated airspeed were developed for both an aural and a visual alert;the controller in airborne eValuation- in slate '1977,.-'Improved turn isties, a radid:-warning to the pilotthat he has forecasts of wind shear are still being-pursued. descended below'a minimum safealtitude. -- The altitude warning sySte was successfully Conflict Alert developed in an experimental environmentin late, During the laget4o calendar 1974 an&given a field evaluation years, FA4 has been in 1975; by"late ,actively engaged in installing andbringing into 1976, the program was fully operationalat., three-' operational use a conflict alert systeni major terminals: LA Angeles, Washington at Air Route ; - 4' Traffic Control Centers and at congestedairport )tional, find Dulles IntermitiOh4 In1977; terminal areas. By thesummer of77, the agenc warning systein became operatiOnalat the re ing 60 ARTS-III terminals. had successfully implemented conflictalert in nearly all en route ATC.,airspace Ind, had begun,con- FAA has -also, validated the requirementfor al- centrating, ona- parallel program for terminal tittle warning in die enroute air traffic control areas. Terminal conflict ale rt fimcqons with the system. Like -.its terminal counterpart, En Route iAutomated Radar Termina,' System; it elssimilar . .Minimum Safe Altitude Warping will bea ground- operationally to the system'in uetin the en route based aircraft altitude monitoringsystem tied to:airspace, The computer soft%e ''looks aheadi-. 70 e/---) I;J. V t along the flight paths of controlled aircraft.If two material to physiological tolerances within the or more ,planes are predicted to approach unsafe erriergency-evacuation environment found dur- sepatations within 40 seconds, the, terminal .con-..1 ing posAcrash.'fires.. troller is alerted to the ,potential conflictby a Conducting full-scale cabin-fire tests in asnn- buzzer and the flashing of "CA"on the screen of tilated wide -body air caqier'\cabirrat FAA's his.,display consoles. The controller' thentakes" the NationalAviationFacilitie,SExperimental necessary action with the pilot to assure safe separ'a- tion. Center. The tests were designed to assess hazards caused-by burning cabin-interior materials In early 1977, the terminal conflict;dent cons, and ;.by the byproducts of burning fuelenter- pater program began undergOingsystem ,testat nag the cabin. These tests are expectedto 4,FAA's National 'Aviation Eacilities,,txperimentiA quan6fy hazard sources-.. Center, at Atlantic City, New jersey.Field-testing Performing tests with the U.S. Navy usingan and evaluation in an operationaltrvironmeotwere antfaiisting additive in the fuel to minimize asuccessfully completed atthe Houston Interna- the crash fireball. The telt results proved 'clonal Airport prom- .thotrol tower in the fall 'of 1977. , icing. Efforts will contin*.to assess and'evaluate,rhe additive's, compatibility with existing Transport Safety fuel systems. . . . New technology is emerging tliat hasa high probability of being used in thenext gene-ration of jet Aviation Security .transport aircraft. Examples of this,emerging tech- .40 nology are compositestructures, active controrsys- Tice goals of FAA's civil aviation securitypro- tems, digital avionics, and digital flightcontrol gram are to deter acts of. terrorism or sabotak syterns. While thesadvances will lead to mote aboard aircraft and at airports. Research and deyel efficient transports tat will produce a higher rate opment programs, inthis' area are_ designe44 to of return on investnt by reason of imprOved develOp new deterrent Systems as- wellas evaluate productivity and lower crating costs, theypose'o existing systems that may ,be. used. in the security safety and- certification 1 oblems that FAA has program. These activities are coordinatedwith: Jnever before encountered. other U.S. agencies. active in bomb- detection and C mposite structures are stronger andlighter counterterroris. In calendar 1977, FAOA that conventional aluminumstruc tires;atthe Demons d anexperimentalautomated tsame time, their AI& of yielding d formatiohbe- .radiation ntrast system, to detect bombs in Vore failure makeTtheir behaviorun Cr crash loads luggage. Tests at three airports using normal uncertain. Similarly, active controlssysitentsand air- passenger higgage wnh. and iVitliettit simulated borne digital- computers introduce!diffet'entl air: bombs produced excellent detectigm rates and worthiness concerns from thOseof thepast. 'These darm,lateS. PrOcurement of thesys- include :software validation, reliabilityasses. Melt perational use at airports is under ve5lifitation, lightning and electromagnetictite 0rence effects, andfailure, detection. . d locations aboard conture, cal aircraft' Accordingly, in concert ivith tlieNation.Acro-., where bombs discovered during flight might be nautics and 'Space.Administration,- FAAet bated. placed with least risk to passengers and air .in 1977 on a broad program, 16'ex: the re- craft. In all tests with live explosives that fol- search and development.areas pertinent,,to the cer- lowed these .least-risk procedures, dam was tification implications of"-these, technologicalad -' reduced to levels, that would have pern vantes. the aircraft to land safely. Developed :nip demonstrated low-cosarriers Fire Safety ,and locker. modifications_ that Aignifica tlyre- . FAA research and development activities rdtre the .pate41tial .death;_ injuri damage- _ during Irom' explosions the reporting period in reducing the hazardof post- in .airport. Itckers. These crash fires included: straigtaforward .design techniques limit dam= gc to the imine( ate V ici n ity oof thetc explocion. ).tnitiang....a two: eareffortto .de,,Nelopa :ompletcd an air-cargo bomb security study method for ranking a transpOrt Cabin's interior . that included procedures to prevent bombs material' for its collective. comb\istion Wizards. ,,,.. 0;from beihg.brought aboard aircraft with cargo. This approach torimproying the postcrash fire .EValuated all commerciallyaVa i (able explosive- .1 safety of cabin interiors tis novel because it vapor detectors.,Nomet FAA's requirements relates the co usii piqertte. of a cabin.,' 4 for aviation security. C 71 fr-/r. Started development ofan experimental _bomb ' detectOr system using thermal In another vision study, it was found that pilots, neutrons, after dependent on visual cues alone during nightopera- successfully dein°. nstrating theconcept in the tions may make approaches that laboratory. are too lowa tendency produced by visual illusions. An FAAre- ir>Successftilly Jestedan experimental nuciear port detailing these findings warns pilots that they Magnetic resonance eXplosive detectionsystem mustbe aware of this tendency to approach in the laboratory. The run- development of prepro- , ways at excessively shallow angles under night con- duction prototypeswas started. ditions. This information will be of importance' to pilot training and safety education programs. Aviation Medicine In view of periodic questions that ariseconcern- FAA medical research activities duringthe re- ing an FAA rule making mandatory, the retirement porting period focusedon certain areas of high Of airline pilots at age 60, FAA's Office of Aviation relevance to air safetynamely,occupant survival Medicine undertook an intensive review of -the in air transport accidents andaircrew medical char- scientific literature on the effects of aging. Itwas acteristics affecting flight performance. concluded that there is no sound basis for -predict- Among the more significant studiesundertaken ing the extent to which the aging process , in this area wasan examination of the relative grade pilot .performance. Until reliable criteria toxic hazards 'Of 75 aircraft-cabinmaterials ivhen based on a valid psychophysiological.age index-:-are these materials are subjectedto fire. The materials established, the current medical datasupport the included urethanes, polyvinyl chlorides,and var.. continued use of age 60 as the age beyond. which ious natural products, including wool. ! The findings pilots should discontinue serving as `kline, pilots. of this study, when combined withpther available z ...information and appliedto aircraft.manufacture, Air Traffic Control and Air,Navigation will help to iinprove survivability infuture aircraft accidents involving fire. ) Microwave Landing System (MIS) An investigation was also undertakenof e potential Firobjems related;to the emergency evacua- The present Instillment landing_System (1LS) tion of handiCappedpassengers from aircraft.-The product of the 1940s, has a mirriber of. disadvan- tages: terrain, structures, and aircraft ihterfere.with study included an analysis of themovement of handicapped individuals within the cabinand the its signals; it can provider-flight path informatien, 'results of evacuationtests,(using an ,emergency for only one approach path; its limited .numlier of evacuation simulator),in which a portion of the frequency channels cannot meet future growth de- test subject, either were handicappedor siinnlated mands. None of these drawbacks is.a feature of the handicaps. Da;ta were generated, onassistance re- MiCrowave Lancing System, asystem under devel- quired,by handicappedjaassengers, effects on evac-. opmen't' by. VA`A.4nce the early 1970s andnow uationtimeofa grM pofsuchpassengers, its thirdit. development and evaltia- including seating location, floorslope; and exito design. An FAA report. on these, findings included 'in mid-1976, F;AA. took delivgof tyo,prototype suggestions by handicapped' sti'bjesisand a sum- Small Community systems and two mary of recent accidents involving evacuation of rototype Basic' Systems. these prototypes are now undergoingtest -hainclicapped passengers. and evaluation at the-National Aviation Facilities When airclw members approach middleage, correction fOr ne Experimental Center and at Crow!s Landing, Cali i vision often becomes necessary, fornia, by FAA, NASA, and the milit*y services... especially for dirt!" light conditions,as found-Tin night flying. The, traditional correction has teen Meanwhile, the system developed by-FAA, the for reading, particularly with regard toaeronautical Time Reference Scanning Beamsystem, wasub- Charts. During flight act&ities, however,-precise mitted to the International Civil Aviation Ord anivi -sign at the intermedial distance, Whfrethe in- zation (ICAO) as the U.S. candidatefor interna- :"/strumenty are located, islso hig hl y si gnificant, so tional standardization. Afteanassessment of .all that many crewmembers require trifocal lensesa proposals by ICAO's All Weather Operations Panel, relatively unusual -lens combinationamong the non - the 'U.S. system was selec ed and recommendedto flying public. For thisreason. a Spec study was the Air'Navigation Comm ssion. This recommenda- conducted of intermediate visualcorrect] and a tion has been placed on-t. e agenda for discussion report- made available for aviation: medicin and possible selection as an international standard sonnel and others concerned with pilotvisionac- ata world-wide ICAO/All Weather Operation tors. meeting scheduled for April 1978. 72) Flight Service Station MOdernization A mass fg.tther dissentinatiait'engineering model was assembled at NA EC- for demon - The mission of FAA's Flight Service Stations stration in early 1978. . (FSS) is to promote safety in flight by (1) provid- A successful operational evaluation.of an im- ing preflight and inflight weather briefings; `(2)ac- proved method of pilot briefing by telephone. cepting and processing both instrument flight rule without flight service specialiSt assistance, was (IFR) and visual flight rule (VFR) flight plans:. completed at New York's. La Guardia. Airport. (3)providing inflight emergency assistance;(4) The method permits segment updating of data 'performing search and rescue operatio4st and (5) and eliminates the common rotary message preparingaria' distributingnoticestoairmen (NOTAMs) . and thee participation of the flight service specialist. Current FSS operations are highly labor-intensive. The 'flight servicespecialist hasto search Central Flat!, Control through voluminous papers 'to retrieve theneces- sary data for pilot briefings and flight plan han- A major step to reduce "inflight time" and con- dlinga slow, error-prone, and expensiveprocess. serve fuel has been taken by the FAA through up- Although eighty pefcent of thectirrent annual $150: grading t automation .capability of the Central million Operating expense for tht system, represents; Flow Contro lity in the Air Traffic Control personnel staff costs, the demand for flight services System Comman nter. Established `within FAA is forecast to triple by the year 1995. If FAAmet headqurters in-1970, the Control Center exercises /his denriand by expanding the manualsystem, the control' and coordination of air traffic flow in the, annual operating cost would approach $360 mil- National Airspace System. lion. Rejecting that alternative, FAA- has under- After program approval early in 1976, a series of taken to modernize the flightervice station system. acquisition-related activities followed in 1977: . follOwing modernization, effortswere corq- A contract was awarded for .computer sofrware, pleted during 1977: development. . The installation of a dedicated compuler sys- A master plan, concerttrating on specialistau- tem in the flow control area of the Jacksonville tomation'and direct user access to the system Air Ronte Traffic Control Center. Computer for weather briefing and flightplan filing,was \ checkout was completed in late summer. devised. objective was to meet the present The start of system integration, leading Jo an and projeAed long.term .demand forflight initial system test by the end of calendar year services without a proportional increase in staff \1977. ' and commensurate operating costs. 1 Extensive system 'Co uration analysis and OST Research Sepport desigryworkwere perforrhed and a procucz ment specificativ written foiacquisitiOn of 141 addition to the R&D 'efforts undertaken by the automation'syStem required by the FAA, the Office of theSecietary of Transpoilation plan. (OST) pursues fesearch and` analysis in areas al- Field to'jig and evaluation Of the Aviation fecting the nation's air transportation system, the"' Wea and NOTAM System ,(AWANS), a principal OST aeronautical research activities dur- prototype .automation; system originallyin- ivg 1977 involved poise abatement, adyancefl tele- stalled in1975.... Were, completed "at Atlamta, communications systems, advanced:: aviation' trans- `\ Georgia. portation concepts, and fundamental .-stUdies in intermtidalAlations and demand forecasting. The DenionVtration of the operational concept of pritne objectiOe of this, work is:to augMent FAA co-locating a flight service station with an Air. efforts "and ,,eqsure that the department. fulfills its Route Traffic Controll Center and of perform.' responsibility in providing timely national; leader- ing the funttions of s6eral flight service ,faCil ship in theevolution of,.the nation's:aviation traits- ities at a.s.inglesite wascompreted at Leesburg, portation sy, sttnrr. Duriiig 1977, 0,STeomp mented FAA's environ- Ekperimentg withilpt'SW-Bricling Terminali mental efforts by review.' g Concorde noise dat, were conducted at 14 locations througholthe collected by FAA and b.y treparinig rulemaki United States. involving over 1450 pilots. guidelines that` led 49 the STcretai. y s dCcisiv, in An experim'al Voice Response System was Sep ember 1077, to open tip on a trial 1$asis specified , completed a is expectedto be operationally U.S. .'irports to' he &kiln; Concorde 'fleet. In an- demonstratein earls 9978. ' ot er action in he. noise -a.b, tement area, the Of-, f. t. lice assisted -FAA inimplementiivc its December 1976 noise" rules bn engine ,,retrofit concepts, and actual.:aireraft technologiesare often by providing identified. and studied by Office support duringihe negotiations-that produced leg- special task force. islhtive proposals groups. Macy advancedconcepts in "civil 'aero- on such key issuesa.s. planning mimics systems were evaluated and financing of requiredairport, noise abatement during 1977 at its programs. . Transportiion Systems Center.In additi n to ",-..._ . . ' work on new ,system,con,cepts, Telecommutrications play OST persOnne par- an increasingly impor- ticipated in .hearings and- .. tant role- in modern transportationby providing multigovernmenta study more' efficient and 1;1-Mips on topics suchas advanced V/ST01. eval WI- safer operation. Becauseof the ... i pervasive nature of telecommunication, tion. cooperative . 4ST oftenfunctions arrangements and eldsc-lialson.with as the focal point -for. trans- other agenci(fC, pdruition intermodal studies and analyses. In are a major:, concern; OSTserves as a focal point . , 1.977. ,contuming studies analyiing aviation'sevolving /for 60T- coordination. This.wasclearly.. evidenced role by the extensive efforts in inthe nation's transportationsystem were 1977 in the revision of conducted end long-range ,forecasts DOTs National- Plan forNAigation, which lays made in an at- , the. growidwork fOir. V.S.. tempt to jilentify7 transportation trendsand deter- policy on navigational mine40,,,, .Aviation systems will 4. systems, including .airspacecoverage. affect .anclbe InnovatiT airport .netwbrks, - .'ia-fl' ciedby future -techrtiol de-,elopmenutand serv- . -I advanced system :P'ice demands.

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r -C; P 4 t :

Appendixes

ArpErstilx A-1

. 'U.S. Spacecraft RecOrci .-T--,., .. 'Eath orb -3/4.... -.. Year -"--Eis4,61 escape' I 'Earth orbit Earth escape .. Year . ... . SUCCC'SS F SuccessFailure .. successFailure,SuccessFailure 1957 0 0 0 1967. , 78 4 19 ... 0 1958 5 '0 4 1968 61 15 3 0 .499E . 9. 19 . 2 1969 ''58 1 8 '1 1 .16, 12 1 9 . 1970 36 1 : -.'3 0 1961 35 .- 12 0 2 1971 45 A 1962 2 I , 55 12 4 1 1972 ., 33. 2 . 8 0 .1963 62 11 0 0 1973 23 2 - , 3 0, 1064' 69 8 r 0 1974 27.---* 2 1 0 1965 93 1 It 1975 30 .% -4 4 0 1966 94 12 7 1 J 1976, 33 0 1 , 0 1977 et , 27 2 2 0

. Total ,. 889 127 -72 15 4' "MIS Earth- eScape.ffilure diel---IttainEarth orbit' and This tabulation includesspacecraft fromooperatineeoun, therefore Is included in he Earth prbit success totals. tries-which ty,ere-latincheil by U.S. latincli.vehicles. NOTES: The criterion Of success or failure itsed-is theat.. "EstArr," flights rrichlti.,all that were sinfended to'go to at tainment of Earth orbit Or Earth escape.,, rather thana jalg least an altitude equal to lunar distance'from Earth. ment of mission success.. .,. sir,. . . . -1 4 . r . k APPENDIX A-2 4:. /<777 . World Record ofiSpace Launchings SuCcessful in AttainirigEarth Orbit ,or Beyond .., 1 .. ,, . -.... 4. d People's -I, Year U.S.S.R. France Inily ' Japan ',li States Republic. Australia Kin dam 1,, of China i ' .' 1957 Uniten' 1958 1959 10 1960 16 3 1961 29 / 1962 52 20 4' 1 , . 1963 ,r 38. 1964' 57 30 1965 ..11 63 48 1 1966 73 44 1 1967 i.57 1. 2 , 1 1968 45 44.°.. r 1960 40 70 1970 2$ 2 -/' u ' I. 1 r 1971 30 I ir ' 2 2 1972 ..:! 1. 1973 f' 23 A .4 - 1974 44:-. 22 81 ' 2 I ,,, N 1975 9 , ,...... i 27 89 3 1 3 1976 26 '99 ... 1977 g45, 98 , 9 c, Totl 1075. 10 1 0 7 - 11c , 1 14 lc Includes foreip launchings'tli U.S. spacectaft. spatt.4rare. Soma launches Slidsuccessfullyorbit multIple NOTE:This tabulation enumerates latThchings rather than spacecraft.

75.

ri, O. ;. APPENDIX A.-3 SUccessftiU.S.Launches- -1977

Apogee and Launch date' (G.m.t.) perigee Spacecraft name - (kilometers) Spacecraft 'data Cospar designation Period. Remarks Launch vehicle - Inclination to 44. equator CD (degrees) Jan. 28 Objective: To ilaunch sAcecraf iJin NATO III B tosynchronous 35,962 Second of 'three planned NATO ' 5A orbit over equator 'for use 'by NATO. N 35463' communication satellites Spacecraft:'Drum:shaitil 2.2-rn in 'character,2.38-rn 1432.3 Delta .. .long, ,with overall length of 3.1.!ni launched by NASA for NATO. N. includirof an 2.8 Apogee boost motor fired Ian. 30 tennas. Weight 'it launch:" 670 kg. ,Weight after .and satellite stationed at 15° west apogee motor fire: 310 kg. 'longitude above the equator. Feb. 6 Objective: DeveloPttlehtof spac,efliglittahniques 35,755 Still in orbit. . and technology. 35,532 7A Spacecraft: Not announced._ ' Titan HIC I 1436:0 . 0.1' Mar. 10 -Objective: To aunelisatellite into synchronous Palapa 2 transfer orbit. Satellite 36,250 Launched for 'Indonesia.'s- satellite id. provideetransmisiion- 35,915 tommuhication' system, . 18A of television, voice,.analother dAtle -throughout Success- Delta. Indonesia. -. fully placed into ' transfer orbit. 0.1 "Apogee boost motorfired Mar. 12'!, Spacecraft:. Cylindrical I.8-m in diameter and 3.34'n sir and spacecraft placed in station-- .high; spinstabilized;Earth; orientedantenna assembly affixtd on to any equatorial 'synchronous orbit . of spacecraft. Provides 12 at 77° ease longitude,- just south RF channeTh, two of ,whichwillbe protected . of India.lick-ztrhe aieneratiohal _channels forthe 10 traffic carrying channels :' -Apr. 15. . . 23,000 solar cellsmounted on spacecraftexterior. . , .Weight tut Aunch: 574 46g. Weight after apogee e motAt ,fire48I kg. 4 b liar,J. 'Objective: Development of _spaceflightdcItnique. Doftefise Dediril from ,drbil 'May 26, 1977. and technology. . . I9A: Spacecraft: -Not 141 Tita'n IIIB announced .89.1 96.4 4 Apr. 20 tObjective.f Tolaunchsa telliteinto' synchronous 11,710 Geos 4 transfer orbit., SPacecraft yir proviile data 1,:11111C11C(1 hy'INASA for the Etna. 29A )- on 244- 'pear 4>sfiace Agency. A malfunc- maglieticNand electtic fields 36,000 k above Earth. 227.87 tion of the boogter placed Del t1 y Spacecraft:CylandriatlShape, 132-cm; longanil 26.0 craft' inunsatisfactoryteat 162-cm in dianieter; eight hoom,s, extendfrom spacecraftfour Final: Orbit, from which geostation?ry radial' andloin. 38.270 position" could not he attaiiied..1!..? length between 1:5 and 20 nn-, carriessevenpri- 2106 ' Apogee. boost motor fired Apr2"27. mary ekperiments.. Wejghe at launch: 571 kg. 718.2 \.-, placing satellite inthe, most. de- . 26.4" 0 sirable orbit. All experiments are f retina:ling usefal data..., Based- on NASA'criteria, mission adjudged- tuisnccessful. May 12 - 'objective:Communications. . p.sC.,,s II-7 35,762 StillIn orbit:. Spacecraft: Not announced. 35,438 Titan IIIC . -1426.7 2.4 May 42 00 Objective:, Communications. s DSCS '35,792 .:"Still in orbit. Spwcra4: Not announced. .. 35,78) 34B .1 'Titan 1436.1 . ,) . ,2.4 May 23' Objective: s Development, of spacflight 'techniques 35,855 Still iuorbit. Defense . and technology. . 36,679. 38A ° .Spacecraft: a4iniced. Atlas -Agena D . , . ,1435.1 0.2 . te. e-'

76 Aect:smix cl.-3Cou tinned , SuccessUlU.S. (auriches-1977-

Apogee and . Launch date (G.m.t.) perigee Spacecraft name (kilometers) Cospar designation Spacecraftdata Peribd Remarks Launch vehicle InElinatkpn to equator (degrees) May 26 , .Objective: To layinch satellite into transferorbit. 35,755 Third in a series of improved In- Intelsat IV-A F-4'. Satellite -to praide 6250 two-way voice -circuits 4IA 35,346 , telsat IV-A spacecraft withal- plus two television channels simultaneouslyor a 1425.0 0 A tlas-Cen taut most taco thirds greater commit- combination of telephone, TV, and other forms 0.3 of communications traffic. mications capacitythanIntelsat "IV.Launched. laNASAfor Spacecraft:CylindriCalshapedsatellite,overall height of 0.99m and 2.38:m )n diameter. Con- ComSat Corp., mailager of Intel- sat.'Apogee kick motor fired May esists of two main .elements: rotatingcylinder' coveredwith solar cells contains power subsystem;. 27 and satellite placed on station positioning and orientation at 34.5' west longitude..over At-. s.ubsystein;desputi lantic Ocead. To. serve as backup la Earthoriented platform atop rotatingcylinder.. for Intelsat IV-A F.-1 launched contains 20 communications repeaters (transpond- Sept. 25, 1975, and:F-2 launched ders) , new antenna reflectors, and telemetryand fan. 26, 1976. - command subsystems; Antenna reflectorsare supported by a single tubular mast. 134.6cintrans- .Init and 88.9 --cm -4 receive quasisqiiarereflectors' is-.1 are constructed of a metallic mesh on -an open web frame. Feed horn 'arrays and globalhorns are can tilevered from the base of tho.. mast. Te- lemetry; and command nmnidirectionalbiconc antenna is mounted on thc.rhast tip. Weight at ,,liftoff:1515 kg. Weight`fter apogee motor fire: ir 825.5 kg. . - June 5 Object,i,te: To supportthe.Defense Meteorological ,- AMS 2 864 Stillin print. Satellite Program., i 817 Spacecraft: .Similar' to the NASA Tiros-N(to be 101.7 ThorBurner2 launched in1978)."' 99.2 June 16 Objective: To launch spacecraft intoa synchro Goes 2 36,304 Second operational spacecraft of a nous orbit of sufficient accuracy" to enable to 35,267 seriesof. Geostationary 48A provide the capabilityfor continunip bbserva 411pera- Delta 1436.0 tiorialEnvironmental Satellites;', eons of the atmosphere on an operaMpal basis. 0.9 Spacecraft: launched by NASA for NOAA. Cylindrical 190.5cm in' diameter and Spacecraftplacedinsuccessful 344-cm 4onicafrom.4he top of the mglrnetometer transfer orbit, and apogee boost tb the bpttorn of apogee boost motor', Apogee motor fired June 16 and satellite boost motor is.ejeeted after synchronusorbit is placed in synchronous orbit at readied. Thrust tube located !incent r df satel- '75° west.,longitude replacing. Goes litesupportsradiometer/telescopenstrum&t. I. Satellite turned over to NOAA Scanning mirrors look out through annppening 'in for operational use on July 29. . cylindrical solar arrat whose panels'cover space; Giles 2 will provide coverage of craft exterior walls...Instrulnents include 'a visible most of North and South---Ameri- and infrared spin scan radiometer (VISSR),to ca and the Atlantic -Ocean. Goes ,provide day/night cloud corer data, a meteorolog- '1 moved to 105° west longitude - real datacollection and. transmission system, and as a backup spacecraft. a space environmental monitor (SEM) s,ystem to measurethe 'magnitude and direction, of-'the magnetic field, the intensity of solar x-ray' radia--- I tion,,and energy level and quantity of energetic- particles..Spin 'stabilized. _Weight at launch: 635 a, kg. Weight in orbit: 293 ftg., Jitnt 23 Objective: To test technology for the Global Posi-.1. NTS 2 '20,187 Still. in orbit. iliortng.Syslern (Nastar). . : 53A. 9,545 Spacgcraft:Carries cesium chicks for precise time- 1705,2 Atlas F testing; and a (War array to test 14 Navy .43 63.3 ' - experiments on solar cells. ., June 27 Objective: Development of spaieflight techniques- . .2g7 Decayed from' orbit Dec. 23,1977. .and technology., eps Spacee'raft: Not announced.- 88.3 titan klID 97.0, s 1/.1

4 NA?

APPENDIXA-3 1uccessful U.S. L unches-1977

pogec and Launch date (6,m.t.) ce Spacecraft name meters) Spacecraft data Cospar designation criod Remark s Launch vehicle inaqoll to ntator R. grees) Q . . . July It Objective: To launch satellite intoa synchronous GMS (Himawari) transfer orbit accurate enaugh to :111mi/the 357'779 Eatinched by NASA, for the Na- 65A space- 35,531 tional Space Development Agency craft to enter a stationacy synchronousorbit; day/ Delta night meteorological observation: 142914 bf. Japan (NASDA)as part of on nearly .con- :11.2 . World Weather \'tch program. tinuous basis, collection and transmissionof data_ Monitor solar activities, and improve Apogee boostAn r firedAnly.15 Japanese and. satellite w placed syn- as well as international meteorologicalservices. . Spacecraft: chronous orbitt 140° ,east long- Cylindrical 3.1-m long and 2.1-min- itude ahove,etator due south of diameter. Solar panels oil satellitemiter surface. Visibleandinfraredspinscan . 'radiometer (VISSR)instrument provides images of clouds, and t artles surface. andmeasures terimeratvRe of both surface and cloudtops; collection and -transmission -system; measurement of sola4f.,protons. alpha particlr, and) electronS Spinstabi-_, lized. Weight at launch: 670 kg. Weightin orbit: 2.it, . 280 kg. , q* 4. . Aug. 12°' Objective: To obtain higOre4olution, experimental , .. HEA0 I"' data oft 'astrophysical phenomena 415g First'inaseries of three NASA .by surveying 435 75A the x-ray and gammaray sky over the range From High Energy Astronomical Ob- Atlas=Centatir 150 electron t 93.5 . servatorles. Launched successfully volts to10 minion electronvolts, 22.8 measure size and location of is -ray' sources in the into whit,all'experiineinsopera range of 1 thousand to:15 thcluilitild electron volts, tionaland ',returningexcellent data. Largest Earth-oriented un- ' determine k the con triblt fkuz 4o .discrqe sosIrccs -, to the x-ray background; and determine temporal manned scientificsatelliteever launched. Observatory configura- behavior of xra'y sourcesNodemonstrate .space: craft capability of supporting the onboardsxperi tion based 'On modular concepts ments for six...months. maximizing commonalityamong Spacecraft: qii-eittilarhexagon 4.1-m long the three planned' missions. Dur- and 2.4 -rn ing first 100 days Of 'operation 1!) in aiameft :,Satellito equipment module(SEM) contains ''nt4ional subsystems previously unknown x-ray sources necessaryto located. First six 'monthsto he .operate .an Otto' the observatory and experi ments....Sola .gellS mounted.n'-e 1.efia panels. spent mapping the sky. Experiment module (EM) 44 Four scientific .instruments, the large x-ray.s cosmic xjay, scanning,modulation col or, d 'hard x-ray and IA gamma ray. Six -s' edconfiguration pro- qides maxijnillin, eXperiment aperturearea. while rAinimizing-I&Crall observatory. length.Weight: , 2560 kg,_including,,1220 kgss-40 experiments. Aug. '20, . Objectivit To investigate the Jupiter andSatttyp, Trans. yoyagef 2 .:a-s. planetary systems and the Ititerplatietary =din* ,,Fhst.in twin Voyager, series, follow- ..' 76A . Jupiter ing July 1979 Jupiter flyby,' .., '-- Scientificobjectives: To eonthictcomparative spacc- -'.,Titan IIIE-Ceptaur trajectory; craft will use gravitational assist' studies.af -the Jupiter' and Saturnsystems. in- later may' -' " '4.. cludingWqa---- invirolernent, of 'planet. ;to change course'to and body char atmosphere, surface rendezvons Saturn for projected .1981 rqnder.- teristi of the planets; one orwith Uranus . ap : more of the lites.;. d the nature of Saturn'S vous.Spacecraft'utay fly hyUra. .., rings. and escape: nits in 1986. Voyager ,,(tinstioning From the solar'. normally and all, ihstrilinentsarc Spacecraft:Co of a mission module and a .system propulsion whirlsis e'ctell liter boost- opeptional. 'ByJan. 1, 1978, ing mission module' into Jupiter transfer trajec spacecraft was 162 million k from, Earth. Named Voyager 2 though, °Icily. Mission mothflc a 10sided with 10' electronics, packaging corripattmen!s,7-cm laiincttecl first because it will be overtaken by VoyagerI .beforo high' and 1.78 -tit across' From flat to flat:. FRA-.m.: they reach Jupiter. diameter high-gain parabolic alumna suppoited by tubblar 41cusswor,k;.thiee.!radioisotopethermoj - . electric- generators fllitG)it) tandem on tleglcq- .able booin;twin10-m whipanti:an1as:four . magnetorneters mounted -onil,mdeptnyXfile a g' N:Va. Weight at launchr'2 6 lg.' Weight-after: . ..propidsion-; module separaggn: 822 kg 'Weight

at end of mission: 722 kg. .- ,i4:-.,,, . , . ' :43 Successful U.S. Launches-1977

Apogee and Launch date (G.m.t.) perigee r Spacecraft name (kilometer.$) Cospar designation Spacecraft data Period Remarks Launch vehicle InclinatiOn to equator (degrees), Aug. Objective: To lauticit spacecraft into synchronous 36,327 Launched by NASA for the Consig- Sirio transfer orbit. Satellite to conduct various com- 34,210 80A lio. Nazionale(IdleRicerche munications ex perimen ts. I109.7 Delta Spacecraft: National ,ResearchCouncilof Cylindrical1.438-min diamitr And 0.2 Italy (CNR)--into successful 0.954-fititi height, 2.0.in in length with apogee transferorbit. Apogee boost boost motor nozzle and Super-High Frequency motor fired Aug. 27 and space.. (SHF)antenna. Despun telecommunication an- craftplaced in stationary orbit tenna, pointedto Earth, made of aluminum- over the South Atlantic at15° honeycomb and polyester fiberglass. Satellite spin west longitude above the equator. stabilized. ,Weight xt launch: 398 kg. including Satellite turned over to Italy Sept. the 200-kg apogee boost motor, 24. 'Spacecraft operating salisfac- torily. .Sept. 5 Objective: To investigate the Jupiter and Saturn Trans- Second in dual Voyager series.Fill Voyager 1 planetary systems.atid the interplanetary medium. Jupiter lowing a Mai. 1979 flyby of Ju: 84A Scientificofiject ives:To conductcomparative trajectory; piter, spacecraft will alter course Titan 111E-Centaur studies of the Jupiter and. Saturn 'systems. inafter liaising for a Nov. 1980 rendezvous with chidingtheenvironment,atmosphere,surface . Saturn may Saturn. VoyagerI. on afaster and body characteristics of the planets; one Or pass beyOnd trajectory, passed its sister more of their satellites; and the nature of Saturn's.solar. system craft on Dcc. 15. By Jan. 1, 1978. rings. . spacecraft was 164 million k from Spacecraft° Consists of a . mission module and a . Earth.Interplanetaryexplorer propulsion module which is ejected aftehlvost- functioning normally and all in- ing mission module in,to Jupiter transfer trajec- , struments are operationakand re% tory. Mission module a 10-sided framework with turning useful data 10electronicspackaging compartments, 47-em high and 1.78- across from flat to Bat: 3.66-m diameter higligelin parabolic antenna supported by tubular tritSsWork; three .radioisotope 'therm°. electric generator:4.s (RTC). in toodem On deployable boom: twin 10-m whip. antennas; folk magnetometers mounted on a I3-m deployable Ixtom. _Weight at launch: 2080 kg. Weight after,.propul- siore Module separation: 822 .,kg. Weight at end of missiOn: 722 kg. . . , . Sep. 23 ° Objective;..Dereldwnont of spaceflight techniqffes 335 Decayed from orbit Dec. 8, 1977. Defense . . and technohigy." . 134 94A ...Spacecraft: Not gOlgunco. Titan 111B 89.1 ., . 96.5. , ..., Oct. 22 ,..' Objective:To-measure the structure of the mag-' -138,124 Launched successfullyas. part of ISEF 1 uctosphere boundarWs and their fluctuatidn.s froM 280 twin pay pad to make scientific.... 102Ac space and to obtain sample near-Earth measure- 3446.8' measuregrits from two points in Delta or :-.. ments of the solar wind. 28.7 'space.S partitionof .spacecraft Spacecraft,' 16M.ded cylinder 173-Cm across flats by successfully accomplished. All ex- r ,1 z. 161-em high; inain body of one aluminum honey.. periments, except one U.S. instrit comb equipment shelf supported by,'ht struts meat, .turned on and returning ou a 84-cm.lbitg thrust -tube,' one.' r arT4101:,' s data.. located f4rwaril ofequipmentsection a skond

?pproximately 25cm below the shelf: 13 scientific 1 Instrinnents on. board. Spin stallilized. Weight at- "launch: 3.28)95 kg, including 93.% kg of scientific ;, instrumentation,- . .

trot- II

,79 t.

APPENDIX A- 3 Continued SuccessfiI U.S; Launches-1977

Apogee ,and Launtil date (G.m.t.)- perigee Spacecraft name (kilometers) Cospac designation Spacecraft data Period. Remarks Launch' vehicle \ Inclination to 1 equator . (degrees) 41 Oct. 22 Objective: To measure the structure of the m5g- 138,530 BuiltfortheEuropeanSpare 1SEE, 2 netosphere boundaries and their fluctuations from 102B , 27Q Agency by the STAR consortium, space and to obtain sample near-Earth measure- 3453.8 Delta' ments of the solar wind. launched by NASA as a second - , . 28.7 arypayload.Scientificinstru- Spacecraft: Cylindrical I.14-m high with a diameter ments returning valuable data. of I.27-m; single equipment platform with solar array covering spacecraft exterior, except al hot- to nl where scientific instrument parts and protru- sions are located; S-band antenna on spacecraft top,. supported by -three struts; -three hinged .-booms, each about 2.25-m long, a pair of radially extending wire booms each 15In long whichserve as antennas for onboard experiments .and a deployable experiment antenna parallelk othtr space: craft spin axis.. Eight scientific instruments. Spin stabilized. Weighi:157.72 kg. or Oct. 28 "S..-- Objective: To place satellite inn?' a-i orbit which 1106 Transit Launched by NASA for the Navy. will enable.theNavy to provide -o Worldwide,. two.' 1067 The Navy NavigationSatellite 106A dimensional system for polition. fixing to an ac- Scout 107.0 System, referred- toas - Transit, curacy of-better than .5 .k. ' 89.9 provides an opportunity for Vie Spacecraft:. Eight-sidcd cylinder with four freploy- user to take a position fix every ablesolar a twospecially instrumented twohoursorle transpond or radio relays called depending nanslatpls. , upck the latitude. The 'satellite .' Weight: 9 . will be usedtotc,strt, Trident 114)issile TrackingSystem (S-, ' TRACK) and to check.'llut d . calibraterangesafetygrolind. stations and equipment. Spar& craft,placed in desired orbit and returning data. Nov. 23 Objective:, T0 launchsatelliteinto synchronous 35,692 Launched into successfultransfer Meteosat 1 transfer orbit of sufficient accuracy to alloiv the 34,913 orbit by NASA for ESA. Apogee '108A spacecraftto -achieve,astationary synchronous Delta 1411.5 motor fired Nov. 23 and space- orbit. European contribution to the World Meti.- 0.7 craft played in gCostationary orbit orological Organiiation's World Weather Watch above the Gulf of Guinea at 0° program. longitude, Satellite serek as part Spacecraft: Cylindrical 2.1-in in diameter and 4.3- ofESA's 'contributionto, the'!" m high: payload consists of telescope radiometer Global Atmospheric Rdearch for observation of the Earth' and cloud' masses. Program(CARP).. Experiments . and a system for data relay and transmission. of to become fully operational May the meteorological information. Spin stabilized. "1978. Weight at launch: 697 kg. Weight ,after apogee motor fire: 345 kg. Dec.. 8 Objective:Development of Spaceflight tedinicoes Still in orbit. Defense- and technology. 112A Spacecraft: Not announced. 10 Atlas- F .63.4 ; Dec. 8 Objective: 'Development ofspaceflighttechniques 1169 Still in orbit. Defgnse atul technolo; -1054 11'2D Spacbcraft:NoMiniounced. 107.5 .Atlas F 63.4

Objective:Development of spaceflight ,techniques 1168 Still in orbit. of nse and technology. , 1055 112E Spacecraft:. Not 'announced: 107.5 X Atlas, F J. 63.4

Dec. 11 . Objective:Development of. spaceflight techniques 35,855 orlt. Defense and technology. 35.679 114A , Spacecraft: 'Not annolinced: Atlas-Agena H , . 1435.1 ,31

APPENDIX A-3Continucd- SucceSsful 'U.S.'Launches-1977

4pogcc and, Launch date (G.m.t.) perigee' . Spacecraft name' . (kilometers) ' Spacerraft4clata Cet§P.r designation Period , Remarks Launch vehicle Inclination to equator / (degrees) . ' Dec. 15 Objective:To placesatellite,..into, a _succinsful " 38057- GS (Sakura) synchronous Japanese National Space .Dcvoldp- transferorbit; Ifevetopmentofa 5,568. ment Agency- (NASDA) satellite 118A domestic communications Satellite- system for Ja- Delta 1440.0 launched into synchronous trans- pan; experimentation with Kband and Cband. 0.1 fer orbit by NASA. Apogee boost. Spacecraft:Cylindrical2.181pja indiameter and .,matqr fired Dec.16 and space- 3.48-th high; spin stabilized;- solar cells mounted craft. placed in synchrqnous orbit on spacecraft , ex terior;an tenna hornreflector .above equator at 135° east lqn- mounted An outer Ifilespun.sectjon of thc brie glut& above New,. Guinea and' Motor Assembly, extends 128:8-cm above theup- Y; 1 due SOLO' of japan. per edge of the solar six Kband channels sandnd two Cband chan s provide.comunica-th; link. WeiglItilit launch:. 677 kg. Weight after apogeeboostmotor fire: 340 kg. 4

../ $

.4.. IPPFNUIB-I U.S. Applications Satellites1973-1977

'Date Name Launch Vehicle 1 4(1.. ark CONI.NIUNICATIONS 'Apr. 20, 1973 Anik 2 (Telcsat 2) Thor-Delta (TAT). Latins:11M for Canada. Aug. 24, 1973 Intelsat IV(F.7) Atlas-Centaur . Dec. Fifth 'in high-capacity setics.PositiotTed..over Atlantic. 13,Il173 DSCS 2.3,4 -Titan 114C Follo.v-on to DSCS 2-1,2'. Jan. 19, 1974 _ Skynet 2A -. Thor-Delta (TAT) Launched forthe United Kingdom inresponse to an agieement toaugment the DS( program. Spacecraft failed to achieve the proper orbit. Apr. 13, 1974 Wcstar I (p. J Thor-Delta (TAT) . Launched for the estern Union Co. to establish mestit comm..' 'cations link. May 30, 1974 ATS 6 :pan 111C NItiltillurposcexperimental satellite especially deSigne.ftw IV- gional servi Oct. 10, 1974 \Vestar 's in North Alli(Ti123- and later India. Tlior-Delta/*.f.:A') Launched forthe Western UnionCo.;Is part ,of their domestic .Nov. 21, 1974 .cimununiCat(); lilt*. . Intelsat IV(F-8) Atlas-Centant Sixth 1 Ugh . 2S, 1974 Skynct 211 apacity serisa.Positioneil over Tacific. Thor-pelt: (TAT) Latutcl -(6 fothe unite,' 'ffingdon in resp( nse' to an agreement e to an tthe. -1)SC 4-. " . program. Spacecraft positioned over . Indian Ocean. Dec.' 19, 1974 ..-'' fiymPhonie I Thor-,Delta);,t.A)...., 71.1rst cAl. two 7expel'ithental sate-llites .fot France anti -i Ger- tnanv..Spacecraft May 7, 1975 Anik 3 (Telesat 3) msitioned (4i. Atlantic. 'Thor-Delta-(TAT) '. Launched file-Canal. May 22, 1975 Intelsat IV (F-1) f :Naas-Centaur . -Eight h'itt:litgliteapaqty seriCs. Aug. 27, 1975 Symphonic! 2 .-itione I ovei. °Indian Ocean. 'Flour-Delta (TAT) Latmched 4or fratreer':and 1,;estii*Th'ermany. Positioned over Abe ... .:.INIA.;mtic. , .1. Sep. 26, '1975 T."'Intelsat 1V-A. (F-I) At,las-Ccutaur , .. l'ir,s.t.;of. a aleseriesdouble parity ofits predecessots 4iyositioned (Wet'. the' Atran Dec. 1975 RCk-Satcoin-1` Thtir-Delta (TATI)-...'11,-atinciled Jor RCA 'as' hAriglottitel'czcommtaientions satellite . ' series. Positionedoverthe.90111iftc. - Jan. 17, 1976 CTS- 1 Thiw-Delta (TAT) Canadian-U.S..mustpoiverftdfAperimental satellite. Jan. 80, 1976 Intelsat 1VA (F2)Thor-Delta(TAT) °. Posikioned(over Atlantic. Feb. 19, 1976 1 'Marisat Thor-Delta (TA:11) For maritime use by Comsat. over the Atlantic, 'Mar. 15, 1976 LES '8/9 TitanII1C . .. : .Experimental satellites withradioisotopes power Mar. 26.1976 RCA-Sa tcom 2 Thor-Delta (TAT) spurces. 'Apr. 22, 19,6 'Secotul .of timer. 4if NATO 111A Thor-Delta. (TAT) Firstofnew series. May 13,,1 976. Co I Atlas-Centaur Ped' over i'acific for. AT&T by Comsat. oJune10,1976 MarRat 2 . Thor7Delta (TA-11- . 1,:iky' maritime use by Comsat, over the Pacific.. " july 8, 1976 Pa(apa I Thor-Delta (FAT) 'I ntIonesian domestic comm (Mica lions. July 22, 1976 Comstar 2 Thor-Delta' (TAT) i. Oct: 14. 1976 Placedwildhof the United StatesfoAT&T by Crisat. Marisat Tlfor-Delta (TAT) Pla0c1pvee. Indian Ocean. , . , Jan.24,1977 NAT() 111B Thor-Delta (TAT) ,cSecOttcl, of a new series. -- - Mar. g1, 1977 Palapa 2 Thor-Delta. (TAT)'.1ndoiitatan domestic .communications. May.12, 1977 'DSC.S 11-7,8 Titan DIC - May 26,'.1977 Defense communications. Intelsat 1'A 1F-4) Atlas-Centaur Positioned over Atlantic. Aug. 25; 1977 Sirio Thor-Delta, (TAT). Dec. 15, 1977 Italian cyleriment, Sakilea Thor-Delta(TAT) Japanese fi4perimept. .... , , N

.).

4"!.4 ; -.II, 4) -.

. . . ; .,

1.a p.

., ;,..:1.'tt. . ...fi':.,.),k,. r...... ;11- ,.':. . ... :

. ,....e, :1'.. , ...,- , . 4 APPENDIX IIIContinued' U.S. Applications Satellites '1973-1977

Date Name Launch Vehicle. Remarks NV EATH EROBSERVA-ITON Nolo 6, 1973 NOAA-3 (ITOS F) Thor-Delta Second genera tion Operational meteorological satellite. May' 17,, 1974 SMS-1 Thi-Delta Nov. 15, 1974 First full-time weather satellite in synchronous orbit. N(4AA- (;) -Thor -Delta Second generation operational vmeteorological satellite. Feb. 6; 1975 SNIS-2 'I hor-Delta Second June 12, 1975 Nimbus 6 fumeweather satellite in synchronous orbit. Thor-Delta To build n imerical models for Global AtmosphericResearch Program. Oct. 16,1975 Goes 1 Thor'-Deltgib `July 29, FOE full y operational synchronous weather satellite. 1976 NOAA-5 (ITOS H)Thor-Delta Second generation operational satellite. June 16,1977-Goes 2 Thor-Delta Second of this series.' . July 14,1977 Flimawari Thor-Delta Nov. 23,1977 Meteosat Japanese geosyncheNous saceltife. Thor-Delta European -S e Agency giOsynehronous 4atellite; EARTH OBSERVATION . Jan. 22, 1975 Landsat 2 Thor -Delta ,Second experimental Ealtliresources -techtmlogy satellite.Ar- i. 9.iii't'ed svnoptic multi-spectral repetitive images. thatare prow. ing usefulinsuchdisciplines asagriculture and . forestry resources, mineral and land resources, land iv,* waterre. auirces, marine resources. mapping and Charting. andthe enviroliMent. GEODE.* Apr. 9, 1975 (;cos 3 Tknir:Delta a To measure geometry and topography of oceangliurface. May 4, 1976 Lageos Thor-Delta Laser geodynamic satellite. a NAVIGATION Oct. 30, 1973 NavSat 0.20 schut Jul.14, 1974, NTS I Atlas F Navigation technology satellite. Oct: 12, 1975 Tip-2 Scout Sep. 1,1976 -Transit Improvement.Ptgram. Tip-3 scout Transitmpi.ovement Program. June 23,1977,7 NTS 2 Atlas F ' Forerunner of Naystar Global PositioningSystem, Oct. 28, 4977 -F% transit Scout %Developmental model. Does not incituleIlDepartment of Defenk weather satellites whith arc not 'individually identifiedby launch.

-7 0 83

o t " APPENDIX B-2 - U.S.- Launched Scientific Peyloads1973-1977

.Date Name' Launch Vehicle Remarks June 10, 1973 Radib Astronomy 2 Thor-Delta Measure galactic, and solar radio noise shielded from Earthby (Explorer 49) the Moon, by use (if lunar orbit. Oct. 26,1973 P 10 Thor-Delta Study of interplanetary environment particle and fuelinter- Explorer 50) actions,in the distant magneto tail. Dec.16,1973 tmosphere Thor-Delta Photochemical processes in absorption of solar UV. (Explorer 51) Feb.18,1974 San Marco 4 Scout Diurnal variations in equatorial neutraltmosphere.(Italian Mar. 9, 1974 pay tad and launch.) UK X.(Miranda) Scout Measure density of Sim-reflecting particles' hear the spacecralt, and last engineering systems. (United Kingdom payload.) June3, 1974 Hawkeye. Scout. Plasma iproperties of the magnetosphere over the north (Explorer 52) cap./ polar July 16, 1974 Aerbs 2 . Scout Measure aeronomic param&ers of upper atmosphere and solar UV. (German payload.) Aug. 30, 1974 ANS Scout Oct. '15, 1974 Study steller U \' and x-ray .sources. (Netherlands payload.). Ariel 5 Scout Study galactic and extragalactic, x-ray sources. (United Kingdom payload.) Nov. 15, 1974 INTASAT Thor-Delta Measure ionospheric total electron content, ionospheric:irregu- larities and' scintillation. May 7, 1975 SAS-C (Spanish payload.) Scout Measure emission of discrete extragalactic sources.(Ital- (Explorer3) ian-launched.) June 21, 1975 OSO -8 Thor-Delta To study minimum phase of solar cycle.. Aug. 9, 1975 COS-B Thor Del ta Extraterrestrial gamma radiation studies. (ESA European satellit?,) Oct. ,6, 1975 Atmosphere Tlror- Del ta Photochemical processes in absotption of solar energy. (Explorer 54) Nov. 20, 1975 Atmosphere Thor-Delta Photochemical processes in absorption of solar (Explorer 55) 'energy. ,MeastaR Mar. 15, 1976 spatial distribution of ozone. Solrad HiA/HiB Titan. 111C Measure radiation and particles at close to 120,000 krtvcircplar, Maf,22, 1976 P -76.5 Scout Plasma effects on radar and communications. J.ktlr8, 1976- SESP .74.2 Titan IIID Apr. 20, 1977 Geos Particle measurements up 'to 8000 km. Thor-Delta European Space. Agency, study of magnetic and °Cluck lel& from geosynchronous orb (not attained). Aug. 12, 1977° HEAO I Atlas-Centaur Oct. 22, 1977 X-ray and gamma ray astronomy. ISEE 1, 2 . Thor-Delta Magnetosphere -and solar wind measurements (for NASA and European Space Agency respectively). o

- ° A

APPENDIX U.S.:taunched Space Probes1973-1977 `-

c.Dare Name Launch \'chicle Remarks Apr. 6,1973 Pioneer 11. Atlas-Centaur Jupiter flyby mission. Passed Jupit . r on Dec. 2, 1974; returning '- pictures and data and headed fa similar pass by Saturn Nov. 3, 1923. Mariner 10 before accelerating out of the solarstem. Atlas - Centaur Venus :nut Mercury flyby mission. Pass Venus (n Feb. 5, 1974, returning good quality pictures. Passed Malty againon Sep. 21, 1974, returning 500-600 good qualitylpctures.PaSsed - Mercury 'again on Mar. 16, 1975. Other datawere also re- -t Dec. 10, 1974- turned. Helios 1 ti" Titan IIIE -' .Flew in highly elliptic orbit to within 44 million km Centaur of the Sun, measuring solar wind, corona, electrons, and cosmictays. . . J'ayload had 7 West German experiments, 3 U.S. . Aug. 20, 1975 Viking 1 Titan IIIE- ' Lalider descended, landed safely - on Mars on Plains of Chrfse, Centaur while Orbiter circled the planet photographing itand relay- ' (A, ing all data to Earth. Lander photographed its surroundings, rtested soil samples for signs of life, and tookmeasurements of the atmosphere. Sep. 9, 19415 Viking 2 . Titan IIIE- Lander descendecl,,landed safelyon Mars on Plains of Utopia, . Centaur while Orbiter.circled the planet photographing itand relaying all data to Earth. Lander photographed its surroundings, tested soil samples for signs of life, and tookmeasurements of theatmosphere. Jan. 15, 1976 Helios 2 ' Titan 111E- Hew in highly elliptical orbit.rowithin -41 million , Centaur km of the 1, Sun, measuring solar wind, corolla,- ele-ctliumt, andcosmic ', - rays. Payload had same West German and MS.- experiments as Helios 1 plus a cosmic-ray burst detector.. Aug. 20, 1977 Voyager 2 Titan 111E- jnpiter and Samna flyby mission. Wasto swing around Jupiter Centaur in July 1979, and arrive at Saturn in 198possibly going on to Uranus by 1986. Sep. 5, 1977 Voyager 1 Titan 111E- v. Jupiter and Saturn flyby mission. Passing Centaur 'oyager 2 on the way, "I was to swing around Jupiter. in .Mar. 1979 and arriveat Saturn in Nov. 1980. 14 APPENDIX C History of and Soififit Manned .Space ,Flights s a.

pacecraft Launch Date Grew . Flight time 'Vostok' I Apr. 12, 1961 Yuri A.Gagarin. I h 48 min. First manned flight. . Mercury- . May 5, 1961 Alan B. Shepard, Jr. 15 min. f. First U.S. flight; suborbital:- Redstone 3 Mercury- July 21, 1961 Virgil I. Grissom-147 16 min. Suborbital; capsule sank afterzlanding. Redstone 4 Vostok 2 Aug. 6, 1961 Ghcrman S. Titov 25 h 18 min. First-flight exceeding 24 h. s Mercury-Atlas ,6 Feb. 20, 1962 John H. Glenn, Jr. 4 h 55 min. First American to orbit. Mercury-Atlas 7 May 24, 1962 M. Scott Carpenter 4 h 56 mina Landed 400 km beyond target. 10 Vostok 3 Aug. II, 1962 Andrian G. Nikolayev 94 h 22 min. First dual mission (with Vostok 4). Voqpie4 Aug. 12, 1962 Pavel R. Popovich 70 h 57 min. Came ;within 6 km of Vostok 3. Ivreitury-Atla*8 Oct..3 1962 Walter M. Schirra, Jr. 9 h 13 min. Landed 8 km from target. Mercury-Atlas 9 May 15, 1963 L. Gordon Cooper, Jr. 34 h 20 min. First long U.S. flight. Vostok 5 June 14, 1963 Valery F. Bykovsky 119 h 6 min. Second dual mission (with Vostok 6). Vostok 6 rune 16, 1963 Valentina V. Teteshkova 70 h 50 min. First woman space: within 5-km of, Vostok 5. Voskhod I Oct. la, 1964 Vladimir M. Komaroy , 24 h 17 min. First 3-math crew. Konstantin P. Feoktistov Dr. Boris-G. Ycgonyv Voskhod 2 Mar. 18, 1965 Aleksci A. Leonov 26 h 2 min. Firstextravehicularactivity(Leonov, 10 Pavel I. Belyayev min) . Geritini 3 Mai. 23, 1965 Virgil I. Grissom 4 h 53 min. FirstU.S. ,2-man flight;first manual ma- John W. Young neuvers in orbit. Gemini .4 June 3, 1965 lames A. McDivitt' 97 h 56 min:" extravehicular,activity (White) ; Edward H. White, If Gemini 5 Aug. 21, 1965 L. Gordon Cooper, Jr. 190 h 55 min. Lorigest-duration manned flight to date. Charles Conrad, Jr. Gemini 7 Dec. 4, 1965 . Frank Borman 330 h 35 min. Longest- duration manned flight to date. fames A. Lovell, Jr. Gemini 6-A Dec. 15. 1965 Walter M. Schirra,'Jr. 25 h 51 min. Rendezvous yvithin 0.3 m of Gemini 7. Thomas P. Stafford Gemini 8 .Mar. 16, 1966 Neil A. Armstrong 10 h 41 min. First docking of 2 orbiting spacecraft (Gein- David R. Scott inilVwith Agena target rocket) .Gemini 9-A Jime 3, 1966 Thomas P. Stafford 72 h 21 min. Extravehicular activity; rendezvous. Eugene. A. Ceman Gemini 10 July 18, 1966 John W. Young 70 h 47 min. Firstdualrendezvous(Gemini 10 with Michael Collins Agena JO. then Agena 8). 11;",, Sept. 12, 1966 Charles Conrad, Jr. 71 h 17 min. First Initial rendezvous; first tethered flight; Richard F. Gordon, Jr. highest Earth-orbit altitude (1372 km). Nov. II, 1966 fames A. Lovell, Jr. 94 h 35 min.. Longest gxtravehicular activity to. date(Al- , Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. drin, 5 h 37 min). Soyuz I Apr.,23, 1967 Vladimir M. Komainv 26 h 37 min. Cosmonaut killed in reentry'accident. Apollo 7 Oct. -H, 1968 Walter M. Schirra, Jr. 260 h 9 min. First U.S. 3-man mission. Donn F. Eisele R, Walter Cunningham 0 "pyoul 03 Oct. 26, 1968 Georgi Beregovoy 94 h 51 min. Maneuvered near unmanned Soyuz 2. Dec. 21, 1968 Frank Borman 147 h I min. First manned orbit (s) of'Moon; first'manned James A. Lovell, Jr. departure from Earth's sphere of influence; William A. Anders highest speed ever attainedin manned flight. Soyuz 4 Jan. 14, 1969 Vladimir Shatalov 71 h 23 min. Soyuz 4 and 5 docked and transferred 2 cos- Soyuz 5 fan. 15, 1969 Boris Volvnov. 72 h 56 min. monauts from Soyuz 5 to 'Soya' 4. Aleksey Yeliseyev . Yevgeniy Khrunov 0 Apollo 9 Mar. 3, 1969 James A. McDivitt 241 h I Min. Successfully simulated in Earth orbit' oper- - David R. Scott . ation orlunar module lo landing and take- Russell L. Schweickart ,off from lunar surface and rejoining with command module. Apollo, 10 May 18, 1969 '""----1-10tnas P. Stafford 192 h 3 min.. Successfullydemonstrated complete system John W. Young including ludai module descent to 14;300 Eugene A. Cernan m /min the lunar surface. Apollo 11 July 16, 1969 Neil A. Armstrong. 195 Is 9 min. First manned landing On lunar surface and Michael Collins safe' return to Earth. First return of ,roel kdwin E. Aldrin, Jr. ,' . and soil samples to Earth, and manned deployment.lk-experimentA on lunar surface. SAyuz 6.. Oct. 11, 1969 Georgiy Shonin ;118 h 42 min. Soyuz 6, 7,ind8 operated asa group flight Valeriy Kubasov without. actually dockitilf. tach conducted Soyuz 7 'Oct. 12, 1969 Anatoliy Filipchenko- 118 h 41 Min. certain experiments, including welding and ) Vladiglav Volkov Earth and celestial obseryation.. Viktnr Gorbatko o &Alp 8 Oct. 13, 4969 Vladimir. Shatalov 118 h.50 min. Aid* Xeliseyev 4 . i °

sp. .86

f PEN C Continued r History of 1.1.S. anzoyief 11l'annetjIppace Flights ° ". Spacecraft: 1 Laimoh Date drew : ighLights , . Apollo 12 Nov. 14, 1969, . `diaries Conrad, Jr. '.244 h min. gecond IMann'ed 'War 'Ian.Mg. C;ontinued Ribtiard F. qortionir. Alan L. Bev mannecl,,explorilion.and.retrievM7.,parts of 0' Surveyor J1i spacecraft' which landed in 'Oceai1 of on' Apr. 01,.1967;- Apo! lo 13 fames A. tovell, Jr.. s12 h 0 min. L, -Fred W. Haise, Mission' aborted due_ to aplosict jnthe %. service module. Ship circled- Moon, with' John L. Swigert, Jr. brew using LEM as "lifeboat"infil just keit ' prior to reentry. -7 Soyuz 9 Tune 1, 1970 Andrian G: Nikolayev 424 h 59 min. Vitally I. Sevastianov Longest manned space flight.o date, lasting. Apollo 14 Tan. 31, 1971 17 days 16 h 59 min. Alan B. Shepard, Tr. 216 ih 2 min. Third manned lunar landing. Mission dem- Stuart A. Roosa onstrated pinpoint landing Capability and Edgar D. Mitchell continued manned exploration. Soft 10 Apr. 22. 1971 Vlaelimir Shatalov 47 h 46 man. Docked with Salyut1,but crew did nOt Alelcsey Yoliseyey board space stationlaynched Apr.19.1 Nikolai Rukavishnikov Crew recovered Apr. 24, Soyuz 11, rune 6; 1971 Georgiy Timofeyevieh 1971. 570'h 22 Docked with Salyut 1 and Soyuz 11cresii Dobrovolskiy /o - occupied space station for 22 days. Crew Nikolayev ich,' perished during final phase. of Soyuz11 - Volkov I capsule recovery on June 30, 1971. Viktor Ivanovich Patsayex" .110 . Apollo 15. July-26, 1971 David R . Scott 9 1g- Fourth Manned lunar landingI andfirst Alfred M. WOrden Apollo "J" series mission whichcarry the James Bensen Irwin Lunar Roving Vehicle. Worden's in-flight ,EVA of 38 min 12 s was performed during - return trip. -Apollo 16 Apr. 16, 1972 ,, John, W. Yoyng 265 h 51 min. FNth manned lunar landing; withLunar Charles -M. Du r. Roving Vehicle. Thomas K. Matt ,II Apollo 17 'Dec. 7, 1972 .Eugene' A. Cernan 301 h 52 min. . Sixth and 'final Apollo manned lunar-land- Harrison H. Schmitt . u lug, again with roving vehicle. Ronald E. EvIns Skylab 2 J.'!May 25, 1973 ti Charles Conrad. ,Jr. 627'h 50 min.Docked with Skylab 1(or 28 days. R. Spiked Joseph P. Kerwin ,damaged stat. s, Paul T. Weitz Skylab 3 July 20, 1973 V Rm. Alan L. Bean 1427 h Docked. with StYlab 1for over 59 days. Jack R. Irsousma' 9 min. Owen K. garriott Soyuz 12 Sept.27, 1973 Vasiliy tizarev 47 h 16 min. Checkout of improved Soyuz. Oleg Makarov Skylab 4 Nov. 16, 1973 Gerald PArr 2017 h Docked with Skylab 1 in 'continuing long Edward ibson 16 min. duration mission. William R. Pogue Soyuz 13 Dee. 18, 1973 Petr Klimuk 188 h 55 min.Astr9physical, biological, and Earth resource% Valentin Lebedev' experiments. Soyuz 14' July 3, 1974 rl Ravel Popovich 377 h 30 min.Docked 'with Salyut 3 and .Soyuz 14crew *Yuriy Artyukhin occupied space station for over 14 days. Soyuz 15 Aug. 26, 1974 Gcnnadiy Sarafanov 48 h 12 min. Rendezvoused bu Lev Dentin did not dock with Sal- Soyuz 16 yut 3. Dec. 2, 1974 Anatoliv Filipchenko 142 h 24'rnire. Test of ASTP confiration. NIkolayRukavishnikov Soyuz 17 Jan. 10, 1975 Aferiey Gubarev 709 h 20 min. Docked with Salyut 4 and -occupied station7 Georgiy Grechko Anomaly Apr. 5, 1975 during a 29- daylight. , Vasiley Lazarev 20 min. Soyuzstigesfailed Oleg Makarov' to sepaiatc. crew re- Soyuz 18 covered after abor . May 24, 1075 Petr 'Klimuk 1511 h Docked with Salyu4 and ocaliked, station Vitally Sevastiyanov 20 min. during a 63-day Soyuz 19 July 15, 1975 Sleksey Leonov scori:w 142 h 31 min. Target for Apollo in docking and jointex,- Valeriy Kubasov - r Apollo July 15, 1975 periments ASTP mission. Thomas P. Stafford 217 h 28 min.Docked with Soyuz 19 in joint experiments Donald K. Slayton of ASTP missi Vance D. Brand Soyuz 21 July 6, 1976 - Boris Volynov 11E2 h Docked with Salyut Vitally Zholobov and_ciccupied station . Soyuz 22 2J min. during 49-day flight. Sep, 15, 1976-; Valeriy Bykoyskiy 189 h 54 min. Earth resources study with multispectral Vladimir Aksenov cam- Soyuz 23 Oct. 14, 1976 era system. Vvacbeslav Zudov 48 h 6 Min. Failed to dock with Salyut 5. Valeriy Rozhdestvenskiy, Soyuz 24 'Feb. 7, 197 Viktor GorbatO 425 h 23,min. Yuriy Glazkov Docked with Salyut 5 and occupied station 116Soyuz25 Oct. 9, 1977 during 18-day flight. Vladimir Kovalenok 48 h 4.6 min.e Failed toachieve, Valeriy Ryumin hard dock with Salyut 66 station. - Soyuz 26 Dec. 10, 1977 Yuriy Romanenko. Docked ,with Salyut 6; flight' continuedinto Georgiy'Grech 1978. '

S r /

A PPESDI X D c U..S: Space launth Vehicles If r Thrust -fax, Mai. Payload (kg) Propellant dia. kilo- (no'Height ken First newlims 5:051 .Escape launch , ,

cout 1 . AlgolII lk ,,Solid. -181.7 1.12 22 185 38.6 1972001 2. Castor -11A solid 3.. Antares MB Solid t , 4. Altair III.. . Solid 26.9 Thor-Delta 2900 series1. Thor plus 9 TX LOX/RP-1 911.9 2.44 35 1750' 476'11973(60) 354-5 . Solid . ,440.4 = 2. Delta (DSV-3) . N20,/Aerozine 45.8 41 3. TE 364-4 Solid 66.7 Atlas F/TE 464-4 1. Atlas booster Si4:----s if. .- sustainer . LOX/RP-1 1970.6 3.05 2 1500 1977(60) ' 2. TE 364-4 Solid 66,7 Atlas -Agena 1Atlas booster & - (SLVI3A) LOX/RP-1 2237:5, 105 2720 ' 454 ' 1968(60)' 2. Agena IRFNA/UDMH 71.2 ,,,,&14,sTitan 4113-:Agena 1. LR-87 , NA/Aerozine 2353.1 3.05 48 3630'' 1966- 2_ LR-91 1,113./Aerozine 444.8 3. Agena IIIFNAVUDMH 71.2 Titan IIIC 1. Two 5-segment 3.05 - -m dill .. Solid 11,565.4 3.05 40 1461' ... 1965 . 2. LR-87 r . N,0,/Aerozine . 2353.1 3.05 3. LR-91 . ' , Ik40,/Aerozine 444.8 4. Transtage . . . Ng0./Aerozine 71.2 Titan II1D . 1. Two 5-segment 3.05- s Ps' na, dia Solid 11,565.4 :105 4 11.100" 1971 2..LH-87 NJO./Aerozine V53.1 . Ik40,/Aerozine 444.8 Titan. III (j4) D ,, I. Two 51/.; -segmelit 3.05m dia Solid ;,,,,_ 11,540 4 3115, -48 12,750 1981 2. LR-87 Nz0,/Aerozine 2353.1 3. LR--91 1120,/Aerozine 444.8 Titati 111(34) DAUS. I. Two 5-segment , , Solid ...... 11,540.4 ,3.05 * 114.* 1905" 1905" 1980 2. LR-87 N,0,/Aerozine , 2353.1 3.LR-91 .. N:0,/Aerozine 444.8 de. IUS 1st Stage Solid 191.3 5- IUS 2nd Stage . Solid 1.2 Thor LV2F 1 Thor c - 'LOX/RP-1 7. 6.2 2.44 2 512 '" 1976(66) 2. TE 364-4 Solid 7 .3. TE 364-15 Solid Thor SLV2A /Block.' . 5D-2 1. Thor plus 3 EOX/RJ-I 2.44 24 653 '" 1980f63) ' . TX 364-5_ j -Solid 689.5 2. TE 364-4 Solid 66.7 4 ...... _ _ 3. TE 364 -15 .. ' . Solid 44.5 , The date ot "tirar,lif;a14.iapplieS 45o this latestmodification LJDN1H/N.HeN,O,/Aerozine-,. Liquid Oxygeuant; Liquid with a date in parentheses thititfl version. HydrogeA:LaX /LH. 'Set of 3. 'Due east laurigh. n Polar lau ch. 444 Propellantabbreviationsusedareasfollows:Liquid "Polar 115 (nominal).. oxygen and a modified: Kerosa-LOX/RP;Solid propellant 'Synchronous equatorial (nominal), .:combining,in a single' tnixtur th fficil and oxidizer-Solid; . " Polar 115 km (current' estimate).. Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid and UnsymmetricalDi- ",Synchlonous equatorial. (c4rrent estimate) . itriethylhydrazine-IRF /UDMH: Nitrog?Tetroxideand "'Polaf920 km (from WTR), 5

(4 / "2-4 - irrE:sanN E-1 ties at. ti Governinept 1.yrAR Bur.E7r,,iiiMMARY-BLVAUTtiORITY (1nmitlion0of &Bari.). NASA 4 Decfense "C;1 --- Agricu1- Total ,. Space Energy% -In Interior NSF Total - merce ..ture Syace 1959, s. . 330.9 : 1960. ' 2609 489.5 ;34,3 .521.6- 46 15 784.7 1961 560.9 43.3'. ... '964.0 , 1 1065.8 1962 - 926.0 , 813.9 67:7 1824.9. 1'796.8 1800,2 1963, '1298.2.-: 1717.8 50.7 2) 3673.0 ,3626.0 543294'.34.65 1964 . 1549.9"1 213.9 45.2' 5099.7 5016.3 .. 1965 kii- 9110,1 210.0 '2.8 }25249.7.", 5127.6 3.0 . 6831A 1966 15719 228.6 12.2 5174.9 ,5064.5 312 6955:5 1967 1688.8 4$6.8 20.5 ; 4965.6 . 2.2 6969.8 4830.2 1663.6 183.6 .29..1 ' " %. 496g l 4587.3" 4430.0 ...._ 2.8 6741.5 1969, 1921.8 145.1 .g28,4 3990.9 3822.0 . .5 >8.2'0 6551'4 1970 2013.0 ,, 11811' -20.11 ,.'', 3745.8 -;3547,0 1678.4 .7 .1,9 5975.8 "1921 102.8 &0 1.1 7.8 3311.2 , , 3101,3 2.4, 5840.5 19V i 1512.3 94.8 27 :4 1.9 ' .8 2.9 , , 3306.6 ' 3071.0 1407.0 ° 4740.9 1973, \:55.2 3123 ..r 16 " 2.8 '3406.2' 3093.2 1623.0 '54.2 ' 4574.9 1974 ., 0., i 3036-.9 27580 1766.0 60.2 ; 13..1 _.2)..68 ,4824.8 1975 3229.1 4610,3; 1976 ' 2915.1 - 1892.4 lIn29.6 3550.3 1 3225.4 '2.3, 2.0 4914.3 1983.3 '23.3 (.- 71..5 T.Q. " " '10.9 ro 3.6 ,,, 931.8 ,-; 849.2' ' .2.4 5319.9 .4 , 4. 2.6 1977* -.3817.8 ' ..9 - .6 1978 'Est. 3440.2 24111.9 21.7 -,/90.8 9.5., 1340.5 , II. 0 . 4062.8 3621.7 -.6.3 - 2.4 . 598278 2718.8 s 11.4 . 1979 Est. , 934;.. 9.7 7.7 2.4 4370.3 3848.5 3364.9 43.0 97.8 ''''''' 9.7- , '6483.5 .7v9 2s4 7374.2 '' Excluddamounts fortiirtransportation. ' T.Q.-Transitional .Quarter. '3 Slurce: office of .Management andBudget.

... U.S. Space Budget- Budget Authority 1968 -1979, BILLIONS OF ,.(May not add due to,rounding) DOLLARS 3? '

43.0

7.4 7.0 0.2 is mpg6.6 0.2 0.2 6.5 .6.0 6.0 ".... c : .2 5.3 wry"o. r :. 0.1 4.6 111,!tir 0.1 4.6 :.; S

me 3.0-.

4.4

3.5 3.8. 1)3.1 3.1 3.1 3.4""-N, 3.6 2.8 2.9 .3.2 t3

1):8

1968 1969 ' 1970 1971 1972- 1973 1974 1975 1976 T.Q.L1J, 1977, r 1978 1979 EST. EST. :I/ T.Q. TRANSITIONAL QUARTER FISCAL YEAR ^ OTHER "2./EXCLUDES:ANIOUINTSFOR AIR TRA4SPO RTAT1ON i .4- souRcE.: OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT ANEI: BUDOE10104 GEFEN E'

1- NASAV 4 .1

, ,/ . _ Arersoisfl2 Space Activitts Budget millions of dullip,s,

Budgr ty ()inlays

1977 1078 1§79 1977 1978 19179 Actual Estimate,. Estimate Actual' EstiMate 'Estimate Fe space programs: ASA ' '.:. . 3410.2 3621.7 3848.5 .-z, Diffense . 3599.5. r. 3567.4 -. -3B02.9, ''.211).9 N 4/13.8 3364.9 132.7 2113.6 Eftergy . M04.3 ,21.7 .' 31.1 -43.0 22.2 '.. 28.4 ' 40.0 COmmerce . .90.8 .1% Interior 93.8.: ,,.- 97'.gf.'' 86.9 06.0 9.5 . 9.7 NSF i 9.7 - . 9.6 9.6 t 2.4 . 2.4' 2.4 . 2.4, ..- 2.4 ,, 2.4 Agriculture * . .. '6.3 7.7 i 7.9. 6.3 7.7 7.9 / .Total ., 1 -c . , 5982.8 A6483.6.i."- 7374.1 5559.1 6152.5, 7063.1 NASA:, - , . . . Space flight, ,. , 2137.9 2198.0 ' Space science. applicaiops and technology 2247.2 2251.7 2191.9 2264.2 96.3.9 1055.6 ,1209.7 1006.1 1018.3 1150.3 .,' -,, Air transportation , '377.6 441.1. 521.8 , 71-8".Suppbrting operations' 34-1.3 : 415.0 . 465.9 - V13 -e341,4 392.9 344.6 358.4 Less rbceipts 2' 389.7 Yr- 2.9 -T.3 , .L.I.3 --2.9 ' Total NASA , -1.3 .' 1.3 3817.8 400.8 ' :-- 4370.3., 3943.8 , 3982.3 , ,-A268.8 ' Excludes amounts fot' air transportatiint. Includes amounts [or TrbSt Source: Office Of Management and Budget.

AerOnauties °Budget i Miiliqns of dollars r. ' 'ft- .'1 ". ,.. Burlgct Authority

.. . 1977 ": 8 --' Actual ate) Es11ate9 Federal aeronautics, programs: ..... NASA ' ,, . ; .- '377.6 441.1 . 521.8 rtmen1 ensi'2 ' artmen't nsportation ,g .7-`4256.0* 2572.4` ''2118.0 F , . 415 '97.6 ; '9$.6. V., otal y .. , '' .2727.1 3111.1 ' 2733.4 . . ' Research and Developmel4t, CokstruCtion.,Qf 'Facilitie's. .. "Dflia, of Secretary ok Trattsportatioiki;nd Federal Aviation Research and Program Mailagement. administration Research and DeveloperMiti ?Research, Developipent; Testing, and Evaltia*tion of Air- crafttend related equipment: , . . Source: Office of Manageinent and Budget.

.1'T P.S.GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFI