WMO Space Programme SP-7

The Space-based Global Observing

For more information, please contact: System in 2010 (GOS-2010) World Meteorological Organization 7 bis, avenue de la Paix – P.O. Box 2300 – CH 1211 Geneva 2 – Switzerland www.wmo.int

WMO Space Programme Office Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 85 19 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 84 74 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.wmo.int/pages/prog/sat/ WMO-TD No. 1513

WMO Space Programme SP-7

The Space-based Global Observing System in 2010 (GOS-2010)

WMO/TD-No. 1513

2010

© World Meteorological Organization, 2010

The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate these publication in part or in whole should be addressed to:

Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0)22 730 84 03 P.O. Box No. 2300 Fax: +41 (0)22 730 80 40 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected]

FOREWORD

The launching of the world's first artificial on 4 October 1957 ushered a new era of unprecedented scientific and technological achievements. And it was indeed a fortunate coincidence that the ninth session of the WMO Executive Committee – known today as the WMO Executive Council (EC) – was in progress precisely at this moment, for the EC members were very quick to realize that satellite technology held the promise to expand the volume of meteorological data and to fill the notable gaps where land-based observations were not readily available. At the same time, they further recognized that the use of would one day revolutionize meteorological telecommunications.

At its next (tenth) session in 1958 the EC held a general discussion on the new challenges and submitted this key issue to the consideration of the Third World Meteorological Congress, which would meet in 1959. At the request of the Congress, the EC immediately established its Panel of Experts on Artificial Satellites, which included such scientists as Dr H. Wexler (USA) and Academician V.A. Bugaev (USSR), recognized today as the two "fathers" of the concept which in 1963, following a recommendation by the UN General Assembly, would become the WMO World Weather Watch.

As we look back over the last half century, there has been an extraordinary boost in the number and diversity of satellites contributing to observations, which today comprise the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS). At first they essentially included only operational satellites in geostationary and low Earth orbits, but over recent years, research and development satellites have been providing increasingly important contributions.

This 2010 compilation of the Space-based Global Observing System is the first volume of a five- volume set and the only volume which shall be printed. The remaining 4 volumes are available in electronic form from the WMO web site 1 with hyperlinks to enable navigation across the entire set. The other four volumes comprising the report are as follows:

Volume 2. Earth observation satellites and their instruments, Volume 3. Gap analysis in the space-based component of GOS, Volume 4. Estimated performance of products from typical satellite instruments, and Volume 5. Compliance analysis of potential product performances with user requirements.

This set therefore updates and significantly enhances the information previously contained in WMO Publication No 411, Information on meteorological and other environmental satellites, the last edition of which appeared in 1994.

Of particular note is also the important role that these volumes will play in facilitating future missions to meet meteorological and climate monitoring requirements, in particular for measuring the Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) as identified by the WMO co-sponsored Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), especially in the context of the Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) which has recently been mandated by the Third World Climate Conference (WCC-3), organized by WMO and its partners (Geneva, 31 August – 4 September 2009).

Lastly, I would like to thank all those from the relevant space agencies who contributed to this effort, including the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS) and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS). I particularly wish to thank, on behalf of WMO, Dr Bizzarro Bizzarri, formerly of the Italian Meteorological Service and the Italian Space Agency, for his continued commitment and outstanding efforts in compiling this key material.

1 ftp://ftp.wmo.int/Documents/PublicWeb/sat/DossierGOS/

GOS-2010, January - Introduction

THE SPACE-BASED GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM IN 2010 (GOS-2010)

INTRODUCTION

Summary

This document continues the series submitted by WMO at yearly intervals, aiming at reviewing the status of satellite programmes and analysing particular aspects. It is structured as a Dossier comprising an Introduction followed by five Volumes:

- Vol. I Satellite programmes description - Vol. II Earth observation satellites and their instruments - Vol. III Gap analysis in the space-based component of GOS - Vol. IV Estimated performance of products from typical satellite instruments - Vol. V Compliance analysis of potential product performances with user requirements The first two volumes (“Programmes” and “Instruments”) collect the information on the status of the space-based Global Observing System (both meteorological and R&D satellites). The third volume analyzes the long-term evolution of the plans to discover possible gaps of service, and indicates needs for continuity or new developments. The last two volumes (“Products” and “Compliance”) estimate the potential performances of future systems and compare them with the user requirements. This Dossier is provided in electronic form with hyperlinks enabling navigation across the five volumes, provided that the volumes are saved in the same folder. Only the present introduction and the first volume are available in printed form. The Dossier is expected to be a useful reference for planning purpose on both the satellite-provision aspect, and the user requirements definition and adjustment. As a rule, it will be updated three times a year, in January, June and October.

GOS-2010, January - Introduction Page 2

1. Background This dossier on the space-based component of the GOS, hereafter referred to as the “Dossier”, is an evolution of the document “Status of the Space-based Component of GOS”, that has been regularly presented by WMO to the annual meetings of the Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites (CGMS). The first issue was presented at CGMS-32 (Sochi, 17-20 May 2004) as WMO WP-26. It included only meteorological satellites in GEO and LEO, and a short gap analysis limited to the situation in 2004 and two years ahead (2006). The second issue was presented to CGMS-33 (Tokyo, 1-4 November 2005) as WMO WP-23. A number of R&D programmes were then included. The short gap analysis was still limited to meteorological satellites, considering the situation in 2005 and two years ahead (2007). The third issue was presented to CGMS-34 (Shanghai, 2-7 November 2006) as WMO WP-25. The number of R&D programmes was extended. The gap analysis was still limited to meteorological satellites, considering the situation in 2006 and two years ahead (2008). The fourth issue, presented to CGMS-35 (Cocoa Beach, 5-9 November 2007) as WMO WP-05, was entirely focused on gap analysis. Both operational meteorological and R&D programmes were merged. Gap analysis was structured by “missions” and covered from 2007 to 2020. At CGMS-36 (Maspalomas, 3-7 November 2008) the GOS-2008 Dossier was introduced as WMO- WP-16. The information was structured in four volumes. Three of these volumes consisted of updates of previous contents (programmes, instruments and gap analysis) with significant expansion, because additional programmes had been considered, mainly in the R&D category, as well as a number of missions run on a commercial basis. In addition, a fourth volume was introduced estimating the quality of the products that could potentially be retrieved from typical instruments thought to be feasible in the post-2020 timeframe. In the 2009 issue, a fifth Volume was added, on the compliance of prospective product quality with user requirements. Since 2009, three updates of the GOS Dossier are provided, nominally on: • 1st January, to incorporate information from the latest session of CGMS; • 30th June, to take account of possible events in the first half of the year; • 1st October, to be submitted to the next session of CGMS. 2. The document package In its electronic form, the Dossier includes this introduction (file: “Introduction”) followed by five volumes (only Volume I is being issued in printed form): Volume I - Satellite Programmes Description (file: “Programmes”) - It gathers information on satellite programmes from operational and R&D agencies. The number of space agencies and the nature of the programmes considered have been greatly extended in respect of previous issues. Volume II - Earth observation satellites and their instruments (file: “Instruments”) - It gathers instrument descriptive tables for instruments that are currently operating, or close to be operating, or at an advanced stage of their approval process. It has also been greatly extended in respect of previous issues. Volume III - Gap analysis in the space-based component of GOS (file: “GapAnalysis”) - It is based on the schedule of current and planned programmes up to year 2025, and contains a gap analysis with respect to user requirements, taking into account the suitability of the technological level of current or planned instruments to meet these requirements. The analysis is complemented by recommendations. Volume IV - Estimated performance of products from typical satellite instruments (file: “Products”) - For over 100 user required geophysical parameters, it evaluates the data quality potentially achievable by reference instruments in a typology of about 30 instrument categories that are relevant for these parameters.

GOS-2010, January - Introduction Page 3

Volume V - Compliance analysis of potential product performances with user requirements (file: Compliance) - This last volume is specifically intended to support the WMO Rolling Requirements Review process (RRR), that aims at updating user requirements by iterating with actual or perspective satellite capabilities. It extracts user requirements from authoritative lists (first of all, the WMO Database) and performs the assessment on to which extent the potential products quality estimated in Vol. IV comply with user requirements. 3. Hyperlinks The six files (including this Introduction) are provided in electronic form in a single zipped folder. The five Volume files are connected by hyperlinks. The following figure shows the hyperlinks and in which direction they flow. It is noted that the file “Instruments” contains internal hyperlinks. Details on the use of the hyperlinks are recorded in the individual volumes.

INSTRUMENTS PROGRAMMES List of Inquiry for detailed satellites description of and their one instrument Instrument instruments descriptive Inquiry for detailed description of instruments used tables List of as heritage for the instruments model future instrument GAP ANALYSIS

Inquiry for the list of instruments Details on products and geophysical parameters PRODUCTS quality, function of COMPLIANCE relevant as heritage to evaluate instruments and product quality observing conditions

In order to maintain the capability to navigate with hyperlinks among the volumes, the following instructions should be followed when unzipping the files: • The six files shall be extracted all at once (Use “Extract all files” command). • The six files shall be saved in a single folder. This folder can be named for instance “GOS- 2010” and can be given a date or version number. • Never change the name of a file, otherwise, the hyperlinks from or to that file would be lost. Only internal hyperlinks within Vol. II would still work. • When working with hyperlinks between two files, it is recommended to keep both files open: in this case the link will be immediate, otherwise it will be slow. 4. Information sources Programmes, satellites and instruments One main information source for satellite programmes consists of the reports made available at the various CGMS sessions, at the Consultative Meetings on High-level Policy on Satellite Matters (CM) and at other WMO meetings in which space agencies are represented. In addition, there are occasional communications from space agencies to the WMO Space Programme office (e.g., when a new satellite is launched). (See http://cgms.wmo.int/Satellites.html). This source is authoritative, but the range of coverage and the degree of detail are not wide. Another main source of information, originally introduced by ESA, now self-standing, is the EO Portal (see http://catalogues.eoportal.org). The coverage range and the degree of detail are excellent, but engineering aspects are dominant, and several details of user interest are missing.

GOS-2010, January - Introduction Page 4

A recent source is the CEOS Earth Observation Handbook (http://www.eohandbook.com) implemented by ESA. The coverage range is excellent, and the structure is well designed to include rather detailed information, but currently many details are still to be entered. For instrument descriptions, it has been often necessary to access the web site of the responsible agency or instrument management group. In most cases, the information was collected or complemented by direct contact with specific experts in the agencies or groups. In spite of the huge effort, the information on instruments still contains many gaps. User requirements User requirements do not play any role in Vol. I (Programmes) and Vol. II (Instruments), and have played an indirect role in Vol. III (Gap analysis) and Vol. IV (Products), for: • determining the list of geophysical parameters to be addressed (over 100); • defining representative characteristics of “model” instruments potentially suitable to address these requirement by means of limited-scale processing (about 30 model instruments were finally defined). User requirements for Vol. V (Compliance) have primarily been collected from the WMO Database (http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/sat/Databases.html#UserRequirements) that records requirements from: • WMO Programmes, with regard to several applications: Global NWP, Regional NWP, Global NWP, Synoptic , Nowcasting and very short range forecasting, Seasonal to inter- annual monitoring, Atmospheric chemistry, Aeronautical meteorology, Agricultural meteorology, Hydrology and resources; • Co-sponsored Programmes and other international organisations: GCOS (Global Climate Observing System); GOOS (Global Observing System); ICSU (International Council of Scientific Unions); IGBP (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme); IOCCG (International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group); UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme); UNOOSA (United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs); WCRP (World Climate Research Programme). In addition, the EUMETSAT requirements initially defined for post-MSG, then for post-EPS, have been collected (http://www.eumetsat.int ⇒ What we do ⇒ Satellites ⇒ Future satellites ⇒ Post- EPS ⇒ User needs). The post-EPS requirements incorporate (with some simplifications) the post- MSG requirements. They are appended to the reports of five “Application Expert Groups (AEG)”, respectively for: Atmospheric Chemistry; Atmospheric Sounding and Profiling; Climate Monitoring; , Precipitation and Large Scale Land Surface Imaging; and Ocean Surface Topography and Imaging. The EUMETSAT requirements have been compiled with due consideration of the NOAA requirements for GOES-R and NPOESS. 5. Applications of the Dossier The Dossier is both a record of factual information (the “Programmes” and the “Instruments” Volumes), and a tool for performing a number of exercises, among them the gap analysis, the estimation of product performances, and the compliance analysis, already part of the Dossier. The gap analysis document highlights the needs for satellite programme continuation or implementation, and defines instrument models to be pursued. For each mission, recommendations are provided in respect of observing coverage and data quality. The products document, although of speculative nature to a certain degree, is one possible input towards the formulation of realistic user requirements for future observing systems, or to appreciate to which extent technology-free user requirements can be met by future instruments. The compliance analysis can serve as a tool for implementing the Rolling Requirements Review process intended to bring to convergence user requirements and satellite capabilities. ______

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes)

THE SPACE-BASED GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM IN 2010 (GOS-2010)

VOLUME I: SATELLITE PROGRAMMES DESCRIPTION

Summary

This Volume I of the GOS-2010 Dossier records key information on the satellite programmes contributing, or having the potential to contribute, to the space- based component of the Global Observing System: • Operational meteorological satellites in ; • Operational meteorological satellites in -synchronous orbit; • Other satellite programmes (currently referred to as R&D satellites although it includes a range of different status from R&D to preparatory programmes, and joint ventures with the private sector). Annex 1 records the frequency plans for transmission to the ground (only for meteorological satellites).

Annex 2 records definitions and acronyms (not for satellites)

Annex 3 lists all satellites and their instruments, indicating what is still in use.

The text includes hyperlinks with Volume II (Instruments) to enable moving from the programme description to the instrument descriptive table, limited to those instruments that are currently in use or firmly planned.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Index Page 2

INDEX

Updates from GOS-2009 and satellite launches in 2009 and 2010 1. The space-based component of the Global Observing System 2. Geostationary meteorological satellites 2.1 Generalities 2.2 The programme 2.3 The GOES programme 2.4 The GMS and MTSAT programmes 2.5 The GOMS/Electro programme 2.6 The FY-2 and FY-4 programmes 2.7 The INSAT and Kalpana programmes 2.8 The COMS programme 3. Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites 3.1 Generalities 3.2 The NOAA/POES programme 3.3 The DMSP programme (limited to MW sensors supportive of GOS) 3.4 The NPOESS programme 3.5 The EPS/MetOp programme and other EUMETSAT undertakings in LEO 3.6 The programme 3.7 The FY-1 and FY-3 programmes 4. R&D programmes of GOS interest 4.1 Generalities 4.2 ESA programmes 4.2.1 Earth Watch programmes 4.2.2 The ERS 1/2 and programmes 4.2.3 The Earth Explorer programme 4.2.4 GMES 4.2.5 Other ESA undertakings 4.3 NASA programmes 4.3.1 The Nimbus programme, , ERBS and UARS 4.3.2 The Landsat programme and follow-on 4.3.3 The Earth Systematic Missions programme 4.3.4 The Earth System Science Pathfinder programme 4.3.5 The Solar-Terrestrial Probe programme (STP) 4.3.6 The ESDS (Earth Science Decadal Survey) 4.4 NASA-originated programmes of large international participation 4.4.1 TRMM and the Global Precipitation Measurement mission 4.4.2 The Ocean Surface Topography Mission 4.4.3 Radio occultation sounding missions 4.5 JAXA programmes 4.6 CNES programmes 4.6.1 Land observing missions 4.6.2 Other missions (for ocean, atmosphere, space geodesy) 4.7 ISRO programmes 4.8 Roscosmos programmes (including NSAU) 4.9 Programmes of Chinese research institutes 4.10 CONAE programmes 4.11 ASI programmes 4.12 DLR programmes 4.13 CSA and Scandinavian programmes 4.14 BNSC programmes and the Disasters Monitoring Constellation 4.15 INPE programmes 4.16 KARI programmes Annex 1 - Frequencies used from operational meteorological satellites for data transmission to the ground A1.1 Geostationary satellites A1.2 Sunsynchronous satellites Annex 2 - Definitions and acronyms A2.1 Definition of spectral bands A2.2 List of acronyms (except for satellites and instruments, that are listed in Annex 3) Annex 3 - Lists of satellites and instruments A3.1 Satellites (acronyms) A3.2 Instruments (acronyms, satellites, utilisation period)

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Updates from GOS-2009 and satellite launches in 2009-2010. Page 3

Major updates from GOS-2009-January to GOS-2010-January Section 1 Fig. 1.2 - Reference sunsynchronous system now based on three orbital planes instead of four Section 2.6 FY-4 M ( component in the FY-4 series) eliminated Section 4.3.6 ESDS (Earth Science Decadal Survey) introduced Sections 4.11, 4.12 and 4.13 Activities of ASI, DLR and CSA described with more detail Section 4.14 Information extended to programmes of EIAST (U.A. Emirates) and SANSA (South Africa) Sections 4.15 and 4.16 Sections added for INPE and KARI

Satellites launched in 2009 Satellite Launch Orbit Instruments GOES-14 27 Jun 2009 GEO: 89.5°W IMAGER, SOUNDER, DCIS, SEM, SXI, GEOSAR Deimos-1 27 Jul 2009 686 km 10:30 a SLIM6 DMSP-F18 18 Oct 2009 857 km 07:55 d SSMIS DubaiSat-1 29 Jul 2009 686 km 10:30 d DMAC GOCE 17 Mar 2009 260 km 06:00 d Solid Earth GOSAT 23 Jan 2009 666 km 13:00 a TANSO-FTS, TANSO-CAI Meteor-M N1 17 Sep 2009 830 km 09:30 d MSU-MR, MTVZA, KMSS, Severjanin, GGAK-M AVHRR/3, HIRS/4, AMSU-A, MHS, SBUV/2,SEM/2, NOAA-19 6 Feb 2009 870 km 13:50 a Argos, SARSAT OceanSat-2 23 Sep 2009 723 km 12:00 d OCM, SCAT, ROSA OCO 24 Feb 2009 - - OCO RISAT-2 20 Apr 2009 550 km 06:00 d SAR-X SMOS 2 Nov 2009 763 km 06.00 d MIRAS SumbandilaSat 17 Sep 2009 504 km 09:00 d Sumba-Imager UK-DMC-2 27 Jul 2009 686 km 10:30 a SLIM6

Satellites planned for launch in 2010 Satellite Launch Orbit Instruments GOES-15 2010 GEO: TBD IMAGER, SOUNDER, DCIS, SEM, SXI, GEOSAR GOMS-N2 (Electro-L N1) 2010 GEO: 76°E MSU-GS, DCS, HMS, GEOSAR INSAT-3D 2010 GEO: 83°E IMAGER, SOUNDER, DCS COMS-1 2010 GEO: 128.2°E MI, GOCI AlSat-2 2010 686 km 10:30 a NAOMI Aquarius (on SAC-D) 2010 657 km 06:00 d Aquarius CBERS-3 2010 778 km 10:30 d IRMSS, MUXCAM, PANMUX, WFI-2, DCS CryoSat-2 2010 717 km 92° SIRAL COSMO-SkyMed-4 2010 620 km 06:00 a SAR-2000 VIRR, MERSI-1, IRAS, MWTS-1, MWHS-1, FY-3B 2010 836 km 14.00 a MWRI, TOU/SBUS, ERM, SIM, SEM 2010 705 km 13:30 a APS, TIM, CC HJ-1C 2010 499 km 06:00 d SAR-S HY-1C 2010 798 km 10:30 d COCTS, CZI HY-1D 2010 798 km 13:30 a COCTS, CZI HY-2A 2010 963 km 06:00 d ALT, RAD, SCAT KANOPUS-V-1 2010 650 km 10:30 a MSS + MSU-200 + PSS KOMPSAT-3 2010 685 km 10:50 a AEISS KOMPSAT-5 2010 550 km 06:00 a COSI, AOPOD Megha-Tropiques 2010 867 km 20° MADRAS, SAPHIR, ScaRaB, ROSA NigeriaSat-2 2010 686 km 10:30 a VHRI, MRI Pléiades-1 2010 695 km 10:30 d HiRI RASAT 2010 700 km 10:30 a OIS ResourceSat-2 2010 817 km 10:30 d LISS-3, LISS-4, AWiFS RISAT-1 2010 610 km 06:00 d SAR-C SAC-D 2010 657 km 06:00 d Aquarius, HSC, MWR, NIRST, ROSA, DCS SARAL 2010 800 km 06:00 a AltiKa, Argos, DORIS SICH-2 2010 668 km 10.50 d MBEI + MIREI TanDEM-X 2010 514 km 06:00 d SAR-X, IGOR

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 1: The space-based component of the GOS Page 4

1. The space-based component of the Global Observing System The GOS (Global Observing System) of WMO is composed of a surface-based and a space-based component. It is coordinated by WMO as part of the World Weather Watch programme (WWW) while also supporting many other programmes. In line with the strategy to implement the WMO Integrated Global Observing Systems (WIGOS), and in the wider context of the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) of the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), the space- based component of the GOS is considered here in a wide understanding encompassing the observation needs of all WMO programmes and WMO co-sponsored programmes: • WWW (World Weather Watch); • WCP (World Climate Programme); • WCRP (World Climate Research Programme); • GCOS (Global Climate Observing System); • AREP (Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme), including: - GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) - WWRP (World Weather Research Programme) including Tropical Meteorology Research; • AMP (Applications of Meteorology Programme), including: - Agricultural Meteorology Programme - Aeronautical Meteorology Programme - Marine Meteorology and Programme - Public Weather Services Programme; • HWRP (Hydrology and Water Resources Programme); • DRR (Disaster Risk Reduction Programme); • Education and Training, Technical Cooperation, and Regional Programmes. The space-based component of the GOS is implemented and managed by agencies linked to national meteorological services as well as two intergovernmental organizations, EUMETSAT and ESA. The CGMS (Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites) is a forum for coordination of the space-based systems supporting WMO and co-sponsored programmes. CGMS participating agencies whose primary focus is operational meteorological satellite systems, are: • CMA ( Meteorological Department) • EUMETSAT, on behalf of 26 European Member States and 5 Cooperating States • IMD ( Meteorological Department) • JMA ( Meteorological Agency) • KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) • NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) • RosHydroMet (Hydro-Meteorological Service of the Russian Federation). Two CGMS members belong to the United Nations system: • WMO (World Meteorological Organization) • IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission) of UNESCO. CGMS membership also includes the following R&D space agencies, either in support of their corresponding operationally-oriented agency or as a full CGMS member. They are: • CNES (Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales) • CNSA (China National Space Agency) • ESA () on behalf of 18 Member States and 6 Cooperating States • ISRO (India Space Research Organisation) • JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), formerly NASDA • KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute) • NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) • Roscosmos (Russian Space Agency). The space-based component of the GOS is traditionally described through the following three sub- systems:

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 1: The space-based component of the GOS Page 5

• operational meteorological satellites in geostationary orbit • operational meteorological satellites in sun-synchronous orbit • other satellites or instruments, mainly in a R&D context, that comply with certain basic WMO criteria such as: - relevance to WMO programmes; - data access on a continuous and non-discriminatory basis as defined by the R&D agency and according to standard practices to the maximum extent possible; - information and support to the user community ; - a formal statement made to WMO describing the commitment. This traditional categorization does not accurately reflect the scope of operational missions since these are not limited to purely meteorological missions in GEO or in LEO sun-synchronous orbits, considering e.g. the emerging operational altimetry missions. For the purpose of this document, we will however follow this traditional description, bearing in mind that the “R&D” category includes here a range of status from R&D to “transition” missions. It can include instruments carried by R&D satellites or R&D instruments carried on an operational satellite, joint missions among R&D and operational agencies, or e.g. joint ventures with the private sector. The WMO Space Programme, agreed upon by the Fourteenth WMO Meteorological Congress in May, 2003 and entered into force on 1 January 2004, promotes the expansion of the space-based component of the GOS including the transition of appropriate R&D missions and instruments into operational services, wide dissemination and access of satellite data with controlled quality, and capacity-building to expand the use of satellite data worldwide including in the least developed countries. The operational meteorological geostationary satellite system includes the following series: • the European Meteosat • the United States of America’s GOES • the Japanese GMS now replaced by MTSAT • the Russian GOMS-Electro • the Chinese FY-2 to be replaced by FY-4 • the Indian INSAT and Kalpana (formerly MetSat) • the Korean COMS currently being developed. The operational meteorological sun-synchronous satellite system includes the following series: • the United States of America’s POES, supported by DMSP, to converge into NPOESS • the European MetOp • the Russian Meteor • the Chinese FY-1 and FY-3. The system of operational meteorological satellites in geostationary and sun-synchronous orbits is intended to fulfil the WMO requirement for: • six satellites regularly spaced in the geostationary orbit; • three satellites optimally spaced in sun-synchronous orbits (this requirement has been recently reviewed from previous four); • comparable quality across systems. Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2 show the coverage that would be provided by the space-based component of the GOS if implemented by (Fig. 1.1) six geostationary satellites 60-degrees spaced, at any time, and (Fig. 1.2) three sunsynchronous satellites at equally-spaced Local Solar Time (LST), in three hours. The figures refer to instruments with day-and-night capability (i.e. operating in IR or MW), useful field of view of 60° geocentric angle from GEO, and various swaths from LEO: typical of VIS/IR imagers (2900 km), of sounders (2200 km) and of conical scanning microwave radiometers (1700 km).

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 1: The space-based component of the GOS Page 6

Fig. 1.1 - Coverage from six regularly-space geostationary satellites. The circles subtend a geocentric angle of 60°, considered the practical limit for quantitative observations (for qualitative use, images actually extend beyond). All latitudes between 55°S and 55°N are covered.

VIS/IR imagery with cross-track scanning - swath 2900 km. IR/MW sounding with cross-track scanning - swath 2200 km.

Fig. 1.2 - Coverage from three sunsynchronous satellites of height 833 km and LST regularly spaced at 05:30 d, 09:30 d and 13:30 a. For the purpose of this schematic diagram, all satellites are assumed to cross the equator at 12 UTC. The figure refers to a time window of 3 h and 23 min (to capture two full orbits of each satellite) centred on 12 UTC. Three typical swaths are considered: upper-left 2900 km for the VIS/IR imagery mission; upper-right 2200 km for the IR/MW sounding mission; bottom-left 1700 km for microwave conical scanners. Nearly 3-hour global coverage is provided for the VIS/IR imagery mission, whereas for the IR/MW sounding mission coverage is nearly complete at latitudes above 30 degrees. For microwave conical scanners global coverage in 3 hours requires 8 satellites.

Microwave radiometer with conical scanning - swath 1700 km.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 1: The space-based component of the GOS Page 7

The integration of R&D satellites into the GOS was formally established by the WMO Congress in 2003, and coordinated under the Commission for Basic Systems (CBS) with guidance for the WMO Space Programme by the “WMO Consultative Meetings on High Level Policy on Satellite Matters” (CM) and with CBS having lead technical commission responsibility for the Space Programme. There is a large variety of R&D programmes, both because of the high number of national space agencies in the world, and the number of programmes within a space agency. In this Report we primarily include consideration of a selection of the most significant programmes for the purpose of the GOS, run by space agencies connected with CGMS. Reporting includes: • for ESA: the ERS-1/ERS-2/Envisat satellites; the Earth Explorer programmes; and the Earth Watch programmes including preparation of EUMETSAT programmes and the GMES/Sentinel programmes run in association with the European Union; • for NASA: the historical Nimbus, SeaSat, ERBS and UARS satellites; the Landsat, EOS, ESSP programmes; and a selections of other missions relevant for GOS, often implemented in international cooperation; • for JAXA: the MOS 1/1B satellites, JERS, the ADEOS 1/2 satellites, ALOS, GOSAT and the GCOM series; • for CNES: the SPOT and Plèiades programmes, and atmospheric and oceanic missions (several in cooperation with NASA and ISRO); • for ISRO: the IRS programme, now followed by OceanSat, ResourceSat and CartoSat; • for Roscosmos: the Resurs and Okean programmes, the Monitor-E satellite; • for CNSA: the HJ and HY series; • for KARI: the KOMPSAT series. In addition, short information is provided on a number of missions run by space agencies currently not associated to CGMS: ASI (), BNSC (), DLR (), CONAE (Argentina), INPE (Brazil), CSA (Canada), SNSB (Sweden), DNSC (Denmark), GISTDA (Thailand), NASRDA (Nigeria), NSAU (Ukraine), NSPO (Taiwan), TubiTak (), CNTS (Algeria), CDTI (), EIAST (United Arab Emirates), SANSA (South African). In this Report, the following information is provided, for each satellite programme: • a short description of the programme, inclusive of some historical background • the status of the currently operational satellites • a description of the next satellites in the series • the radio frequency plans for data transmission to the ground (limited to meteorological satellites) (in Annex 1). The level of detail of instrument description is uneven: the imagery and sounding missions that are core missions for operational meteorology are described with some emphasis, whereas other missions are mentioned to a lower extent. Unlike previous versions of this report, the analysis of the current situation and the perspectives in respect of the WMO requirements are not included. A dedicated document, “Gap analysis in the space-based component of GOS”, is provided instead. Another difference from previous versions of this document is that instrument descriptive tables are not provided as Annex. A dedicated document, “Earth Observation satellites and their instruments”, is provided instead. Hyperlinks enable to call a descriptive table when an instrument is blue-emphasised in this document. Depending on the setting of your PC, you might need to push the control button before clicking on the instrument’s name. It is recommended to keep both documents open when using the hyperlinks. Descriptive tables are provided only for instruments currently in use or used until recently, or under development for approved programmes, or when, even if not yet approved, plans are aiming at a continuity in the satellite series.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 8

2. Geostationary meteorological satellites

2.1 Generalities At the time of the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE, 1979-80) the WMO requirement for geostationary satellites was four satellites, regularly spaced by about 90° around the equator. The coverage was varying from a maximum of over 60° latitude at the longitude of stationarity to a minimum of 45° latitude in between the stationarity points of two satellites. In the early 90’s the requirement was increased to five satellites spaced 72° to rise the minimum coverage to about 52° latitude. In 2002 the requirement has been increased to six satellites optimally spaced, that extends global coverage to a minimum of 55° latitude. That also ensures that sufficient contingency margins exist in case one of the satellites is defective, waiting for the replacement. The mission of geostationary satellites is, as a core: • to provide cloud imagery at 30 min intervals for the purpose of nowcasting • to derive wind vectors by tracking cloud or water vapour features, for the purpose of NWP. Several satellites provide more than this. Some provide more frequent images, some and humidity profiles by IR radiometry, some Earth radiation budget observation. In addition, several products are derived by image processing, specifically surface parameters and precipitation estimates. It is reminded that the “Implementation Plan for Evolution of Space and Surface-based Sub-systems of the GOS” developed by the CBS Open Programme Area Group on the Integrated Observing Systems (OPAG-IOS) (WMO/TD No. 1267 dated April 2005), recommended that, as concerns future geostationary satellites: • GEO Imagers - Imagers of future geostationary satellites should have improved spatial and temporal resolution (appropriate to the phenomena being observed), in particular for those spectral bands relevant for depiction of rapidly developing small-scale events and retrieval of wind information. • GEO Sounders - All meteorological geostationary satellites should be equipped with hyper- spectral sensors for frequent temperature/humidity sounding as well as tracer wind profiling with adequately high resolution (horizontal, vertical and time). And as concerns R&D missions in geostationary orbit: • GEO Sub-mm - An early demonstration mission on the applicability of sub-mm radiometry for precipitation estimation and cloud property definition from geostationary orbit should be provided, with a view to possible operational follow-on.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 9

2.2 The Meteosat programme The Meteosat programme is designed to be fully redundant, with the nominal operational satellite stationary over 0°. The programme evolved through three phases: • MPP (Meteosat Pre-operational Programme) (Meteosat-1/2/3) • MOP (Meteosat Operational Programme (Meteosat-4/5/6/7, the last also known as Meteosat Transition Programme or MTP) • MSG (Meteosat Second Generation) (Meteosat-8 and then 9/10/11). All Meteosat satellites, both of the first series (Fig. 2.2.1) and MSG (Fig. 2.2.2), are spin-stabilised. Table 2.2.1 summarises the chronology of the Meteosat programme, including the planned Meteosat Third Generation.

Fig. 2.2.1 - View of Meteosat/MOP.

Table 2.2.1 - Chronology of the Meteosat programme (in bold the satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Position Status (Dec 2009) Instruments Meteosat-1 23 Nov 1977 24 Nov 1979 Inactive MVIRI, DCS Meteosat-2 19 Jun 1981 2 Dec 1991 Inactive MVIRI, DCS Meteosat-3 15 Jun 1988 22 Nov 1995 Inactive MVIRI, DCS Meteosat-4 6 Mar 1989 8 Nov 1995 Inactive MVIRI, DCS Meteosat-5 2 Mar 1991 6 Feb 2007 Inactive MVIRI, DCS Meteosat-6 20 Nov 1993 expected ≥ 2010 67.5°E Backup to Met-7 MVIRI, DCS Meteosat-7 2 Sep 1997 expected ≥ 2013 57.5°E Operational MVIRI, DCS Meteosat-8 (MSG-1) 28 Aug 2002 expected ≥ 2015 9.5°E Rapid scan SEVIRI, GERB, DCS, GEOSAR Meteosat-9 (MSG-2) 21 Dec 2005 expected ≥ 2019 0° Operational SEVIRI, GERB, DCS, GEOSAR Meteosat-10 2012 expected ≥ 2019 TBD In storage SEVIRI, GERB, DCS, GEOSAR Meteosat-11 2014 expected ≥ 2021 TBD In storage SEVIRI, GERB, DCS, GEOSAR Meteosat MTG-I1 2016 expected ≥ 2023 TBD Planned FCI, LI Meteosat MTG-S1 2018 expected ≥ 2025 TBD Planned IRS, UVN Meteosat MTG-I2 2021 expected ≥ 2028 TBD Planned FCI, LI Meteosat MTG-I3 2025 expected ≥ 2032 TBD Planned FCI, LI Meteosat MTG-S2 2026 expected ≥ 2033 TBD Planned IRS, UVN Meteosat MTG-I4 2029 expected ≥ 2036 TBD Planned FCI, LI

At end-2009, two satellite of the MOP series are still active (Meteosat-7, providing coverage of the Indian Ocean, with Meteosat-6 backup); and two satellites of the MSG series provide the nominal service at 0° (Meteosat-9) and the rapid scan service (Meteosat-8).

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 10

Meteosat-6 Launched in November 1993, Meteosat-6 was moved in August 2000 over the longitude of 9°W to support MAP (Mesoscale Alpine Programme) by providing frequent imagery (at 10 min intervals) over a limited area. Since then, the rapid scan service was continued till 8 January 2007. It was then moved to 67.5°E to support the DCS mission over the Indian Ocean. The imager could provide backup to Meteosat-7. Meteosat-7 Previously known as MTP (Meteosat Transition Programme), Meteosat-7, launched in September 1997, was operated till mid 2006 in parallel with MSG-1 to ensure a smooth transition between the two satellite generations. It was then shifted to 57.5°E where, since 5 December 2006, replaced Meteosat-5 for covering the Indian Ocean. Payload of Meteosat 1 to 7 All Meteosat satellites till Meteosat-7 are equipped with a single sensor: • MVIRI (Meteosat Visible and Infra Red Imager), a 3-channel VIS/IR radiometer with 5 km resolution in two IR channels and 2.5 km in VIS; image cycle 30 min (or less, over a progressively limited area). • DCS (Data Collection Service) to relay in situ observations from Data Collection Platforms (DCP) - Main features: - uplink: frequencies 402.0-402.1 MHz for 33 international channels, 402.1-402.2 MHz for 33 regional channels; bandwidth 3.0 kHz each, data rate 100 bps, polarisation right-hand circular. Data transmission from Meteosat 1 to 7 Image data are transmitted in real time to the: • PGS (Primary Ground Station). Main transmission characteristics: - frequency 1686.833 MHz, bandwidth 1.3332 MHz, linear polarisation, data rate 333 kbps (nominal mode) and 5.4 MHz at data rate of 2.66 Mbps (burst mode). After pre-processing, data are re-transmitted to user stations in S-band. There are two services: • HRIDS (High Resolution Image Dissemination Service), for digital images • WEFAX (Weather Facsimile) dissemination service, for analogue images. Correspondingly, there are two types of user stations: • PDUS (Primary Data User Station) - Main features: - frequency: 1694.5 MHz; bandwidth: 1.5 MHz; polarisation: linear - antenna diameter ~ 3 m, G/T ~ 10.5 dB/K, data rate 166 kbps. • SDUS (Secondary Data User Station) - Main features: - frequency: 1691 (dedicated) and 1694.5 MHz (shared); bandwidth: 1.5 MHz; polarisation: linear - antenna diameter ~ 1.5 m, G/T ~ 2.5 dB/K, base band 1.6 kHz (analogue). The satellites of the operational series (Meteosat 4 to 7) also provide: • MDD (Meteorological Data Distribution) service to relay meteorological maps (gridded or fac- simile) and other data from national meteorological centres to remote user terminals - Main features: - uplink: from up to four centres (currently from three: Rome, Bracknell and Toulouse); - user terminals: frequency 1695.68-1695.80 MHz (four 20-kHz-width channels spaced 31.2 kHz), antenna diameter ~ 2.4 m, G/T ~ 6.0 dB/K, data rate 2.4 kbps, linear polarisation. Meteosat Second Generation (Meteosat 8 to 11) Meteosat-8 Launched in August 2002, Meteosat-8, previously known as MSG-1, i.e. first flight model of the Meteosat Second Generation, was operated in parallel with Meteosat-7 till mid-2006, to ensure

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 11 smooth transition in between the two generations. Then handed-over the service at 0° to Meteosat-9. Since 13 May 2008 it is providing rapid scan service (at 5-min rate) from the position of 9.5°E. Meteosat-9 Launched in December 2005, Meteosat-9, previously known as MSG-2, is the primary satellite at 0° since 11 April 2007. It is backed by Meteosat-8. Payload of Meteosat Second Generation • SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced VIS and IR Imager), a 12-channel VIS/IR radiometer with 3 km resolution in 11 VIS/IR narrow-bandwidth channels and 1 km in one broad-bandwidth VIS channel, 15 min image cycle. • GERB (Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget experiment), 2-channel broad-band radiometer for Earth Radiation Budget, 42 km resolution, image cycle 5 min (or 15 min after integration to meet SNR requirements). • DCS (Data Collection Service) to relay in situ observations from Data Collection Platforms (DCP) - Main features: - uplink: frequency 402.0-402.1 MHz for 33 international channels with 3 kHz bandwidth, 402.10-402.44 for 223 regional channels with 1.5 kHz bandwidth, 401.7-402.0 for 200 channels with 1.5 kHz bandwidth as contingency; data rate 100 bps, polarisation right-hand circular. • GEOSAR (Geostationary Search And Rescue), to relay distress signals from beacons at 406 MHz to a central European station of the international Search & Rescue system. Data transmission from Meteosat Second Generation Image data are transmitted in real time to the: • PGS (Primary Ground Station). Main transmission characteristics: - frequency 1686.833 MHz, bandwidth 5.4 MHz linear polarisation, data rate 3.2 Mbps. After pre-processing, data were in principle to be re-transmitted to user stations in S-band. Two transmission services were foreseen, both digital: • HRIT (High Rate Information Transmission) • LRIT (Low Rate Information Transmission). Correspondingly, two types of user stations were defined: • HRUS (High Rate User Station) - Main features: - frequency: 1695.15 MHz; bandwidth: 2.0 MHz; polarisation: linear - antenna diameter ~ 3 m, G/T ~ 14 dB/K, data rate 1.0 Mbps; • LRUS (Low Rate User Station) - Main features: - frequency: 1691.0 MHz; bandwidth: 0.66 MHz; polarisation: linear - antenna diameter ~ 2 m, G/T ~ 6 dB/K, data rate 128 kbps. In addition, continuation was provided to: • MDD (Meteorological Data Distribution) service to relay meteorological maps and other data from national meteorological centres to remote user terminals - Main features: - uplink: from up to four centres (currently from three: Rome, Bracknell and Toulouse); - user terminals: not required in so far as the data are made available to HRUS and LRUS. In practice, however, only the LRIT service is used, starting only with Meteosat-9. The EUMETCast service As a matter of fact, one Meteosat-8 Solid State Power Amplifier basic for the HRIT and LRIT services failed in orbit. After that failure, the data to be disseminated (both images and DCP/MDD data) are been transmitted by means of commercial satellites using the Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) standard. This is called EUMETCast service. This service has been baselined for the full duration of the MSG mission, in parallel the Power Amplifiers have been modified on MSG-2/3/4,

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 12 ensuring the on board direct dissemination capability. The LRIT dissemination has been activated starting from Meteosat-9, although EUMETCast will remain the primary dissemination mean. The broadcasting service is provided in two bands: • Ku-band (10853.44 MHz) served by HotBird-6 managed by , optimally covering Europe; received with 85-180 cm diameter antenna; linear polarisation; • C-band, served by -3 at 3731.757 MHz managed by EUTELSAT and NSS-806 at 3803 MHz managed by New Skies Satellites, together covering also Africa, Eastern North/Central America and Western Asia; received with 2.4-3.7m diameter antenna; left-hand circular polarisation. Plans for Meteosat Third Generation Planning for MTG (Meteosat Third Generation) has started in early 2001 and, in mid-2003, initial requirements were agreed. After preliminary industrial studies and several iterations with the requirements, the Phase-A industrial study started early in 2007. The following instruments are being defined. • FCI (Flexible Combined Imager) - A 16-channel VIS/IR radiometer combining different resolutions and two operation modes, to meet regional nowcasting and global requirements: - 0.5 km resolution at 0.645 and 2.26 μm; 1.0 km at 3.8 and 10.5 μm and in further 6 short- wave channels; 2.0 km in further 6 IR channels; - fast scanning (at 2.5 min intervals) over the northern quarter of the disk, full disk scanning at 10 min intervals; alternating scanning scenarios possible. • IRS (Infra-Red Sounder) - An IR interferometer is foreseen, to provide high vertical resolution profile of temperature and humidity and derive wind profiles in clear air by tracking water vapour features in humidity profiles. Main features: - two spectral ranges: 4.6-6.25 μm and 8.26-14.3, spectral resolution 0.625 cm-1; - geometric resolution 4 km, full disk scanning in 60 min (or limited scanning at corresponding shorter intervals).

• LI (Lightning Imager) - CCD camera operating at 777.4 nm (O2), full disk continuous coverage, resolution 10 km, time resolution ∼ 2 ms, detection efficiency > 90 % for events of 10 µJ·m-2·sr-1 at 45°, False Alarm Rate < 2 s-1. • UVN (Ultra-violet, Visible and Near-infrared sounder) - A grating spectrometer for frequent observation of O3, NO2, SO2, HCHO, BrO and aerosol; also cloud top height. Operating in the range 305-775 nm with spectral resolution 0.06-0.5 nm, horizontal resolution < 8 km over Europe, coverage of the European area in 60 min (possibly 30 min). The instruments will be split on two distinct satellites, MTG “I” for imagery (FCI and LI), MTG “S” for sounding (IRS and UVN). MTG-I will have in-orbit standby, MTG-S will not have redundancy. It is noted that UVN is a “passenger” provided by ESA and the European Commission to implement the GMES Sentinel-4 mission (see ESA programmes). MTG will transmit the raw data to the Central station using Ka-band (26.5 - 40 GHz).

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 13

2.3 The GOES programme The GOES programme is designed to cover two positions (GOES-W at 135°W, GOES-E at 75°W) by two satellites, with one common backup satellite in intermediate position (105°W) to be moved in replacement of any of the two in case of failure. The programme evolved through the following phases: • the precursor ATS (Application Technology Satellite), ATS-1 and ATS-3 spin-stabilised, ATS-6 three-axis stabilised; • the prototype SMS (Synchronous Meteorological Satellite) (SMS-1 and SMS-2) and the first three GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) (GOES-1/2/3), spin-stabilised, equipped with an imager (VISSR); • GOES 4 to 7, with VISSR upgraded to VAS to provide either imagery or sounding; • GOES-8 and follow-on (to continue to GOES-16), three-axis stabilised, equipped with independent IMAGER and SOUNDER. Table 2.3.1 records the chronology of the GOES programme. Table 2.3.1 - Chronology of the GOES programme (in bold the satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Position Status (Dec 2009) Instruments ATS-1 6 Dec 1966 1 Dec 1978 Inactive SSCC ATS-3 6 Nov 1967 1 Dec 1978 Inactive MSSCC ATS-6 30 Apr 1974 3 Aug 1979 Inactive VHRR SMS-1 17 May 1974 21 Jan 1981 Inactive VISSR, DCIS, SEM SMS-2 6 Feb 1975 5 Aug 1982 Inactive VISSR, DCIS, SEM GOES-1 16 Oct 1975 7 Mar 1985 Inactive VISSR, DCIS, SEM GOES-2 16 Jun 1977 during 1993 Inactive VISSR, DCIS, SEM GOES-3 16 Jun 1978 during 1993 Inactive VISSR, DCIS, SEM GOES-4 9 Sep 1980 11 Nov 1988 Inactive VAS, DCIS, SEM GOES-5 22 May 1981 18 Jul 1990 Inactive VAS, DCIS, SEM GOES-6 28 Apr 1983 during 1989 Inactive VAS, DCIS, SEM GOES-7 26 Feb 1987 11 Jan 1996 Inactive VAS, DCIS, SEM GOES-8 13 Apr 1994 5 May 2004 Inactive IMAGER, SOUNDER, DCIS, SEM, GEOSAR GOES-9 23 May 1995 24 Jun 2007 Inactive IMAGER, SOUNDER, DCIS, SEM, GEOSAR GOES-10 25 Apr 1997 1 Dec 2009 60°W Inactive IMAGER, SOUNDER, DCIS, SEM, GEOSAR GOES-11 3 May 2000 expected ≥ 2011 135°W Operational IMAGER, SOUNDER, DCIS, SEM, GEOSAR GOES-12 23 Jul 2001 expected ≥ 2011 75°W Operational IMAGER, SOUNDER, DCIS, SEM, SXI, GEOSAR GOES-13 24 May 2006 expected ≥ 2013 105°W Hot standby IMAGER, SOUNDER, DCIS, SEM, SXI, GEOSAR GOES-14 27 Jun 2009 expected ≥ 2016 89.5°W Stored in-orbit IMAGER, SOUNDER, DCIS, SEM, SXI, GEOSAR GOES-15 2010 expected ≥ 2019 TBD Close to launch IMAGER, SOUNDER, DCIS, SEM, SXI, GEOSAR GOES-R 2015 expected ≥ 2025 TBD Approved ABI, GLM, SUVI, EXIS, SEISS GOES-S 2016 expected ≥ 2027 TBD Approved ABI, GLM, SUVI, EXIS, SEISS GOES-T 2020 expected ≥ 2030 TBD Being defined ABI, GLM, SUVI, EXIS, SEISS, (SOUNDER-FO)

Short information on past series ATS-1 and ATS-2 were equipped, respectively, with SSCC (Spin Scan Cloud Camera) e MSSCC (Multi-color SSCC). ATS-6 was equipped with VHRR (Very High Resolution Radiometer) that, afterwards, became operational on the INSAT satellites. The SMS-1, SMS-2 and GOES 1 to 3 were equipped with: • VISSR (Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer), a 2-channel VIS/IR radiometer with resolution 0.9 km in VIS (0.55-0.75 μm) and 7 km in IR (10.5-12.6 μm); cycle 30 min. On GOES 4 to 7 VISSR was upgraded to enable temperature/humidity sounding, alternate with images: • VAS (VISSR Atmospheric Sounder), adding to the two VISSR channels further 12 narrow- bandwidth channels centred at 3.94, 4.44, 4.51, 6.7, 7.2, 11.2, 12.7, 13.3, 14.0, 14.2, 14.5 and

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 14

14.7 μm; resolution 7 or 14 km depending on the channel, cycle lasting as necessary to collect enough energy as required for profile retrieval; generally used for limited area scanning. Fig. 2.3.1 and Fig. 2.3.2 show the change of structure from the GOES 4/5/6/7 spacecrafts to the current series (GOES-8 and follow-on).

1.1.1.1 Fig. 2.3.2 - Sketch view of GOES-8 and follow-on.

GOES-10 Launched in April 1997, GOES-10 served as operational GOES-W (at 135°W) from 1999 to June 2006. Thereafter the satellite operated at 60°W to provide better coverage of South America. It was decommissioned on 1st December 2009. GOES-11 (current GOES-W) Launched in May 2000, GOES-11 is the GOES West operational at 135°W. It replaced GOES-10 as the GOES West spacecraft in June 2006. GOES-12 (current GOES-E) Launched in July 2001, GOES-12 was originally placed in the standby position at 105°W. Thereafter, spring 2003, it has replaced GOES-8 as the operational satellite at 75°W. It will be replaced by GOES-13 in early 2010, and will move to 60°W to replace GOES-10 in May 2010. GOES-13 (hot standby, to become GOES-E) Launched in May 2006, GOES-13 is in the 105°W position. Starting from 19 January 2010 it will be moved to the East position (75°W) to replace GOES-12. GOES-14 (stored in-orbit) Launched in June 2009, GOES-14 is provisionally at 89.5°W waiting for its final positioning. Payload of GOES 8 to 15 • IMAGER, a 5-channel VIS/IR radiometer with 4.0 km resolution in four IR channels and 1.0 km in the VIS channel, 30 min image cycle (less for limited areas). • SOUNDER, a 19-channel IR sounding radiometer (including one in VIS) with 8.0 km resolution, generally used for limited areas (e.g., 1000 x 1000 km2 in 5 min, 3000 x 3000 km2 in 42 min: it would be 8 h for full disk). • DCIS (Data Collection and Interrogation Service) to relay in situ observations from Data Collection Platforms (DCP) either transmitting at fixed times or after interrogation. This mission is in use, with progressive updating, since SMS-1. Main features: - uplink: two bands, frequencies 401.900 MHz and 402.200 MHz, bandwidth 350 kHz each for 223 channels of 3-kHz bandwidth; data rate 100 bps, polarisation right-hand circular; - downlink for interrogation: two frequencies, 468.8250 MHz and 468.8375 MHz, bandwidths 200 kHz each, data rate 100 bps, polarisation right-hand circular.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 15

• SEM (Space Environment Monitoring, in use, with progressive updating, since SMS-1. A set of instruments for in situ measurement, at the platform’s altitude, of: - EPS (Energetic Sensor) for low-energy , proton and alpha particles - HEPAD (High Energy Proton and Alpha Particles Detector) - XRS (X-Ray Sensor) - two redundant . • SXI (Solar X-ray Imager), starting with GOES-12, to image the sun each minute. • PDR (Processed Data Relay), associated to the WEFAX service (in use since SMS-1). • GEOSAR (Geostationary Search And Rescue), to relay distress signals from beacons at 406 MHz to the American Search & Rescue Coordination Center. Data transmission from GOES GOES data are transmitted in real time to the: • CDA (Command and Data Acquisition station). Main transmission characteristics: - frequency 1676.2 MHz, bandwidth 6.0 MHz, linear polarisation, data rate 3.0 Mbps. Afterwards, data are re-transmitted to several centres in several modes. The ones that concern most users occurs after pre-processing, to two types of S-band stations: • GVAR (GOES Variable Data Format), for processed image and sounding data - Main features: - frequency: 1685.7 MHz; bandwidth: 5.0 MHz; polarisation: linear - antenna diameter ~ 3 m, G/T ~ 16 dB/K, data rate 2.1 Mbps. • WEFAX (Weather Facsimile), for selected image frames - Main features: - frequency: 1691.0 MHz; bandwidth: 1.0 MHz; polarisation: linear - antenna diameter ~ 1.5 m, G/T ~ 2.5 dB/K, base band 1.6 kHz (analogue). The WEFAX mode is fully consistent with that one of Meteosat 1 to 7. GOES-12 has started to alternate the analogue WEFAX transmission to the digital mode as MSG (LRIT), i.e. for stations: • LRUS (Low Rate User Station) - Main features: - frequency: 1691.0 MHz; bandwidth: 0.66 MHz; polarisation: linear - antenna diameter ~ 2 m, G/T ~ 6 dB/K, data rate 128 kbps. In the course of 2005 the WEFAX system has been definitively replaced by LRIT. Plans for GOES next generation starting with GOES-R (GOES-16) Planning for GOES-R has started in early 2001 and is making progress in view of availability for launch in 2015. The following instruments have been defined. • ABI (Advanced Baseline Imager), with 16 VIS/IR channels, resolution 2 km for 12 channels, 0.5 km for one VIS channel, 1.0 km for other three SW channels, cycle 15 min for full disk, 5 min for 3000 x 5000 km2 (“CONUS”, Continental United States), 30 s for 1000 x 1000 km2.

• GLM (Geostationary Lighting Mapper), CCD camera operating at 777.4 nm (O2), resolution 8 km, time resolution ∼ 2 ms, detection efficiency > 90 % for events of 10 µJ·m-2·sr-1 at 45°, False Alarm Rate < 2 s-1. • Instruments for monitoring solar activity and in-situ environment: - SEISS (Space Environment In-Situ Suite) - EXIS (Extreme Sensor / X-Ray Sensor Irradiance Sensors) - SUVI (Solar Ultraviolet Imager) - MAG () A Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) was originally planned on GOES-R. This has been currently de-manifested and will continue to be lacking on GOES-S. Hyperspectral sounding is however considered for follow-on GOES satellites in the series, the first possibly to be GOES-T (SOUNDER-FO).

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 16 2.4 The GMS and MTSAT programmes The Japanese GMS (Geostationary Meteorological Satellite) 2 was a spin-stabilised satellite (Fig. 2.4.1) to cover the position 140°E. Its successor, MTSAT (Multi-functional Transport Satellite), is 3-axis stabilised (Fig. 2.4.2), coupling the meteorological mission to an aviation navigation one. Table 2.4.1 records the chronology of the GMS/MTSAT programme and introduces the next generation, that refers to the original name and provides continuity of numbering. Table 2.4.1 - Chronology of the GMS/MTSAT programme (in bold the satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Position Status (Dec 2009) Instruments GMS-1 14 Jul 1977 30 Jun 1989 Inactive VISSR, DCS GMS-2 11 Aug 1981 20 Nov 1987 Inactive VISSR, DCS GMS-3 3 Aug 1984 22 Jun 1995 Inactive VISSR, DCS GMS-4 6 Sep 1989 24 Feb 2000 Inactive VISSR, DCS GMS-5 18 Mar 1995 21 Jul 2005 Inactive VISSR, DCS MTSAT-1R 26 Feb 2005 expected ≥ 2015 140°E Operational JAMI, DCS MTSAT-2 18 Feb 2006 expected ≥ 2017 145°E Operational IMAGER, DCS Himawari-8 2014 expected ≥ 2029 140°E Being defined IMAGER-FO, DCS Himawari-9 2016 expected ≥ 2031 140°E Being defined IMAGER-FO, DCS

Fig. 2.4.1 - View of GMS Fig. 2.4.2 - View of MTSAT-1R

The last GMS satellite in the series, GMS-5, was equipped with: • VISSR (Visible and Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer), a 4-channel VIS/IR radiometer with 5.0 km resolution in three IR channels (6.5-7.0 μm, 10.5-11.5 μm and 11.5-12.5 μm) and 1.25 km in the VIS channel (0.55-0.90 μm), 30 min image cycle (less for limited areas). • DCS (Data Collection Service), also implemented on MTSAT (see next). MTSAT MTSAT-1R has been launched on 26 February 2005, following the failure of the first launch of MTSAT in 1999. The operational use of the MTSAT-1R imaging function will switch over to that of MTSAT-2 on 1 July 2010. After the switchover, MTSAT-1R will relay the HRIT/LRIT image data of MTSAT-2 to MDUS/SDUS and will continue the Data Collection Service. MTSAT-2 has been launched on 18 February 2006, and placed in standby at 145°E. Operations of imaging function will start on 1 July 2010. Then, the positions of the two satellites will not change. Payload of MTSAT-1R and MTSAT-2

2 Original name: Himawari, that means “Sun Flower”.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 17

• JAMI (Japanese Advanced Meteorological Imager) on MTSAT-1R: a 5-channel VIS/IR radiometer with 4.0 km resolution in four IR channels and 1.0 km in the VIS channel, 30 min image cycle (half disk in 15 min image cycle). • IMAGER on MTSAT-2 is exactly the same as JAMI on MTSAT-1R. • DCS (Data Collection Service) to relay in situ observations from Data Collection Platforms (DCP) either transmitting at fixed times or after interrogation - Main features: - uplink: two bands, frequencies 402.0-402.1 MHz for international DCP’s (33 channels of bandwidth 3 kHz), 402.1-402.4 MHz for regional DCP’s (100 channels of bandwidth 3 kHz); data rate 300/100 bps, polarisation right-hand circular; - downlink for interrogation: frequency 468.875 MHz for international DCP’s, 468.924 MHz for regional DCP’s, bandwidth 5.0 kHz each, data rate 300 bps, polarisation right-hand circular. Data transmission from MTSAT-1R and MTSAT-2 MTSAT-1R data are transmitted in real time to the: • CDAS (Command and Data Acquisition Station). Main transmission characteristics: - frequency 1677.0 MHz, bandwidth 8.2 MHz, linear polarisation, data rate 2.7 Mbps. Afterwards, data are re-transmitted to user stations. Until end 2007 MTSAT-1R provided compatibility with existing receiving stations for GMS by continuing HiRID and WEFAX. Now HiRID and WEFAX have been discontinued (but continue to be mentioned here below). New format image data have been disseminated since the MTSAT-1R beginning of operation. • HiRID (High Resolution Imager Data) provides service continuity for the Medium-scale Data Utilisation Stations (MDUS) until end-2007. Main features: - frequency: 1687.1 MHz; bandwidth: 2.0 MHz; polarisation: linear - antenna diameter ~ 4 m, G/T ~ 10.4 dB/K, data rate 660 kbps. • HRIT (High Resolution Information Transmission) was started on 28 June 2005. Main features: - frequency: 1687.1 MHz; bandwidth: 5.2 MHz; polarisation: linear - antenna diameter ~ 4 m, G/T ~ 10.4 dB/K, data rate 3.5 Mbps. • WEFAX (Weather Facsimile) has been time-shared until end-2007 and then replaced by the LRIT, that also similar to MSG and GOES. Main features: - frequency: 1691.0 MHz; bandwidth: 250 kHz; polarisation: linear - antenna diameter ~ 2.5 m, G/T ~ 3 dB/K, base band 1.6 kHz (analogue). • LRIT (Low Rate Information Transmission) was started on 28 June 2005. Main features: - frequency: 1691.0 MHz; bandwidth: 250 kHz; polarisation: linear - antenna diameter ~ 2.5 m, G/T ~ 3 dB/K, data rate 75 kbps. MTSAT Follow-on The satellites to replace the current MTSAT series are named Himawari, and their numbering (8 and 9) continue the series of 5 GMS + 2 MTSAT. Himawari-8 and Himawari-9 will carry an advanced imager comparable to those of GOES-R and MTG. The current intention is: • IMAGER-FO: 16 channels (3 in VIS, 3 in NIR/SWIR, 10 in IR); image cycle 10 min for full disk, proportionally less for limited areas; resolution 0.5-1.0 km for VIS channels, 1-2 km for NIR/SWIR, 2 km for TIR. • Continuation of DCS (Data Collection System). Plans for a hyperspectral IR sounder have been delayed to a next generation. Due to the expected high data rate, the raw data, currently downloaded at 1.6 GHz, will need to be moved to higher band, around 18 GHz. Himawari-8 and Himawari-9 have no data re-transmission function, and all the observation data will be provided to users in real time through the Internet.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 18

2.5 The GOMS/Electro programme The Russian programme GOMS (Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellites), also called Electro, is based on 3-axis stabilized satellites due to cover the 76°E position. The first spacecraft, named GOMS-N1 (Fig. 2.5.1), was launched in 1994, but its functioning experienced several problem till final deactivation in 1998. The next flight unit is now being prepared, as a first satellite of a new series Electro-L (Fig. 2.5.2). Table 2.5.1 records the chronology of the GOMS/Electro programme, also introducing the concept of a new generation (Electro-M).

Fig. 2.5.1 - Sketch view of GOMS-N1.

Fig. 2.5.2 - Sketch view of Electro-L N1 = GOMS-N2.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 19

Table 2.5.1 - Chronology of the GOMS / Electro programme (no satellite active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Position Status (Dec 2009) Instruments GOMS-N1 31 Oct 1994 during 1998 76°E Inactive STR, DCS, RMS GOMS-N2 (Electro-L N1) 2010 expected ≥ 2017 76°E Close to launch MSU-GS, DCS, HMS, GEOSAR GOMS-N3 (Electro-L N2) 2011 expected ≥ 2018 14.5°W In integration MSU-GS, DCS, HMS, GEOSAR GOMS-N4 (Electro-M N1) 2015 expected ≥ 2022 76°E Being defined TBD (Improved MSU-GS)

GOMS-N1 was equipped with the radiometer: • STR (Scanning TV Radiometer): it was a 3-channels VIS/IR radiometer; 6.5 km resolution in two IR channels (6.0-7.0 μm and 10.5-12.5 μm), 1.25 km in VIS (0.46-0.70 μm), 30 min image cycle. Electro-L series The Electro-L series is about to start in 2010, followed by a second launch that, provided good functioning of Electro-L N1 (also named GOMS-N2) at 76°E, could be placed at 14.5°W. Payload of Electro-L • MSU-GS, a 10-channel VIS/IR imaging radiometer with 4.0 km resolution in seven IR channels and 1.0 km in three VIS channels, 15-30 min image cycle. • DCS (Data Collection Service), to relay in situ observations from Data Collection Platforms (DCP) at fixed times – Main features: - uplink: three bands, frequencies 402.0-402.1 MHz for international DCP’s (33 channels of bandwidth 3 kHz), 401.5-402.0 MHz and 402.1-402.5 MHz for regional DCP’s (300 channels of bandwidth 3 kHz); data rate 100 bps, polarisation right-hand circular; - downlink for DCS ground acquisition station: 1697 MHz, bandwidths 2 MHz, data rate 100- 1200 bps, linear polarisation. • HMS (Heliogeophysical Measurements System), for in situ measurement of charged particles of the wind at the platform’s altitude. • GEOSAR (Geostationary Search And Rescue), to relay distress signals from beacons at 406 MHz to stations of the international COSPAS/SARSAT Search & Rescue system. Data transmission from Electro-L Electro-L data are transmitted in real time to the: • RDAS (Raw Data Acquisition Station) for MSU-GS and HMS. Main features: - frequency: 7500 MHz; bandwidth: 60 MHz; polarisation: right-hand circular; data rate 30.72 Mbps. Afterwards, data are re-transmitted to user stations. The broadcast will comply with the HRIT and LRIT standards: • HRIT (High Rate Information Transmission). Main features: - frequency: 1691.0 MHz; bandwidth: 2 MHz; polarisation: right-hand circular - antenna diameter ~ 3.7 m, G/T ~ 12 dB/K, data rate 0.665-1 Mbps. • LRIT (Low Rate Information Transmission), similar to MSG, GOES and MTSAT. Main features: - frequency: 1691.0 MHz; bandwidth: 200 kHz; polarisation: right-hand circular - antenna diameter ~ 1.5 m, G/T ~ 4 dB/K, data rate 64-128 kbps. • DCSA (DCS Acquisition station). Main features : - frequency 1697 MHz, bandwidth 2 MHz, linear polarisation, data rate 100-1200 bps. Plans for Electro-M The next update/upgrade of the GOMS series will be with Electro-M, planned for launch in 2015.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 20

2.6 The FY-2 and FY-4 programmes The Chinese series FY-2 (Feng-Yun-2) 3, operational since 1997, due to cover the 105°E position, is spin stabilised (Fig. 2.6.1). The next generation, FY-4 (see Fig. 2.6.2), to take service around 2014, will be 3-axis stabilised. Table 2.6.1 records the chronology of the FY-2 / FY-4 programme. Table 2.6.1 - Chronology of the FY-2 and FY-4 programmes (in bold the satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Position Status (Dec 2009) Instruments FY-2A 10 Jun 1997 8 April 1998 - Deorbited S-VISSR, DCS, SEM FY-2B 25 Jun 2000 Sept 2004 - Deorbited S-VISSR, DCS, SEM FY-2C 19 Oct 2004 expected ≥ 2010 123.5°E Operational S-VISSR (improved), DCS, SEM FY-2D 15 Nov 2006 expected ≥ 2011 86.5°E Operational S-VISSR (improved), DCS, SEM FY-2E 23 Dec 2008 expected ≥ 2014 105°E Operational S-VISSR (improved), DCS, SEM FY-2F 2011 expected ≥ 2016 86.5°E In integration S-VISSR (improved), DCS, SEM FY-2G 2013 expected ≥ 2018 105°E Approved S-VISSR (improved), DCS, SEM FY-2H 2015 expected ≥ 2020 123.5°E Approved S-VISSR (improved), DCS, SEM FY-4 (series) 2015 expected ≥ 2035 105°E or 86.5°E or 123.5°E Planned IIS, MCSI, LM, SXEUV, SEM

Fig. 2.6.1 - View of FY-2. Fig. 2.6.2 - View of FY-4.

FY-2 FY-2C FY-2C, launched in October 2004, has been the primary satellite in the position 105°E until October 2009, now it has been placed at 123.5 °E, waiting for progressive ending of propellant. FY-2D FY-2D launched in December 2006, is in the 86.5 °E position, being used for combined operations with the satellite in the 105 °E position (currently FY-2E). FY-2E FY-2E launched in December 2008, is in the 105 °E position since its exchange of positions with FY-2C started in October 2009. Payloads of FY-2 C to H • S-VISSR (Stretched Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer) - The version of FY-2A/B had three VIS/IR channels (0.5-1.05 μm, 6.3-7.6 μm and 10.5-12.5 μm) the improved version for

3 Feng-Yun means “Wind and Cloud”. The “2” and “4” series are geostationary, the “1” and “3” series sunsynchronous.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 21

FY-2 C/D/E/F/G/H splits the IR channel in two and adds a 3.5-4.0 μm channel. The resolution also is slightly improved: from 5.76 km (IR) and 1.44 km (VIS), to 5.0 km (IR) and 1.25 km (VIS). The image cycle is 30 min. • DCS (Data Collection Service) - Main features: - uplink: two bands, frequencies 402.0-402.1 MHz for international DCP’s (33 channels of bandwidth 3 kHz), 401.1-401.4 MHz for regional DCP’s (100 channels of bandwidth 3 kHz); data rate 100 bps, polarisation right-hand circular. • SEM (Space Environment Monitor). Data transmission from FY-2 FY-2 data are transmitted in real time to the: • CDAS (Command and Data Acquisition Station). Main transmission characteristics: - frequency 1681.6 MHz, bandwidth 14 MHz, linear polarisation, data rate 14 Mbps. Afterwards, data are re-transmitted to user stations. The broadcast will comply with the HRIT and LRIT standards and initially, with WEFAX for continuity reasons: • S-VISSR Data Transmission, compatible with MDUS acquisition stations. Main features: - frequency: 1687.5 MHz; bandwidth: 2.0 MHz; polarisation: linear - antenna diameter ~ 3 m, G/T ~ 12 dB/K, data rate 660 kbps. • WEFAX from FY-2 A/B, LRIT (Low Rate Information Transmission) from FY-2 C/D/E/F/G, similar to MSG, GOES, MTSAT and GOMS-Elektro-L. Main features of LRIT: - frequency: 1691.0 MHz; bandwidth: 260 kHz; polarisation: linear - antenna diameter ~ 1 m, G/T ~ 3 dB/K, data rate 150 kbps. FY-4 A second generation geostationary series, FY-4, in being defined. It will be based on a 3-axis stabilized platform, with much improved payload in respect of FY-2. Initially it was thought to have two types of missions, FY-4 “O” (optical) and FY-4 “M” (microwave), but the plan for FY-4M is currently frozen. The prototype of FY-4 should be launched around 2015. The series should include 7 flight models, to cover about 20 years of operations on the positions 86.5 °E and/or 105 °E and/or 123.5 °E. Currently, the following payloads are being studied: • MCSI (Multiple Channel Scanning Imager), an advanced VIS/IR imager comparable with those of MTG (FCI) and GOES-R (ABI). • IIS (Interferometric Infrared Sounder), an advanced IR sounding spectrometer-interferometer comparable with those of MTG (IRS) and GOES-S (GHS). • LM (Lightning Mapper), a lightning imager comparable with those of MTG (LI) and GOES-R (GLM). • DCS (Data Collection Service), as on FY-2. • SEM (Space Environment Monitor), as on FY-2. • SXEUV (Solar X-EUV imaging telescope).

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 22

2.7 The INSAT and Kalpana programmes Although not part of the GOS, INSAT (Indian National Satellite programme) supports national requirements and is coordinated within CGMS. It combines the meteorological mission with the function of supporting domestic telecommunications. It is a 3-axis stabilised satellite (Fig. 2.7.1), with generally two flight models in orbit, at 74°E and 93.5°E. Not all INSAT flight models carry a meteorological payload. In 2002 a small satellite entirely dedicated to meteorology, originally named MetSat, thereafter renamed Kalpana 4, was launched over 74°E. Table 2.7.1 records the chronology of the INSAT and Kalpana programmes. Table 2.7.1 - Chronology of the INSAT and Kalpana programmes (in bold the satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Position Status (Dec 2009) Instruments INSAT-1A 10 Apr 1982 6 Sep 1982 Inactive VHRR, DCS INSAT-1B 30 Aug 1983 Jul 1993 Inactive VHRR, DCS INSAT-1C 22 Jul 1988 Nov 1989 Inactive VHRR, DCS INSAT-1D 12 Jun 1990 May 2002 Inactive VHRR, DCS INSAT-2A 10 Jul 1992 30 May 2002 Inactive VHRR, DCS INSAT-2B 23 Jul 1993 2004 Inactive VHRR, DCS INSAT-2C 7 Dec 1995 April 2002 Inactive No meteo INSAT-2D 4 Jun 1997 4 Oct 1997 Inactive No meteo INSAT-2E 3 Apr 1999 expected ≥ 2009 83°E Uncertain VHRR, CCD INSAT-3B 22 Mar 2000 expected ≥ 2010 83°E Operational No meteo INSAT-3C 24 Jan 2002 expected ≥ 2010 74°E Operational Meteo telecom only INSAT-3A 10 Apr 2003 expected ≥ 2012 93.5°E Operational VHRR, CCD, DCS INSAT-3E 8 Sep 2003 expected ≥ 2011 55°E Operational No meteo Kalpana-1 12 Sep 2002 expected ≥ 2012 74°E Operational VHRR, DCS INSAT-3D 2010 expected ≥ 2017 83°E Close to launch IMAGER, SOUNDER, DCS INSAT-3D-repeat 2012 expected ≥ 2019 TBD Planned IMAGER, SOUNDER, DCS

2.1.1.1 Fig. 2.7.1 - Sketch view of INSAT satellites. Fig. 2.7.2 - View of Kalpana.

4 Kalpana is the name of the lady astronaut of Indian ancestry lost with the accident of the Shuttle “Columbia” in February 2003.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 23

The series INSAT-1, used from 1982 to 2002, was carrying an imager, VHRR, derived by ATS-6 (see Table 2.3.1). It had only two VIS/IR channels (0.55-0.75 μm and 10.5-12.5 μm); resolution 11 km in IR, 2.75 km in VIS. The series INSAT-2 was used from 1992 to 2006. In INSAT-2E the CCD camera (see next) was added to the VHRR. INSAT-3A and Kalpana-1 INSAT-3A and Kalpana-1 are the current operational satellites carrying a meteorological mission. Kalpana-1 was launched in September 2002 as a dedicated meteorological satellite. It provides the operational service from 74°E. INSAT-3A provides the service at 93.5°E. Payload of INSAT and Kalpana satellites • VHRR (Very High Resolution Radiometer) is a 3-channels VIS/IR/WV radiometer with 8 km resolution in the IR/WV channels and 2 km in the VIS channel (INSAT-1 and INSAT-2 A/B had only two channels). The image cycle is three hours for INSAT 3A and hourly for Kalpana-1, but more frequent images are taken at half an hour intervals to generate cloud motion at 00, 06, 12, 18 UTC every day. • CCD (Charge-Coupled Device Camera), on INSAT-2E and INSAT-3A is a camera with three VIS/NIR/SWIR channels, 1 km resolution, image cycle 3 hours, more frequent on demand. • DCS (Data Collection Service) - Main features: - uplink: frequencies 402.65-402.85 MHz for international DCP’s (8 channels of bandwidth 6 kHz), data rate 4.8 kbps, polarisation right-hand circular. INSAT-3D The traditional difficulty with INSAT usage was the need to share satellite resources with the (priority) telecommunication mission. INSAT-3D, is being launched as dedicated to meteorology. It will have imagery and sounding capabilities similar to those of the current GOES series: • IMAGER, a 6-channels VIS/IR radiometer with 4.0 km resolution in 3 IR channels, 1.0 km in the VIS channel, 8 km in the water-vapour channels. Image cycle 30 min. • SOUNDER, a 19-channel IR radiometer (including a VIS channels), 10 km resolution, Cycle 3 hours for 6000 km x 6000 km viewing area. Data transmission from INSAT and Kalpana INSAT and Kalpana data are first transmitted in real time to: • CDAS (Command and Data Acquisition Station): main transmission characteristics: - VHRR frequency 4503.5 (Kalpana-1), 4501.5 (INSAT-3A) MHz, bandwidth 500 kHz, linear polarisation, data rate 526.5 kbps. CCD frequency 4508.93 (INSAT-3A) MHz, bandwidth 500 kHz, linear polarisation, data rate 1.28875 Mbps. After ground processing, data are provided to the users by using INSAT-3C. Two modes: • MDD (Meteorological Data Dissemination) service. Regular transmissions occur at 3-hour interval. Main features: - uplink: from the system central processing facility at 5899.225 MHz; - user terminals: frequency 2599.225 MHz, bandwidth 200 kHz, linear polarisation, antenna diameter ~ 3.66 m, G/T ~ 9 dB/K, base band 10 kHz (analogue); in progress to be changed to digital, frequency 2586.000, data rate 64/128 kbps. • CWDS (Cyclone Warning Dissemination System), activated during the cyclone season: - uplink: from the system central processing facility at 5859.225 MHz and 5885.0 MHz; - user terminals: frequency 2559.225 MHz, bandwidth 200 kHz, linear polarisation, antenna diameter ~ 3.66 m, G/T ~ 9 dB/K, base band 10 kHz (analogue); in progress to be changed to digital, frequency 2585.0 or 2615.0 GHz, data rate 64/128 kbps. With INSAT-3D the system will be brought to compliance with HRIT and LRIT standards.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 24 2.8 The COMS programme The Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) is developing COMS (Communication, Oceanography and Meteorology Satellite) for the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). It will be a multi-purpose satellite, 3-axis stabilised. Table 2.8.1 records the planning details as known so far. Fig. 2.8.1 provides an idea of the spacecraft structure. Table 2.8.1 - Chronology of the COMS programme (no satellite active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Position Status (Dec 2009) Instruments COMS-1 2010 expected ≥ 2017 128.2°E Close to launch MI, GOCI COMS-2 2017 expected ≥ 2024 128.2°E (or 116.2°E) Being defined MI-FO, GOCI, (ATGM)

S-Band Antenna Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)

Meteorological Imager (MI)

3 EARTH DIRECTION

4 RAM DIRECTION

5 KA BAND ANTENNAS Fig. 2.8.1 - Artist’s rendering of COMS.

Payload of COMS satellites The COMS payload for Earth Observation includes: • MI (Meteorological Imager) [on COMS-1], with 5 channels in the range 0.55-12.5 μm, resolution 1 km in 1 VIS channel, 4 km in 4 IR channels, 27 min for full disk imaging (proportionally less for limited areas). • GOCI (Geostationary Ocean Color Imager) [on both COMS-1 and COMS-2], with 8 narrow- band channels in the range 400-865 nm for ocean colour monitoring; resolution 500 m over a limited coverage (2500 km x 2500 km) scanned in 1 hour. • MI-FO (Meteorological Imager Follow-On) [on COMS-2], currently being defined, possibly to approach the performances of MSG SEVIRI or MTG FCI or GOES-R ABI. • ATGM (Atmospheric Trace Gas Monitor) [on COMS-2], currently being in the mission definition stage. Data transmission from COMS Raw data are transmitted to: • MODAC (Meteo/Ocean Data Application Center) and SOC (Satellite Operation Center). MODAC includes the Korea Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC) and the Korea Ocean Satellite Center (KOSC). Main feature: - frequency 1687 MHz, bandwidth 6.0 MHz, polarisation RHC or LHC, data rate 6 Mbps. After ground processing at MODAC, data are re-transmitted to the users by:

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 2: Geostationary meteorological satellites Page 25

• HRIT (High Rate Information Transmission). Main features: - uplink: from the system central processing facility at 2040.9 MHz; antenna diameter ~ 13 m; - user terminals: frequency 1695.4 MHz; bandwidth: 5.2 MHz; polarisation: linear (horizontal), antenna diameter ~ 3.7 m, G/T ~ 11.1 dB/K, data rate 3 Mbps; • LRIT (Low Rate Information Transmission), similar to MSG, GOES and MTSAT. Main features: - uplink: from the system central processing facility at 2037.64 MHz; antenna diameter ~ 13 m; - user terminals: frequency 1692.14 MHz; bandwidth: 1.0 MHz; polarisation: linear (horizontal), antenna diameter ~ 1.2 m, G/T ~ 1.9 dB/K, data rate 256 kbps.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 26

3. Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites

3.1 Generalities At the time of the First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE, 1979-80) the WMO requirement for sunsynchronous satellites called for two satellites with orthogonal orbital planes. For large-swath instruments with day and night capability this would ensure global coverage at 6-hour intervals. In the 90’s, the EUMETSAT and NOAA agreement for a Joint Polar System (JPS) was aiming at three satellites with orbital planes de-phased by 60° so as to achieve global coverage at 4-hour intervals. In 2002 the WMO requirement was increased to four satellites, two in morning orbits and two in afternoon orbits, so as to provide global coverage at 3-hour intervals in average, and also to ensure that sufficient contingency margins exist in case one of the satellites experiences degraded performance, waiting for the replacement. However, to move from a three-satellite configuration to a four-satellite one has turned out to be unpractical, since most satellites are equipped with instruments operating in daylight, that require favourable illumination conditions; thus, although there are well more than three satellite systems in sunsynchronous orbits, many tend to populate the mid-morning orbits whereas the late afternoon orbits are not populated. The current WMO requirement calls for three optimally-spaced orbits with redundancy in or around each orbit. The mission of sunsynchronous satellites is, as a minimum: • to provide temperature and humidity global sounding for the purpose of NWP; • to provide imagery mission to high latitudes inaccessible to geostationary satellites. Several satellites provide more than this. Some provide observation of ozone and other gases, some exploit microwave radiometry for precipitation observation, some carry active microwave instruments (radar) for, e.g., sea-surface wind observation, etc. In addition, several products are derived by image processing, specifically surface parameters. Imaging and sounding instruments are in continuous upgrading process, generally under the aspects of number of channels (imagers) and spectral resolution (sounders). As for further upgrading to be pursued within the operational context, it is reminded that the “Implementation Plan for Evolution of Space and Surface-based Sub-systems of the GOS” developed by the CBS Open Programme Area Group on the Integrated Observing Systems (OPAG-IOS) (WMO/TD No. 1267 dated April 2005), as concerns future polar satellites has recommended the following: • LEO Sea Surface Wind - Sea-surface wind data from R&D satellites should continue to be made available for operational use; 6-hourly coverage is required. • LEO Altimeter - Missions for ocean topography should become an integral part of the operational system. • LEO Earth Radiation Budget - Continuity of ERB-type global measurements for climate records requires immediate planning to maintain broad-band radiometers on at least one LEO satellite. In addition, OPAG-IOS indicated missions to be prepared by R&D satellites before considering their adoption into an operational framework. These recommendation are recorded in Section 4.1 to follow.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 27

3.2 The NOAA/POES programme The American POES (Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite), when considering the precursor series TIROS, ESSA and ITOS, is the most long-standing meteorological satellite programme (first launch: 1° April 1960). It evolved through the following phases. • 1st generation – Ten satellites TIROS (Television and Infra-Red Observation Satellite), spin- stabilised (Fig. 3.2.1), to experience orbits, instruments and communication systems. Instruments: - VCS (Vidicon Camera System) with Narrow-Angle (NA) and high resolution (0.25 km), Medium-Angle (MA) and resolution (1.6 km), Wide-Angle (WA) and low resolution (2.4 km); - APT (Automatic Picture Transmission), resolution 1.8 km; - MRIR (Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer) and FPR (Flat Plate Radiometer) • 2nd generation – Nine satellites ESSA (Environmental Science and Services Administration), two in orbit at any time (TOS, TIROS Operational System) for image broadcasting either in real time (ESSA-2/4/6/8) or after on-board storage (ESSA-1/3/5/7/9). They were spin-stabilised in a “cartwheel” mode so as to be able to point the camera towards Earth (Fig. 3.2.2). Instruments: - on ESSA-2/4/6/8: APT (Automatic Picture Transmission), resolution 3.7 km; - on ESSA-1/3/5/7/9: AVCS (Advanced Vidicon Camera System), resolution 3.7 km, and FPR. • 3rd generation – Six satellites ITOS (Improved TOS), the first named TIROS-M or ITOS-1, the other ones NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) (Fig. 3.2.3). They introduced IR imagery and temperature sounding. 3-axis stabilised. Instruments: - SR (Scanning Radiometer): 0.55-0.75 μm, resolution 3.6 km, and 10.5-12.5 μm, 7.2 km; - VHRR (Very High Resolution Radiometer): same channels as SR, resolution 0.9 km; - VTPR (Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer): 8 channels in the range 11 to 20 μm, resolution 55 km; - SPM (Solar Proton Monitor) and FPR; • 4th generation – Ten operational satellites, the first named TIROS-N, the following nine NOAA from 6 to 14, with an improvement (ATN, Advanced TIROS-N) starting from NOAA-8. Two satellites in orbit at any time, with LST (Local Solar Time) at 7.30 and 14.00. 3-axis-stabilised. Instruments: - AVHRR (Advanced VHRR): see next - HIRS/2 (High-resolution Infra Red Sounder): see next - MSU (Microwave Sounding Unit): 4 channels from 50 to 58 GHz, resolution 110 km - SSU (Stratospheric Sounding Unit): three channels around 14.95 μm, resolution 150 km - SBUV/2 (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet): see next - ERBE (Earth Radiation Budget Experiment): only on NOAA-9 and NOAA-10 - SEM (Space Environment Monitor), SARSAT (Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking System), ARGOS/DCS (ARGOS Data Collection System); see next. • 5th generation, the current one, now called POES (Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite), started in 1998 with NOAA-15, to be used until around 2014 by five flight models (NOAA-K/L/M/N/N’). POES satellites (Fig. 3.2.4) still use the 3-axis stabilised ATN platform and currently there are two in orbit at any time, although in principle the NOAA commitment is limited to one in the afternoon orbit only. The difference between the 4th and 5th generations consists of the improvement of the instrumentation for MW atmospheric sounding. As of December 2009, the nominal operational satellite is NOAA-19, but further four (NOAA 15 to 18) are still active, also covering morning orbits. Table 3.2.1 records the chronology of NOAA and precursor satellites. For sunsynchronous satellites (starting with TIROS-9) the LST is provided, for previous the . Morning LST’s are defined at the equatorial descending node, afternoon at the ascending node.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 28

Table 3.2.1 – Chronology of the NOAA/POES programme (in bold the satellites active in December 2009) End of LST or Status (Dec Satellite Launch Height Instruments service inclin. 2009) TIROS-1 1 Apr 1960 17 Jun 1960 720 km 48.4° Inactive VCS-WA, VCS-NA TIROS-2 23 Nov 1960 24 Dec 1961 670 km 48.6° Inactive VCS-WA, VCS-NA, MRIR, FPR TIROS-3 12 Jul 1961 27 Feb 1962 780 km 47.9° Inactive 2 x VCS-WA, MRIR, FPR TIROS-4 8 Feb 1962 19 Jul 1962 770 km 48.3° Inactive VCS-WA, VCS-MA, MRIR, FPR TIROS-5 19 Jun 1962 27 Nov 1963 750 km 58.1° Inactive VCS-WA, VCS-MA TIROS-6 18 Sep 1962 12 Oct 1963 700 km 58.3° Inactive VCS-WA, VCS-MA TIROS-7 19 Jun 1963 3 Jun 1968 680 km 58.2° Inactive 2 x VCS-WA, MRIR, FPR TIROS-8 21 Dec 1963 1 Jul 1967 730 km 58.5° Inactive APT, VCS-WA TIROS-9 22 Jan 1965 12 Jun 1968 1350 km 09:30 d Inactive 2 x VCS-WA (“cartwheel”) TIROS-10 2 Jul 1965 1 Jul 1967 790 km 09:30 d Inactive 2 x VCS-WA ESSA-1 3 Feb 1966 8 Mar 1967 770 km 09:30 d Inactive 2 x VCS-WA, FPR ESSA-2 28 Feb 1966 16 Oct 1970 1390 km 09:30 d Inactive 2 x APT ESSA-3 2 Oct 1966 2 Dec 1968 1440 km 09:30 d Inactive 2 x AVCS, FPR ESSA-4 26 Jan 1967 5 May 1968 1380 km 09:30 d Inactive 2 x APT ESSA-5 20 Apr 1967 20 Feb 1970 1390 km 09:30 d Inactive 2 x AVCS, FPR ESSA-6 10 Nov 1967 3 Dec 1969 1450 km 09:30 d Inactive 2 x APT ESSA-7 16 Aug 1968 10 Mar 1970 1450 km 09:30 d Inactive 2 x AVCS, 2 x FPR ESSA-8 15 Dec 1968 12 Mar 1976 1440 km 09:30 d Inactive 2 x APT ESSA-9 26 Feb 1969 15 Nov 1972 1470 km 09:30 d Inactive 2 x AVCS, 2 x FPR ITOS-1 (TIROS-M) 23 Jan 1970 18 Jun 1971 1470 km 14:30 a Inactive 2 x AVCS, 2 x APT, 2 x SR, FPR, SPM NOAA-1 (ITOS-A) 11 Dec 1970 19 Aug 1971 1450 km 13:30 a Inactive 2 x AVCS, 2 x APT, 2 x SR, FPR, SPM NOAA-2 (ITOS-D) 13 Oct 1972 30 Jan 1975 1450 km 14:30 a Inactive 2 x VHRR, 2 x SR, 2 x VTPR, SPM NOAA-3 (ITOS-F) 6 Nov 1973 31 Aug 1976 1500 km 14:30 a Inactive 2 x VHRR, 2 x SR, 2 x VTPR, SPM NOAA-4 (ITOS-G) 15 Nov 1974 18 Nov 1978 1450 km 14:30 a Inactive 2 x VHRR, 2 x SR, 2 x VTPR, SPM NOAA-5 (ITOS-H) 29 Jul 1976 16 Jul 1979 1510 km 14:30 a Inactive 2 x VHRR, 2 x SR, 2 x VTPR, SPM TIROS-N 13 Oct 1978 27 Feb 1981 850 km 14:30 a Inactive AVHRR, HIRS/2, MSU, SSU, SEM, Argos NOAA-6 27 Jun 1979 31 Mar 1987 840 km 07:30 d Inactive AVHRR, HIRS/2, MSU, SSU, SEM, Argos NOAA-7 23 Jun 1981 7 Jun 1986 860 km 14:30 a Inactive AVHRR, HIRS/2, MSU, SSU, SEM, Argos AVHRR, HIRS/2, MSU, SSU, SEM, NOAA-8 28 Mar 1983 29 Dec 1985 820 km 07:30 d Inactive Argos, SARSAT AVHRR, HIRS/2, MSU, SSU, SEM, NOAA-9 12 Dec 1984 13 Feb 1998 850 km 14:30 a Inactive Argos, SARSAT, ERBE, SBUV/2 AVHRR, HIRS/2, MSU, SSU, SEM, NOAA-10 17 Sep 1986 30 Aug 2001 810 km 07:30 d Inactive Argos, SARSAT, ERBE, SBUV/2 AVHRR, HIRS/2, MSU, SSU, SEM, NOAA-11 24 Sep 1988 16 Jun 2004 843 km 14:10 a Inactive Argos, SARSAT, SBUV/2 NOAA-12 14 May 1991 10 Aug 2007 804 km 05:10 d Inactive AVHRR, HIRS/2, MSU, SSU, SEM, Argos AVHRR, HIRS/2, MSU, SSU, SEM, NOAA-13 9 Aug 1993 21 Aug 1993 820 km 14:00 a Inactive Argos, SARSAT, SBUV/2 AVHRR/2, HIRS/2, MSU, SSU, SEM, NOAA-14 30 Dec 1994 23 May 2007 844 km 09:30 d Inactive Argos, SARSAT, SBUV/2 expected ≥ AVHRR/3, HIRS/3, AMSU-A, AMSU-B, NOAA-15 13 May 1998 807 km 04:45 d Operational 2010 SEM/2, Argos, SARSAT expected ≥ AVHRR/3, HIRS/3, AMSU-A, AMSU-B, NOAA-16 21 Sep 2000 849 km 05:55 d Operational 2010 SBUV/2,SEM/2, Argos, SARSAT expected ≥ AVHRR/3, HIRS/3, AMSU-A, AMSU-B, NOAA-17 24 Jun 2002 810 km 09:20 d Operational 2010 SBUV/2,SEM/2, Argos, SARSAT expected ≥ AVHRR/3, HIRS/4, AMSU-A, MHS, NOAA-18 20 May 2005 854 km 13:45 a Operational 2011 SBUV/2,SEM/2, Argos, SARSAT expected ≥ AVHRR/3, HIRS/4, AMSU-A, MHS, NOAA-19 6 Feb 2009 870 km 13:50 a Operational 2014 SBUV/2,SEM/2, Argos, SARSAT

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 29

Fig. 3.2.2 - View of ESSA (“cartwheel” spin-stabilised).

Fig. 3.2.3 - Sketch view of ITOS (first Fig. 3.2.4 - Sketch view of NOAA (K, L, M series). 3-axis stabilised of the POES series).

NOAA-15 Launched in May 1998, it is the first satellite of the 5th generation, that replaces the sounding package TOVS (TIROS Operational Vertical Sounding = HIRS/2 + MSU + SSU), by ATOVS (Advanced TOVS = HIRS/3 + AMSU-A + AMSU-B). Some instruments are defective and HIRS/3 is lost, but still NOAA-15 could contribute to the service in the morning orbit. NOAA-16 and NOAA-17 Launched in September 2000 and June 2002, respectively, have several instruments working defectively but, together with NOAA-15, provide full service in the morning orbit. On NOAA-16 the VHF transmitter for APT has failed, and on NOAA-17 AMSU-A has failed. NOAA-18 and NOAA-19 Launched in May 2005 and February 2009, respectively, are the last satellites of the NOAA series, both in the afternoon orbit. On them, AMSU-B is replaced by the EUMETSAT-provided MHS. HIRS/4 on NOAA-18 has failed and MHS on NOAA-19 is not nominal.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 30

Payload of the 5th generation NOAA satellites (NOAA-15 onwards) • AVHRR/3 (Advanced VHRR): 6-channel VIS/IR radiometer for multi-purpose imagery with 1.1 km resolution and 2900 km swath. Only 5 channels transmitted (1.6 μm and 3.7 μm are alternative, day and night respectively). • HIRS/3 (High-resolution Infra Red Sounder - 3): 20-channels IR radiometer (including one VIS) for temperature/humidity sounding, resolution 18 km and swath 2250 km. In NOAA-N (NOAA-18) and NOAA-N’ the upgraded model HIRS/4 has resolution 10 km. • AMSU-A (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit - A): 15-channel MW radiometer for nearly-all-weather temperature sounding, resolution 48 km, swath 2340 km. • AMSU-B (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit - B): 5-channel MW radiometer for nearly-all-weather humidity sounding, resolution 16 km, swath 2250 km. Replaced on NOAA-18 and NOAA-19 by MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder). • SBUV/2 (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet - 2): 12-channel UV spectro-radiometer for ozone profiling, resolution 170 km, nadir-only viewing. • SEM/2 (Space Environment Monitor), an instrument suite for in situ measurement of the energy of charged of the at orbital height (not on NOAA-15). • DCS/2 (Data Collection System – 2), also know as Argos, to collect data from automatic stations and localise the platform. Platform transmission frequency: 401.65 MHz. • SARSAT (Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking System), location system for emergency calls from transmitters at 121.5 or 243 or 406 MHz. Data transmission from NOAA satellites The totality of the information from NOAA instruments is transmitted in real time, and only part is stored on board for successive transmission to: • CDA (Command and Data Acquisition stations) in charge of global data recovery. Main features: - frequencies: 1702.5 MHz (left-hand circular polarisation) and 1698 or 1707 MHz (right-hand circular polarisation); bandwidth 5.32 MHz, data rate 2.66 Mbps; - GAC (Global Area Coverage) all data from low-bit-rate instruments at full resolution and AVHRR images with resolution reduced to 4 km, for the full orbit (102 min); - LAC (Local Area Coverage) for up to 11 min of selected AVHRR full resolution image frames. There are three types of transmission with different contents for different ground receiving stations. • HRPT (High Resolution Picture Transmission), for the whole information at full resolution in digital form at S-band frequencies. Main features: - frequencies: 1698 or 1707 MHz; bandwidth: 2.66 MHz; polarisation: right hand circular (backup: 1702.5 MHz, polarisation left hand circular) - antenna diameter ~ 2 m, G/T ~ 6.0 dB/K, data rate 665.4 kbps; • APT (Automatic Picture Transmission), for two image channels at reduced resolution (4 km) with correction of the panoramic distortion, in analogue form at VHF frequencies. Main features: - frequencies: 137.5 or 137.62 MHz; bandwidth: 34 kHz; polarisation: right hand circular - omni-directional antenna, G/T ~ -30 dB/K, base band 1.7 kHz (analogue); • DSB (Direct Sounder Broadcast), for low-bit instruments (but not AMSU), in digital form at VHF frequencies. Main features: - frequencies: 137.35 or 137.77 MHz; bandwidth: 46 kHz; polarisation: right hand circular - antenna: multiple Yagi with diversity combining, G/T ~ (missing) dB/K, data rate 8.32 kbps.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 31

3.3 The DMSP programme (limited to MW sensors supportive of GOS) Strictly speaking, the DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) is not part of the GOS, but data from the Special Sensors in Microwave (SSM) are distributed from NOAA either to make up for the lack of MW imagers on NOAA satellites, or as a backup to the MW temperature/humidity sounders. DMSP is a 3-axis stabilised satellite using the same platform as current NOAA satellites (see again Fig. 3.2.4). The DoD (Department of Defense) uses to have two satellites in orbit at any time, with LST 5.30 and 7.30 respectively. Table 3.3.1 records the chronology of the DMSP limited to the period since the introduction of the SSM instruments. DMSP-F13 and DMSP-F14 have lost their onboard recorders, therefore global SSM data cannot be retrieved. DMSP-F15 have reduced functionalities, buy still concurs to the mission. Table 3.3.1 - Chronology of the DMSP/SSM programme (in bold the satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST Status (Dec 2009) MW instruments DMSP-F04 6 Jun 1979 9 Aug 1980 840 km 09:59 d Inactive SSM/T DMSP-F06 21 Dec 1982 10 Nov 1997 824 km 06:21 a Inactive SSM/T DMSP-F07 18 Nov 1983 16 May 1988 835 km 10:09 a Inactive SSM/T DMSP-F08 18 Jun 1987 1 Oct 2006 856 km 06:11 a Inactive SSM/I, SSM/T DMSP-F09 3 Feb 1988 1 Aug 1994 832 km 09:31 a Inactive SSM/T DMSP-F10 1 Dec 1990 24 Oct 1997 790 km 07:35 d Inactive SSM/I, SSM/T DMSP-F11 28 Nov 1991 7 Aug 2000 853 km 05:00 d Inactive SSM/I, SSM/T, SSM/T-2 DMSP-F12 29 Aug 1994 13 Oct 2008 848 km 09:00 d Inactive SSM/I, SSM/T, SSM/T-2 DMSP-F13 24 Mar 1995 23 Nov 2009 849 km 06:20 d Tactical Operation SSM/I, SSM/T DMSP-F14 4 Apr 1997 expected ≥ 2010 849 km 04:05 d Tactical Operation SSM/I, SSM/T, SSM/T-2 DMSP-F15 12 Dec 1999 expected ≥ 2010 845 km 05:40 d Secondary Operation SSM/I, SSM/T, SSM/T-2 DMSP-F16 18 Oct 2003 expected ≥ 2010 855 km 07:10 d Secondary Operation SSMIS DMSP-F17 4 Nov 2006 expected ≥ 2011 855 km 05:30 d Primary Operation SSMIS DMSP-F18 18 Oct 2009 expected ≥ 2014 857 km 07:55 d Primary Operation SSMIS DMSP-S19 2012 expected ≥ 2017 848 km 05:30 d Approved SSMIS DMSP-S20 2014 expected ≥ 2019 848 km 07:30 d Approved SSMIS

NOAA acquires and distribute (on request) data from the following instruments: • SSM/I (Special Sensor Microwave / Imager), for precipitation rate, sea-surface wind speed and sea ; 4-frequency / 7-channel radiometer (double polarisation for three frequencies); conical scanning with resolution between 13 km at 85 GHz and 55 km at 19 GHz; useful swath 1400 km. • SSM/T (Special Sensor Microwave / Temperature), for nearly-all-weather temperature sounding; 7-channel radiometer operating in the 54 GHz band, resolution 200 km, cross-track scanning, 1500 km swath. • SSM/T-2 (Special Sensor Microwave / Humidity), for nearly-all-weather humidity sounding; 5-channel radiometer operating in the 183 GHz band, resolution 48 km, cross-track scanning, 1500 km swath. Starting with DMSP-F16, SSM/I, SSM/T and SSM/T-2 have been replaced by: • SSMIS (Special Sensor Microwave / Imager/Sounder), a 21-frequency / 24 channel radiometer (double polarisation for three frequencies); conical scanning with resolution between 13 km in the range 50-190 GHz and 55 km at 19 GHz; nominal swath 1700 km.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 32

3.4 The NPOESS programme As shown in Tables 3.2.1 and 3.3.1, the last NOAA satellite was launched in 2009, and the last DMSP is scheduled for launch in 2014. This is because the civilian NOAA and the military DMSP are due to merge into NPOESS (National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System). NPOESS is based on two satellites with LST 5.30 and 13.30 respectively, coordinated with the European EPS/MetOp in the 9:30 orbit (see Section 3.5 next). To reduce the risks associated to newly-developed instruments, was launched and NPP (NPOESS Preparatory Project) will precede the series. Table 3.4.1 records the currently envisaged chronology of NPOESS and their risk-reduction precursors, also showing that satellites in different orbits may carry different instruments. Fig. 3.4.1 provides a view of NPP, Fig. 3.4.2 provides a view of NPOESS. Table 3.4.1 - Chronology of the NPOESS program (in bold the satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST Status (Dec 2009) Instruments Coriolis 06 Jan 2003 expected ≥ 2010 830 km 06:00 d Operational WindSat NPP 2011 expected ≥ 2016 824 km 13:30 a In integration VIIRS, CrIS, ATMS, OMPS, CERES VIIRS, CrIS, ATMS, OMPS-nadir, NPOESS-1 2014 expected ≥ 2021 828 km 13:30 a Approved CERES, TSIS, SEM, A-DCS, SARSAT NPOESS-2 2016 expected ≥ 2023 828 km 05:30 d Approved VIIRS, MIS, A-DCS, SARSAT VIIRS, CrIS, ATMS, MIS, OMPS-nadir, NPOESS-3 2020 expected ≥ 2027 828 km 13:30 a Approved TSIS, SEM, A-DCS, SARSAT NPOESS-4 2022 expected ≥ 2029 828 km 05:30 d Approved VIIRS, MIS, A-DCS, SARSAT

Fig. 3.4.1 - Sketch view of NPP

Fig. 3.4.2 - Sketch view of NPOESS (with MIS)

Coriolis Coriolis has been launched as a proof-of concept mission, to demonstrate that wind direction, in addition to wind speed, can be observed by passive radiometry by exploiting multi-polarisation instead of active system (radar). It is considered as a risk-reduction mission for the NPOESS MIS. Payload: • WindSat, 22-channel MW radiometer with frequencies 6.8, 10.7, 18.7, 23.8 and 37 GHz and full polarimetric observation (i.e. 6 polarisations) at frequencies 10.7, 18.7 and 37 GHz and two

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 33

polarisations at frequencies 6.8 and 23.8 GHz. Resolution 25 km, swath 1000 km. Of course, WindSat can also observe sea-surface temperature, precipitation, ice, and soil moisture index. Payload of NPP and NPOESS The NPOESS programme, and its precursor NPP, have being submitted to intensive studies and, at a stage, fully re-considered (re-scoped) due to cost overruns. The following information is based on what is know in mid-2009 after the re-scoping exercise. • VIIRS (Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite), the successor of AVHRR: 22-channel VIS/IR radiometer for multipurpose imagery; resolution 400 m for four AVHRR-like channels and one day-night VIS channel, and 800 m for the remaining 17 channels; swath 3000 km. Baselined for NPP and all NPOESS’s. • CrIS (Cross-track Infrared Sounder), the successor of HIRS/4, actually a totally different instrument based on an IR interferometer to provide high-vertical-resolution temperature and humidity sounding; 1302 channels with spectral resolution 0.625 to 2.5 cm-1, resolution 14 km, swath 2200 km. Baselined for NPP, and NPOESS 1 and 3. Not baselined, but still considered, for NPOESS 2 and 4. • ATMS (Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder), the successor of AMSU-A and AMSU- B for nearly-all-weather temperature and humidity sounding; 22-channel MW radiometer with bands at 54 and 183 GHz, resolution 16 km at 183 GHz and 32 km at 54 GHz, swath 2200 km. Baselined for NPP, and NPOESS 1 and 3. Not baselined, but still considered, for NPOESS 2 and 4. • MIS (Microwave Imager/Sounder), the successor of the DMSP SSMIS for multi-purpose MW imagery and supporting temperature/humidity sounding for improved precipitation, also equipped with polarimetric channels for sea-surface wind. 23 frequencies, 41 channels; resolution from 10 km at 89 GHz to 60 km at 6.3 GHz, swath 1700 km nominal (conical scanning). Baselined for NPOESS 2, 3 and 4. • OMPS (Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite), the successor of SBUV/2, that adds to the nadir- view (best for vertical profile of ozone) the cross-track scanning capability (swath 2800 km) for total ozone mapping, and limb sounding for high-vertical-resolution in the stratosphere. Tracked species: BrO, HCHO, NO2, O3, OClO, SO2. Resolution 250 km (profiler), 50 km (mapper), 1-km vertical (limb). Baselined for NPP in full configuration, and NPOESS 1 and 3 without the limb component. • CERES ( and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System), being flown on TRMM and EOS /; 3 channels (two broad-band, one narrow), resolution 20 km. The system includes two units, one for cross-track scanning (swath 3000 km), one for bi-axial scanning so as to collect multi-angle information supporting conversion of radiances into irradiances by measuring the BRDF (Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function). This instrument is baselined for NPP and NPOESS-1. • TSIS (Total Solar Irradiance Sensor), for total irradiance in the range 0.2-10 μm and its spectral features in the 0.2-2.0 μm range. Baselined for NPOESS 1 and 3. • SEM-N (Space Environment Monitor for NPOESS), for in situ measurements of charged particles of the solar wind. It includes a Special Sensor for detection of low-energy particles, an Energetic Particle Spectrometer for medium-energy particles, and omnidirectional detectors for high-energy particles. Baselined for NPOESS 1 and 3. • A-DCS (ARGOS Data Collection System), successor of DCS/2, with the additional capability of sending messages to the Data Collection Platform for the purpose of changing its configuration. • SARSAT (Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking System), successor of previous one except that only the 406 MHz will be retained. Data transmission from NPP and NPOESS The full information from all instruments is stored on board and transmitted in Ka-band to a number of ground stations, according to the standard:

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 34

• SMD (Stored Mission Data), frequency 25.65 GHz, bandwidth 300 MHz, data rate 150 Mbps. Direct read-out is provided according to two systems, both digital: • HRD (High Rate Data), for full information in X-band. Main features: - frequencies: 7812 or 7830 MHz; bandwidth: 30.8 MHz; polarisation: right hand circular - antenna diameter ~ 2 m, G/T ~ (TBD) dB/K, data rate 20 Mbps; • LRD (Low Rate Data) for selected information in S-band. Main features: - frequency: 1706 MHz; bandwidth: 8 MHz; polarisation: right hand circular- - antenna diameter ~ 1 m, G/T ~ (TBD) dB/K, data rate 3.88 Mbps NPP will only use the HRD standard. The data rate will be 15 Mbps.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 35

3.5 The EPS/MetOp Programme and other EUMETSAT undertakings in LEO The European EPS (EUMETSAT Polar System) draws its origins from the 1980’s, when the USA decided to reduce their involvement in the morning orbit for focusing on the afternoon one. ESA started with studying a very large satellite, called POEM ( Earth-observation Mission), based on the 3-axis stabilised “Polar Platform”, another ESA programme. Thereafter (1993) the POEM mission was split in two missions: Envisat, focusing on science and environment, and MetOp, designed for operational meteorology to implement the EPS programme. The EPS Programme was finally approved by the EUMETSAT Council in 1999. Three MetOp flight models (Fig. 3.5.1) have been approved. Table 3.5.1 records the chronology of the EPS/MetOp programme, and also includes mention of the Post-EPS planning. Table 3.5.1 - Chronology of the EPS/MetOp programme (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST Status (Dec 2009) Instruments AVHRR/3, HIRS/4, AMSU-A, MHS, MetOp-A 19 Oct 2006 expected ≥ 2011 817 km 09:30 d Operational IASI, GOME-2, GRAS, ASCAT, SEM/2, A-DCS, SARSAT AVHRR/3, HIRS/4, AMSU-A, MHS, MetOp-B 2012 expected ≥ 2017 817 km 09:30 d Approved IASI, GOME-2, GRAS, ASCAT, SEM/2, A-DCS, SARSAT AVHRR/3, AMSU-A, MHS, IASI, MetOp-C 2016 expected ≥ 2021 817 km 09:30 d Approved GOME-2, GRAS, ASCAT, A-DCS 3MI, IRS, MWI-C, MWI-P, MWS, Post-EPS (series) 2020 expected ≥ 2035 817 km 09:30 d Being defined RER, RO, SCA, UVNS, VII

Fig. 3.5.1 - Sketch view of MetOp.

Payload of MetOp • AVHRR/3 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer), provided by NOAA: 6-channel VIS/IR radiometer for multi-purpose imagery with 1.1 km resolution and 2930 km swath. Only 5 channels transmitted (1.6 μm and 3.7 μm are alternative, day and night respectively). • HIRS/4 (High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder), provided by NOAA: 20-channels IR radiometer (including one VIS) for temperature/humidity sounding, resolution 10 km and swath 2180 km. [Note: This instrument will not fly on MetOp-C]. • AMSU-A (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit - A), provided by NOAA: 15-channel MW radiometer for nearly-all-weather temperature sounding, resolution 48 km, swath 2070 km.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 36

• MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder): 5-channel MW radiometer for nearly-all-weather humidity sounding, resolution 16 km, swath 2180 km. • IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer), cooperation with CNES: IR interferometer to provide high-vertical-resolution temperature/humidity sounding; 8461 channels with spectral resolution 0.25 cm-1, resolution 12 km, swath 2130 km. • GOME-2 (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment - 2), follow-on of the ERS-2 GOME: 4096- channel UV/VIS grating spectrometer (plus 200 polarisation channels) for ozone (total-column and profile) and other trace species (generally total-column). Tracked species: BrO, ClO, H2O, HCHO, NO, NO2, NO3, O2, O3, O4, OClO, SO2 and aerosol. Resolution 40 km for a 960-km swath or 80 km for a 1920-km swath. • GRAS (GNSS Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding), for all-weather high-vertical resolution temperature and humidity profile by observing the phase delay of GPS signals received during the occultation phase. 0.5-1 km vertical resolution, ∼ 300 km horizontal resolution; 650 measurements/day. • ASCAT (Advanced ), follow-on of the ERS 1/2 radar scatterometer for sea- surface wind. Frequency 5.255 GHz, resolution 25 km, two side swaths of 550 km either side of the sub-satellite track leaving a gap on 700 km along track. • SEM/2 (Space Environment Monitor - 2), provided by NOAA: an instrument suite for in situ measurement of the energy of charged particle of the solar wind at orbital height [Note: This instrument will not fly on MetOp-C]. • A-DCS (Advanced Data Collection System), provided by NOAA and CNES, also known as Argos, to collect data from automatic stations and localise the platform. Platform transmission frequency: 401.65 MHz. • SARSAT (Search And Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking System), provided by NOAA: location system for emergency calls from transmitters at 121.5 or 243 or 406.05 MHz. [Note: This instrument will not fly on MetOp-C]. Data transmission from EPS/MetOp The full information from all instruments is stored on board and transmitted in X-band as: • GDS (Global Data Stream): frequency 7800 MHz, bandwidth 63 MHz, data rate 70 Mbps. Direct read-out is provided according to two systems, both digital: • AHRPT (Advanced High Resolution Picture Transmission), for the whole information at full resolution in digital form at S-band frequencies. Main features: - frequencies: 1701.3 MHz; bandwidth: 4.5 MHz; polarisation: right-hand circular (backup: 1707 MHz, polarisation right-hand circular); - antenna diameter ~ 2 m, G/T ~ 6.0 dB/K, data rate 3.5 Mbps; • LRPT (Low Resolution Picture Transmission), for selected information (3 AVHRR channel JPEG-compressed and ATOVS data) in digital form at VHF frequencies. Main features: - frequency: 137.1 MHz; bandwidth: 150 kHz; polarisation: right-hand circular (backup: 137.9125 MHz, polarisation right-hand circular); - Yagi antenna, G/T ~ -22.4 dB/K, data rate 72 kbps. However, the AHRPT transmitter onboard MetOp-A failed shortly after launch. Therefore, data acquisition exploits the Global Data Stream system, with download on the Svalbard CDA (Command & Data Acquisition station) and data relay to the central Facility in Darmstadt. Thereafter, data are distributed to users through the EUMETCast system. In addition, the redundant AHRPT is activated over limited areas overpassed in descending phase, i.e. soon after the download to Svalbard, so as to avoid waiting for the full before getting the data. Post-EPS User Requirements for the EPS satellite series to replace MetOp have been established in the course of year 2005, and the first draft Mission Requirements have being established during 2006. Requirements are considered for an ‘Atmospheric sounding mission’, a ‘Cloud, precipitation and land surface imagery mission’, an ‘Ocean mission’, an ‘Atmospheric chemistry mission’ and

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 37

(transversal) for Climate. The need date for the post-EPS element to replace MetOp-C in the 9:30 orbit is 2020. The programme will include a number of satellites so as to cover up to year 2035. Candidate instruments for post-EPS have been identified and are currently defined in view of a Phase A that should be run in 2010. With reserve of future changes, the current list is as follows: • VII (Visible and Infrared Imager), a radiometer with about 26 channels in UV/VIS/IR, and possibly a broadband VIS channel for day/night imagery. Resolution changing with channel: 250 m at 670 and 865 nm, 500 m or 1000 m for the other channels. Swath: 3000 km. • IRS (Infra-Red Sounder), an evolution of IASI, with comparable resolution (12 km IFOV sampled at 25-km interval), twice better spectral resolution (1.25 cm-1 unapodized), twice better radiometric accuracy (0.1 K @ 280 K). Four bands covering the spectral range 645 to 2760 -1 cm (3.62-15.5 μm), that includes the species C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, CFC-11, CFC-12, CH3OH, CH4, CO, H2CO2, HCN, HNO2, HNO3, N2O, NH3, O3, PAN and SO2. Swath 2130 km. • MWS (Micro-Wave Sounder), to replace AMSU-A + MHS, and possibly include the temperature-sounding band around 118 GHz, for a total of up to 33 channels (minimum 21). Improved resolution in the 55-GHz band (20 km); 15 km in bands 118 and 183 GHz. Cross- track scanning, swath ~ 2200 km. • SCA (Scatterometer), similar to ASCAT: frequency 5.3 GHz, resolution 25 km (improved data quality at the same resolution of ASCAT), two side swaths of 550 km either side of the sub-satellite track leaving a gap on 700 km along track. • MWI-P (Micro-Wave Imager for Precipitation), exploiting frequencies for several applications, but privileging those useful for precipitation observation, in the range 18 to 190 GHz, including absorption bands of O2 (54 and 118 GHz) and water vapour (183 GHz). Option for full polarisation at one or two frequencies for wind vector determination in support of SCA. 16 to 19 frequencies, 24 to 44 channels. Conical scanning, swath ~ 1700 km, resolution ~ 10 km at 89 GHz, scaled at other frequencies. • MWI-C (Micro-Wave Imager for Clouds), exploiting frequencies in the sub-millimetre range, from 180 to 670 GHz sensitive to cloud ice, including water vapour bands at 183, 325 and 448 GHz. 11 frequencies, 13 channels. Conical scanning, swath ~ 1700 km, resolution ~ 15 km at all frequencies. • RO (Radio Occultation sounder), evolution of GRAS, for all-weather high-vertical resolution temperature and humidity profile by observing the phase delay of GPS, GLONASS and signals received during the occultation phase. 0.5-1 km vertical resolution, ∼ 300 km horizontal resolution, ~ 1500 measurements/day. • 3MI (Multi-viewing Multi-channel Multi-polarisation Imager), UV/VIS/NIR/SWIR radiometer to observe under different viewing angles and more polarisations so as to determine the Stokes vector, specially designed for aerosol, cirrus clouds and surface BRDF. 13 in the range 354 to 2130 nm, 9 wavelengths with triple polarisation. Pushbroom scanning, swath ~ 2400 km, resolution 4 km. • RER (Radiant Energy Radiometer), broad-band radiometer for Earth Radiation Budget. Channels for short-wave component (0.2-4.0 μm), total energy (0.2-200 μm) and the main IR window (8-12 μm). Cross-track scanning, swath ~ 3000 km, resolution 10 km. • UVNS (Ultra-violet, Visible and Near-infrared Sounder), an evolution of GOME-2, similar to the Envisat SCIAMACHY: grating spectrometer with 15 bands to cover the range 270-2400 nm that includes the species: BrO, CH4, ClO, CO, CO2, H2O, HCHO, N2O, NO, NO2, NO3, O2, O3, O4, OClO, SO2 and aerosol. Also, solar spectral trradiance. Spectral resolution ranging from 0.05 to 1 nm, depending on the band. Cross-track scanning, swath ~ 2400 km, resolution 10 km. UVNS on post-EPS implements the ESA GMES Sentinel-5 mission. These instruments will be accommodated on one large satellite or two smaller ones. Other missions are considered in the conceptual framework of post-EPS, but entrusted for implementation on satellites belonging to other programmes. These are: • MWI-O (Micro-Wave Imager for Ocean), inclusive of low-frequency channels for all-weather and soil moisture: this mission is entrusted to the NPOESS MIS (Microwave Imager/Sounder).

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 38

• DVR (Dual View Radiometer), the evolution of the ERS/Envisat ATSR/ATSR-2/AATSR for highly-accurate sea surface temperature: this mission is entrusted to the Sentinel-3 SLSTR (Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer). • OCI (Ocean Colour Imager), the evolution of the Envisat MERIS: this mission is entrusted to the Sentinel-3 OLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Imager). • ALT (Altimeter), the evolution of the ERS/Envisat RA/RA-2 and their companion MWR: this mission is entrusted to the Sentinel-3 SRAL (SAR Radar Altimeter) and companion MWR (Micro-Wave Radiometer). • TSIM (Total Solar Irradiance Monitor), for solar irradiance: this mission is entrusted to the NPOESS TSIS (Total Solar Irradiance Sensor). Other missions considered but waiting for further developments of R&D and/or technological programmes are: • DWL (Doppler Wind Lidar), follow-on of the ESA ADM Aeolus ALADIN (Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument). • APL (Aerosol Profiling Lidar), follow-on of the NASA CALIPSO CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarisation) and the ESA Earth-CARE ATLID (Atmospheric Lidar). • CPR (Cloud and Precipitation Profiling Radar), follow-on of the NASA-JAXA GPM-core DPR (Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar) (13 and 35 GHz), the NASA CloudSat CPR (Cloud Profiling Radar) (94 GHz) and the ESA Earth-CARE CPR (Cloud Profiling Radar) (94 GHz). • LIR (Limb Infra-Red Mission), follow-on of the EOS- MLS (). • DIA (Differential Absorption Lidar), for high-vertical-resolution water vapour profile: no mission currently planned.

Participation to the Ocean Surface Topography Mission The Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OSTM) is described in Chapter 4.4.2. EUMETSAT is participating starting from Jason-2, launched in 2008. Other partners are: CNES, NASA and NOAA. The process to approve Jason-3, that will collect contribution also from the European Commission in the framework of the GMES programme, is already well advanced. Table 3.5.2 shows the chronology of the OSTM limited to the EUMETSAT involvement. Table 3.5.2 - Chronology of OSTM limited to the EUMETSAT involvement (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments JASON-2 20 Jun 2008 expected ≥ 2015 1336 km 66° Operational Poseidon-3, AMR, DORIS, GPSP, LRA JASON-3 2013 expected ≥ 2018 1336 km 66° Planned Poseidon-3, AMR, DORIS, GPSP, LRA

JASON (Joint Altimetry Satellite Oceanography Network) is equipped with the following payload: • Poseidon-3, a radar altimeter provided by CNES, with two frequencies, 13.6 and 5.3 GHz, resolution 30 km (Ku-band), nadir-only view. • AMR (Advanced ), a MW radiometer provided by NASA, with channels at 18.7, 23.8 and 34 GHz, resolution 25 km at 23.8 GHz, nadir-only view. • DORIS (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite), GPSP (Global Positioning System Payload) and LRA (Laser Retroreflector Array) for precise orbitography. For the purpose of data access in support of GOS, the current practise is to make available ocean topography products on ftp sites. The latency time is few hours for early products (wave height), several weeks for precision products (topography).

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 39

3.6 The Meteor programme The Russian Meteor programme, if considered inclusive of the experiments carried out on the multi-purpose Cosmos series, has origins nearly as long-standing as those of the American TIROS-ESSA-ITOS-NOAA-POES. However, the first satellite fully dedicated to operational meteorology is dated 1969. There have been three series, Meteor-1, Meteor-2 and Meteor-3, in non-sunsynchronous orbits, then Meteor-3M was in sunsynchronous orbit; and the current one, Meteor-M, as well. The programme run through the following phases. • Meteor-1, 25 flight models launched, 3-axis stabilised. Instruments: - TV camera (0.4-0.8 μm), resolution 1.25-3 km, swath 1000 km - IR radiometer (8-12 μm), resolution 15 km, swath 1000 km - AC, radiometer for Earth radiation budget (0.3-30 μm), resolution 45 km, swath 2500 km. • Meteor-2, 21 flight models launched, 3-axis stabilised. Instruments: - TV camera (0.4-0.8 μm), resolution 1.25-3 km, swath 1000 km - IR radiometer (8-12 μm), resolution 15 km, swath 1000 km - SM, IR temperature and humidity sounder (see next) - RMK-2, in situ charged particles counters (see next). • Meteor-3, 7 flight models launched, 3-axis stabilised. Instruments: - MR-2000M and MR-900B, two cameras (0.5-0.8 μm), one with resolution 1 km and swath 3100 km, the other with resolution 1.5 km and swath 2600 km; - Klimat, an IR radiometer (10.5-12.5 μm) with resolution 3 km and swath 3100 km; - SM, a 10-channel IR radiometer in the range 9.65-18.70 μm for temperature and humidity sounding; resolution 42 km, swath 1000 km; - RMK-2, a suite of charged particle counters to in situ observe solar wind; - TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) (only on Meteor-3-6), a NASA-provided six- band UV spectrometer (0.31-0.38 μm) with resolution 47 km and swath 3100 km; - ScaRaB (Scanner for Radiation Budget) (only on Meteor-3-7) a CNES-provided radiometer with two broad-band (0.2-4.0 μm and 0.2-50 μm) and two narrow-band (0.5-0.7 μm and 10.5-12.5 μm) channels; resolution 60 km, swath 3200 km. • Meteor-3M was based on a 3-axis stabilised platform in a sunsynchronous orbit. It operated from end-2001 to mid-2005. The payload was: - MR-2000M1, TV camera (0.5-0.8 μm), resolution 1 km, swath 3100 km. - Klimat, IR radiometer (10.5-12.5 μm), resolution 3.0 km, swath 3100 km. - MIVZA, 3-frequencies / 5 channels (double polarisation at two frequencies) MW conical- scanning radiometer, resolution 25 km at 94 GHz, 100 km at 20 GHz, swath 1500 km. There is no evidence that the instrument has been actually flown. - MTVZA, a 20-frequency / 26-channel radiometer (double polarisation for six frequencies), for multi-purpose MW imagery and nearly-all-weather temperature/humidity sounding; conical scanning with resolution between 14 km at 183.31 GHz and 90 km at 18.7 GHz, swath 1500 km. See next. - MSU-E, 3-channels VIS/NIR radiometer (0.5-0.6, 0.6-0.7, 0.8-0.9 μm) for high-resolution (38 m) limited swath imagery (46 km with possible pointing within 430 km). - SAGE-III (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment - III), a NASA-provided grating spectrometer in 9 bands of the 290-1550 nm range in solar or lunar occultation. Species: H2O, NO2, NO3, O3, OClO and aerosol. Resolution ~ 300 km (horizontal), 1-2 km (vertical) in the range 10-85 km. - SFM-2, a UV spectrometer for ozone during solar occultation. Spectral range 0.2-0.51 nm, resolution ∼ 300 km (horizontal), 1-2 km (vertical) in the range 10-60 km. There is no evidence that the instrument has been actually flown. - KGI-4C and MSGI-5EI, suite of charged particles counters for in situ observation of solar wind.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 40

Table 3.6.1 records the chronology of the Meteor programme.

Table 3.6.1 - Chronology of the Meteor programme (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST or incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments Meteor-1-1 23 Mar 1969 ∼ 1970 680 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-2 6 Oct 1969 ∼ 1970 660 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-3 17 Mar 1970 ∼ 1971 650 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-4 28 Apr 1970 ∼ 1971 680 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-5 23 Jun 1970 ∼ 1971 880 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-6 15 Oct 1970 ∼ 1971 650 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-7 20 Jan 1971 ∼ 1972 650 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-8 17 Apr 1971 ∼ 1972 630 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-9 6 Jul 1971 ∼ 1972 630 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-10 29 Dec 1971 ∼ 1972 890 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-11 30 Mar 1972 ∼ 1973 890 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-12 30 Jun 1972 ∼ 1973 910 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-13 27 Oct 1972 ∼ 1973 900 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-14 20 Mar 1973 ∼ 1974 890 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-15 29 May 1973 ∼ 1974 890 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-16 5 Mar 1974 ∼ 1975 880 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-17 24 Apr 1974 ∼ 1975 890 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-19 28 Oct 1974 ∼ 1975 890 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-20 17 Dec 1974 ∼ 1975 890 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-21 1 Apr 1975 ∼ 1976 890 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-2-1 11 Jul 1975 ∼ 1976 890 km 81.3° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-1-22 18 Sep 1975 ∼ 1976 890 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-23 25 Dec 1975 ∼ 1976 880 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-24 7 Apr 1976 ∼ 1977 880 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-1-26 5 Oct 1976 ∼ 1977 890 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-2-2 6 Jan 1977 ∼ 1978 910 km 81.3° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-1-28 5 Apr 1977 ∼ 1978 890 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, AC Meteor-2-3 14 Dec 1977 ∼ 1979 890 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-4 1 Mar 1979 ∼ 1980 880 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-5 31 Oct 1979 ∼ 1980 890 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-6 9 Sep 1980 ∼ 1981 890 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-7 15 May 1981 ∼ 1982 890 km 81.3° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-8 25 Mar 1982 ∼ 1983 960 km 82.5° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-9 15 Dec 1982 ∼ 1984 870 km 81.3° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-10 28 Oct 1983 ∼ 1985 840 km 81.2° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-11 5 Jul 1984 ∼ 1985 960 km 82.5° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-12 7 Feb 1985 ∼ 1986 960 km 82.5° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-3-1 24 Oct 1985 ∼ 1987 1250 km 82.5° Inactive MR-2000M, MR-900B, Klimat, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-13 6 Dec 1985 ∼ 1987 960 km 82.5° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-14 27 May 1986 ∼ 1987 960 km 82.5° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-15 5 Jan 1987 ∼ 1988 960 km 82.5° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-16 18 Aug 1987 ∼ 1988 960 km 82.5° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-17 30 Dec 1987 ∼ 1989 960 km 82.5° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-18 30 Jan 1988 ∼ 1989 960 km 82.5° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-3-3 26 Jul 1988 ∼ 1990 1210 km 82.5° Inactive MR-2000M, MR-900B, Klimat, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-19 28 Feb 1989 ∼ 1990 960 km 82.5° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-3-4 25 Oct 1989 ∼ 1992 1210 km 82.5° Inactive MR-2000M, MR-900B, Klimat, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-20 28 Jun 1990 ∼ 1992 960 km 82.5° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-2-21 28 Sep 1990 ∼ 2001 960 km 82.5° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-3-5 24 Apr 1991 2003 1210 km 82.5° Inactive MR-2000M, MR-900B, Klimat, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-3-6 15 Aug 1991 ∼ 1993 1210 km 82.5° Inactive MR-2000M, MR-900B, Klimat, SM, RMK-2, TOMS Meteor-2-22 31 Aug 1993 1994 960 km 82.5° Inactive TV, IR, SM, RMK-2 Meteor-3-7 25 Jan 1994 1995 1200 km 82.5° Inactive MR-2000M, MR-900B, Klimat, SM, ScaRaB MR-2000M1, Klimat, MIVZA, MTVZA, MSU-E, Meteor-3M 10 Dec 2001 2005 1020 km 09.15 a Inactive SAGE-III, SFM-2, KGI-4C, MSGI-5EI Meteor-M N1 17 Sep 2009 expected ≥ 2014 830 km 09:00 d Operational MSU-MR, MTVZA, KMSS, Severjanin, GGAK-M MSU-MR, IRFS-2, MTVZA, KMSS, Meteor-M N2 2011 expected ≥ 2016 835 km 15:30 a In integration Radiomet, Severjanin, GGAK-M, DCS Meteor-M N3 2012 expected ≥ 2017 560 km TBD Being designed Radiomet, Severjanin-plus, CZS, OCS, SCAT Meteor-M N4 2014 expected ≥ 2019 830 km 09:30 d Being defined Meteorological instruments TBD

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 41

The new Russian sunsynchronous satellite, Meteor-M, has been launched on 17 September 2009. Fig. 3.6.1 shows a sketch view of Meteor-M.

Fig. 3.6.1 - View of Meteor-M.

Payload of Meteor-M N1 and N2 • MSU-MR, replacing MR-2000M1 + Klimat for multi-purpose imagery: 6-channel VIS/IR radiometer, resolution 1.0 km, swath 3000 km. • MTVZA, a 21-frequency / 29-channel radiometer (double polarisation for eight frequencies), with 3 more channels than on Meteor-3M, for multi-purpose MW imagery and nearly-all- weather temperature/humidity sounding; conical scanning with resolution between 14 km at 183.31 GHz and 130 km at 10.6 GHz, swath 1500 km. • IRFS-2, IR interferometer for high-vertical-resolution temperature/humidity sounding, about 4000 channels with spectral resolution 0.5 cm-1, resolution 35 km, swath 2000 km. IRFS-2 is planned for Meteor-M N2. • KMSS, replacing MSU-E for high-resolution imagery: three 3-channel imaging systems, range 370-900 nm, resolution 60 or 120 m, swath 960 km. • Radiomet, for all-weather very-high-vertical resolution temperature and humidity profile by observing the phase delay of GPS signals received during the occultation phase. 0.5-1 km vertical resolution, ∼ 300 km horizontal resolution; 500 measurements/day. Radiomet is planned for Meteor-M N2. • Severjanin, a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): X-band (9.623GHz), resolution either 400 or 1000 m, swath up to 600 km. • GGAK-M, replacing KGI-4C + MSGI-5EI for in situ observation of charged particles in solar wind. • DCS (Data Collection System), to collect and relay data from automatic stations (on Meteor- M N2); uplink: frequency 402.1-402.5 MHz, data rate 400 or 1200 bps. The meteorological mission of Meteor-M will continue with Meteor-M N4, whereas Meteor-M N3 will mainly address oceanography. Payload for Meteor-M N3 Meteor-M N3 is still in the definition phase. The orbit could be lower (~ 560 km). Currently, the following instruments are being studied:

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 42

• An improved SAR in respect of Severjanin: Severjanin-plus, with resolution 1 to 500 m and corresponding swath 10 to 750 km • CZS (Coastal Zone Scanner), a 6-channel VIS/NIR radiometer operating in the spectral range 410-786 nm for ocean colour and aerosol; cross-track scanning; resolution 80 m; swaths: 800 km. • SCAT, a Ku-band Scatterometer, resolution 25 km, swath 1800 km. • OCS (Ocean Colour Scanner), 8 channels in VIS and NIR, range 402-885 nm, resolution 1 km, swath 1000 km. • Radiomet, for radio occultation sounding. Data transmission from Meteor-M Global data are stored on board and transmitted in X-band to: • DA (Data Acquisition station): 2 frequencies: 8192 & 8320 MHz, bandwidth 32-250 MHz, data rate: 15.36, 30.72, 61.44 or 122.88 Mbps. Meteor-M direct-read-out will comply with standards similar to NOAA: • HRPT (Advanced High Resolution Picture Transmission), for the whole information at full resolution in digital form at S-band frequencies. Main features- - frequency: 1700 MHz; bandwidth: 2.0 MHz; polarisation: right-hand circular - antenna diameter ~ 2 m, G/T ~ 6.0 dB/K, data rate 665 kbps. • LRPT (Low Resolution Picture Transmission), for selected information. Main features: - frequencies: 137.89 or 137.1 MHz; bandwidth: 150 kHz; polarisation: right-hand circular - Yagi antenna, G/T ~ -22.4 dB/K, data rate 72 kbps. In addition, Meteor-M N2 will provide relay of data from DCP’s and other sources through: • Onboard radio-complex in the frequency band 1690-1710 MHz, bandwidth 2 MHz, polarisation right-hand circular, data rate 400 or 1200 bps.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 43 3.7 The FY-1 and FY-3 programmes The Chinese FY-1 and FY-3 series 5 started in 1988. The first two satellites (FY-1A and FY-1/B) were using the ITOS platform (see section 3.2 and Fig. 3.2.3), the next two (FY-1C and FY-1D) a new platform (Fig. 3.7.1). The FY-3 series (Fig. 3.7.2) has just started service and include 6 flight models. All satellites are 3-axis stabilised, in sunsynchronous orbit. Table 3.7.1 records the chronology of the FY-1 / FY-3 programme. Table 3.7.1 - Chronology of the FY-1/FY-3 programme (in bold the satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST Status (Dec 2009) Instruments FY-1A 7 Sep 1988 16 Oct 1988 900 km 11.30 d Inactive MVISR, SEM FY-1B 3 Sep 1990 5 Aug 1991 900 km 16.00 a Inactive MVISR, SEM FY-1C 10 May 1999 26 April 2004 862 km 06.45 d Inactive MVISR, SEM FY-1D 15 May 2002 expected ≥ 2010 866 km 06.50 d Operational MVISR, SEM VIRR, MERSI-1, IRAS, MWTS-1, MWHS-1, FY-3A 27 May 2008 expected ≥ 2013 836 km 10.00 d Operational MWRI, TOU/SBUS, ERM, SIM, SEM VIRR, MERSI-1, IRAS, MWTS-1, MWHS-1, FY-3B 2010 expected ≥ 2015 836 km 14.00 a Close to launch MWRI, TOU/SBUS, ERM, SIM, SEM VIRR, MERSI-1, IRAS, MWTS-2, MWHS-2, FY-3C 2013 expected ≥ 2018 836 km 10.00 d Approved MWRI, TOU/SBUS, ERM, SIM, GPS-MET, SEM MERSI-2, IRHAS, MWTS-2, MWHS-2, FY-3D 2015 expected ≥ 2020 836 km 14.00 a Approved MWRI, HGGM, GPS-MET, SEM MERSI-2, IRHAS, MWTS-2, MWHS-2, FY-3E 2017 expected ≥ 2022 836 km 10.00 d Approved WF-RADAR, HUOS, ERM, SIM, GPS-MET, SEM MERSI-2, IRHAS, MWTS-2, MWHS-2, FY-3F 2019 expected ≥ 2024 836 km 14.00 a Approved MWRI, HGGM, GPS-MET, SEM

Fig. 3.7.1 - View of FY-1.

Fig. 3.7.2 - View of FY-3.

Payload of FY-1 FY-1D, launched in 2002, embarks the following instruments: • MVISR (Multichannel Visible and Infrared Scanning Radiometer), VIS/IR radiometer for multi- purpose imagery, resolution 1.1 km, swath 2800 km. On FY-1A and FY-1B MVISR had 5 channels (0.48-0.53, 0.53-0.58, 0.58-0.68, 0.725-1.10 e 10.5-12.5 μm). On FY-1C and FY-1D there are 10 channels • SEM (Space Environment Monitoring) for in situ observation of charged particles in solar wind. Data transmission from FY-1 Global data are stored on board and transmitted in S-band as: • CDPT (China Delayed Picture Transmission): MVISR imagery with resolution reduced to 4 km; frequency 1708.5 MHz (backup 1695.5 MHz), bandwidth 5.6 MHz, data rate 1.33 Mbps. As for direct read-out, there is:

5 Feng-Yun means “Wind and Cloud”. The “2” and “4” series are geostationary, the “1” and “3” series sunsynchronous.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 44

• CHRPT (China High Resolution Picture Transmission), for the whole information at full resolution in digital form at S-band frequencies. Main features: - frequencies: 1700.5 MHz (backup 1704.5 MHz); bandwidth: 5 MHz; polarisation: right-hand circular; - antenna diameter ~ 2 m, G/T ~ 6.0 dB/K, data rate 1.33 kbps. Payload of FY-3 • VIRR (Visible and Infra Red Radiometer) [on FY-3A, FY-3B and FY-3C], close to MVISR except that the water vapour channel at 932 nm is replaced by 1360 nm; 10-channel VIS/IR radiometer for multi-purpose imagery, resolution 1.1 km, swath 2800 km. • MERSI-1 (Medium Resolution Spectral Imager - 1) [on FY-3A, FY-3B and FY-3C], 20-channel radiometer (19 in VIS/NIR/SWIR + one TIR at 10.0-12.5 μm) for ocean colour and vegetation indexes; resolution 250 m for 4 VIS/NIR and the TIR channel, 1 km for all other channels; swath 2800 km. • MERSI-2 (Medium Resolution Spectral Imager - 2) [on FY-3D, FY-3E and FY-3F], combining VIRR and MERSI-1. Features not yet consolidated. • IRAS (Infra Red Atmospheric Sounder) [on FY-3A, FY-3B and FY-3C], 26-channel IR radiometer (including one VIS) for temperature/humidity sounding, resolution 17 km, swath 2250 km. • IRHAS (Infrared Hyper-spectral Atmospheric Sounder) [on FY-3D, FY-3E and FY-3F], replacing the IRAS radiometer by a spectrometer. Features not yet consolidated. • MWTS-1 (Micro-Wave Temperature Sounder - 1) [on FY-3A and FY-3B], 4-channel MW radiometer for nearly-all-weather temperature sounding, 54 GHz band, resolution 70 km, cross- track scanning, swath 2200 km. • MWTS-2 (Micro-Wave Temperature Sounder - 2) [on FY-3C, FY-3D, FY-3E and FY-3F], to replace MWTS-1 by something similar to AMSU-A). Features not yet consolidated. • MWHS-1 (Micro-Wave Humidity Sounder - 1) [on FY-3A and FY-3B], 4-frequency / 5-channel (one frequency in double polarisation) MW radiometer for nearly-all-weather humidity sounding, 183 GHz band, resolution 15 km, cross-track scanning, swath 2700 km. • MWHS-2 (Micro-Wave Humidity Sounder - 2) [on FY-3C, FY-3D, FY-3E and FY-3F], to replace MWHS-1. Features not yet consolidated. • MWRI (Micro-Wave Radiation Imager) [on FY-3A, FY-3B, FY-3C, FY-3D and FY-3F, i.e. all except FY-3E], 6-frequencies / 12 channels (all frequencies in double polarisation) for multi- purpose MW imagery. Conical-scanning radiometer, resolution 9.5 x 15 km at 90 GHz, 30 x 50 km at 19 GHz, swath 1400 km. • WF-Radar (Wind Field Radar) [on FY-3E], a radar scatterometer for sea-surface wind, replacing MWRI on FY-3E. Features not yet consolidated. • TOU/SBUS (Total Ozone Unit and Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Sounder) [on FY-3A, FY-3B and FY-3C], a suite of two UV spectro-radiometers, one (TOU) with 6 channels in the 308-360 nm range, resolution 50 km, swath 3000 km, for total ozone; the other one (SBUS) with 12 channels in the range 252-340 nm, resolution 200 km, nadir viewing, for ozone profile. • HGGM (Hyper-spectral Green House Gas Monitor) [on FY-3D and FY-3F], a wide-range spectrometer replacing TOU/SBUS on FY-3D and FY-3F. Features not yet consolidated. • HUOS (Hyper-spectral Resolution Ultraviolet Ozone Sounder) [on FY-3E], a short-wave spectrometer replacing TOU/SBUS on FY-3E. Features not yet consolidated. • ERM (Earth Radiation Measurement) [on FY-3A, FY-3B, FY-3C and FY-3E], two broadband channel radiometer for Earth Radiation budget; two units, one scanning (resolution 28 km, swath 2300 km), one non-scanning (120° view covering 2200 km). • SIM (Solar Irradiance Monitor) [on FY-3A, FY-3B, FY-3C and FY-3E], three cavity radiometers for the range 0.2-50 μm pointing the sun when the satellite is in the north pole area. • GPS-MET (Radio occultation receiver) [on FY-3C, FY-3D, FY-3E and FY-3F], radio-occultation sounder. Features not yet consolidated.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 3: Sunsynchronous meteorological satellites Page 45

• SEM (Space Environment Monitoring) [on FY-3A, FY-3B, FY-3C, FY-3D, FY-3E and FY-3F, i.e. on all satellites of the FY-3 series] for in situ observation of charged particles in solar wind. Data transmission from FY-3 The data rate of the MERSI instrument requires moving to X-band, both for global data recovery and for full information real-time transmission. Global data stored on board are transmitted as: • DPT (Delayed Picture Transmission): frequency: 8146 MHz; bandwidth: 149 MHz; data rate: 93 Mbps. Direct read-out is provided according to two systems: • MPT (Medium-resolution Picture Transmission), for full information in X-band. Main features: - frequency: 7775 MHz; bandwidth: 45 MHz; polarisation: right hand circular; - antenna diameter ~ 3 m, G/T ~ 21.4 dB/K, data rate 18.7 Mbps, to grow to 100 Mbps starting with FY-3C. • AHRPT (Advanced High Resolution Picture Transmission) for selected information in S-band. Main features: - frequency: 1704.5 MHz; bandwidth: 6.8 MHz; polarisation: right hand circular; - antenna diameter ~ 3 m, G/T ~ 6.8 dB/K, data rate 4.2 Mbps, to grow to 5.6 Mbps starting with FY-3C,

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 46

4. R&D programmes of GOS interest 4.1 Generalities The interest of GOS for R&D programmes, or single-launch satellites, or instruments on satellites, may stem from two motivations: • the usefulness of data from R&D programmes/satellites/instruments in operational or research meteorology when they are being flown, even if long-term continuity is not guaranteed, data availability is not in real- or near-real time, and data quality is not fully characterised; and/or • the mission intends to provide demonstration of a new capability that can be later-on moved to an operational status. It is reminded that the “Implementation Plan for Evolution of Space and Surface-based Sub- systems of the GOS” developed by the CBS Open Programme Area Group on the Integrated Observing Systems (OPAG-IOS) (WMO/TD No. 1267 dated April 2005), as concerns development in polar orbit of future operational interest has recommended the following: • LEO Doppler Winds - Wind profiles from Doppler lidar technology demonstration programme (such as Atmospheric Dynamics Mission - Aeolus) should be made available for initial operational testing; a follow-on long-standing technological programme is solicited to achieve improved coverage characteristics for operational implementation. • GPM - The concept of the Global Precipitation Measurement Missions (combining active precipitation measurements with a constellation of passive microwave imagers) should be supported and the data realized should be available for operational use; thereupon, arrangements should be sought to ensure long-term continuity to the system. • RO-Sounders - The opportunities for a constellation of radio occultation sounders should be explored and operational implementation planned. International sharing of ground network systems (necessary for accurate positioning in real time) should be achieved to minimize development and running costs. • LEO MW - The capability to observe ocean salinity and soil moisture for weather and climate applications (possibly with limited horizontal resolution) should be demonstrated in a research mode (as with ESA’s SMOS and NASA’s OCE) for possible operational follow-on. Note that the horizontal resolution from these instruments is unlikely to be adequate for salinity in coastal zones and soil moisture on the mesoscale. • LEO SAR - Data from SAR should be acquired from R&D satellite programmes and made available for operational observation of a range of geophysical parameters such as wave spectra, , land surface cover. • LEO Aerosol - Data from process study missions on clouds and radiation as well as from R&D multi-purpose satellites addressing aerosol distribution and properties should be made available for operational use. • Cloud Lidar - Given the potential of cloud lidar systems to provide accurate measurements of cloud top height and to observe cloud base height in some instances (stratocumulus, for example), data from R&D satellites should be made available for operational use. • LEO Far IR - An exploratory mission should be implemented, to collect spectral information in the Far IR region, with a view to improve understanding of water vapour spectroscopy (and its effects on the radiation budget) and the radiative properties of ice clouds. • Limb Sounders - Temperature profiles in the higher stratosphere from already planned missions oriented to atmospheric chemistry exploiting limb sounders should be made operationally available for environmental monitoring. • Active Water Vapour Sensing - There is need for an exploratory mission demonstrating high-vertical resolution water vapour profiles by active (for example by DIAL) for climate monitoring and, in combination with hyper-spectral passive sensing, for operational NWP.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 47

4.2 ESA programmes ESA EO programmes have several activity lines: • Earth Watch missions • the ERS and Envisat programmes • Earth Explorer missions • GMES • Others.

4.2.1 Earth Watch missions Earth Watch missions, are intended to develop operational series. Prior to formalising this activity as part of the EO Envelope programme, ESA had already developed: • the MPP (Meteosat Pre-operational Programme) (Meteosat-1/2/3, first launched in 1977), including launch and operations; • the space segment of the MOP (Meteosat Operational Programme) (Meteosat-4/5/6/7, the last also known as Meteosat Transition Programme or MTP). This was under the finance responsibility of EUMETSAT as from early 1987. The handover of operations from ESA to EUMETSAT took place in late 1995; • the space segment of MSG (Meteosat Second Generation) (Meteosat-8 to be followed by 9/10/11) in partnership with EUMETSAT and providing GERB as an Announcement of instrument for Meteosat-8. Currently, ESA is cooperating with EUMETSAT for the definition of MTG (Meteosat Third Generation); target launch date: 2016. Information on all these components of the Meteosat programme is provided under Chapter 2.2. As for the sunsynchronous orbit, ESA has already developed: • the space segment of the three MetOp satellites constituting the first series of the EUMETSAT Polar System (EPS) in partnership with EUMETSAT. Information on the MetOp/EPS programme is provided under Chapter 3.5. Currently, ESA is cooperating with EUMETSAT for the definition of the post-EPS programme; target launch date: 2020. A second element of the Earth Watch programme, run in cooperation with the EC and others (major one: EUMETSAT) is GMES, described in section 4.2.4. A third element, approved by the ESA Ministerial Conference in November 2008, is called Global Monitoring of Essential Climate Variables, described in section 4.2.5

4.2.2 The ERS 1/2 and Envisat programmes After the initial involvement in meteorology, with Meteosat, ESA moved to multi-disciplinary programmes with ERS (European Remote-Sensing satellite). After ERS-1, launched on 17 July 1991, the spare model was refurbished and launched as ERS-2 in 1995 with an additional payload (GOME). Envisat (the largest Earth Observation satellite ever launched) is in fact a totally new programme but it is worth to list it in the same context of ERS since provides continuity to most of ERS instruments and closes a type of space mission approach (large multi-purpose satellites). The three satellites are 3-axis stabilised, placed in similar sunsynchronous orbits. Table 4.2.1 records the chronology of ERS-1, ERS-2 and Envisat. Fig. 4.2.1 and Fig. 4.2.2 show the aspects of ERS- 2 and Envisat respectively.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 48

Table 4.2.1 - Chronology of ERS and Envisat (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST Status (Dec 2009) Instruments ERS-1 17 Jul 1991 10 Mar 2000 785 km 10:30 d Inactive AMI, RA, ATSR, MWR, LRR, PRARE ERS-2 21 Apr 1995 expected ≥ 2011 785 km 10:30 d Operational AMI, RA, ATSR-2, MWR, GOME, LRR, PRARE ASAR, RA-2, AATSR, MWR, MERIS, MIPAS, Envisat 1 Mar 2002 expected ≥ 2013 800 km 10:00 d Operational GOMOS, SCIAMACHY, LRR, DORIS

Fig. 4.2.1 - Sketch view of ERS-2. Fig. 4.2.2 - Sketch view of Envisat.

ERS-2 ERS-2 is still operating after ~ 15 years from launch, although its nominal life time was 5 years. The global on-board recording failed in June 2003, so now LBR data is available on ESA station’s visibility and a network of receiving stations. The ATSR-2 instrument progressively degraded and then stopped during 2008. In one overlapping period with ERS-1 (9 months across 1995-1996) the two satellites were operated in “tandem” mode to increase the frequency of coverage and provide a large dataset for SAR interferometry (e.g., for Digital Elevation Model updating). A similar exercise took place with Envisat in the period 27 September 2007 - 12 February 2008. Payload of ERS-2 (including all of ERS-1 + ATSR improvement and addition of GOME) • AMI (Active Microwave Instrument): a C-band (5.3 GHz) package that shares operations among: - AMI-SAR, imaging SAR, swath 100 km, resolution 30 m, duty cycle 12 %. In the wave spectra mode, each 200 or 300 km a 5 x 5 km2 imagette of 30 m resolution is extracted, and spectra of the echoes are retrieved to determine wave power, direction and length; this is possible 70 % of the time, also simultaneously with the SCAT mode - AMI-SCAT, wind scatterometer, swath 500 km, resolution 50 km (sampling 25 km), duty cycle any time when the SAR imaging mode in not active, thus up to 88 %. • RA (Radar Altimeter): a Ku-band radar (13.8 GHz) to measure significant wave height, wind speed, ocean topography and ice topography; nadir-pointing, resolution 20 km along-track. • MWR (Micro-Wave Radiometer): two-frequency radiometer (23.8 and 36.5 GHz) to measure total-column water vapour over the ocean necessary to provide wet tropospheric path delay correction for RA; nadir-pointing, resolution 20 km along-track. • ATSR-2 (Along-Track Scanning Radiometer - 2): 7-channel VIS/IR radiometer (4-channels in ERS-1/ATSR) for multi-purpose imagery (with special emphasis on very accurate sea-surface temperature); swath 500 km, oblique conical scanning for cross-nadir and forward views, resolution 1 km. • GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment): 4096-channel grating spectrometer. Spectral range 240-790 nm with spectral resolution 0.2 nm in UV and 0.4 nm in VIS. Tracked species: BrO, ClO, H2O, HCHO, NO, NO2, NO3, O2, O3, O4, OClO, SO2 and aerosol. Resolution 40 km along-track, 320 km cross-track for a 960 km swath or 40 km for a 120 km swath.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 49

• PRARE (Precise Range And Range-rate Equipment) and LRR (Laser Retro- Reflector): for precision orbit determination, specifically useful for the topographic applications of RA. Envisat Envisat has been operating for ~ 8 years now. Most instruments are working at nominal performance. Exceptions: some degradation of MIPAS and GOMOS. A series of anomalies affected the Radar Altimeter in early 2006; work-around solutions have been implemented, but the S-band frequency was finally lost. Payload of Envisat • ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar): still operating in C-band (5.3 GHz). In the “stripmap mode” it operates similarly to the ERS-1/2 SAR, except that the 100 km swath may be selected among 7 possibilities within a viewing area of 485 km, the polarisation may be either HH or VV, and the “wave mode” is activated at 100 km intervals. The resolution is still 30 m. In the “scanSAR mode” more modes are available: - alternating polarisation over the same image strips of the strip map mode - wide swath over 405 km with resolution degraded to 150 m - global monitoring over 405 km swath with 1 km resolution, active > 70 % of the time whereas all other modes (stripmap, alternating polarisation, wider swath) can only be active < 30 %. • RA-2 (Radar Altimeter - 2): improved over ERS-1/2 RA by complementing the basic Ku-band frequency (13.6 GHz) by an S-band frequency (3.2 GHz) for better atmospheric corrections. • AATSR (Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer), basically the same as the ERS-2 ATSR-2. • MERIS (Medium Resolution ): 15-channel VIS/NIR spectroradiometer for ocean colour, vegetation and aerosol; spectral range 410-900 nm, swath 1150 km, resolution 300 m or 1200 m. • MWR (Micro-Wave Radiometer), re-designed after the ERS-1/2 MWR. • MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding): limb-scanning interferometer for atmospheric chemistry. Spectral range 4.15-14.6 μm with spectral resolution -1 0.035 cm . Tracked species: C2H2, C2H6, CFC’s (CCl4, CF4, F11, F12, F22), CH4, ClONO2, CO, COF2, H2O, HNO3, HNO4, HOCl, N2O, N2O5, NO, NO2, O3, OCS, SF6 and aerosol. Vertical resolution 3 km in the range 5-150 km. • GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of ): limb-viewing grating spectrometer for atmospheric chemistry by occultation of 25-40 stars per orbit. Spectral range 250-950 nm with spectral resolution 0.89 nm (UV/VIS) and 0.12 nm (NIR). Tracked species: BrO, ClO, H2O, NO2, NO3, O3, OClO and aerosol. Vertical resolution 1.7 km in the range 20-100 km. • SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography): grating spectrometer for atmospheric chemistry exploiting both limb and cross-nadir scanning. Solar and lunar occultation are possible as well. Spectral range 240-2380 nm with spectral resolution 0.24 to 1.48 nm. Tracked species: BrO, CH4, ClO, CO, CO2, H2O, HCHO, N2O, NO, NO2, NO3, O2, O3, O4, OClO, SO2 and aerosol. Vertical resolution (limb mode) 3 km in the range 10-100 km, horizontal resolution (cross-nadir mode) 16 x 32 km2 over a 1000 km swath. • DORIS (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite) and LRR (Laser Retro-Reflector): for precision orbit determination, especially useful for the topographic applications of RA-2 and limb sounders’ navigation. Data availability for the purpose of GOS Several data from ERS-2 and Envisat are available in Near-Real-Time (NRT), i.e. within 3 h from data acquisition, for the purpose of operational meteorology. Early since ERS-1, low-bit-rate data (significant wave height and wind speed from RA, sea-surface winds from AMI-SCAT, wave spectra from AMI-Wave) are distributed, BUFR-coded, via the Global

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 50

Telecommunication System (GTS) through the Rome Regional Telecommunication Hub (RTH) of the Italian Meteorological Service. During the lifetime of ERS-2, GOME data centralisation and processing times have been gradually reduced, so that products such as ozone total-column are now made available in NRT on ftp sites from the German space agency (DLR) and the Dutch Meteorological Institute (KNMI). For Envisat, a BUFR-coded “meteorological package” is made freely available in NRT on ftp servers (password needed: see the procedure at http://eopi.esa.int). The package includes: significant wave height and wind speed from RA-2 + MWR, wave spectra from ASAR-wave, sea- surface from AATSR, cloud thickness and water vapour from MERIS, ozone profiles from GOMOS and columnar amounts of several trace gases from SCIAMACHY. The other (high-rate) data are available from the network of Processing & Archiving Facilities (PAF, for ERS) or Centres (PAC, for Envisat) of the ERS/Envisat Ground Segment.

4.2.3 The Earth Explorer programme The Earth Explorers, part of the EO Envelope programme, is a framework designed to develop single missions, either small (“opportunity missions”) or medium (“core missions”). The mission purposes address the study of a particular process, or the demonstration of a new observation capability. Core missions are selected following a “Call for Ideas”, Opportunity mission are selected following a “Call for Proposal”. So far, three Calls for Ideas have been processed; and three Calls for Proposals. Table 4.2.2 provides essential information on the missions so far selected (in order of expected launch date): Table 4.2.2 - List of approved Earth Explorer missions as of December 2009 Satellite Launch End of service Height LST Status (Dec 2009) Instruments CryoSat 8 Oct 2005 Launch failed 717 km 92° Inactive SIRAL GOCE 17 Mar 2009 expected ≥ 2011 260 km 06:00 d Operational Solid Earth SMOS 2 Nov 2009 expected ≥ 2014 763 km 06.00 d Operational MIRAS CryoSat-2 2010 expected ≥ 2014 717 km 92° Close to launch SIRAL A&B (2 sats) 2011 expected ≥ 2015 450 km 87.4° In integration Outer atmosphere SWARM C 2011 expected ≥ 2015 530 km 88° In integration Outer atmosphere ADM-Aeolus 2011 expected ≥ 2013 408 km 06.00 d In integration ALADIN Earth-CARE 2013 expected ≥ 2016 420 km 13.30 d Approved ATLID, CPR, BBR, MSI

CryoSat CryoSat was selected as an “opportunity mission”, for ice and ocean topography. It was the first Earth Explorer mission to be launched, but not successfully. CryoSat-2 was approved for mission recovery. The payload is: • SIRAL (SAR Interferometer Radar Altimeter), a single-frequency radar altimeter (13.56 GHz), with SAR capability along-track for high spatial resolution, and two cross-track aligned antennas implementing SAR interferometry to capture elevation changes. Resolution 15 km; when used in SAR mode, the along-track resolution is 250 m. GOCE GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer) was selected as a “core mission”, for Solid Earth observation. It includes the following payloads: • EGG: 3-Axis Electrostatic Gravity Gradiometer • LR: Laser Reflectors • GPS: Global Positioning System SMOS SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) was selected as an “opportunity mission”. Payload:

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 51

• MIRAS (Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis), a MW radiometer at 1.413 GHz with synthetic-aperture antenna and several polarimetric modes. Resolution 50 km, swath 1000 km. ADM-Aeolus ADM-Aeolus (Atmospheric Dynamics Mission - Aeolus) was selected as a “core mission”, for wind profile in clear-air, and also aerosol profile. Payload: • ALADIN (Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument), single- lidar (355 nm) with Doppler capability, side-looking (35° off-nadir). No scanning. Pulse echoes averaged over 50 km FOV. FOV sampled at 200 km intervals. Vertical resolution: 250 m to 2 km with increasing height. SWARM Swarm (The Earth’s Magnetic Field and Environment Explorers) was selected as an “opportunity mission” for Outer atmosphere observation. The mission is performed by three satellites in coordinated orbits. Each satellite includes the following payloads: • ASM: Absolute Scalar Magnetometer • VFM: Vector Field Magnetometer • STR: Tracker Set (3) • EFI: Electric Field Instrument • ACC: Accelerometer • GPS: GPS Receiver Earth-CARE Earth-CARE (Earth Clouds, Aerosol and Radiation Explorer) was selected as a “core mission”, to be implemented in cooperation with JAXA. Payloads: • ATLID (Atmospheric Lidar), for Aerosol profile and cloud top height. Single-wavelength lidar (355 nm), IFOV 30 m sampled at 100 m intervals along track. Vertical resolution: 100 m. • CPR (Cloud Profiling Radar), for vertical profile of cloud water (liquid and ice) and vertical velocity. Radar, frequency 94.05 GHz, Doppler capability. IFOV 650 m sampled at 1000 m intervals along track. Vertical resolution: 400 m. Provided by JAXA. • BBR (Broad-Band Radiometer), for Earth radiation budget in support of the main Earth- CARE instruments (ATLID and CPR, both nadir-pointing). Two broad-band channels radiometer. Three telescopes, one for each of three along-track views: nadir, fore- and aft-. IFOV 10 km. • MSI (Multi-Spectral Imager), in support of the main Earth-CARE instruments (ATLID and CPR, both nadir-pointing). 7-channel VIS/IR radiometer. IFOV 500 m, swath 150 km. Data availability for the purpose of GOS Data from Earth Explorer missions may be released for use within the GOS. Specifically, ADM- Aeolus data will need intensive evaluation in view of a possible operational follow-on. Data from SMOS and Earth-CARE also could be used to improve modelling and parameterisation in NWP. Next selection From the last Call for ideas for “core” missions, six mission concepts were assessed: • A-SCOPE (Advanced Space Carbon and Climate Observation of Planet Earth), to map the source and sink of CO2 on a scale of 500 km or better. Based on a DIAL (Differential Absorption Lidar) operating at 1.57 or 2.05 μm. • BIOMASS, aiming at quantifying the forest biomass, the extend of forest and deforested areas and the delimitation of flooded forests. Based on polarimetric P-band SAR (435 GHz).

• CoReH2O (Cold Regions Hydrology High-resolution Observatory), to estimate snow water equivalent and depth on land and sea ice. Based on SAR exploiting X-band (9.6 GHz) and Ku- band (17.2 GHz).

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 52

• FLEX (Fluorescence Explorer), to produce global scale maps of vegetation photosynthetic activity, to contribute to biosphere and global C cycle studies by exploiting fliuoresce measurement at 764 nm and supporting observations in nearby bands. • PREMIER (PRocess Exploration through Measurements of Infrared and millimetre-wave Emitted Radiation), aimed at the study of atmospheric chemistry in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Associating limb-sounding spectrometers in IR (6.9-9.4 and 12.2-13.0 μm) and in the sub-millimetre range (313.5-325.5 and 343.6-355.6 GHz). • TRAQ (Tropospheric Composition and Air Quality), to observe primary constituents for air quality in the troposphere. Based on two spectrometers, in SW and LW respectively, a multiviewing-multipolarisation VIS imager and an IR cloud imager. In end-February 2009 a short list was selected to enter Phase A (feasibility study). These are: th BIOMASS, CoReH2O and PREMIER. The final selection for the 7 Earth Explorer core mission will take place in 2010 for a launch in 2016. Next Call A Call for Opportunity missions has been released on 2 October 2009. Proposal are awaited for 1st June 2010 and will be evaluated by 25 November 2010.

4.2.4 GMES The GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) initiative, led by the European Commission (EC) and ESA, with EUMETSAT major partner, represents a major milestone for future European efforts in EO. The ESA GMES Space Component programme activities have been initiated. The so-called “Sentinel” missions are listed in Table 4.2.3. Table 4.2.3 - List of the Sentinel missions as of December 2009 Satellite Launch End of service Height LST Status (Dec 2009) Instruments Sentinel-1A 2012 expected ≥ 2017 693 km 06:00 d Approved SAR-C Sentinel-1B 2013 expected ≥ 2018 693 km 06:00 d Approved SAR-C Sentinel-2A 2013 expected ≥ 2018 786 km 10:30 d Approved MSI Sentinel-2B 2014 expected ≥ 2019 786 km 10:30 d Approved MSI Sentinel-3A 2013 expected ≥ 2018 814 km 10.00 d Approved OLCI, SLSTR, SRAL, MWR Sentinel-3B 2014 expected ≥ 2019 814 km 10.00 d Approved OLCI, SLSTR, SRAL, MWR Sentinel-4 (on MTG-S) 2018 expected ≥ 2025 GEO, 0° Being designed UVN Sentinel-5 precursor 2014 expected ≥ 2019 824 km 13.30 a Being designed UVN Sentinel-5 (on Post-EPS) 2020 expected ≥ 2025 817 km 09.30 d Being defined UVNS

Sentinel-1 Sentinel-1 is designed to provide continuity of C-band SAR after ERS 1/2 and Envisat. Payload: • SAR-C (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar, C-band), for high-resolution all-weather multi- purpose imager for ocean, land and ice. Frequency 5.4 GHz, multi-polarisation and variable swath/resolution. Resolution 4 to 80 m and swath 80 to 400 km, depending on operation mode (stripmap, scanSAR, wave). Sentinel-2 Sentinel-2 is designed as a heritage of several European land observation missions. Payload: • MSI (Multi-Spectral Imager), for high-resolution land observation, vegetation, territory management and hazards mitigation. 12-channel VIS/NIR/SWIR spectro-radiometer. Resolution 10 to 60 m depending on channel; swath > 200 km, pointable off-track for emergencies. Sentinel-3 Sentinel-3 is designed to provide oceanographic and coastal zone services. Payloads: • OLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Imager), for ocean colour, vegetation, aerosol, cloud properties. Evolution of the Envisat MERIS. 16-channel VIS/NIR spectro-radiometer, channel

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 53

positions and bandwidths selectable. Resolution 250 to 500 m depending on channel, swath 1270 km, off-nadir view to avoid sun glint. • SLSTR (Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer), multi-purpose VIS/IR imagery, with emphasis on very accurate surface temperature for climate. Evolution of the Envisat AATSR. 9-channel VIS/IR radiometer with dual viewing directions for accurate atmospheric corrections. IFOV: 0.5 km for short-wave channels, 1.0 km for thermal IR, swath 1675 km for the cross-nadir arc, 750 km for the fore- arc. • SRAL (SAR Radar Altimeter), for ocean and ice topography, and significant wave height. Derived from the CryoSat SIRAL. Dual-frequency radar altimeter (5.3 and 13.58 GHz); SAR capability along-track for high spatial resolution. IFOV 20 km, along-track resolution in SAR mode 300 m. • MWR (Micro-Wave Radiometer), for the water vapour correction for the radar altimeter (SRAL). Improved in respect of the Envisat RA-2: 3 channels, 18.7, 23.8 and 36.5 GHz. IFOV 20 km co-centred with SRAL. Sentinel-4 The Sentinel-4 mission is for frequent sampling of chemical species from geostationary orbit. The Sentinel-4 mission will be implemented by hosting an appropriate payload, provided by ESA and the EC, on the EUMETSAT MTG “S”, aside the IR sounder (IRS). Payload: • UVN (Ultra-violet, Visible and Near-infrared sounder) - A grating spectrometer for frequent observation of BrO, HCHO, NO2, O3, SO2 and aerosol; also cloud top height. Operating in the range 305-775 nm with spectral resolution 0.06-0.5 nm, horizontal resolution < 8 km over Europe, coverage of the European area in 60 min, possibly 30 min. Sentinel-5 The Sentinel-5 mission is for observing chemical species from sunsynchronous orbit. It is currently assumed that the Sentinel-5 mission is implemented by hosting an appropriate payload, provided by ESA and the EC, on the post-EPS framework, aside the IR sounder (IRS). Payload (currently not including limb sounding components): • UVNS (Ultra-violet, Visible and Near-infrared Sounder), grating spectrometer with 15 bands to cover the range 270-2400 nm that includes the species: BrO, CH4, ClO, CO, CO2, H2O, HCHO, N2O, NO, NO2, NO3, O2, O3, O4, OClO, SO2 and aerosol. Also, solar spectral irradiance. Spectral resolution ranging from 0.05 to 1 nm, depending on the band. Cross-track scanning, swath ~ 2400 km, resolution 10 km. Sentinel-5 precursor Sentinel-5 precursor will fill the gap in between Envisat/SCIAMACHY (expected end of life in 2013- 2014) and post-EPS (around 2020). The payload, to be provided by the Netherlands, will be an evolution of the EOS-Aura OMI, with performance similar to those of the MTG-S UVN.

4.2.5 Other ESA undertakings Table 4.2.4 lists a few other missions in which ESA is involved. Table 4.2.4 - Other undertakings involving ESA (in bold the satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST Status (Dec 2009) Instruments PROBA 22 Oct 2001 expected ≥ 2010 615 km 10:30 d Operational CHRIS Ingenio (SEOSat) 2012 expected ≥ 2017 668 km 10.00 d Approved PAN + MS

PROBA PROBA (Project for On-Board Autonomy) started as an ESA technological demonstration mission; however, as time elapsed, the mission is being extensively used in applications. Payload: • CHRIS (Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer), for high-resolution land observation for detailed analysis of vegetation. VNIR spectrometer in the range 400-1050 nm with 63 channels at 36 m resolution or 18 channels at 18 m resolution.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 54

A PROBA-2 satellite has been launched together with SMOS on 2 November 2009. It carries five scientific instruments for solar physics and plasma physics. Ingenio Ingenio (also known as SEOSat, Spanish Earth Observation Satellite) is being developed in cooperation with the Spanish Centre for Industrial Technology Development (CDTI). Payload: • PAN + MS (Panchromatic + Multispectral imagers), for very-high resolution land observation and disasters monitoring. 5-channel VNIR radiometer, one panchromatic (PAN, resolution 2.5 m), four multispectral (MS, resolution 10 m); swath 60 km. EarthNet / Third Party Missions This programme element has been running for about 30 years. It enables harmonised access to non-ESA missions for the benefit of European users. Currently, ESA provides access to data from 20 Third Party Missions and more than 25 instruments. International Charter on Space and Major Disasters Following the UNISPACE III conference held in Vienna, Austria in July 1999, the European and French space agencies (ESA and CNES) initiated the International Charter "Space and Major Disasters", with the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) signing the Charter on October 20, 2000. Since its signing, the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters has been providing important EO satellite data input to natural hazards post-crisis management around the world, with both increasing Charter activations and participating space agencies as data providers. Global Monitoring of Essential Climate Variables. The Essential Climate Variables (ECV) were defined by GCOS in 2003. The objective of this Earth Watch programme element is to realize the full potential of the long-term global Earth Observation archives that ESA together with its Member states have established over the last thirty years, as a significant and timely contribution to the ECV databases. It will ensure that full capital is derived from ongoing and planned ESA missions for climate purposes, including ERS, Envisat, the Earth Explorer missions, relevant ESA-managed archives of Third-Party Mission data and, in due course, the GMES Space Component. Five activities are foreseen: 1) Gathering, collating and preserving the long-term time series in ESA’s distributed archives. 2) (Re-)Processing periodically the basic EO-data sets from each individual mission and applying the most up-to-date algorithms and cal/val corrections. 3) Integrating the calibrated data sets derived from individual contributing EO mission and sensors to constitute the most comprehensive and well-characterized global long term records possible for each ECV. 4) Assessing the trends and consistency of the ECV records in the context of climate models and assimilation schemes. 5) Developing improved algorithms and models for production of the required variables from emerging data sources, consistent with the long term record.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 55 4.3 NASA programmes The number of Earth Observation NASA programmes or missions is very large. We limit this report to those that have or have had largest impact on the evolution of the Global Observing System (GOS). The selection, somewhat disputable, includes: • the Nimbus programme, SeaSat, ERBS, UARS; • the Landsat programme; • the Earth Systematic Missions programme (evolution of the EOS programme); • the Earth System Science Pathfinder programme; • the Solar-Terrestrial Probe programme. The TIROS programme has been reported as precursor of NOAA/POES under Section 3.2, the ATS programme as precursor of GOES under Section 2.3. NASA assists NOAA for installing the POES and GOES satellites and is partner of NOAA and the DoD for implementing NPP and NPOESS (Section 3.4).

4.3.1 The Nimbus programme, SeaSat, ERBS and UARS In this Section we collect historical information on those large R&D programmes that have been basic for testing remote sensing principles and demonstrating instrumentation thereafter utilised in operational programmes. Table 4.3.1 reports the chronology of the Nimbus, SeaSat, ERBS and UARS programmes. Fig. 4.3.1 and Fig. 4.3.2 show the aspects of Nimbus-7 and UARS respectively. Table 4.3.1 - Chronology of Nimbus, SeaSat, ERBS and UARS satellites Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Instruments Nimbus-1 28 Aug 1964 23 Sep 1964 680 km 12:00 d HRIR, AVCS, APT Nimbus-2 15 May 1966 17 Jan 1969 1140 km 11:30 d HRIR, AVCS, APT, MRIR Nimbus-3 13 Apr 1969 22 Jan 1972 1100 km 12:00 d HRIR, IDCS, MRIR, IRIS-B, SIRS, MUSE, IRLS Nimbus-4 8 Apr 1970 30 Sep 1980 1100 km 12:00 d THIR, IDCS, IRIS-D, SIRS-B, FWS, SCR, MUSE, BUV, IRLS Nimbus-5 10 Dec 1972 29 Mar 1983 1100 km 12:00 d THIR, SCMR, ESMR, ITPR, SCR, NEMS Nimbus-6 12 Jun 1975 29 Mar 1983 1100 km 12:00 d THIR, ESMR, HIRS, PMR, SCAMS, LRIR, ERB, TWERLE Nimbus-7 24 Oct 1978 1 Aug 1994 947 km 12:00 d THIR, CZCS, SMMR, LIMS, SAM-II, SAMS, SBUV, TOMS, ERB SeaSat 27 Jun 1978 10 Oct 1978 785 km 108° SAR, SMMR, ALT, SASS, VIRR, LTR ERBS 5 Oct 1984 14 Oct 2005 610 km 57° ERBE, SAGE-II CLAES, ISAMS, HALOE, MLS, SOLSTICE, SUSIM, HRDI, UARS 12 Sep 1991 14 Dec 2005 700 km 57° WINDII, ACRIM-II, PEM

Fig. 4.3.1 - Sketch view of Nimbus-7. Fig. 4.3.2 - Sketch view of UARS. Instrument evolution through the Nimbus programme

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 56

The Nimbus programme was the engine of proof-of-concepts and instrument development in support of the meteorological operational systems. We provide here a shortest review of the full instruments list. Evolution of VIS/IR imagers • APT (Automatic Picture Transmission) [Nimbus-1/2], and thereafter IDCS (Image Dissector Camera System) [Nimbus-3/4], were single-channel (VIS) cameras, resolution 2.5 km s.s.p., swath 2200 km, with real-time transmission capability that established a standard for certain aspects still valid nowadays. It was then used in ESSA satellites. • AVCS (Advanced Vidicon Camera System) [Nimbus-1/2] had higher resolution (0.9 km s.s.p.) and 3500 km swath achieved by three side-to-side cameras. It was then used on ESSA satellites. • HRIR (High Resolution Infrared Radiometer) [Nimbus-1/2/3] introduced cross-track mechanical scanning for IR imagery. Single channel (3.5-4.1 μm), resolution 9 km s.s.p., effective swath 3000 km, real-time transmission capability. On Nimbus-3 a second channel was added (0.7-1.3 μm). • THIR (Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer) [Nimbus-4/5/6/7] had two channels, 6.5- 7.0 μm (resolution 22 km s.s.p.) and 10.5-12.5 μm (resolution 8 km s.s.p.), effective swath 3000 km, real-time transmission on Nimbus-4 (discontinued on Nimbus 5/6/7). • SCRM (Surface Composition Mapping Radiometer) [Nimbus-5], designed for distinguishing acidic and basic rocks, soils and sediments, had three channels, 0.8-1.1 μm, 8.3-9.3 μm and 10.2-11.2 μm; resolution 660 m s.s.p., swath 800 km. • CZCS (Coastal Zone Colour Scanner) [Nimbus-7], prototype of follow-on instruments for ocean colour monitoring, had 6 channels centred on 0.443, 0.52, 0.55, 0.67, 0.75 and 11.5 μm, resolution 825 m s.s.p., swath 1600 km. Evolution of MW imagers • ESMR (Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer) [Nimbus-5/6] on Nimbus-5 was working at 19.35 GHz, best suited for ocean ice and heavy precipitation over ocean, with resolution 25 km s.s.p. and swath 3100 km electrically scanned. On Nimbus-6 the frequency was changed to 37 GHz, more suitable for snow mapping and sensitive to light . Two polarisations were provided by conical (still electrical) scanning, with resolution 30 km (quadratic average) and swath 1270 km. • SMMR (Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer) [Nimbus-7] was a conical mechanical scanning radiometer with 5 frequencies (6.6, 10.7, 18, 21 and 37 GHz) all in double polarisation. Resolution (quadratic average) ranging from 22 km at 37 GHz to 120 km at 6.6 GHz, swath 780 km. Evolution of IR sounders • IRIS (Infra-Red Interferometer Spectrometer) [Nimbus-3/4] placed the foundation not only for the IR sounding mission, but also for the selection of channels for IR imagers. On Nimbus-3 the spectral range was 5-20 μm and the spectral resolution 2.5 cm-1 (unapodised); on Nimbus- 4 the spectral range was 5-25 μm and the spectral resolution 1.4 cm-1 (unapodised). Nadir- only viewing, with resolution 150 km (Nimbus-3) or 94 km (Nimbus-4). • SIRS (Satellite Infra-Red Spectrometer) [Nimbus-3/4] was differing from IRIS in so far as it was aiming at a more robust configuration suitable for future operational concepts. Though based on a grating spectrometer, a relatively small number of radiometric channels were drawn: in Nimbus-3, 8 channels in the range 11-15 μm, in Nimbus-4 further 6 channels were added, in the rotational band of water vapour, 18-36 μm. The resolution was 220 km, nadir-only in Nimbus-3, with 3 cross-track spots for Nimbus-4 (total swath 1800 km). • FWS (Filter Wedge Spectrometer) [Nimbus-4] experienced the spectral scan method based on alternating filters, still in use on the current HIRS of POES and MetOp. Two bands, 3.2-6.4 μm and 1.2-2.4 μm, spectral resolution 0.6-1.2 %, horizontal resolution 70 km, nadir-only view.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 57

• ITPR (Infrared Temperature Profile Radiometer) [Nimbus-5] used parallel telescopes for better radiometric budget and higher resolution (36 km s.s.p. over a 1700 km swath). Seven channels in the range 3.7-19.7 μm, bandwidth around 2 %. • HIRS (High-resolution Infra-Red Sounder) [Nimbus-6], embarked in 1975, is still in use on POES and MetOp satellites after several upgradings. At that time it had 16 IR channels covering the range 3.7-15 μm + 1 VIS channel, bandwidths around 1 %, 24 km resolution, 1800 km swath. • SCR (Selective Chopper Radiometer) [Nimbus-4/5] was designed for profiles in the stratosphere, using filter cell differently pressurised so as to change the height of the weighting function peak. On Nimbus-4 there were 6 channels around 15 μm, resolution 130 or 220 km; on Nimbus-5 16 channels including the rotational water vapour band up to 50 μm, resolution 29 or 42 km. Nadir-only view. • PMR ( Modulator Radiometer) [Nimbus-6] was an upgrade of SCR, changing the height of the weighting function peak between 40 and 90 km by modulating the pressure in only two cells. It was the predecessor of the SSU (Stratospheric Sounding Unit) operationally flown up to NOAA-14. Resolution 500 km, nadir-only view. Evolution of MW sounders • NEMS (Nimbus-E Microwave Sounder) [Nimbus-5] had five channels, 3 in the 54 GHz band, then 22.2 and 31.4 GHz. Resolution 190 km, nadir-only view. • SCAMS (Scanning Microwave Spectrometer) [Nimbus-6] had the same channels as NEMS, but cross-nadir scanning capability; resolution 145 km s.s.p., swath 2400 km. It was the predecessor of MSU (Microwave Scanning Unit) operationally flown up to NOAA-14. Radiometers for earth radiation budget • MRIR (Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer) [Nimbus-2/3] had 5 channels, two broad- band (0.2-4.0 μm and 5-30 μm), three narrow-band (6.4-6.9 μm, 10-11 μm and 14-16 μm), to observe integrated short-wave (SW) and long-wave (LW) radiation from Earth to Space and its main components (water vapour, window, CO2). Resolution 55 km s.s.p., swath 3000 km. On Nimbus-3 the LW channel was replaced by 20-23 μm. • ERB (Earth Radiation Budget) [Nimbus-6/7] had 10 SW channels between 0.243 and 5.0 μm to measure incoming solar radiation, 4 non-scanning wide-angle (3300 km centred on nadir) earth-viewing channels between 0.2 and 50 μm, and 8 scanning channels for multi-angle observation (4 in SW, 4 in LW) with resolution 80 km s.s.p. over the 3300 km swath. UV monitoring • BUV (Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer) [Nimbus-4] was measuring UV backscattered radiation in 12 narrow-band channels (1 nm) between 250 and 340 nm to derive ozone total- column and gross profile. Resolution 220 km, nadir-only view. SBUV (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer) [Nimbus-7] was quite similar, and through several updating is still been used on POES satellites. • TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) [Nimbus-7] had 6 channels in the range 310-380 nm, 1 nm bandwidth, for total-column ozone. Resolution 50 km, swath 2700 km. It was re- flown on Meteor-3-6 (1991) and ADEOS-1 (1996), and as a dedicated mission (TOMS Earth Probe, 1996). • MUSE (Monitor of Ultraviolet Solar Energy) [Nimbus-3/4] was measuring incoming solar radiation at 5 wavelengths in the range 115-300 nm during the sun occultation at each orbit. Limb sounders • LRIR (Limb Radiance Inversion Radiometer) [Nimbus-6] was a 4-channel radiometer measuring temperature (two channels in the 15 μm band), ozone (9.6 μm) and water vapour (25 μm) in the range 15-60 km, with vertical resolution 3 km. LIMS (Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere) [Nimbus-7] was the LRIR evolution, moving the water vapour channel from

25 μm to 6.2 μm and adding two channels, one for NO2 (6.3 μm), one for HNO3 (11.3 μm).

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 58

• SAMS (Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder) [Nimbus-7] was measuring profiles of temperature, water vapour, CH4, CO, N2O and NO, and by exploiting the filter cell pressure modulation technique of SCR and PMR in the limb geometry. There were 8 channels in the range 2.7-15 μm + one in the range 25-100 μm. Vertical resolution 5 km in the range 15-140 km. • SAM-II (Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement - II) [Nimbus-7] was measuring aerosol profiles by sun occultation in a single channel at 1.0 μm. Vertical resolution 1 km in the range 10-40 km. Data collection missions • IRLS (Interrogation, Recording and Location System) [Nimbus-3/4] and TWERLE (Tropical Wind Energy-conversion and Reference Level Experiment) [Nimbus-6] were data collection (upon interrogation) and location systems. The TWERLE mission was associated to 300 floating balloons. The SeaSat mission SeaSat only lasted 106 days in orbit (70 useful for data generation), but this was sufficient to demonstrate the capabilities of active MW in all modes: SAR, altimetry, scatterometry. Instruments: • SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar), first SAR in space, used L-band (1.275 GHz); swath 100 km, resolution 25 m. • ALT (Radar Altimeter) was a Ku-band radar (13.5 GHz) to measure significant wave height, wind speed, ocean topography and ice topography; nadir-pointing, resolution 12 km along- track. It was supported by LTR (Laser Tracking Reflector) for precision orbit determination. • SASS (SeaSat-A Scatterometer System) was a Ku-band radar (14.6 GHz) for sea-surface winds; swath 1000 km (two side strips each 500 km wide), resolution 50 km. • SMMR (Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer), same as on Nimbus-7, with resolution and swath scaled by a factor 700/950, consequence of different heights. • VIRR (Visible and Infra-Red Radiometer), supportive of the MW passive and active instruments, had two channels, 0.49-0.94 μm (resolution 2.3 km s.s.p.) and 10.5-12.5 μm (resolution 4.4 km s.s.p.), swath 3000 km. The ERBS mission ERBS (Earth Radiation Budget Satellite) performed a coordinated mission with NOAA-9 (1984- 1998) in p.m. orbit and NOAA-10 (1986-2001) in a.m. orbit. It was in a drifting orbit to cover all Local Solar Times (LST’s) during the year. It carried two instruments: • ERBE (Earth Radiation Budget Experiment), derived from ERB. The non-scanning channels had wide-angle (2000 km) and medium-angle (110 km). The scanning channels had resolution 40 km. • SAGE-II (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment - II), follow-on of the NIMBUS-7 SAM- II, operating in limb-mode during sun or moon occultation. 7-channel radiometer in the range 385-1020 nm. Vertical resolution 1 km in the range 10-40 km. A SAGE-III follow-on was embarked on Meteor-3M (see Section 3.6). The UARS mission UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite) was mostly addressing atmospheric chemistry and dynamics in the stratosphere and . When launched (1991) was by far the largest Earth Observation satellite ever in orbit (6800 kg). Instruments: • CLAES (Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer) operating in four spectral ranges, 3.5, 6, 8 and 12.7 μm to observe CF2Cl2, CF4, CFCl3, CH4, ClO, ClONO2, CO2, H2O, HCl, HNO3, N2O, NO, NO2, O3 and temperature. Limb sounder with vertical resolution 2.5 km in the range 10-60 km.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 59

• ISAMS (Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder), successor of SAMS on Nimbus-7. Now 8 channels in the range 4.6-16.6 μm. Species: CH4, CO, H2O, HNO3, N2O, N2O5, NO, O3 and aerosol. Limb sounder with vertical resolution 2.4 km in the range 15-140 km. • HALOE (Halogen Occultation Experiment), gas filter correlation spectrometer working in sun occultation in the range 2.43-10.25 μm. Species: CH4, H2O, HCl, HF, NO, NO2, O3 and pressure. Limb sounder with vertical resolution 1.6 km in the range 10-40 km. • MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) operating in three bands at frequencies 63 GHz, 183 GHz (2 channels) and 205 GHz (3 channels). Species: ClO, H2O, H2O2, O3 and pressure. Limb sounder with vertical resolution 4 km in the range 5-85 km. • SOLSTICE (Solar/Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment), grating spectrometer to compare solar and stellar irradiance in the range 115-430 nm with spectral resolution 0.12-0.25 nm. • SUSIM (Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor), dispersion spectrometer to measure solar irradiance in the range 120-400 nm with spectral resolution 0.1 nm. • HRDI (High-Resolution Doppler Imager), 13-bands Fabry-Perot interferometer operating in the 557-776 nm range with spectral resolution 0.05 cm-1 to measure stratospheric winds by Doppler shift of O2 lines. Limb sounder with vertical resolution 2.5 km in the range 10-115 km. • WINDII (Wind Doppler Imaging Interferometer), a Michelson interferometer measuring Doppler shift and broadening of several lines of ionised and molecular and OH in the 557-764 nm range with spectral resolution (missing) cm-1. Limb sounder with vertical resolution 20 km in the range 80-300 km. • ACRIM-II (Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor) to measure total solar irradiance. • PEM (Particle Environment Monitor) to in situ monitor charged particles and magnetic field.

4.3.2 The Landsat programme and follow-on The first land observation satellite, initially named ERTS (Earth Resources Technology Satellite), thereafter re-named Landsat-1, was launched in 1972. It was followed by further 6 flight models that, in practise, provided nearly-uninterrupted service till nowadays. Table 4.3.2 reports the chronology of the Landsat programme and follow-on activities. Fig. 4.3.3 shows the aspect of Landsat-7. It is noted that the ∼ 900 km height of to 3 provides a repeat cycle of 18 days whereas the ∼ 700 km height of to 7 provides a 16-day repeat cycle. Table 4.3.2 - Chronology of the Landsat programme (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST Status Dec 2009) Instruments Landsat-1 (ERTS) 23 Jul 1972 2 Jan 1978 907 km 10:00 d Inactive RBV, MSS, DCS Landsat-2 22 Jan 1975 25 Feb 1982 908 km 10:00 d Inactive RBV, MSS, DCS Landsat-3 5 Mar 1978 31 Mar 1983 915 km 10:00 d Inactive RBV, MSS, DCS Landsat-4 16 Jul 1982 15 Jun 2001 705 km 10:00 d Inactive MSS, TM, GPS Landsat-5 1 Mar 1984 expected ≥ 2010 705 km 09:45 d Operational MSS, TM, GPS Landsat-6 5 Oct 1993 Failed at launch - - Inactive ETM Landsat-7 15 Apr 1999 expected ≥ 2012 705 km 10:05 d Operational ETM+ NMP EO-1 21 Nov 2000 expected ≥ 2010 705 km 10:00 d Operational ALI, LAC, Hyperion LDCM 2013 expected ≥ 2018 705 km 10:00 d Approved OLI, TIRS

Landsat instruments • RBV (Return-Beam Vidicon camera) [Landsat-1/2/3] consisted in three co-aligned cameras, one for each channel centred on 0.53, 0.63 and 0.76 μm respectively. Frames of 185 x 185 km2, resolution 40 m. • MSS (Multi-Spectral Scanner) [Landsat 1 to 5] is a 4-channel radiometer (0.55, 0.65, 0.75 and 0.95 μm). Swath 185 km, resolution 80 m.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 60

Fig. 4.3.3 - Sketch view of Landsat-7.

• TM (Thematic Mapper) [Landsat-4/5] has 7 channels, 6 in SW (0.48, 0.56, 0.66, 0.83, 1.65, 2.20 μm) with resolution 30 m, one in IR (10.4-12.5 μm) with resolution 120 m. Swath 185 km. • ETM (Enhanced Thematic Mapper) [Landsat-6] was similar to TM, but a panchromatic channel (0.5-0.9 μm) was added, with resolution 15 m. • ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper +) [Landsat-7] is similar to ETM, but the resolution of the IR channel has been improved to 60 m. • DCS (Data Collection System) [Landsat-1/2/3] was to receive and relay data from ground- based stations. • GPS (Global Positioning System) [Landsat-4/5] is a receiver for precise navigation and orbit determination. NMP-EO-1 The NMP EO-1 ( – Earth Observing -1) mission is aimed at developing extremely advanced technologies for more performing and less resource-demanding instruments. The instruments are: • ALI (Advanced Land Imager), similar to ETM+ except that the IR channel is dropped and three channels are added (0.44, 0.87 and 1.25 μm). The resolution of the panchromatic channel is 10 m. As compared to ETM+, mass and electrical power are reduced by a factor 4. • LAC (LEISA Atmospheric Corrector) (LEISA = Linear Etalon Imaging Spectrometer Array), supportive of ALI for providing atmospheric correction: same 185 km swath, 250 m resolution, spectral coverage 0.89-1.6 μm with spectral resolution 2-6 nm. • Hyperion, an hyperspectral imager with 220 channels of 10 nm bandwidth in the range 0.4-2.5 μm, resolution 30 m over a narrow 7.5 km swath. LDCM An LDCM (Landsat Data Continuity Mission) is now being developed. It will consist of a new dedicated satellite series. The first flight unit will continue the Landsat numbering, i.e. Landsat-8. There will be two instruments: • OLI (Operational Land Imager), designed after the NMP-EO-1 ALI, with some modification: 9 channels instead of 10, resolution of PAN 15 m instead of 10 m. • TIRS (Thermal Infra-Red Sensor), for thermal imagery in two channels (10.3-11.3 and 11.5- 12.5 μm); resolution 120 m, swath 185 km. For the purpose of data access in support of GOS, Landsat data can be received in real-time only by appointed ground station. Otherwise, data are distributed by the EDC (EROS Data Centre) of the USGS (US Geological Survey). Data latency may be less than 24 h for data acquired at the Landsat Ground Station, to 1-2 weeks for data acquired at other USGS stations. Other distributors exist, including ESA/ESRIN.

4.3.3 The Earth Systematic Missions programme

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 61

ESM (Earth Systematic Missions) is a new programme built on the previous EOS () in view of the future ESDS (Earth Science Decadal Survey). The original EOS programme was based on four series of three satellites each to cover 15 years of continuous observations: a multi-purpose mission in a.m. orbit (AM), one in p.m. orbit (PM), a chemistry mission (CHEM) and an altimetry mission (ALT). With the advent of NPOESS, that took over the long-term continuity of operational missions, EOS has been re-structured as one-shot missions: Terra, Aqua and Aura, all currently operating. The chronology of these missions is reported in Table 4.3.3. Figures 4.3.4, 4.3.5 and 4.3.6 provide sketch views of Terra, Aqua and Aura respectively. Table 4.3.3 - Chronology of the EOS programme (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments EOS-Terra 18 Dec 1999 expected ≥ 2010 705 km 10:30 d Operational MODIS, CERES, ASTER, MISR, MOPITT EOS-Aqua 4 May 2002 expected ≥ 2010 705 km 13:30 a Operational MODIS, CERES, AIRS, AMSU-A, HSB, AMSR-E EOS-Aura 15 Jul 2004 expected ≥ 2010 705 km 13:30 a Operational HIRDLS, MLS, OMI, TES

Fig. 4.3.4 - Sketch view of Terra. Fig. 4.3.5 - Sketch view of Aqua. Fig. 4.3.6 - Sketch view of Aura.

EOS-Terra Terra is a multi-purpose satellite to serve most environmental areas. Payloads: • MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer), 36-channel radiometer covering the range 0.4-14.4 μm, split in several groups with different resolution (250, 500 and 1000 m), bandwidths and radiometric accuracy, depending on the addressed application (ocean colour, vegetation, clouds, aerosol, atmosphere). Swath 2330 km. • CERES (Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System), actually two sub-units to scan either cross-track or bi-axially for bi-directional reflectance. 3 broad-band channels (0.3-100 μm, 0.3- 5.0 μm, 8-12 μm). Resolution 20 km s.s.p., swath 3000 km. • ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer), joint USA- Japan instrument. 14-channel radiometer covering the range 0.5-11.7 μm, with 3 channels in VNIR (resolution 15 m), 6 in SWIR (resolution 30 m) and 5 in TIR (resolution 90 m). Swath 60 km. • MISR (Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer), using 9 cameras to view under 9 different along-track angles (nadir, ± 26.1°, ± 45.6°, ± 60.0° and ± 70.5°), each view in 4 channels (0.446, 0.558, 0.672 and 0.866 μm), to measure the BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function). Resolution selectable among 275, 550 and 1.1 km s.s.p., swath 360 km. • MOPITT (Measurement Of Pollution In The Troposphere), provided by Canada. Gas correlation spectrometer in bands around 2.26, 2.33 and 4.62 μm to measure CO profile and CH4 total-column. Resolution 22 km s.s.p., swath 640 km. EOS-Aqua

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 62

Aqua primarily serves operational meteorology by advanced instrumentation. Payload: • MODIS, same as on EOS-Terra. • CERES, same as on EOS-Terra. • AIRS (Atmospheric Infra-Red Sounder), 2378-channel grating spectrometer in the range 3.74- 15.4 μm with resolving power (λ/Δλ) 1200 (0.55 cm-1 at 15 μm), for temperature, humidity and ozone profiling; supporting 4 channels in the range 0.4-1.0 μm. Resolution 13.5 km s.s.p., swath 1650 km. • AMSU-A, same as on NOAA-15/19 and Metop.

• HSB (Humidity Sounder for Brazil), provided by Brazil: 4-channel MW radiometer, 3 in the H2O 183 GHz band, one at 150 GHz, resolution 13.5 km s.s.p., swath 1650 km. • AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - EOS), provided by Japan, modified from AMSR on ADEOS-II: 12-channel MW radiometer, 6 frequencies (6.9, 10.7, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5 and 89 GHz) all with two polarisations, for sea-surface temperature, sea-surface wind speed, precipitation, ice, snow, soil moisture index. Resolution raging from 5 km (at 89 GHz) to 60 km (at 6.9 GHz), conical scanning, swath 1400 km. EOS-Aura Aura is dedicated to atmospheric chemistry. Payload: • HIRDLS (High-Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder), joint USA-UK instrument. 21-channel radiometer covering the range 6-18 μm. Species: CFC-11, CFC-12, CH4, ClONO2, H2O, HNO3, N2O, N2O5, NO2, O3, temperature and aerosol. Limb sounding also including scanning at 6 different azimuth angles for a swath of 2000-3000 km; vertical resolution 1 km in the range 10- 100 km. • MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder), improved from MLS on UARS. Five bands at frequencies 118 GHz (9 channels), 190 GHz (6 channels), 240 GHz (7 channels), 640 GHz (9 channels) and 2500 GHz (5 channels) Species: BrO, ClO, CO, H2O, HCl, HCN, HNO3, HO2, HOCl, N2O, O3, OH, SO2, temperature and pressure. Vertical resolution 1.5 km in the range 5-120 km. • OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument), provided by The Netherlands and Finland. A 1560- channel grating imaging spectrometer covering the spectral range 270-500 nm with spectral resolution 0.4-0.6 nm. Species: BrO, NO2, O3, OClO, SO2 and aerosol. Cross-nadir electronic scanning, resolution 13 x 24 km2, swath 2600 km; zoom mode available, with resolution 13 x 12 km2 and swath 725 km. • TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer), imaging interferometer for both limb and cross- nadir scanning, covering the spectral range 3.3-15.4 μm with a spectral resolution of 0.06 cm-1 -1 (cross-nadir) or 0.015 cm (in limb mode). Species: CFC-11, CFC12, CH4, CO, CO2, H2O, HCl, HDO, HNO3, N2, N2O, NH3, NO, NO2, O3, OCS, SO2 and aerosol. Limb mode: vertical resolution 2.3 km in the range 0-37 km; cross-nadir: horizontal resolution 0.53 x 53 km2 s.s.p. over a 5.3 x 8.5 km2 area that can be pointed anywhere within a swath of 885 km. Table 4.3.4 records several further missions of the Earth Systematic Missions programme (not all: in fact, the missions for land observations have already been mentioned in Section 4.3.2, and those for precipitation, ocean topography and radio occultation will be mentioned in Section 4.4 dedicated to multi-lateral programmes). Table 4.3.4 - Chronology of selected missions of the ESM programme (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments SeaStar 1 Aug 1997 expected ≥ 2010 705 km 12:00 d Operational SeaWiFS QuikSCAT 19 Jun 1999 23 Nov 2009 803 km 06:00 d Probably lost SeaWinds ACRIMSat 20 Dec 1999 expected ≥ 2012 715 km 10:50 d Operational ACRIM-III ICESat 12 Jan 2003 expected ≥ 2010 600 km 94° Operational GLAS SORCE 25 Jan 2003 expected ≥ 2012 640 km 40° Operational SIM, TIM Glory 2010 expected ≥ 2013 705 km 13:30 a Close to launch APS, TIM, CC

SeaStar

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 63

SeaStar was launched to provide continuity of ocean colour observation after the end of the Nimbus-7 CZCS (1994). It was actually a NASA data-purchase undertaking, since the satellite, also known as OrbView-2, was owned by the ORBIMAGE Company. It has a single payload: • SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor), 8-channel radiometer, range 400-890 nm, narrow bandwidths to observe ocean colour and aerosol; resolution 1.1 km s.s.p., swath 2800 km, tilting capability to avoid sunglint. QuikSCAT QuikSCAT (Quick Scatterometer Mission) was launched to provide continuity to the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) of ADEOS-I, failed in 1997. The instrument, considerably different from NSCAT, was also re-flown on ADEOS-II (2002-2003). Single payload: • SeaWinds, radar scatterometer in Ku-band (13.4 GHz) with two beams and conical scanning so as to view each four times under different angles. Resolution 50 km, swath 1800 km. ACRIMSat ACRIMSat (Satellite carrying ACRIM) was launched to provide continuity to measurements of solar irradiance previously performed by ACRIM-I on the (SMM), and ACRIM-II on UARS. Payload: • ACRIM-III (Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitoring - III), Assemblage of 3 active cavity radiometers covering the spectral range 0.15 - 5.0 µm. Sun pointing. ICESAT ICESat (Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite) was launched to measure polar ice elevation with unprecedented accuracy as allowed by using a laser altimeter. Of course, it can also measure cloud top height and land elevation. Payload: • GLAS (Geoscience Laser Altimeter System), a dual-wavelength lidar, 532 and 1064 nm; nadir- only view with sampling at 170 m intervals for along-track near-continuous profiling. Cross- track, in 183 days (the orbital repeat cycle) global coverage is achieved with 15-km gaps at the equator and 2.5 km gaps at 80° latitude. SORCE SORCE (Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment) continues and improves the mission of solar irradiance monitoring. The relevant instruments, that will be combined in the NPOESS TSIS, are: • TIM (Total Irradiance Monitoring), assemblage of 4 active cavity radiometers to cover the range: 0.2-10 µm. Sun pointing. • SIM (Spectral Irradiance Monitor), prism spectrometer for spectral irradiance in the range 0.2- 2.0 μm, with spectral resolution from 0.25 to 33 nm. Sun pointing. GLORY The Glory mission aims at simultaneous observation of aerosol and total solar irradiance. Payloads: • APS (Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor), for tropospheric aerosol observation: 9-channel VIS/NIR/SWIR polarimeter scanning along-track within ± 60° and measuring polarisations at 0, 45, 90 and 135° to get three components of the Stokes vector. Resolution 5.6 km. • CC (Cloud Camera), supporting APS by providing information on clouds: 2 cameras with channels centred on 443 and 865 nm respectively; resolution 500 m, swath 250 km. • TIM, same as on SORCE. For the purpose of data access in support of GOS, all data from NASA missions are available from EOSDIS (Earth Observing System - Data and Information System) with variable delay from observation taking. In addition, the following real-time or near-real time access modes are noted: • EOS-Terra provides real-time access to MODIS data in X-band by authorised stations; • EOS-Aqua provides real-time access to all sensor data in X-band by authorised stations;

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 64

• EOS-Aura could in principle be received in real-time in X-band; • SeaWiFS may be received in real-time by a HRPT station upon authorisation granted by ORBIMAGE or NASA; • QuikSCAT data are distributed by NOAA within 3 hours from observation; • ICESat data are distributed by the US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC).

4.3.4 The Earth System Science Pathfinder programme The ESSP programme is based on single-shot satellites selected at ∼ 2-year intervals according to the principle “small, fast, cheap”. Missions are selected for process study purposes; however, data from certain ESSP missions may be released for use within the GOS to improve modelling and parameterisation in NWP. Table 4.3.5 provides essential information on the missions so far selected (in order of expected launch date). Table 4.3.5 - Chronology of ESSP programme (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments GRACE (2 sats) 17 Mar 2002 expected ≥ 2010 485 km 89° Operational Solid Earth CALIPSO 28 Apr 2006 expected ≥ 2010 705 km 13:30 a Operational CALIOP, IIR, WFC CloudSat 28 Apr 2006 expected ≥ 2012 705 km 13:30 a Operational CPR OCO 24 Feb 2009 Failed at launch - - Inactive OCO Aquarius (on SAC-D) 2010 expected ≥ 2015 657 km 06:00 d Close to launch Aquarius

GRACE GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) is a system of two satellites co-flying in the same orbit, with a separation of 220 km, equipped with satellite-to-satellite link to observe the short-wave anomalies of the Earth’s gravity field. It also performs radio-occultation sounding. Payloads: • HAIRS: High Accuracy Inter-satellite Ranging System (K-band Ranging) • BlackJack: Radio occultation sounder CALIPSO CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) is designed for aerosol and cirrus cloud observation. It flies in formation with Aqua, Aura, CloudSat, OCO and in the so-called “A-train”. Payload: • CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarisation), for aerosol profiling and cloud top height. Two-wavelengths lidar (532 and 1064 nm), measurements at two orthogonal polarisations. IFOV 70 m sampled at 330 m intervals along-track. Vertical resolution: 30 m. • IIR (Imaging Infrared Radiometer) supporting the nadir-viewing CALIOP. 3-channel IR radiometer optimised for cirrus detection (triplet 8.7/10.6/12.0 μm). IFOV 1 km, swath 64 km. • WFC (Wide-Field Camera) supporting the nadir-viewing CALIOP. Single VIS channel, IFOV 125 m, swath 60 km. CloudSat CloudSat performs measurements complementary to CALIPSO, using radar instead of lidar. It flies in formation with Aqua, Aura, CALIPSO, OCO and PARASOL in the so-called “A-train”. Payload: • CPR (Cloud Profiling Radar) for cloud water profiling (liquid and ice). Single-frequency radar (94 GHz). IFOV ~ 2.2 km sampled at 2-km intervals along-track. Vertical resolution: 500 m. OCO

OCO (Orbiting Carbon Observatory) entirely addresses CO2. It would have flown in formation with Aqua, Aura, CALIPSO, CloudSat and PARASOL in the so-called “A-train”, but unfortunately the

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 65 launch failed. Consideration is being given to re-building. The time of the next attempt could be 2012 or 2013. Payload:

• OCO (Orbiting Carbon Observatory) for CO2 profiling. 3 NIR/SWIR grating spectrometer, 3 bands, 0.76 µm (O2), 1.61 and 2.06 µm (CO2). IFOV ~ 1.7 km, swath 10 km possible to point nadir, towards sunglint and towards a specific target. Aquarius The Aquarius instrument will be flown on the Argentinean SAC-D. Its objective is to measure ocean salinity and soil moisture in the roots region. Instrument features: • Aquarius is composed of co-aligned MW radiometer at 1.413 GHz and scatterometer at 1.26 GHz, both polarimetric. The average resolution is 100 km covering a 390 km swath by three parallel cross-track beams.

4.3.5 The Solar-Terrestrial Probe programme (STP) Although currently not yet considered of primary interest for GOS, because of a certain trends it is appropriate to mention at least one STP mission, TIMED (see Table 4.3.6). Table 4.3.6 - Chronology of the STP programme (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments TIMED 07 Dec 2001 expected ≥ 2010 625 km 74° Operational SABER, GUVI, SEE, TIDI

TIMED (Thermosphere, , Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics mission) is addressing solar-terrestrial interactions. It carries the following payloads: • SABER: Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry • GUVI: Global Ultra-Violet Imager • SEE: Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Experiment • TIDI: TIMED Doppler Interferometer. This instruments continues the UARS WINDII experiment.

4.3.6 The ESDS (Earth Science Decadal Survey) The new framework for application programmes, following the previous EOS (Earth Observing System) and the current ESM (Earth Systematic Missions), is provided by the indications from the Earth Science Decadal Survey (ESDS) that was performed in years 2005-2007 by the US National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies upon request from NASA, NOAA and the USGS. Reference: • Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond (NRC, January 2007, available from http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11820.html). The process involved hundreds of scientists, and ultimately the following panels: • earth science applications and societal benefits • land-use change, ecosystem dynamics, and biodiversity • weather science and applications • climate variability and change • water resources and the global hydrologic cycle • human health and security • solid-earth hazards, natural resources, and dynamics. The outcome indicates 17 missions (14 to be implemented by NASA, 2 by NOAA, 1 including contributions from both NASA and NOAA). Table 4.3.7 lists the 17 mission and provides essential information (objective, orbit, instrumentation and timeframe within the range 2010-2020. Missions are listed in alphabetic order.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 66

Table 4.3.7 - List of missions selected after the process of the U.S. Decadal Survey Acronym Name Objective Orbit Instruments Launch Three-Dimensional Wind vertical profile - Coherent Doppler lidar 3D-Winds Tropospheric Winds Sunsynchronous 2016-2020 in clear air - Non-coherent Doppler lidar from Space-Based Lidar Climate forcing due to - Dual-wavelength lidar Aerosol-Cloud aerosol-cloud Sunsynchronous, - Cross-track scanning cloud radar ACE 2013-2016 Ecosystems interaction and carbon 500-650 km - Multi-angle/multi-wavelength polarimeter flux at ocean surface - UV/VIS spectrometer Active Sensing of CO2 Understanding the Sunsynchronous, - Lidar for CO2 (in SWIR) ASCENDS Emissions over Nights, role of CO2 in the 2013-2016 ~ 450 km - Lidar for O2 (in NIR) Days, and Seasons global carbon cycle Climate Absolute Benchmark of climate: Three satellites - Radio-occultation (on 3 satellites) CLARREO Radiance and outgoing spectrum in drifting polar - IR interferometer (on 3 satellites) 2010-2013 Refractivity Observatory and refractivity index orbits, ~ 750 km - SW interferometer (on 1 satellite) Deformation, Surface deformation Sunsynchronous, - L-band interferometric SAR DESDynI Ecosystem Structure, observation for solid 2010-2013 700-800 km - Lidar altimeter And Dynamics of Ice earth study Chemical-weather - DIAL for O3 Global Atmospheric processes by high - Cross-nadir UV/VIS spectrometer GACM Sunsynchronous 2016-2020 Composition Mission vertical resolution of - Cross-nadir SWIR spectrometer O3 and other species - Limb-sounding MW spectrometer Coastal ocean - UV/VIS/NIR spectrometer Geostationary Coastal Geostationary, GEO-CAPE biophysics and - High-spatial resolution imager 2013-2016 and Air Pollution Events ~ 80°W atmospheric pollution - IR correlation spectrometer for CO High vertical resolution Six satellites, Operational GPS GPSRO sounding, continuation ~ 800 km, - GNSS receiver 2010-2012 Radio Occultation of COSMIC drifting orbits Temporal variations of Gravity Recovery And Two satellites, GRACE-II Earth’s gravity field by - Inter-satellite ranging (by MW or lidar) 2016-2020 Climate Experiment II low orbits, drifting comparing with GRACE-I Responses of ecosystems Hyperspectral - SW hyperspectral imager HyspIRI to human land management Sunsynchronous 2013-2016 Infra-Red Imager - TIR high-resolution radiometer and climate change ICESat follow-on for Ice, Cloud and Land Near-polar, ICESAT-II polar ice changes and - Lidar altimeter 2010-2013 Elevation Satellite ~ 600 km, drifting vegetation canopy Lidar Surface High-resolution and LIST Sunsynchronous - Mapping lidar altimeter 2016-2020 Topography high-precision topography Precipitation and All- Frequent observation PATH weather Temperature of precipitation and Geostationary - Synthetic-aperture MW radiometer 2016-2020 and Humidity all-weather T, q profile Snow and Cold Snow cover and - X- and Ku-band SAR SCLP Sunsynchronous 2016-2020 Land Processes water equivalent - K- and Ka- band MW radiometer Soil moisture and its Soil Moisture - L-band MW radiometer SMAP freeze-thaw state, for Sunsynchronous 2010-2013 Active-Passive - L- band imaging radar land-atmosphere I/F Wide-swath altimetry - Ku-band interferometric SAR Surface Water and SWOT for both inland Sunsynchronous - Ku-band radar altimeter 2013-2016 Ocean Topography and ocean - Multi-channel MW radiometer Sea-surface wind with - Ku-band synthetic aperture scatterometer Extended Ocean Sunsynchronous, XOVWM high spatial resolution - C-band real aperture scatterometer 2013-2016 Vector Winds Mission ~ 800 km for use in coastal zone - Multi-channel MW radiometer

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 67

4.4 NASA-originated programmes of large international participation In this Section, programmes are considered that, although largely supported by NASA, are run in a large international context. The following themes are emphasised: • TRMM and the Global Precipitation Measurement mission • the ocean topography mission • radio-occultation sounding.

4.4.1 TRMM and the Global Precipitation Measurement mission The TRMM mission started as a bi-lateral collaboration of NASA and JAXA, but data exploitation has become a wide international undertaking. Following the success of the TRMM mission, the GPM mission has been proposed as a widely international undertaking. Table 4.4.1 records the chronology of TRMM and the follow-on plans. Fig. 4.4.1 and Fig. 4.4.2 provide sketch views of TRMM and of the GPM concept. Table 4.4.1 - Chronology of TRMM and GPM (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments TRMM 27 Nov 1997 expected ≥ 2013 402 km 35° Operational PR, TMI, LIS, CERES, VIRS GPM-core 2013 expected ≥ 2018 407 km 65° Approved DPR, GMI GPM-constellation 2014 expected ≥ 2019 630 km 40° Approved GMI GPM-Brazil 2014 expected ≥ 2019 600 km 30° Approved GMI, LIS

Fig. 4.4.1 - Sketch view of TRMM. Fig. 4.4.2 - Concept of the GPM.

TRMM TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) is implemented in cooperation of USA and Japan as a main contribution to the Global Energy and Water-cycle Experiment (GEWEX). It carries the following instruments: • PR (Precipitation Radar), provided by Japan. An imaging radar operating at 13.8 GHz to measure precipitation profiles. Resolution 4.3 km s.s.p. (horizontal), 250 m (vertical); electronic scanning, swath 215 km. • TMI (TRMM Microwave Imager), derived from the DMSP SSM/I. Five frequencies (10.65, 19.35, 21.3, 37.0 and 85.5 GHz), all with two polarisations except 21.3 GHz. Conical scanning, resolution ranging from 6 km (at 85.5 GHz) to 50 km (at 10.65 GHz), swath 760 km. • LIS (Lightning Imaging Sensor), follow-on of OTD (Optical Transient Detector) flown on OrbView-1 (MicroLab-1) in 1995. CCD camera with special filter at 777.4 nm (O-1 line) to detect lightning intensity and flash rate during the ~ 90 s when a spot is imaged onto the CCD. Resolution 4 km s.s.p. (horizontal), 2 ms (temporal), swath 600 km.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 68

• VIRS (Visible and Infra-Red Scanner), derived from AVHRR. 5-channel radiometer (0.63, 1.6, 3.75, 10.8 and 12 μm), resolution 2 km s.s.p., swath 720 km. • CERES (Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System), simplified from the one on Terra and Aqua in so far it only includes one unit, to scan either cross-track or bi-axially. 3 broad- band channels (0.3-50 μm, 0.3-5.0 μm, 8-12 μm), resolution 10 km s.s.p., swath 1800 km. GPM The GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement mission) is being prepared within an international context. Its objective is to provide global coverage of precipitation data at 3-hour intervals, the basic instrument being a MW conical scanning radiometer of the TRMM-type (TMI) or better. Due to the limited swath of conical scanners, the 3-h frequency requires 8 satellites in regularly de- phased near-polar orbits. In addition to those “constellation satellites”, a “core satellite” equipped with precipitation radar enables all other measurements from passive MW radiometers to be “calibrated” when the orbits of constellation and core satellites cross each other. The GPM core satellite will be equipped with: • DPR (Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar), to be provided by Japan. Two frequencies, 13.6 and 35.55 GHz for heavy and light precipitation respectively. Resolution 5.0 km s.s.p. (horizontal), 250 m (vertical); electronic scanning, swath 245 km at 13.6 GHz, 120 km at 35.55 GHz. • GMI (GPM Microwave Imager), with improved resolution in respect of TMI. Five frequencies (10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5 and 89 GHz), all with two polarisations except 23.8 GHz. Option for channels at 165.5 GHz (two polarisations) and 183 GHz (two channels) are considered. Conical scanning, resolution ranging from 5.5 km (at 89 GHz) to 25 km (at 10.65 GHz), swath 850 km. The GPM constellation satellites will be provided by several space agencies. In Table 4.4.1 two are recorded: • one provided by NASA, in an orbit of inclination TBD, equipped with a GMI similar to that one embarked on the “core” satellite; • one provided by INPE (Brazil), in a low-inclination orbit, equipped with a GMI similar to that one on the “core” satellite, and a LIS similar to that one embarked on TRMM. Further contributions to the GPM constellation will consist of the MW-equipped meteorological satellites operating at the time (2013-2020), and others, i.e.: • last flight units of DMSP with SSMIS; • last flight units of NOAA and MetOp with AMSU-A and MHS; • units of FY-3 with MWRI; • units of Meteor-M with MTVZA; • units of GCOM-W with AMSR-2 (see section 4.5, next); • initial units of NPOESS with MIS. Anticipating the GPM, since 2010, there will be: • Megha-Tropiques, with MADRAS and SAPHIR (see sections 4.6 and 4.7, next).

4.4.2 The Ocean Surface Topography Mission The primary instrument for ocean topography, the radar altimeter, started to be introduced with SeaSat in 1978. After that, altimeters continued to be flown particularly for geodetic purposes (e.g.: mission). With TOPEX-Poseidon, a NASA-CNES joint venture, a new series of dedicated altimetry missions started. Table 4.4.2 reports the chronology of what is now called OSTM (Ocean Surface Topography Mission). With JASON-2, EUMETSAT and NOAA have become partner of the OSTM. With JASON-3 also the EC will take part, in the framework of GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security).

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 69

Table 4.4.2 - Chronology of the Ocean Surface Topography Mission (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments TOPEX-Poseidon 10 Aug 1992 18 Jan 2006 1336 km 66° Inactive NRA, SSALT, TMR, DORIS JASON-1 7 Dec 2001 expected ≥ 2010 1336 km 66° Operational Poseidon-2, JMR, DORIS JASON-2 20 Jun 2008 expected ≥ 2015 1336 km 66° Operational Poseidon-3, AMR, DORIS JASON-3 2013 expected ≥ 2018 1336 km 66° Planned Poseidon-3, AMR, DORIS

TOPEX-Poseidon TOPEX-Poseidon originated from merging the NASA TOPEX (Topography Experiment) and the CNES Poseidon. It carried the following instruments, complemented by a series of navigation facilities for precision orbitography: • NRA (NASA Radar Altimeter) makes use of Ku-band (13.6 GHz) supported by S-band (5.3 GHz) for ionospheric correction. Resolution 25 km (Ku-band), 60 km (S-band), nadir-only view. • SSALT (Single-frequency Solid-state Altimeter), provided by CNES, makes use of Ku-band (13.65 GHz). It shares the same antenna of NRA, thus the resolution is 25 km. The antenna serves NRA 88 % of the time. SSALT and NRA have approximately the same accuracy (∼ 2.5 cm), but the technology of SSALT enables large saving of mass and electrical power. • TMR (TOPEX Microwave Radiometer), provided by NASA, supports the altimeters by providing water vapour information for correction. 3 frequencies, 18, 21 and 37 GHz. Nadir- only view, resolution 35 km. • DORIS (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite) and other navigation systems, essential for altimetry. The JASON series JASON (Joint Altimetry Satellite Oceanography Network) represents a great technological improvement over TOPEX-Poseidon. Fig. 4.4.3 shows that, moving from TOPEX- Poseidon to JASON, equal performance are achieved with a satellite mass five times smaller. As TOPEX-Poseidon, JASON-1 also is a NASA/CNES joint undertaking. The payload includes: Fig. 4.4.3 - Size reduction from TOPEX-Poseidon to JASON. • Poseidon-2, provided by CNES, improves from SSALT by adding NRA capabilities: two frequencies, 13.5785 and 5.3 GHz, resolution 30 km (Ku-band), nadir-only view. With respect to NAR, performance is better (2 cm accuracy) and mass/power are reduced to one third. • JMR (JASON Microwave Radiometer), provided by NASA, is similar to TMR: channels at 18.7, 23.8 and 34 GHz, resolution 25 km at 23.8 GHz, nadir-only view. • DORIS and other navigation systems for accurate orbitography. JASON-2, first to be called also “OSTM”, is a joint NASA, CNES, NOAA and EUMETSAT programme. Payload: • Poseidon-3, actually similar to Poseidon-2. • AMR (Advanced Microwave Radiometer), actually similar to JMR. • DORIS and other navigation systems for accurate orbitography. For the purpose of data access in support of GOS, the current practise is to make available ocean topography products on ftp sites. The latency time is few hours for early products (wave height), several weeks for precision products (topography).

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 70

JASON-3 is being considered for providing continuity to the OSTM mission. For the moment, it can be assumed that it will be similar to JASON-2. The partnership will be extended to the EC (in the GMES framework). Other altimeters In addition to the dedicated OSTM satellites, the altimetry mission is supported by other altimeter- equipped satellites, i.e.: • the ESA ERS-2 with RA and Envisat with RA-2, both supported by MWR • the Chinese HY-2A with ALT supported by RAD • the CNES/ISRO SARAL with AltiKa • the ESA CryoSat-2 SIRAL • the ESA/EC Sentinel-3 with SRAL supported by MWR.

4.4.3 Radio occultation sounding missions After the demonstration of GPS/MET on MicroLab-1 in 1995, several satellites managed by several space agencies are concurring to establish a network of radio-occultation payloads in space. Table 4.4.3 provides a chronology of radio-occultation missions. In the last column (“Instruments”) only the radio-occultation payload is recorded (other payloads are mentioned in other contexts).

Table 4.4.3 - Chronology of radio occultation missions (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments MicroLab-1 1 Apr 1995 3 Apr 2000 785 km 70° Inactive GPS/MET Ørsted 23 Feb 1999 expected ≥ 2010 650-865 km 96.5° Operational TurboRogue CHAMP 15 Jul 2000 expected ≥ 2010 470 km 87° Operational BlackJack SAC-C 21 Nov 2000 expected ≥ 2010 705 km 10:30 d Operational BlackJack (GOLPE) GRACE (2 sats) 17 Mar 2002 expected ≥ 2010 485 km 89° Operational BlackJack COSMIC (6 satellites) 14 Apr 2006 expected ≥ 2011 800 km 71° Operational IGOR MetOp-A 19 Oct 2006 expected ≥ 2011 817 km 09.30 d Operational GRAS TacSat-2 12 Dec 2006 21 Dec 2007 418 km 40° Inactive IGOR TerraSAR-X 15 Jul 2007 expected ≥ 2013 514 km 06:00 d Operational IGOR OceanSat-2 23 Sep 2009 expected ≥ 2014 723 km 12:00 d Operational ROSA SAC-D 2010 expected ≥ 2015 657 km 06:00 d Close to launch ROSA Megha-Tropiques 2010 expected ≥ 2014 867 km 20° Close to launch ROSA TanDEM-X 2010 expected ≥ 2015 514 km 06:00 d Close to launch IGOR KOMPSAT-5 2010 expected ≥ 2015 550 km 06:00 a Close to launch AOPOD Meteor-M N2 2011 expected ≥ 2016 835 km 15:30 a Close to launch Radiomet Meteor-M N3 2012 expected ≥ 2017 560 km TBD Planned Radiomet MetOp-B 2012 expected ≥ 2017 817 km 09.30 d Approved GRAS TerraSAR-X2 2013 expected ≥ 2018 514 km 06:00 d Planned IGOR FY-3C 2013 expected ≥ 2018 836 km 10.00 d Approved GPS-MET FY-3D 2015 expected ≥ 2020 836 km 14.00 a Approved GPS-MET MetOp-C 2016 expected ≥ 2021 817 km 09.30 d Approved GRAS FY-3E 2017 expected ≥ 2022 836 km 10.00 d Approved GPS-MET FY-3F 2019 expected ≥ 2024 836 km 14.00 a Approved GPS-MET Post-EPS 2020 expected ≥ 2035 817 km 09.30 d Being defined RO

The mission GPS/MET (Global Positioning System / Meteorology) was managed by UCAR (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research) to demonstrate the GPS radio-occultation technique for observing high-vertical-resolution temperature-humidity-pressure profiling. The payload, derived from TurboRogue, built by NASA/JPL, was embarked on: • MicroLab-1, thereafter re-named OrbView-1, in the GPS/MET configuration, limited by tracking GPS satellites during setting only (antenna pointing aft-, i.e. anti-velocity). The system was collecting about 200 occultation events / day. • Ørsted, in the version TurboRogue, collecting about 200 occultation events / day (now failed).

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 71

BlackJack is the radio-occultation package so far more utilised, provided by NASA/JPL in a number of configurations for a number of cooperative missions, including: • CHAMP (Challenging Mini-Satellite Payload), a DLR/NASA cooperative mission mainly for Solid Earth. Here also the instrument is only collecting about 230 occultation events / day since there is only one antenna, aft-pointing. • SAC-C (Satélite de Aplicaciones Cientificas - C), managed by CONAE (Argentina), a multi- purpose satellite. Here the instrument, named GOLPE (GPS Occultation and Passive reflection Experiment), is equipped with two antennas to look both aft- (setting occultations) and fore- (rising occultations), collecting about 500 occultation events / day. • GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment), a NASA/DLR cooperative mission mainly for Solid Earth. Two interlinked satellites, one with the aft- and one with the fore- antenna, therefore collecting about 500 occultation events / day. IGOR (Integrated GPS Occultation Receiver) is the latest update of BlackJack. When embarked on platforms enabling both aft- and fore- viewing, it can collect about 500 events / day by using one constellation of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), e.g. GPS; or 1000 events/day if another system is also available, e.g. GLONASS. It is being used on several platforms, as follows. • COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere & Climate), also known as FormoSat-3, cooperative programme of NSPO (Taiwan), UCAR and NOAA. It is a constellation of 6 micro-satellites launched at once, thereafter displaced in more orbital planes in a one-year time span. The complex of 6 satellites collects about 2500 events/day. As stand-alone, the COSMIC constellation provides a daily global coverage with an average sampling distance of 400 km. • TacSat-2, a micro-satellite developed by NASA for several military institutes (specifically the Air Force Research Laboratory). Both aft- and fore- antennas: about 500 events/day. • The DLR series of SAR-X missions TerraSAR-X, TerraSAR-X2 (both aft- and fore- antennas, about 500 events/day) and TanDEM-X (only aft- antenna, 200 events/day). GRAS (GNSS Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding) has been developed by ESA and is embarked on the satellite series: • MetOp/EPS, flight units A, B and C. Equipped with both aft- and fore- antennas: about 650 events/day. ROSA (Radio Occultation Sounder of the Atmosphere) has been developed by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and supplied to: • OceanSat-2, an ISRO programme. Both aft- and fore- antennas: about 650 events/day. • SAC-D, a CONAE (Argentina) programme with wide international participation (including, e.g., NASA with Aquarius). Both aft- and fore- antennas: about 650 events/day. • Megha-Tropiques, a CNES/ISRO cooperative mission. Both aft- and fore- antennas: about 650 events/day. Radiomet (Radio-occultation sounder) is being prepared by ROSCOSMOS for: • Meteor-M, flight units N2 and N3. Equipped with both aft- and fore- antennas: about 500 events/day. GPS-MET (Radio-occultation receiver) is being prepared by China for the operational series: • FY-3, starting with FY-3C, on each flight unit until FY-3F. AOPOD (Radio-occultation receiver) is being prepared by Korea for the operational series: • KOMPSAT, starting with KOMPSAT-5. RO (Radio Occultation sounder) is being defined for: • post-EPS, to track GPS, GLONASS and Galileo with both aft- and fore- antennas for a total of 1500 events/day.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 72

4.5 JAXA programmes JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) and the preceding NASDA (National Space Development Agency), in addition to supporting the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) for implementing the GMS and MTSAT programmes (see Section 2.4), have developed remote sensing satellites starting with MOS-1 in 1987. Since then, several missions have been implemented, each one building on the previous one, with evolutionary payloads. Table 4.5.1 reports the chronology of NASDA/JAXA remote sensing satellites. Fig. 4.5.1 and Fig. 4.5.2 show the aspects of currently flying ALOS and GOSAT, respectively. In addition, Japan has provided instruments and/or launch service for several bilateral missions such as: • TRMM (PR and launch service) (see Section 4.4.1) • ASTER on EOS-Terra (see Section 4.3.3) • AMSR-E on EOS-Aqua (see Section 4.3.3); and plans to provide: • DPR (Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar) on the “core” GPM satellite (see Section 4.4.1) • CPR (Cloud Profiling Radar) on Earth-CARE (see Section 4.2.3). Table 4.5.1 - Chronology of NASDA/JAXA remote sensing satellites (in bold the satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST Status (Dec 2009) Instruments MOS-1 19 Feb 1987 29 Nov 1995 908 km 10:15 d Inactive MESSR, VTIR, MSR MOS-1B 7 Feb 1990 25 Apr 1996 908 km 10:33 d Inactive MESSR, VTIR, MSR JERS 11 Feb 1992 11 Oct 1998 568 km 10:45 d Inactive SAR, OPS OCTS, AVNIR, NSCAT, TOMS, ADEOS-1 17 Aug 1996 30 Jun 1997 797 km 10:30 d Inactive POLDER, IMG, ILAS, RIS AMSR, GLI, SeaWinds, ILAS-II, ADEOS-2 14 Dec 2002 25 Oct 2003 812 km 10:30 d Inactive POLDER, DCS ALOS 24 Jan 2006 expected ≥ 2012 692 km 10:30 d Operational PRISM, AVNIR-2, PALSAR GOSAT 23 Jan 2009 expected ≥ 2014 666 km 13:00 a Operational TANSO-FTS, TANSO-CAI GCOM-W1 2012 expected ≥ 2017 700 km 13:30 a Approved AMSR-2 GCOM-C1 2014 expected ≥ 2019 800 km 10:30 d Approved SGLI GCOM-W2 2016 expected ≥ 2021 700 km 13:30 a Planned AMSR-2 GCOM-C2 2018 expected ≥ 2023 800 km 10:30 d Planned SGLI GCOM-W3 2020 expected ≥ 2025 700 km 13:30 a Planned AMSR-2 GCOM-C3 2022 expected ≥ 2027 800 km 10:30 d Planned SGLI

Fig. 4.5.1 - View of ALOS (“Daichi”). Fig. 4.5.2 - View of GOSAT (“Ibuki”).

MOS and JERS Two flight models of MOS (Marine Observatory Satellite) 6 were launched, MOS-1 and MOS-1B, equipped with: • MESSR (Multi-spectral Electronic Self-Scanning Radiometer), two parallel 4-channel VIS/NIR push-broom instruments, for vegetation observation (0.51-0.59, 0.61-0.69, 0.73-0.80 and 0.80- 1.10 μm), resolution 50 m, swath 185 km for the coupled instruments.

6 Original name: Momo, that means “Peach tree”.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 73

• VTIR (Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer), 4-channel radiometer for cloud observation, resolution 0.9 km s.s.p. in channel 0.5-0.7 μm, and 2.7 km s.s.p. in channels 6.0-7.0, 10.5-11.5 and 11.5-12.5 μm; swath 1500 km. • MSR (Microwave Scanning Radiometer), two-channel radiometer with frequencies 23.8 and 31.4 GHz for total-column water vapour over the ocean; resolution 23 km at 31 GHz, 32 km at 23 GHz, swath 320 km. JERS (Japanese Earth Resources Satellite) 7 was equipped with two rather important instruments: • SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar), operating in L-band (1.275 GHz) best suited for soil moisture and ocean-surface small-scale features. Resolution 18 m, swath (side looking) 75 km. • OPS (Optical Sensor), an 8-channel push-broom radiometer in the range 0.52 to 2.40 μm for vegetation type and land use; resolution 20 m, swath 75 km; one channel with fore- viewing (15.33°) for stereoscopy. ADEOS Two flight models of ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite) 8 were launched, equipped with many instruments to comply with a multi-purpose mission: • OCTS (Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner) [ADEOS-1], evolution of VTIR: a 12-channels radiometer, 8 narrow-bandwidth in the range 0.40-0.89 μm for ocean colour and vegetation, 4 in the range 3.5-12.7 μm; resolution 700 m s.s.p., swath 1400 km. • AVNIR (Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer) [ADEOS-1], evolution of MESSR: a 5-channel radiometer for vegetation (0.42-0.50, 0.52-0.60, 0.61-0.69, 0.76-0.89 and the panchromatic 0.52-0.69 μm), resolution 16 m (8 m the panchromatic); electronic scanning covering a swath of 80 km at s.s.p., possible to be pointed cross-track. • GLI (Global Imager) [ADEOS-2], evolution of OCTS, a 36-channel spectroradiometer covering the range 0.38-12.0 μm, split in several groups with different resolution (250 and 1000 m), bandwidths and radiometric accuracy, depending on the addressed application (ocean colour, vegetation, clouds, aerosol, atmosphere). Swath 1600 km. • NSCAT (NASA Scatterometer) [ADEOS-1], radar for sea-surface wind provided by NASA, frequency 14 GHz, resolution 25 km or (for more accurate products) 50 km, two swaths of 600 km on each side cross-track. • SeaWinds [ADEOS-2], radar scatterometers for sea-surface wind provided by NASA, operating in Ku-band (13.4 GHz) with two beams and conical scanning so as to view each spot four times under different angles. Resolution 50 km, swath 1800 km. Also flown as a single mission on the NASA QuikSCAT, still operational (see Section 4.3.3). • AMSR (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer) [ADEOS-2], 14-channel MW radiometer, 6 frequencies (6.9, 10.7, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5 and 89 GHz) all with two polarisations, plus two (50.2 and 53.8 GHz) with one polarisation; for sea-surface temperature and wind speed, precipitation, ice, snow, soil moisture. Resolution raging from 5 km (at 89 GHz) to 60 km (at 6.9 GHz); conical scanning, swath 1600 km. Also flown on EOS-Aqua as AMSR-E, still operational (see Section 4.3.3). • POLDER (Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances) [ADEOS-1/2], provided by CNES: a 9-wavelegth radiometer with narrow-bandwidths in the range 443-910 nm and three polarisations at three wavelengths for a total of 15 channels; for aerosol, ocean colour and vegetation. Resolution 6.5 km s.s.p., electronic scanning, swath 2200 km, more viewing angles. • TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) [ADEOS-1], provided by NASA: 6 channels in the range 310-380 nm, 1 nm bandwidth, for total-column ozone. Resolution 50 km, swath 2700 km. It was flown on Nimbus-7 (1978), Meteor-3-6 (1991) and as a dedicated mission, TOMS Earth Probe (1996) (see Section 4.3.1).

7 Original name: Fuyo, a Japanese flower. 8 Original name: Midori, that means “Green”.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 74

• IMG (Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse gases) [ADEOS-1], operating in three spectral ranges, 3.3-4.3 μm, 4.3-5.0 μm and 5.0-16.7 μm, with spectral resolution 0.05 cm-1 (unapodised). Species: CFC-11, CFC12, CH4, CO, CO2, H2O, HCl, HDO, HNO3, N2, N2O, NH3, NO, NO2, O3, OCS, SO2 and aerosol. Resolution 8 km, nadir-only view. • ILAS (Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer) [ILAS-I on ADEOS-1, ILAS-II on ADEOS- II], ILAS-I had two grating spectrometers in the ranges 6.21-11.77 μm (44 channels) and 0.753- 0.784 μm (1024 channels). Species: CFC-11, CH4, H2O, HNO3, N2O, NO2, O3 and aerosol. ILAS-II had two further bands in the ranges 3.0-5.7 μm (22 channels) and 12.78-12.85 μm (22 -1 contiguous channels of spectral resolution 0.2 cm ). Further species: CFC-12 and ClONO2. Limb sounder operating in sun occultation. Resolution: ∼ 300 km (horizontal), 1 km (vertical) in the range 10-60 km. • RIS (Retroreflector In Space) [ADEOS-1], corner cube reflector for atmospheric absorption measurement in the path ground-satellite-ground. Spectral range: 0.4-14 μm. Species: CFC- 12, CH4, CO, HNO3, O3 and aerosol. Observation obtained when the satellite flies over the laser station. • DCS (Data Collection System) [ADEOS-2], joint NASDA/CNES development following the NOAA/POES DCS/Argos (see Section 3.2). ALOS ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite)9 is addressing land observation by advanced instruments: • PRISM (Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping), a single-channel (0.52-0.77 μm) radiometer with three views, fore-, nadir and aft-, for stereoscopic imagery aiming at accurate Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Resolution 2.5 m, electronic scanning of a swath 35 km wide (70 km for the nadir observation). • AVNIR-2 (Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer - 2), evolution of the ADEOS-1 AVNIR: a 4-channel radiometer for vegetation (0.42-0.50, 0.52-0.60, 0.61-0.69 and 0.76-0.89); resolution 10 m; electronic scanning covering a swath of 70 km at s.s.p., possible to be pointed cross-track. • PALSAR (Phased-Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar), evolution of SAR on JERS: an L- band SAR (1.27 GHz) for soil moisture and ocean-surface small-scale features. Several modes are possible by selecting polarisations, side pointing and consequently changing resolution in the range 7 to 100 m, and swath in the range 30-350 km. For the purpose of data access in support of GOS, the following is noted. JAXA has organised a full scheme for ALOS data distribution. The instrument output data are collected through a Data Relay Satellite (240 Mbps) or by direct read-out (120 Mbps) to the JAXA Earth Observation Center (EOC) and several ALOS Data Nodes (ADN), ideally one in each continent. The ADN are also responsible for processing, distributing and archiving data in their area. GOSAT GOSAT (Green-house gas Observing Satellite) 10 is a mission specifically addressing key green- house gases for implementing the Kyoto protocol. Two instruments are embarked: • TANSO-FTS (Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observations - Fourier Transform Spectrometer), a 4-band interferometer (three in the range 0.75-2.1 μm, one in the range 5.5- 14.3 μm), with spectral resolution 0.2 cm-1 (0.5 cm-1 in band 1 centred on 0.76 μm), to track CH4, CO2, H2O, O2, O3 and aerosol. Resolution 10.5 km, swath 790 km. • TANSO-CAI (Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observations - Cloud and Aerosol Imager), a pushbroom 4-channel narrow-band imager (380, 674, 870 and 1600 nm) to detect and correct the cloud and aerosol interference from TANSO-FTS. Resolution 0.5 km s.s.p. (1.5 km for channel 1600 nm), swath 1000 km.

9 Original name: Daichi, that means “Great Earth” 10 Original name: Ibuki, that means “Breath”

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 75

Data processing of TANSO FTS/CAI is rather laborious. Processing is performed at the GOSAT Data Handling Facility and the retrieved parameters (mainly CO2 and CH4 total columns or gross profiles) are distributed via land lines and Internet. GCOM GCOM (Global Change Observation Mission) is the successor of the ADEOS programme, but the payload has been split on two smaller platforms, GCOM-W (“Water”) and GCOM-C (“Climate”). GCOM-W Three flight units are foreseen, to cover 13 years of operation. The payload is: • AMSR-2 (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - 2), quite similar to AMSR-E currently being flown on EOS-Aqua (see Section 4.3.3). In effect, the GCOM-W programme aims at filling the gap of high-resolution MW radiometry in between AMSR-E on EOS-Aqua (expected end-of-life in 2010) and MIS on NPOESS-2 (2016). GCOM-C Here also three flight units are foreseen, to cover 13 years of operation. The payload is: • SGLI (Second-generation Global Imager), modified in respect of the ADEOS-2 GLI. The number of channels is reduced to 19 (17 in VIS/NIR/SWIR, 2 in TIR) and the swath to 1100 km, but there are improvements in respect of ocean colour and aerosol observation: two channels with three polarisations and along-track tilting capability to avoid sunglint. Resolution 250 m, 500 m and 1000 m, changing with channel. Access to GCOM data GCOM data will be provided by JAXA via the JAXA on-line system (free of charge), optionally via a dedicated communication line or media upon users’ needs (minimal cost charged) following a cooperative agreements with JAXA. Direct reception from the GCOM satellites at the users’ ground station can be available, subject to conditions defined by JAXA in an individual agreement.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 76 4.6 CNES programmes CNES has provided or provides instruments for several bilateral missions such as: • Argos and A-DCS on POES (see Section 3.2) and MetOp/EPS (see Section 3.5) • the platform (Proteus) and the infrared imager IIR for CALIPSO (see Section 4.3.4) • ScaRaB on Meteor-3-7 (see Section 3.6) and on Resurs-O1-4 (see Section 4.8) • DORIS on Envisat (see Section 4.2.2) • POLDER on ADEOS-1/2 (see Section 4.5) • IASI on Metop/EPS (see Section 3.5). To be fair with history, record should also be kept of: • the initiating role of CNES for the Meteosat programme across years 1970-72; • the EOLE mission in 1971 to study the southern hemisphere circulation at the altitude 10-15 km by constant-level balloons tracked by a data collection and location satellite. We group here the CNES main Earth Observation programmes under two headings: • land observation • other missions (for ocean, atmosphere, space geodesy).

4.6.1 Land observing missions SPOT (Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre) is the main CNES Earth Observation programme, dated 1986 and progressively evolved both as platform and instrumentation (see Fig. 4.6.1). Table 4.6.1 records the chronology of the SPOT programme and introduces its successor, Pléiades. The VENμS mission also is mentioned. Table 4.6.1 – Chronology of CNES land observation missions (in bold the satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments SPOT-1 22 Feb 1986 Nov 2003 822 km 10:30 d Inactive HRV SPOT-2 22 Jan 1990 1 Jul 2009 822 km 10:30 d Inactive HRV, DORIS SPOT-3 26 Sep 1993 14 Nov 1996 822 km 10:30 d Inactive HRV, POAM-2, DORIS HRVIR, Vegetation, POAM-3, SPOT-4 24 Mar 1998 expected ≥ 2012 822 km 10:30 d Operational SILEX, PASTEC, DORIS SPOT-5 4 May 2002 expected ≥ 2013 822 km 10:30 d Operational HRG, HRS, Vegetation, DORIS Pléiades-1 2010 expected ≥ 2015 695 km 10:30 d Close to launch HiRI Pléiades-2 2011 expected ≥ 2016 695 km 10:30 d In integration HiRI VENμS 2011 expected ≥ 2014 720 km 10:30 d In integration VSSC

Fig. 4.6.1 - Evolution of the SPOT satellites.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 77

SPOT The SPOT instrumentation has evolved with time, progressively improving the resolution and the operational flexibility, as described below: • HRV (Haut Résolution dans le Visible) [SPOT-1/2/3] is actually composed of two bushbroom scanning parallel instruments to image either two adjacent strips for a composite swath of 117 km (60 km + 60 km with some overlap), or two off-nadir strips up to 900 km apart, each one up to 80 km wide. The off-nadir pointing capability enables more frequent observation of a target area and possibility of stereoscopy in between successive orbits. Two operation modes are available: multispectral (0.50-0.59 μm, 0.61-0.68 μm, 0.79-0.89 μm) with 20 m resolution, or panchromatic (0.51-0.73 μm) with 10 m resolution. • HRVIR (Haut Résolution dans le Visible et l’Infra-Rouge) [SPOT-4] improves over HRV in so far as a SWIR channel is added (1.58-1.75 μm) and the panchromatic function is provided by the 0.61-0.68 μm channel. The multispectral and the panchromatic functions may now work at the same time. The two instruments can be pointed independently. • HRG (Haut Résolution Géométrique) [SPOT-5] is a further improvement. The resolution of three basic channels (now 0.49-0.61 μm, 0.61-0.68 μm, 0.78-0.89 μm) is improved to 10 m whereas channel 1.58-1.75 μm remains 20 m. The panchromatic channel (now 0.49-0.69 μm) has now 5 m resolution and is doubled, with a small offset between the two images. On the ground, the two 5-m images are co-processed to obtain a 2.5-km image (super-mode). • HRS (Haut Résolution Stéréoscopique) [SPOT-5] is designed to implement stereoscopy in- orbit instead of between successive orbits. The HRV panchromatic channel (0.51-0.73 μm) with 10 m resolution is re-introduced, with sampling at 5-m intervals along track. The swath is stretched to 120 km. Fore- and aft- images are taken, ± 20° off-nadir. • Végétation [SPOT-4/5] is designed for frequent medium-resolution observation at global scale. It has 4 channels similar to HRVIR and HRG: 0.43-0.47 μm, 0.61-0.68 μm, 0.78-0.89 μm and 1.58-1.75 μm, but the resolution is 1.15 km s.s.p. and the swath 2200 km, for near-daily global coverage. • POAM (Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement) [SPOT-3/4], provided by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory: a 9-channel limb sounding solar occultation radiometer in the range 350- 1060 nm), slightly different in SPOT-3 (POAM-2) and SPOT-4 (POAM-3). Species: H2O, NO2, O2, O3 and aerosol. Vertical resolution 0.6 km, range 10-60 km. • SILEX (Semiconductor Intersatellite Link Experiment) [SPOT-4], provided by ESA: a laser- based experimental satellite-to-satellite communication package (with the geostationary ARTEMIS). • PASTEC (Technology Demonstration Passenger) [SPOT-4], a package of seven instruments for spacecraft and in situ environment monitoring. • DORIS (Détermination d’Orbite et Radiopositionnement Intégrés par Satellite) [SPOT-2/3/4/5], for precision orbit determination. For the purpose of data access in support of GOS, the following is noted. SPOT data can be received in real time by X-band stations licensed by CNES and SPOT-Image. The data rate is 150 Mbps (for SPOT-5). Otherwise, a very efficient distribution system exists, managed by SPOT- Image. It is supported by main CNES receiving stations in Kiruna and Toulouse and a network of over 20 local stations worldwide spread. To be noted that, due to the narrow instrument swaths and the pointing capability, observations of specific areas need to be booked in advance within the operations plan. Pléiades The series to replace SPOT, Pléiades, is about to enter operations. It will provide optical images in coordination with the Italian COSMO-SkyMed satellite constellation that will provide X-band SAR images, and the Argentinean SAOCOM satellite constellation equipped with L-band SAR. The Pléiades satellites will fly in formation to provide, thanks to the off-nadir pointing capability, the

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 78 potential of observing any target area of the Earth’s surface within one day. Each satellite will carry one main instrument: • HiRI (High Resolution Imager), with 4 VIS/NIR channels (0.45-0.53 μm, 0.52-0.58 μm, 0.62- 0.70 μm, 0.78-0.89 μm) at 2.8 m resolution s.s.p. and a panchromatic channels (0.48-0.90 μm) at 0.7 m resolution s.s.p., over a 20 km swath (when viewed at nadir). By combining all cross- track and along-track pointing capabilities it will be possible to implement composite images of 120 km x 120 km and stereoscopic images of 20 km x 300 km. VENμS VENμS (Vegetation and Environment monitoring on a New Micro-Satellite) (often written “VENUS”) is a cooperative mission between CNES and ISA (Israeli Space Agency). Payload: • VSSC (VENμS SuperSpectral Camera) differs from the SPOT and Pléiades instruments because of a much higher number of spectral channels (12 in the spectral range 420-910 nm), for detailed vegetation classification. Resolution 5.3 m, swath 28 km, tilting capability along and across track for strategic pointing.

4.6.2 Other missions (for ocean, atmosphere, space geodesy) Altimetry missions The role of CNES in the Ocean Surface Topography Mission (OCTM) has been highlighted in Section 4.4.2. Table 4.6.2 is identical to Table 4.4.2 except that the SARAL mission is added. Table 4.6.2 - Chronology of altimetry missions with CNES participation (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments TOPEX-Poseidon 10 Aug 1992 18 Jan 2006 1336 km 66° Inactive NRA, SSALT, TMR, DORIS JASON-1 7 Dec 2001 expected ≥ 2010 1336 km 66° Operational Poseidon-2, JMR, DORIS JASON-2 20 Jun 2008 expected ≥ 2015 1336 km 66° Operational Poseidon-3, AMR, DORIS JASON-3 2013 expected ≥ 2018 1336 km 66° Planned Poseidon-3, AMR, DORIS SARAL 2010 expected ≥ 2015 800 km 06:00 a Close to launch AltiKa, Argos, DORIS

For TOPEX-Poseidon CNES had provided: • SSALT (Single-frequency Solid-state Altimeter), making use of Ku-band (13.65 GHz). It was sharing the antenna with NRA (NASA Radar Altimeter), with resolution is 25 km. SSALT and NRA had approximately the same accuracy (∼ 2.5 cm), but the technology of SSALT enabled large saving of mass and electrical power. • DORIS (Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite), providing precision orbitography, essential for altimetry. For JASON-1 and JASON-2 CNES has provided: • Poseidon-2 [on JASON-1] and Poseidon-3 [on JASON-2], improved from SSALT by adding NRA capabilities: two frequencies, 13.5785 and 5.3 GHz, resolution 30 km (Ku-band), nadir- only view. With respect to NAR, performance is better (2 cm accuracy) and mass/power are reduced to one third. • DORIS for accurate orbitography. The role of CNES for JASON-3 is being negotiated with several partners (EUMETSAT, NASA, NOAA, ESA and the European Commission in the GMES framework). SARAL (Satellite with ARgos and AltiKa) is a joint programme of CNES and ISRO (CNES provides the payload, ISRO the platform and the launch service). The instruments will be: • AltiKa (Ka-band Altimeter), the first altimeter operating in Ka-band (35.5-36 GHz). The higher frequency provides better resolution (10 km), wider dynamic range and sparing a second frequency otherwise necessary for correcting the ionospheric delay. It is supported by a dual-frequency radiometer (23.8 and 36.5 GHz) sharing the same antenna as the altimeter. • Argos, to collect data from automatic stations and localise the platform. Platform transmission frequency: 401.65 MHz.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 79

• DORIS, LRA (Laser Retroreflector Array), GPS, for precise orbitography. Atmospheric missions In addition to providing instruments for several satellites, CNES has a specific programme for atmospheric missions Table 4.6.3 lists the missions PARASOL (see Fig. 4.6.2) and Megha- Tropiques (see Fig. 4.6.3). Table 4.6.3 - Chronology of CNES atmosphere missions (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments PARASOL 18 Dec 2004 expected ≥ 2010 705 km 13:32 a Operational POLDER Megha-Tropiques 2010 expected ≥ 2015 867 km 20° Close to launch MADRAS, SAPHIR, ScaRaB, ROSA

Fig. 4.6.2 - Sketch view of PARASOL. Fig. 4.6.3 - One-day orbits of Megha-Tropiques. PARASOL PARASOL (Polarisation et Anisotropie des Réflectances au sommet de l'Atmosphère, couplées avec un Satellite d'Observation emportant un Lidar) is a mini-satellite co-flying in the so-called ‘A- train’, a satellite formation comprising EOS-Aqua and EOS-Aura (see Section 4.3.3), and CALIPSO, CloudSat and OCO (see section 4.3.4). It carries a single instrument, improved after POLDER on ADEOS-1/2: • POLDER (Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances), a 9-wavelegth radiometer with narrow-bandwidths in the range 443-1020 nm and three polarisations at three wavelengths for a total of 15 channels; for aerosol, ocean colour and vegetation. Resolution 6 km s.s.p., electronic scanning, swath 2200 km, more viewing angles. Data from PARASOL can be collected directly from CNES (http://polder.cnes.fr) for level 1 data and from Icare (http://www-icare.univ-lille1.fr) for level 2 and 3. Megha-Tropiques Megha-Tropiques 11 is a CNES/ISRO cooperative programme addressing GEWEX (Global Energy and Water cycle Experiment). It will provide frequent coverage of the tropical regions (see again Fig. 4.6.3). ISRO will provide the platform and the launch service. The instruments will be: • MADRAS (Microwave Analysis & Detection of Rain & Atmospheric Structures), to be developed by ISRO with CNES contribution: a 5-frequencies (18.7, 23.8, 36.5, 89 and 157 GHz), 9-channel (double polarisation in all channels but 23.8 GHz) conical scanning microwave radiometer. Main objective: precipitation observation. Swath 1740 km. • SAPHIR (Sondeur Atmospherique du Profil d’Humidite Intertropicale par Radiometrie), a 6- channel MW radiometer in the 183.33 GHz band, for water vapour profiling. Cross-nadir scanning, 10 km s.s.p. resolution, 1700 km swath.

11 “Megha” is the Sanskrit word for “Cloud”.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 80

• ScaRaB (Scanner for Radiation Budget), a 4-channel radiometer, two broad-band (0.2-4.0 μm and 0.2-50 μm), two narrow-band (0.55-0.65 μm and 10.5-12.5 μm), for Earth Radiation Budget at TOA. Resolution 40 km s.s.p., swath 3.200 km. • ROSA (Radio Occultation Sounder of the Atmosphere), for radio occultation sounding, as mentioned in Section 4.4.4. Space Geodesy CNES contributes to the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) for space geodesy. Table 4.6.4 lists the CNES space geodesy satellites. Table 4.6.4 - Chronology of CNES satellites for space geodesy by laser ranging (in bold the satellites active in December 2009)

Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments STARLETTE 6 Feb 1975 expected ≥ 2050 812 km 50° Operational LR STELLA 30 Sep 1993 expected ≥ 2050 830 km 98° Operational LR

Both STARLETTE (Satellite de Taille Adaptée avec Réflecteurs Laser por les Etudes de la Terre) and STELLA have, as single payload: • LR (Laser Reflectors), an array of 60 cube-corner mirrors.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 81

4.7 ISRO programmes ISRO is running the IRS (Indian Remote-sensing Satellite) programme since 1988. There are two series, IRS-1 and the follow-on IRS-P. Table 4.7.1 records the chronology of the IRS programme, including the follow-on OceanSat, ResourceSat, CartoSat and two experimental missions, IMS-1 and RISAT-1, as well as the CNES/ISRO missions Megha-Tropiques and SIRAL. Fig. 4.7.1, Fig. 4.7.2 and Fig. 4.7.3 show the aspects of three satellites of the IRS-P series. Table 4.7.1 - Chronology of the IRS programme (in bold the satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments IRS-1A 17 Mar 1988 1992 904 km 10:30 d Inactive LISS-1, LISS-2-A/B IRS-1B 29 Aug 1991 2001 904 km 10:30 d Inactive LISS-1, LISS-2-A/B IRS-1C 28 Dec 1995 21 Sep 2005 817 km 10:30 d Inactive PAN, LISS-3, WiFS IRS-1D 29 Sep 1997 expected ≥ 2010 817 km 10:30 d Operational PAN, LISS-3, WiFS IRS-1E = IRS-P1 20 Sep 1993 Launch failed - - Inactive LISS-1, MEOSS IRS-P2 15 Oct 1994 1997 817 km 10:30 d Inactive LISS-2M IRS-P3 21 Mar 1996 2004 817 km 10:30 d Inactive WiFS, MOS, X-AE IRS-P4 (OceanSat-1) 26 May 1999 expected ≥ 2010 723 km 12:00 d Operational OCM. MSMR IRS-P6 (ResourceSat-1) 17 Oct 2003 expected ≥ 2010 817 km 10:30 d Operational LISS-3, LISS-4, AWiFS IRS-P5 (CartoSat-1) 5 May 2005 expected ≥ 2010 618 km 10:30 d Operational PAN CartoSat-2 10 Jan 2007 expected ≥ 2011 635 km 09:30 d Operational PAN CartoSat-2A 28 Apr 2008 expected ≥ 2012 635 km 09:30 d Operational PAN IMS-1 28 Apr 2008 expected ≥ 2012 632 km 09:30 d Operational HySI, MxT RISAT-2 20 Apr 2009 expected ≥ 2014 550 km 06:00 d Operational SAR-X OceanSat-2 23 Sep 2009 expected ≥ 2014 723 km 12:00 d Operational OCM, SCAT, ROSA ResourceSat-2 2010 expected ≥ 2014 817 km 10:30 d Close to launch LISS-3, LISS-4, AWiFS MADRAS, SAPHIR, Megha-Tropiques 2010 expected ≥ 2015 867 km 20° Close to launch ScaRaB, ROSA SARAL 2010 expected ≥ 2015 800 km 06:00 a Close to launch AltiKa, Argos RISAT-1 2010 expected ≥ 2015 610 km 06:00 d Close to launch SAR-C CartoSat-3 2011 expected ≥ 2015 TBD TBD In integration PAN OceanSat-3 2012 expected ≥ 2017 723 km 12:00 d Planned OCM, SCAT

Fig. 4.7.1 - IRS-P4 (OceanSat-1) Fig. 4.7.2 - IRS-P5 (CartoSat-1) Fig. 4.7.3 - IRS-P6 (ResourceSat-1)

IRS Instruments on IRS and their operational follow-on (OceanSat, CartoSat and ResourceSat) are shortly described in the following. Payloads no longer in use are: • MEOS (Monocular Electro-Optical Stereo Scanner) [on IRS-1E/P1] was a single-channel camera (0.57-0.70 μm) to take three simultaneous images, nadir, fore- and aft- for in-orbit stereoscopy. Pushbroom scanning resolution 150 m, swath 510 km. Not used because of launch failure. • MOS (Multispectral Opto-electronic Scanner) [on IRS-P3], provided by Germany, was an instrument complex for ocean colour, vegetation, aerosol and clouds. It included three subsystems: MOS-A with 4 channels in the oxygen band around 760 nm, MOS-B with 13 channels in the 408-1010 nm range, MOS-C with a channel at 1.6 μm. Resolution: MOS-A 1.5 km, MOS-B and MOS-C 0.5 km; swath 200 km. • X-AE (X-ray Astronomy Experiment) [on IRS-P3], a package of two X-ray photon counters.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 82

OceanSat IRS-P4 was re-named OceanSat, that now is an operational series. The payloads are as follows • OCM (Ocean Color Monitor) [on all OceanSat’s], 8-channel radiometer (12-channels on OceanSat-3) with narrow bandwidths in the range 402-885 nm (up to 1050 nm on OceanSat-3) for ocean colour and aerosol. Pushbroom scanning, resolution 300 m, swath 1420 km. • MSMR (Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer) [on OceanSat-1], a 4-frequency, 8- channel MW radiometer (6.6, 10.65, 18 and 21 GHz, all with two polarisations) for surface temperature and wind and total-column water vapour over the sea. Conical scanning, resolution ranging from 27 km (at 21 GHz) to 85 km (at 6.6 GHz); swath 1360 km. • SCAT (Scatterometer) [on OceanSat-2 and OceanSat-3], quite similar to SeaWinds, the radar scatterometer currently being flown on QuikScat. • ROSA (Radio Occultation Sounder of the Atmosphere) [on OceanSat-2], provided by the Italian Space Agency. CartoSat IRS-P5 was re-named CartoSat, that now is an operational series. CartoSat-2 is split in two satellites, CartoSat-2 and CartoSat-2A, complementing their respective coverages. Payloads: • PAN (Panchromatic Camera), single-channel 0.50-0.75 μm camera being configured in several versions. In IRS-1C and IRS-1D the resolution is 5.8 m with swath 70 km when pointing nadir, ≤ 10 m / 90 km when pointing side within a field of regard of 400 km. In CartoSat-1 there are two instruments, PAN-A and PAN-F, view aft- and fore- respectively, for in-orbit stereoscopy; resolution 2.5 m, swath 30 km. In CartoSat-2/2A and CartoSat-3, PAN can be tilted fore- and aft-, left and right, for strategic pointing within a field of regard of 400 km, and stereoscopy. Resolution and swath < 1 m / 9.6 km in CartoSat-2/2A, 0.3 km / 6 km in CartoSat-3. ResourceSat IRS-P6 was re-named ResourceSat, that now is an operational series. Of the precursor satellites in the IRS series, IRS-1D is still operational. The payloads are as follows. • LISS (Limb Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor), pushbroom radiometer for vegetation observation, has been flown in several versions. In LISS-1 [on IRS-1A, 1B, 1E/P1] and LISS-2-A/B [on IRS-1A, 1B] there were 4 channels (0.46-0.52 μm, 0.52-0.59 μm, 0.62-0.68 μm and 0.77-0.86 μm). The resolution of LISS-1 was 72 m with a swath of 140 km, whereas LISS-2-A/B had 36 m and the same swath achieved by two parallel instruments (A and B) each with 36 km swath. LISS-2M [on IRS-P2] combines the two instruments of LISS-2-A/B into a single one. In LISS-3 [on IRS-1C, 1D and ResourceSat 1 and 2] the “blue” channel 0.46-0.52 μm is replaced by a SWIR channels at 1.55-1.75 μm, with resolution 23 m (VNIR channels) and 70 m (SWIR channel), swath still 140 km. In LISS-4 [on ResourceSat 1 and 2] only the three VNIR channels 0.52-0.59 μm, 0.62-0.68 μm and 0.77-0.86 μm are retained, and the resolution is brought down to 5.8 m, with swath 24 km (multi-spectral) or 70 km (panchromatic). • WiFS (Wide Field Sensor) [on IRS-1C and 1D], designed for vegetation indexes, is composed of two adjacent pushbroom cameras to cover a composite swath of 770 km with a resolution of 190 m. In IRS-1C and ID there were two channels, 0.62-0.68 μm and 0.77-0.86 μm. In IRS- P3, a 1.55-1.75 μm channel was added. • AWIFS (Advanced Wide Field Sensor) [on ResourceSat 1 and 2], is a further improvement. There are now four channels (0.52-0.59 μm, 0.62-0.68 μm, 0.77-0.86 μm and 1.55-1.75 μm, i.e. the same as LISS-3. Pushbroom scanning with resolution 56 m and swath 740 km. Access to data to satellites of the IRS OceanSat/CartoSat/ResourceSat series For the purpose of data access in support of GOS, the following is noted. IRS data can be received in real time by appointed X-band stations (data rate 150 Mbps), compatible with SPOT reception (minor modifications necessary). Otherwise, data are acquired and processed by the National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) and distributed by Antrix Corporation.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 83

IMS and RISAT These two new undertaking address agriculture and disasters monitoring, exploiting both optical imagery (IMS) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (RISAT). IMS-1 (Indian Mini-Satellite), launched as piggy-back of Cartosat-2A, initiates experimentation of new, compact, instruments: • HySI-T (Hyper Spectral Imager), a VNIR spectrometer with 64 channels in the spectral range 450-950 nm, for detailed vegetation classification. Resolution 500 m, swath 130 km. • Mx-T (Multispectral CCD Camera), a 4-channels VNIR radiometer (0.45-0.52 μm, 0.52-0.59 μm, 0.62-0.68 μm and 0.77-0.86 μm) for land observation and disasters monitoring. Resolution 36 m, swath 150 km. RISAT-1 (Radar Imaging Satellite - 1) is equipped with: • SAR-C (Synthetic Aperture Radar, C-band), for high-resolution all-weather multi-purpose imagery for ocean, land and ice. Frequency 5.35 GHz, variable pointing, resolution 3 m to 50 m and swath 30 to 240 km, depending on operation mode. RISAT-2 (Radar Imaging Satellite - 2) was prepared and launched in emergency conditions, soon after the terrorist attack in Mumbai. It is equipped with: • SAR-X (Synthetic Aperture Radar, X-band), for high-resolution all-weather multi-purpose imagery for ocean, land and ice. Frequency 9.0 GHz, variable pointing within a range of 650 km, resolution 3 to 8 m and swath 10 to 50 km, depending on operation mode. The instrument was provided by . Cooperative programmes with CNES Megha-Tropiques 12 is a CNES/ISRO cooperative programme addressing GEWEX (Global Energy and Water cycle Experiment). It will provide frequent coverage of the tropical regions. ISRO will provide the platform and the launch service. The instruments will be: • MADRAS (Microwave Analysis & Detection of Rain & Atmospheric Structures), to be developed by ISRO with CNES contribution: a 5-frequencies (18.7, 23.8, 36.5, 89 and 157 GHz), 9-channel (double polarisation in all channels but 23.8 GHz) conical scanning microwave radiometer. Main objective: precipitation observation. Swath 1740 km. • SAPHIR (Sondeur Atmospherique du Profil d’Humidite Intertropicale par Radiometrie), a 6- channel MW radiometer in the 183.33 GHz band, for water vapour profiling. Cross-nadir scanning, 10 km s.s.p. resolution, 1700 km swath. • ScaRaB (Scanner for Radiation Budget), a 4-channel radiometer, two broad-band (0.2-4.0 μm and 0.2-50 μm), two narrow-band (0.55-0.65 μm and 10.5-12.5 μm), for Earth Radiation Budget at TOA. Resolution 40 km s.s.p., swath 3.200 km. • ROSA (Radio Occultation Sounder of the Atmosphere), for radio occultation sounding, as mentioned in Section 4.4.4. SARAL (Satellite with ARgos and AltiKa) is a joint programme of CNES and ISRO (CNES provides the payload, ISRO the platform and the launch service). The instruments will be: • Argos, to collect data from automatic stations and localise the platform. Platform transmission frequency: 401.65 MHz. • AltiKa (Ka-band Altimeter), the first altimeter operating in Ka-band (35.5-36.0 GHz). Supported by a dual-frequency radiometer (23.8 and 36.5 GHz).

12 “Megha” is the Sanskrit word for “Cloud”.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 84

4.8 Roscosmos programmes (including NSAU) Several R&D satellite series and single missions have been implemented and are planned by the Russian Space Agency, often as Russia/Ukraine cooperation. For the purpose of GOS, we select here the series Resurs (including Monitor-E and KANOPUS-V), and Okean, and also include the Ukrainian SICH. Table 4.8.1 reports the chronology of the three programmes. Fig. 4.8.1 shows the scheme of Monitor-E and Fig. 4.8.2 that one of Resurs-DK. Table 4.8.1 - Chronology of Resurs, Okean and SICH programmes (in bold satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments Resurs-O1-1 3 Oct 1985 11 Nov 1986 620 km 10:15 a Inactive MSU-E, MSU-SK, SAR-Travers Resurs-O1-2 20 Apr 1988 1 Jun 1999 650 km 10:15 a Inactive MSU-E, MSU-SK Resurs-O1-3 4 Nov 1994 May 2001 675 km 10:15 a Inactive MSU-E, MSU-SK, others MSU-E1, MSU-SK1, MP-900B, Resurs-O1-4 10 Jul 1998 Jan 2002 835 km 10:15 a Inactive ScaRaB, others Monitor-E 26 Aug 2005 15 Aug 2008 540 km 10:30 a Inactive PAN + MS Resurs-DK 15 Jun 2006 expected ≥ 2011 360-600 km 70.4° Operational Geoton KANOPUS-V-1 2010 expected ≥ 2015 650 km 10:30 a Close to launch MSS + MSU-200 + PSS KANOPUS-V-2 2011 expected ≥ 2016 650 km 10:30 a In integration MSS + MSU-200 + PSS Okean-O1-1 29 Jul 1986 1988 660 km 82.5° Inactive RLSBO, RM-08, MWR, Okean-O1-2 16 Jul 1987 1989 660 km 82.5° Inactive MSU-SK, Kondor RLSBO, RM-08, MWR, Okean-O1-3 5 Jul 1988 1990 660 km 82.5° Inactive MSU-SK, Kondor, Trasser Okean-O1-4 9 Jun 1989 launch failed - - Inactive Okean-O1-5 28 Feb 1990 1991 660 km 82.5° Inactive RLSBO, RM-08, MWR, Okean-O1-6 4 Jun 1991 1993 660 km 82.5° Inactive MSU-SK, Kondor Okean-O1-7 11 Oct 1994 1996 660 km 82.5° Inactive RLSBO, MSU-M, MSU-SK, MSU-V, Okean-O-1 17 Jul 1999 2000 636 km 82.5° Inactive -2D, R225, R600, Trasser-O RLSBO, RM-08, MWR, SICH-1 31 Aug 1995 14 Dec 2001 650 km 82.5° Inactive MSU-SK, Kondor RLSBO, RM-08, SICH-1M 24 Dec 2004 15 Apr 2006 650 km 82.5° Inactive MSU-EU, MTVZA-OK SICH-2 2010 expected ≥ 2015 668 km 10.50 d Close to launch MBEI + MIREI

Fig. 4.8.1 - Scheme of Monitor-E.

Fig, 4.8.2 . Scheme of Resurs-DK

Resurs

Resurs satellites are dedicated to land observation. The list of Table 4.8.1 omits the preceding series Resurs-F1, Resurs-F2 and Resurs-F1M, about 60 satellites of the Kosmos family launched in the period 1979-1999. The instrumentation of the Resurs-O1 series and beyond is as follows: • MP-900B [Resurs-O1-4], a TV camera with resolution 1.7 km, swath 2600 km. • MSU-E [Resurs-O1 1, 2, 3], two side-to-side pushbroom radiometers with 3 channels (0.5-0.6, 0.6-0.7 and 0.8-0.9 μm), resolution 40 m and swath 45 km each, for a coupled swath of 80 km, or two 45-km side swaths possible to be addressed within an area of regard of 600 km. In

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 85

MSU-E1 [Resurs-O1-4] due to higher orbit, each radiometer had resolution 50 m and swath 60 km. • MSU-SK [Resurs-O1 1, 2, 3], a conical scanning radiometer with 5 channels, four in VNIR (0.5- 0.6, 0.6-0.7, 0.7-0.8, 0.8-1.1 μm), one in TIR (10.4-12.5 μm); resolution 170 m (VNIR) and 600 m (TIR); swath 600 km. In MSU-SK1 [Resurs-O1-4] a 3.5-4.1 μm channel was added; due to higher orbit, the resolution was 210 m (VNIR) and 700 m (MWIR and TIR), the swath 700 km. • SAR-Travers [Resurs-O1-1], a Synthetic Aperture Radar with two frequencies, S-band (3.28 GHz) and L-band (1.28 GHz). • ScaRaB (Scanner for Radiation Budget) [Resurs-01-4], a CNES-provided radiometer with two broad-band (0.2-4.0 μm and 0.2-50 μm) and two narrow-band (0.5-0.7 μm and 10.5-12.5 μm) channels; resolution 60 km, swath 3200 km. To be re-flown on Megha-Tropiques. • Geoton [Resurs-DK], a pushbroom radiometer with resolution 2-3 m when used in multi- spectral mode (0.5-0.6, 0.6-0.7 and 0.7-0.8 μm), 1 m when used in panchromatic mode (0.58- 0.80 μm); swath 30 km possible to be addressed within an area of regard of 450 km. • PAN + MS (Panchromatic + Multi-Spectral) [Monitor-E], a complex of two complementary instruments. PAN: a single-channel (0.51-0.85 μm) pushbroom radiometer with resolution 8 m and swath 90 km possible to be addressed within an area of regard of 780 km. MS: a 3- channel (0.54-0.59, 0.63-0.68 and 0.79-0.90 μm) pushbroom radiometer with resolution 20 m and swath 160 km possible to be addressed within an area of regard of 890 km. • MSS + MSU-200 + PSS (Multispectral film-making system + Multispectral high resolution electronic scanner + Panchromatic film-making system) [KANOPUS-V-1], a complex of three complementary instruments. MSS: 4 channels (0.5-0.6, 0.6-0.7, 0.7-0.8 and 0.8-0.9 μm), resolution 12 m, swath 20 km. MSS-200: single-channel (0.54-0.86 μm), resolution 25 m, swath 250 km. PSS: panchromatic camera (0.5-0.8 μm), resolution 2.5 m, swath 20 km. Okean Okean satellites are dedicated to ocean observation. The list of Table 4.8.1 omits the preceding series Okean-E and Okean-OE, 4 satellites of the Kosmos family launched in the period 1979- 1984. The instrumentation of the Okean-O1 series and Okean-O-1 is as follows: • Delta-2D [Okean-O-1], 4-frequencies / 8-channel MW radiometer (6.9, 13.0, 22.3 and 37.5 GHz all with two polarisations); conical scanning, resolution ranging from 20 km (at 37.5 GHz) to 100 km (at 6.9 GHz), swath 1130 km. • MSU-M [Okean-O-1], 4-channel radiometer (0.5-0.6, 0.6-0.7, 0.7-0.8, 0.8-1.1 μm) for multi- purpose imagery; resolution 1.5 km, swath 1900 km • MSU-SK [all Okean satellites]: a conical scanning radiometer with 5 channels, four in VNIR (0.5-0.6, 0.6-0.7, 0.7-0.8, 0.8-1.1 μm), one in TIR (10.4-12.5 μm); resolution 170 m (VNIR) and 600 m (TIR); swath 600 km. Same as for the Resurs series. • MSU-V [Okean-O-1], 8-channel pushbroom radiometer for vegetation mapping; 5 in VNIR in the range 0.45-1.0 μm with resolution 50 m; 2 in SWIR with resolution 100 m (at 1.6 μm) and 300 m (at 2.2 μm), one in TIR (10.6-12.0) with resolution 250 m; swath 200 km. • MWR [all Okean-O1 satellites], 3-channel MW radiometer, frequencies 3.53, 22.2 and 37.5 GHz, nadir-only viewing for sea-surface temperature and wind, and total-column water vapour. • R225 and R600 [Okean-O-1] were single-frequency / dual polarization MW radiometers, at 13.3 GHz and 5 GHz respectively; resolution 130 and 165 km respectively. Pointing 42° off- nadir. • RLSBO [all Okean satellites], a real-aperture side-looking radar, exploiting the X-band (9.7 GHz); Okean-O-1 had two antenna complexes, looking on each side (R = Right L = Left, see Fig. 4.8.2); resolution about 1.8 km, swath 455 km (two swaths, R and L, for Okean-O-1). • RM-08 [all Okean-O1 satellites], conical scanning radiometer at 36.6 GHz (0.8 cm) for sea- surface wind and sea ice, resolution 20 km, swath 550 km. • Trasser [Okean-O1-3] and Trasser-O [Okean-O-1], a polarisation spectroradiometer for ocean colour, vegetation and aerosol; spectral range 430-800 nm, 62 channels of bandwidth 3 nm (at

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 86

430 nm) to 12 nm (at 800 nm), all with two polarisations; resolution 45 km; non-scanning instrument viewing 20° off-nadir. • Kondor [all Okean-O1 satellites]: data collection system. SICH The SICH series, managed by NSAU (National Space Agency of Ukraine) was initially (SICH 1 and 1M) oriented towards ocean, now (SICH-2) is shifting towards land observation. Payloads: • RLSBO [SICK-1 and SICH-1M], same as in Okean satellites. • RM-08 [SICK-1 and SICH-1M], same as in Okean satellites. • MWR [SICH-1], same as in Okean satellites. • MSU-SK [SICH-1]: same as in Okean and Resurs satellites. • Kondor [SICH-1]: same as in Okean satellites. • MSU-EU [SICH-1M], a 3-channel (0.50-0.59, 0.61-0.69 and 0.79-0.92 μm) pushbroom radiometer with resolution 30 m and swath 48 km possible to be addressed within an area of regard of 750 km. • MTVZA-OK [SICH-1M], a complex of a MW imaging-sounding radiometer (MTVZA, see Section 3.6) and a 5-channel VIS/IR radiometer (0.37-0.45, 0.45-0.51, 0.58-0.68, 0.68-0.78 and 3.55-3.93 μm) (OK); conical scanning, resolution 1.1 km for OK, ranging from 19 km (at 183 GHz) to 260 km (at 6.9 km); swath 2000 km. • MBEI + MIREI (Multi-Band Earth Imager + Middle IR Earth Imager) [SICH-2], a complex of two instruments, pointable up to ± 35° from nadir. MBEI: 4-channels (0.51-0.59, 0.61-0.68, 0.80- 0.89 and 0.51-0.90 μm), resolution 7.8 m, swath 47 km. MIREI: 1-channel (1.55-1.70 μm), resolution 46 m, swath 55 km. The Artica project The “Artica” project has been announced as being jointly studied by Roscosmos and RosHydroMet. It would be based on satellites in several orbits, some of the “Molnya” type, some of the “Tundra” type, some sunsynchronous. The objective is to extend the features of continuous monitoring (as from GEO) to high latitudes. The following combination of orbits is considered.

Orbit type Inclination Period Apogee Perigee Coverage (from each satellite) No. of sats Molnya 63.4° 12 h 39,100 km 1,250 km Visible over two positions by ~ 8 h each 2 Tundra 63.4° 24 h 46,340 km 25,230 km Visible over one position by ~ 16 h 6 Sunsynchronous ~ 98° ~ 100 min ~ 800 km ~ 800 km Coverage of latitudes > 50° each ~ 6 h 2

The satellites would be based on the Electro-L spacecraft and the MSU-GS imager developed for the geostationary orbit (see section 2.5), appropriately adapted.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 87

4.9 Programmes of Chinese research institutes In this Section we describe the programme of a number of Chinese Institutes for national satellites of the series BJ, HJ and HY, and for the cooperative programme ZY / CBERS with the Brazil Space Agency (INPE). Table 4.9.1 reports the chronology of these programmes. Fig. 4.9.1 provides a view of ZY-1 / CBERS-1, Fig. 4.9.2 of HY-1. Table 4.9.1 - Chronology of ZY, BJ, HJ and HY programmes (in bold satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments CBERS-1 14 Oct 1999 12 Oct 2003 778 km 10:30 d Inactive HRCC, IRMSS, WFI, DCS CBERS-2 21 Oct 2003 late 2007 778 km 10:30 d Inactive HRCC, IRMSS, WFI, DCS CBERS-2B 19 Set 2007 expected ≥ 2010 778 km 10:30 d Operational HRCC, HRPC, WFI, DCS CBERS-3 2010 expected ≥ 2013 778 km 10:30 d Close to launch IRMSS, MUXCAM, PANMUX, WFI-2, DCS CBERS-4 2013 expected ≥ 2016 778 km 10:30 a Approved IRMSS, MUXCAM, PANMUX, WFI-2, DCS BJ-1 27 Oct 2005 expected ≥ 2010 686 km 10:30 a Operational SLIM6, CMT HJ-1A 6 Sep 2008 expected ≥ 2011 649 km 10:30 d Operational CCD, HSI HJ-1B 6 Sep 2008 expected ≥ 2011 649 km 10:30 d Operational CCD, IR HJ-1C 2010 expected ≥ 2013 499 km 06:00 d Close to launch SAR-S HY-1A 15 May 2002 Apr 2004 798 km 10:30 d Inactive COCTS, CZI HY-1B 11 Apr 2007 expected ≥ 2010 798 km 10:30 d Operational COCTS, CZI HY-1C 2010 expected ≥ 2013 798 km 10:30 d Close to launch COCTS, CZI HY-1D 2010 expected ≥ 2013 798 km 13:30 a Close to launch COCTS, CZI HY-2A 2010 expected ≥ 2013 963 km 06:00 d Close to launch ALT, RAD, SCAT

Fig. 4.9.1 - View of ZY-1 / CBERS-1. Fig. 4.9.2 - View of HY-1.

CBERS CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) 13 is a joint programme of the Chinese CRESDA (Center for Resources Satellite Data and Application) and the Brazilian INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais). It is fully devoted to high-resolution imagery for land osservation. Payloads of CBERS Different payloads, in different combinations, apply to different CBERS satellites, as follows. • HRCC (High-Resolution CCD Camera) [on CBERS-1, CBERS-2 and CBERS-2B], 5 channels (0.45-0.52, 0.52-0.59, 0.63-0.69, 0.77-0.89 and 0.51-0.73 μm), resolution 20 m, swath 113 km pointable within a field of regard of 1000 km. • IRMSS (Infrared Multispectral Scanner) [on CBERS-1, CBERS-2 and, upgraded, CBERS-3 and CBERS-4], 4 channels (0.5-1.1, 1.55-1.75, 2.08-2.35 and 10.4-12.5 μm), resolution 80 m in short-wave channels, 160 m in thermal IR, swath 120 km. On CBERS-3 and CBERS-4 the panchromatic channel has been narrowed to 0.76-0.90 μm, and the resolution has been improved to 40 m for SW channel and 80 m for TIR.

13 Chinese name: “Zi Yuan”, that means “Resource”.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 88

• HRPC (High-Resolution Panchromatic Camera) [on CBERS-2B, replacing IRMSS], panchromatic camera (0.50-0.80 μm) with resolution 2.7 m and swath 27 km. • WFI (Wide Field Imager) [on CBERS-1, CBERS-2 and CBERS-2B], 2 channels (0.63-0.69 and 0.77-0.89 μm), resolution 260 m, swath 890 km. • WFI-2 (Wide Field Imager - 2) [on CBERS-3 and CBERS-4], 4 channels (0.45-0.53, 0.52-0.59, 0.63-0.69 and 0.77-0.89 μm), resolution 73 m, swath 866 km. • PANMUX (Panchromatic and Multispectral Camera) [on CBERS-3 and CBERS-4], 4-channel VNIR radiometer with three multispectral channels (0.52-0.59, 0.63-0.69, 0.77-0.89 μm) and one panchromatic (0.51-0.85 μm). Resolution 5 m (PAN) and 10 m (multispectral); swath 60 km pointable within a field of regard of 1000 km. • MUXCAM (Multispectral Camera) [on CBERS-3 and CBERS-4], 5 channels (0.45-0.52, 0.52- 0.59, 0.63-0.69, 0.77-0.89 and 0.51-0.71 μm), resolution 20 m, swath 113 km pointable within a field of regard of 1000 km. • DCS (Data Collection System). Access to CBERS data There are two modes to acquire images from CBERS: through the INPE/CRESDA ground segment or by direct read-out. The image data are downloaded in X-band at several frequencies in the range 8100 to 8330, with data rate depending on the instrument (more parallel streams with data rate exceeding 50 Mbps in certain cases). • The INPE/CRESDA ground segment acquires the images at Cuiabá and Boa Vista (Brazil) and Beijing, Nanning and Wulumuqi (China). Thereafter, images are processed and distributed via Internet. • Direct reception is possible by special agreement. Several centres are already operating, and others are following. BJ-1 BJ-1 (Beijing-1) has been developed by the NRSCC (National Remote Sensing Centre of China) as a small satellite carrying: • SLIM6 (Surrey Linear Imager Multispectral 6 channels - but 3 spectral bands): two sets of 3-channels (0.52-0.62 µm, 0.63-0.69 µm and 0.76-0.90 µm); 32-m resolution; pushbroom scanning of two parallel 320-km swaths for a total of 600 km. • CMT (China Mapping Telescope): single panchromatic channels, 0.50-0.80 μm, resolution 4 m, swath 24 km possible to be pointed in a field of regard of 800 km. HJ series HJ (Huan Jing) 14 is part of the international coordinated initiative for the implementation of DMC (Disaster Monitoring Constellation) (see Section 4.14). The HJ programme is managed by CAST (Chinese Academy of Space Technology). The payload will be as follows. • CCD (CCD Camera) [HJ 1A and 1B], 4-channels camera (0.43-0.52, 0.52-0.60, 0.63-0.69 and 0.76-0.90 µm). Resolution 30 m, swath 720 km. • HSI (Hyper-Spectral Imager) [HJ-1A], VNIR spectrometer for detailed vegetation classification. 128 channels in the spectral range 450-950 nm. Resolution 100 m, swath 50 km. • IR (Infra Red Camera) [HJ-1B], 4-channnel NIR/MWIR/TIR radiometer (0.75-1.10, 1.55- 1.75, 3.50-3.90 and 10.5-12.5 µm). Resolution 150 m (VNIR and MWIR), 300 m (TIR); swath 720 m. • SAR-S (Synthetic Aperture Radar, S-band) [HJ-1C], S-band SAR, frequency ~ 2.7 GHz specific for soil moisture. Resolution 20 m, swath 100 km. Access to HJ data

14 “Huan Jing” means “Environment”.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 89

Currently, HJ data are not ordinarily distributed to the international community. HY series HY (Hai Yang) 15 addresses oceanography. The HY-1 series exploits optical instruments, the HY-2 series MW, both active and passive. The HY programme is managed by NSOAS (National Satellite Ocean Application Services) in cooperation with CAST. Payloads of HY-1 A to D: • COCTS (China Ocean Colour & Temperature Scanner), 10-channel VIS/IR radiometer (8 narrow-bandwidth in VNIR for ocean colour, two in the TIR split-window for sea-surface temperature). Resolution 1.1 km, swath 1400 km. • CZI (Coastal Zone Imager), 4-channel VIS radiometer (0.433-0.453, 0.555-0.575, 0.655-0.675, 0.675-0.695 μm) optimized for vegetation and coastal zones. Resolution 250 m, swath 500 km. Payloads of HY-2A: • ALT (Radar Altimeter), for ocean topography and significant wave height. Two-frequencies (5.25 and 13.58 GHz), along-track viewing, 16 km footprint. • RAD (Microwave Radiometer), for all-weather sea-surface temperature and wind, and total- column water vapour. 5-frequency, 9-channel MW radiometer (6.6, 10.7, 18.7, 23.8 and 37.0 GHz, all with two polarisations). Resolution 18 km at 37 GHz, 100 km at 6.6 GHz. Conical scanning, swath 1600 km. • SCAT (Scatterometer), for sea surface wind vector. Ku-band radar scatterometer (13.25 GHz) similar to the QuikSCAT SeaWinds. Conical scanning, two beams to provide four views for each spot; resolution 50 km, swath 1300 km. Access to HY data HY data are processed at NSOAS and distributed to the international community in delayed time.

15 “Hai Yang” means “Ocean”.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 90

4.10 CONAE programmes CONAE (Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales) is the Argentina space agency. The main programmes are SAC, a series of Earth observation missions carrying payloads in the optical and passive microwave range, and SAOCOM, an operational series for SAR exploitation. Table 4.10.1 records the chronology of SAC and SAOCOM. Fig. 4.10.1 shows a view of SAC-D, Fig. 4.10.2 shows a sketch view of SAOCOM. Table 4.10.1 - Chronology of SAC and SAOCOM programmes (in bold satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments SAC-B 4 Nov 1996 Launch failed - - Inactive Astrophysics SAC-A 4 Dec 1998 August 1999 395 km 51.6° Inactive Technological SAC-C 21 Nov 2000 expected ≥ 2010 705 km 10:30 d Operational HRTC, HSTC, MMRS, GOLPE, DCS Aquarius, HSC, MWR, SAC-D 2010 expected ≥ 2015 657 km 06:00 d Close to launch NIRST, ROSA, DCS, CARMEN, TDP SAOCOM-1A 2012 expected ≥ 2017 620 km 06:00 a Approved SAR-L SAOCOM-1B 2013 expected ≥ 2018 620 km 06:00 a Approved SAR-L SAOCOM-2A 2014 expected ≥ 2019 620 km 06:00 a Planned SAR-L SAOCOM-2B 2015 expected ≥ 2020 620 km 06:00 a Planned SAR-L

Fig. 4.10.1 - View of SAC-D with Aquarius. Fig. 4.10.2 - Sketch view of SAOCOM.

SAC SAC (Satélite de Aplicaciones Científicas) exploits significantly large platforms, to carry instruments often provided by collaborating space agencies. Payloads of SAC-C: • HRTC (High Resolution Technological Camera), for land and vegetation monitoring. Single-channel camera (400-900 nm). Resolution 35 m, swath 90 km. • HSTC (High Sensitivity Technological Camera), for low-level light imagery for night time events (urban areas, fires, etc.). Single-channel camera (0.45-0.85 μm). Resolution 300 m, swath 700 km. • MMRS (Multispectral Medium Resolution Scanner), for land, vegetation and coast observation. 5-channels VIS/NIR radiometer (0.48-0.50, 0.54-0.56, 0.63-0.69, 0.79-0.83 and 1.55-1.70 μm). Resolution 175 m, swath 360 km. • GOLPE (GPS Occultation and Passive reflection Experiment), provided by NASA (“BlackJack”: see Section 4.4.4) for radio occultation sounding. About 500 soundings/day. • DCS (Data Collection System).

Payloads of SAC-D:

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 91

• Aquarius, provided by NASA (see Section 4.3.4). Composed of co-aligned MW radiometer at 1.413 GHz and scatterometer at 1.26 GHz, both polarimetric. Average resolution 120 km, swath 390 km covered by three parallel cross-track beams. • HSC (High Sensitivity Camera), for low-level light imagery for night time events (urban areas, fires, etc.). Single-channel camera (0.45-0.61 μm). Resolution 250-300 m, swath 700 km. • MWR (Micro-Wave Radiometer), for precipitable water and precipitation rate over the ocean, wind speed, ice observation. 2-frequency, 3-channel MW radiometer (23.8 and two- polarisations 36.5 GHz). Resolution 54 km, swath 380 km (nadir-pointing, 8 parallel beams). • NIRST (New Infra Red Scanner Technology), for imagery of hot scenes and sea-surface temperature. 3-channel IR radiometer (3.80, 10.85 and 11.85 μm). Resolution 350 m, swath 182 km addressable within 1000 km. • ROSA (Radio Occultation Sounder of the Atmosphere), provided by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for radio-occultation sounding (see Section 4.4.4). About 650 soundings/day. • DCS (Data Collection System). 2 contacts per day with 200 ground platforms. • CARMEN a complex of two instruments provided by CNES: ICARE (Influence of Space Radiation on Advanced Components) and SODAD (Orbital System for an Active Detection of Debris, to monitor the effects of cosmic radiation in electronic devices, the distribution of micro- particles and . • TDP (Technological Demonstration Package), GPS receiver & Inertial Unit Reference for Position, velocity and time inertial angular velocity determination. SAOCOM SAOCOM (SAtélite Argentino de Observación COn Microondas) is a series that implements a programme coordinated with the Italian Space Agency, called SIASGE (Sistema Italo-Argentino de Satélites para la Gestión de Emergencias). CONAE is responsible of L-band SAR observation, ASI of X-band (see Section 4.11, next). The SAOCOM payload will be: • SAR-L (Synthetic Aperture Radar, L-band), for all-weather multi-purpose imagery, specifically for soil moisture in the roots region. Frequency 1.275 GHz, multi-polarisation and variable pointing. Resolution 10 to 100 m, swath 30 to 320 km.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 92

4.11 ASI programmes ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana) runs several activities in the field of Earth Observation. One, mentioned earlier, in Section 4.4.4, is the provision of: • ROSA (Radio Occultation for Sounding the Atmosphere) for: - the ISRO OceanSat-2 satellite (see Section 4.7); - the CNES-ISRO Megha-Tropiques satellite (see Section 4.6.2); - the CONAE SAC-D satellite (see Section 4.10). Table 4.11.1 records the chronology of ASI satellite programmes. The initial programme was addressing Space Geodesy, the current one is based on SAR. Fig. 4.11.1 shows a view of the first ASI satellite, LAGEOS-2; Fig. 4.11.2 shows a view of the current COSMO-SkyMed. Table 4.11.1 - Chronology of ASI programmes (in bold satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments LAGEOS-1 4 May 1976 expected ≥ 2016 5900 km 110° Operational LRA LAGEOS-2 22 Oct 1992 expected ≥ 2032 5900 km 52.6° Operational LRA LARES 2010 expected ≥ 2030 354 x 1450 km 71° Close to launch LRA CSK-1 (COSMO-SkyMed-1) 8 Jun 2007 expected ≥ 2012 620 km 06:00 a Operational SAR-2000 CSK-2 (COSMO-SkyMed-2) 9 Dec-2007 expected ≥ 2013 620 km 06:00 a Operational SAR-2000 CSK-3 (COSMO-SkyMed-3) 25 Oct 2008 expected ≥ 2014 620 km 06:00 a Operational SAR-2000 CSK-4 (COSMO-SkyMed-4) 2010 expected ≥ 2015 620 km 06:00 a Close to launch SAR-2000 CSG-1 (CSK 2nd Generation - 1) 2013 expected ≥ 2018 620 km 06:00 a Approved SAR-2000 SG CSG-2 (CSK 2nd Generation - 2) 2014 expected ≥ 2019 620 km 06:00 a Approved SAR-2000 SG PRISMA 2011 expected ≥ 2016 650 km 10:30 d In integration PRISMA

Fig. 4.11.1 - View of LAGEOS-2. Fig. 4.11.2 - View of COSMO-SkyMed.

LAGEOS and LARES LAGEOS (Laser Geodynamics Satellite) is a joint project of NASA (LAGEOS-1) and ASI (LAGEOS-2). The two satellites, that contribute to the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) for space geodesy, are in complementary orbits. Payload: • LRA (Laser Retroreflector Array), an array of 426 corner-cube reflectors for precision orbitography by a network of ground-based laser ranging systems. LARES (Laser RElativity Satellite), developed by ASI, is placed in a third orbit coordinated with the previous two in such a way as to confirm the principle of General Relativity that rotating masses drag space-time around themselves as they rotate (referred to as “Lense-Thirring effect”). Satellite and payload are very similar to LAGEOS (nearly the same mass, ~ 400 kg, but smaller size, Ø ~ 38 cm instead of ~ 60 cm of LAGEOS 1 & 2, in order to minimise drag effects). The orbit is particularly studied for the relativistic mission. There were several possibilities, but the final choice (elliptical and relatively low) was conditioned by limitations of the launcher to be used ().

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 93

COSMO-SkyMed COSMO-SkyMed (Constellation of Small Satellites for Mediterranean basin Observation) is a system of four satellites (CSK 1 to 4) in orbit at the same time so as to combine their coverage in order to potentially re-visit a specific address within 12 hours. Each satellite is equipped with: • SAR-2000 (Synthetic Aperture Radar - 2000) for all-weather multi-purpose imagery of land, ocean and ice. X-band SAR, frequency 9.6 GHz, multi-polarisation and variable swath/resolution. Depending on the operation mode, the resolution can vary from 1 to 100 m, and the swath from 10 to 200 km. The COSMO-SkyMed programme is associated with SAOCOM (SAtélite Argentino de Observación COn Microondas) in a series that implements a programme coordinated with CONAE, called SIASGE (Sistema Italo-Argentino di Satelliti per la Gestione delle Emergenze). ASI is responsible of X-band SAR observation, CONAE of L-band (see Section 4.10). Other programmes (e.g. of Canada, see Section 4.14, or the ESA/GMES Sentinel-1, see Section 4.2.4) cover the C- band. In addition, coordination exists with CNES for completing the observation set in the optical field through the Pléiades satellites (see Section 4.6.1). COSMO-SkyMed Second Generation is already being prepared (constellation of two satellites: CSG-1 and CSG-2). The improved payload will be: • SAR-2000 S.G. (SAR-2000 Second Generation), for all-weather multi-purpose imagery of land, ocean and ice. X-band SAR, frequency 9.6 GHz, multi-polarisation and variable swath/resolution. Depending on the operation mode, the resolution can vary from < 1 to 35 m, and the swath from 10 to 320 km. PRISMA PRISMA (PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa), an evolution of a previous project known as HypSEO (Hyperspectral Satellite for Earth Observation), is a mission preparatory of a follow-on series. It addresses land, inner waters and coastal zone observation. The payload is named after the satellite: • PRISMA (PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa), based on a prism spectrometer to cover VIS/NIR (400-1010 nm) and NIR/SWIR (920-2505 nm) by 66 and 171 channels respectively; spectral resolution 10 nm; complemented by a panchromatic camera (400-750 nm). Resolution: 30 m (VNIR/SWIR hyperspectral), 5 m (panchromatic); swath 30 km.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 94

4.12 DLR programmes DLR (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt) is involved in a wide range of Earth Observation programmes, often in bi-lateral collaboration, especially with NASA. Examples of main contributions are: • the provision of SCIAMACHY as Announcement of Opportunity payload for Envisat (see Section 4.2.2); • the contribution to the NASA GRACE mission (see Section 4.3.4). In this Section we highlight the major national programmes or the bi-lateral ones driven by DLR: CHAMP, the SAR-based missions (TerraSAR and TanDEM) and the disaster monitoring missions (BIRD, RapidEye, EnMAP). Table 4.12.1 records the chronology of these programmes. Fig. 4.12.1 shows a sketch of CHAMP and Fig. 4.12.2 a view of TerraSAR-X. Table 4.12.1 - Chronology of DLR programmes (in bold satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments CHAMP 15 Jul 2000 expected ≥ 2010 470 km 87° Operational Solid Earth including BlackJack TerraSAR-X 15 Jul 2007 expected ≥ 2013 514 km 06:00 d Operational SAR-X, IGOR TanDEM-X 2010 expected ≥ 2015 514 km 06:00 d Close to launch SAR-X, IGOR TerraSAR-X2 2013 expected ≥ 2018 514 km 06:00 d Approved SAR-X, IGOR BIRD 22 Oct 2001 2004-2007 572 km 10.30 d Inactive HSRS+WAOSS-B+HORUS RapidEye (5 sats) 29 Aug 2008 expected ≥ 2015 630 km 11:00 d Operational REIS EnMAP 2013 expected ≥ 2018 653 km 11:00 d Approved HSI

Fig. 4.12.1 - Sketch view of CHAMP. Fig. 4.12.2 - View of TerraSAR-X.

CHAMP CHAMP (Challenging Mini-Satellite Payload) is a DLR/NASA cooperative mission mainly for Solid Earth. Payloads: • Gravity package: Accelerometer + GPS receiver • Magnetometry package: 1 scalar magnetometer + 2 Vector magnetometers • BlackJack: Radio occultation sounder. The instrument is collecting about 230 occultation events / day since there is only one antenna, aft-pointing (see Section 4.4.4). TerraSAR and TanDEM Satellites equipped with X-band SAR. TerraSAR-X is already operational. TanDEM-X is an additional very similar satellite flying in parallel at a distance of 250-500 m to provide interferometry aimed at very accurate Digital Elevation Model (DEM) determination (principle of bi-static SAR). TerraSAR-X2 will be moved to commercial management (“Infoterra”). The three satellites are equipped with:

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 95

• SAR-X (Synthetic Aperture Radar - X-band), for all-weather multi-purpose imagery of land, ocean and ice. X-band SAR, frequency 9.65 GHz, multi-polarisation and variable swath/resolution. Depending on the operation mode, the resolution can vary from 1 to 16 m, and the swath from 10 to 100 km. • IGOR (Integrated GPS Occultation Receiver), for radio occultation sounding, as recorded in Section 4.4.4.

Disaster monitoring missions BIRD (Bi-spectral Infra-Red Detection) was launched together with PROBA in 2001. Degradation of sub-systems started in 2004 and very little was remaining in 2007. It was equipped with: • HSRS (Hot Spot Recognition Sensor), for detecting ground surface hot spots (fires): 2 channels (3.4-4.2 µm and 8.5-9.3 µm), resolution 372 m, swath 190 km. • WAOSS-B (Wide-Angle Optoelectronic Stereo Scanner, BIRD version), for stereoscopy: 2 channels (600-670 nm looking forward, 840-900 nm looking nadir and backward), resolution 185 m, swath 533 km. • HORUS (High Optical Resolution Utility Sensor), panchromatic (450-890 nm), resolution 14.6 m, swath 15 km. RapidEye is a constellation of 5 micro-satellites launched as a cluster in order to provide, as a complex, daily observing coverage. Payload: • REIS (RapidEye Earth Imaging System), for land observation and disasters monitoring. 5- channel VNIR radiometer (0.44-0.51, 0.52-0.59, 0.63-0.69, 0.69-0.73 and 0.76-0.85 μm). Resolution 6.5 m, swath 78 km, cross-track pointable by satellite tilting. EnMAP (Environmental Mapping and Analysis Programme) addresses the imagery of land cover for the understanding of coupled processes between biosphere and geosphere by means of: • HSI (Hyper-Spectral Imager), a hyper-spectral imager to cover the 420-2450 nm spectral range, split in 4 bands, by 230 channels. Push-broom detector design with spatial resolution of 30 m, swath of 30 km addressable within a field of regard of 780 km.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 96 4.13 CSA and Scandinavian programmes CSA (Canadian Space Agency) is involved in Earth Observation since several decades, generally providing instrumentation for US satellites, e.g.: • the Argos system for data collection from sunsynchronous meteorological satellite (cooperation with CNES) • WINDII on UARS (cooperation with CNES) (see Section 4.3.1) • TIDI on TIMED (see Section 4.3.5) • MOPITT on EOS-Terra (see Section 4.3.3). In this Section we highlight a specific operational national programmes (RadarSat) and a scientific one (SCISAT), as well as the participation to Odin. We also include mention of Ørsted in order to emphasise the activity of the Scandinavian space agencies additional to Odin. Table 4.13.1 records the chronology of these programmes. Fig. 4.13.1 shows a view of RadarSat-2, Fig. 4.13.2 shows a view of SCISAT-1. Table 4.13.1 - Chronology of CSA and Scandinavian programmes (in bold satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments RadarSat-1 4 Nov 1995 expected ≥ 2010 798 km 06:00 d Operational SAR RadarSat-2 14 Dec 2007 expected ≥ 2015 798 km 06:00 d Operational SAR RCM-1 2014 expected ≥ 2019 592 km 06:00 d Approved SAR RCM RCM-2 2015 expected ≥ 2020 592 km 06:00 d Approved SAR RCM RCM-3 2016 expected ≥ 2021 592 km 06:00 d Approved SAR RCM Outer atmosphere, Ørsted 23 Feb 1999 expected ≥ 2010 650-865 km 96.5° Operational TurboRogue Odin 20 Feb 2001 expected ≥ 2010 600 km 06:00 d Operational OSIRIS, SMR SCISAT-1 13 Aug 2003 expected ≥ 2010 650 km 73.9° Operational ACE-FTS, MAESTRO

Fig. 4.13.1 - View of RadarSat-2. Fig. 4.13.2 - View of SCISAT-1.

RadarSat CSA has been the first space agency in recognizing the value of a long-term operational SAR undertaking, organised in quasi-commercial fashion. RadarSat-1 was launched when the SAR effort in ESA was still in the demonstrational phase (ERS-2 just launched). The current service is provided by RadarSat-1 and RadarSat-2. The follow-on is based on a constellation of 3 satellites in coordinated orbits. RadarSat-1 and RadarSat-2 The payload of RadarSat-2 is substantially improved in respect of that one of RadarSat-1: • SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar), for all-weather multi-purpose imagery of ocean, land and ice. C-band, frequency 5.3 GHz on RadarSat-1, 5.4 GHz on RadarSat-2. HH polarisation on RadarSat-1, multi-polarisation on RadarSat-2. Variable swath from 20 to 500 km, depending

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 97

on the operating mode. Variable pointing within a field-of-regard of 500 km on the right-hand side (RadarSat-1) or on either sides alternatively (RadarSat-2). Resolution from 10 to 100 m (RadarSat-1) or from 3 to 100 m (RadarSat-2). The RadarSat Constellation Mission (RCM) In order to increase the swath for high-resolution modes and better serve disaster monitoring applications, the RadarSat follow-on will be implemented by 3 satellites (RCM-1, RCM-2, RCM-3) co-flying in the same orbital plane, with ~ 32 min time-separation. The complex of three satellites will enable revisit time at 4 days intervals, for interferometric application. Payload: • SAR RCM (Synthetic Aperture Radar for the RadarSat Constellation Mission), for all-weather multi-purpose imagery of ocean, land and ice. C-band, frequency 5.4 GHz on RadarSat-2. Multi-polarisation. Variable swath from 20 to 500 km, depending on the operating mode. Variable pointing within a field-of-regard of 500 km on either sides alternatively. Resolution from 3 to 100 m. Special operating modes for ice and oil detection, and for ship detection. SCISAT This Scientific Satellite operates in sun occultation, therefore provides only very few measurements per day, and only at very high latitudes (those involved by the light/dark terminator). The explored vertical region extends to very high altitudes, and the vertical resolution is excellent. Payload: • ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment - Fourier Transform Spectrometer), for atmospheric chemistry at high latitudes and high altitude. Tracked species: CFC-11, CFC-12, CH4, ClONO2, CO, H2O, HCl, HF, HNO3, N2O, N2O5, NO, NO2 and O3. Two-bands interferometer (2.0-5.5 µm and 5.5-13 µm) operating in sun occultation. Resolution 500 km horizontal, 1-2 km vertical. • MAESTRO (Measurements of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation), for atmospheric chemistry at high latitudes and high altitude. Tracked species: H2O, NO2, O3 and aerosol. UV/VIS/NIR grating spectrometer in the range 285-1030 nm operating in sun occultation. Resolution 500 km horizontal, 1-2 km vertical. Odin Odin is a mission of the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB), implemented in collaboration with CNES and CSA. It is a limb-scanning mission for the chemistry of the upper atmosphere. Payload: • OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and Infra-Red Imaging System), for atmospheric chemistry. Tracked species: ClO, NO, NO2, O3, OClO and aerosol. UV/VIS/NIR spectrometer (range 280- 800 nm) supported by a NIR/SWIR radiometer with three channels (1.26, 1.27 and 1.52 µm). Limb scanning. Vertical resolution: 1 km in the altitude range 5-100 km. • SMR (Sub-Millimetre Radiometer), for the chemistry of the high atmosphere. Tracked species: ClO, H2O, H2O2, HNO3, HO2, N2O, O3, temperature and pressure. 5-bands millimetre- submillimetre heterodyne radiometer. One band around 118 GHz, four bands in the range 480-580 GHz. Limb scanning. Vertical resolution: 1.5-3 km in the altitude range 5-100 km.

Ørsted Ørsted is a mission lead by the Danish National Space Centre (DNSC), implemented in collaboration with CNES and NASA. It addresses the magnetic field at orbital height (650-865 km). Payloads: • OM: Overhauser Magnetometer • CSC FVM: CSC Fluxgate Vector Magnetometer • SI: Star Imager • TurboRogue: a radio-occultation receiver • CPD: Charged Particle Detector.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 98

4.14 BNSC programmes and the Disasters Monitoring Constellation BNSC (British National Space Centre) or, in general, UK institutes including the Met Office, the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, etc, have been involved in Earth Observation programmes since the early phases. Examples: • SCR on Nimbus-4 and 5 • PMR on Nimbus-6 • SAMS on Nimbus-7 • ISAMS on UARS • HIRDLS on EOS-Aura • ATSR on ERS-1, ATSR-2 on ERS-2, AATSR on Envisat • SSU on TIROS-N and NOAA 6 to 14 • AMSU-B on NOAA 15, 16 and 17 • GERB on Meteosat Second Generation. Currently BNSC has launched the initiative of the DMC (Disaster Monitoring Constellation). The principle of the DMC (see Fig. 4.14.1) is to have about 5 satellites in the same orbit, dephased by about 20 min in such a way that the (narrow) swath of the instruments of one satellite (~ 600 km) is contiguous with the next, thus ensuring daily global coverage. The programme is led by the British SSTL (Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd) on the base of an international consortium currently including UK, Algeria, Nigeria, China and Turkey. Often, more satellites are placed in orbit by a single launch. The satellites are very similar to each other (see Fig. 4.14.2), with variations. Their weight is generally around 100 kg, with exceptions. Table 4.14.1 lists a number of satellites contributing to the DMC (some have already been mentioned in the previous Sections). The Table includes, in the lower part, a few other satellites that, though not part of the DMC proper, have similar characteristics (“small” and providing high-resolution imagery for land observation). Table 4.14.1 - Chronology of DMC and other high-resolution satellites (in bold satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments UK-DMC 27 Set 2003 expected ≥ 2010 686 km 10:30 a Operational SLIM6 UK-DMC-2 27 Jul 2009 expected ≥ 2012 686 km 10:30 a Operational SLIM6 TopSat 27 Oct 2005 expected ≥ 2009 600 km 10:30 a Operational RALCam-1 AlSat-1 28 Nov 2002 expected ≥ 2010 700 km 10:00 a Operational SLIM6 AlSat-2 2010 expected ≥ 2015 686 km 10:30 a Close to launch NAOMI AlSat-2B 2011 expected ≥ 2016 686 km 10:30 a In integration NAOMI NigeriaSat-1 27 Sep 2003 expected ≥ 2009 686 km 10:30 a Operational SLIM6 NigeriaSat-2 2010 expected ≥ 2015 686 km 10:30 a Close to launch VHRI, MRI BILSat 27 Sep 2003 1 Aug 2006 686 km 10:30 a Inactive PanCam+MSIS+COBAN RASAT 2010 expected ≥ 2015 700 km 10:30 a Close to launch OIS Deimos-1 27 Jul 2009 expected ≥ 2012 686 km 10:30 a Operational SLIM6 Ingenio (SEOSat) 2012 expected ≥ 2017 668 km 10.00 d Approved PAN + MS (SEOSAR) 2012 expected ≥ 2017 510 km TBD Approved SAR-X FORMOSAT-2 21 May 2004 expected ≥ 2010 891 km 09.30 d Operational RSI BJ-1 27 Oct 2005 expected ≥ 2010 686 km 10:30 a Operational SLIM6, CMT THEOS 1 Oct 2008 expected ≥ 2013 822 km 10:00 d Operational PAN + MS DubaiSat-1 29 Jul 2009 expected ≥ 2014 686 km 10:30 d Operational DMAC SumbandilaSat 17 Sep 2009 expected ≥ 2014 504 km 09:00 d Operational Sumba-Imager

UK satellites UK-DMC (United Kingdom - Disaster Monitoring Constellation) is the most typical DMC satellite (the one shown in Fig. 4.14.2). It was launched together with BILSat and Nigeriasat-1. UK-DMC-2 (United Kingdom - Disaster Monitoring Constellation - 2) is the follow-on of UK-DMC, building up the technological improvements of the TopSat platform. Launched together with Deimos-1.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 99

TopSat has been built by collaboration of SSTL, the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) and other British units. The payload, provided by RAL, is different from the standard DMC satellites. The TopSat platform introduced some technological development that marks the transition to the 2nd generation DMC system. TopSat was launched together with BJ-1.

Fig. 4.14.1 - Concept of the DMC. Fig. 4.14.2 - Typical DMC satellite with SLIM6

Algeria satellites AlSat (Algeria Satellite) was the first DMC satellite to be launched, in 2002. It is provided by the Algerian CNTS (Centre National des Techniques Spatiales) by agreement with SSTL. AlSat-2 is the follow-on, several years later (2010), therefore with an improved payload. It will be followed by AlSat-2B one year later (2011).

Nigeria satellites NigeriaSat-1 has been provided by the Nigeria NASRDA (National Space Research and Development Agency), and built by SSTL. It was launched in 2003 together with BILSAT and UK- DMC. NigeriaSat-2 (scheduled for 2010) is the follow-on of NigeriaSat-1, but it is substantially larger since it embarks two instruments and utilises a larger platform. The satellite is still built by SSTL on behalf of NASRDA.

Turkey satellites BILSat (BILTEN Satellite) was the first Turkish Earth Observation satellite, provided by BILTEN (Information Technologies and Electronics Research Institute), a branch of TubiTak (Space Technologies Research Institute). It was launched in 2003 together with UK-DMC and Nigeriasat- 1, and was embarking more instruments than a standard DMC satellite. It is no longer active. RASAT (Earth Observation Satellite) (scheduled for 2010) is the follow-on of BILSat, provided by TubiTak-BILTEN. The payload is substantially improved.

Spain satellites Deimos-1 introduces the participation of Spain in the DMC programme. Provided by the Spanish Centre for Industrial Technology Development (CDTI, Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial). Launched together with UK-DMC-2 (2009). Ingenio (also known as SEOSat, Spanish Earth Observation Satellite) is being developed in cooperation with ESA (see section 4.2.5). Scheduled for launch in 2012.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 100

Paz (“Peace”, also known as SEOSAR, Spanish Earth Observation SAR) will be the first Spanish satellite equipped with SAR. It is the all-weather partner of the optical Ingenio/SEOSat. Scheduled for launch in 2012.

Other satellites associated in some way to the Disaster monitoring Constellation FORMOSAT-2, provided by the Taiwan NSPO (National Space Organization) was launched in 2004. BJ-1 (Beijing-1), already mentioned in section 4.9, has been provided by NRSCC (National Remote Sensing Centre of China). It is somewhat larger than a standard DMC satellite, since it embarks two instruments. It was launched together with TopSat in 2005 and, in respect of the platform, is already a 2nd generation DMC. THEOS (Thailand Earth Observation System) is provided by GISTDA (Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency). Launched in 2008. DubaiSat-1 is provided by EIAST (Emirates Institution for Advanced Science and Technology). Launched in 2009 in the reference orbit of the DMC. SumbandilaSat 16 is provided by SANSA (South African National Space Agency). It was launched together with Meteor-M N1 in 2009.

Instruments of the DMC satellites On AlSat, UK-DMC, NigeriaSat-1, BJ-1, UK-DMC-2 and Deimos: • SLIM6 (Surrey Linear Imager Multispectral 6 channels - but 3 spectral bands). It is composed of two sets of three telescopes each (see Fig. 4.14.2). The two sets scan (pushbroom) two parallel 320-km swaths for a total of 600 km including a 5 % overlap. Each set provides 32-m resolution images in three channels: 0.52-0.62 µm (green), 0.63-0.69 µm (red), and 0.76-0.90 µm (NIR). On TopSat: • RALCam-1 (RAL Camera 1): 4 channels, one panchromatic (PAN: 0.42-0.73 μm), three multispectral (RGB: 0.42-0.55, 0.55-0.63 and 0.58-0.73 μm). Resolution: PAN 2.8 m, RGB 5.6 m. Frames of 17 km x 17 km (PAN) or 12 km x 18 km (RGB). On BJ-1 (in addition to SLIM6): • CMT (China Mapping Telescope): single panchromatic channels, 0.50-0.80 μm, resolution 4 m, swath 24 km possible to be pointed in a field of regard of 800 km. On AlSat-2 and AlSat-2B: • NAOMI (New AstroSat Optical Modular Instrument): 5-channels VNIR radiometer, four multispectral (0.45-0.52, 0.53-0.60, 0.62-0.69, 0.76-0.89 μm), one panchromatic (0.45-0.90 μm). Resolution: 10 m (multispectral), 2.5 m (PAN); swath: 17.5 km addressable within a field of regard of 800 km. On NigeriaSat-2: • VHRI (Very High Resolution Imager): 5-channels, one panchromatic (450-900 nm), four multispectral (450-520 nm, 520-600 nm, 630-690 nm and 760-900 nm); resolution: PAN 2.5 m, multispectral 5 m; swath 20 km. • MRI (Medium Resolution Imager): 4-channels (450-520 nm, 520-600 nm, 630-690 nm and 760-900 nm), resolution 32 m, swath 300 km. On BILSat: • PanCam (Panchromatic Camera): single panchromatic channels, 0.45-0.90 μm, resolution 12 m, swath 25 km possible to be pointed in a field of regard of 300 km.

16 “Sumbandila”, in the Venda language, means “lead the way”.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 101

• MSIS (Multispectral Imaging System): 4 channels, 448-516 nm, 523-605 nm, 629-690 nm and 774-900 nm, resolution 26 m, swath 55 km possible to be pointed in a field of regard of 300 km. • COBAN (Multiband Camera): 8 channels, 375-425 nm, 410-490 nm, 460-540 nm, 510-590 nm, 560-640 nm, 610-690 nm, 660-740 nm and 850-1000 nm; resolution 120 m; swath 75 km. On RASAT: • OIS (Optical Imaging System): 4-channels VNIR radiometer, one panchromatic (PAN: 0.42- 0.73 μm), three multi-spectral (MS: 0.42-0.55, 0.55-0.63 and 0.58-0.73 μm). Resolution: PAN 7.5 m, MS 15 m. Swath: 30 km possible to be pointed within a field of regard of 800 km. On Ingenio/SEOSat: • PAN + MS (Panchromatic + Multispectral imagers): 5-channels VNIR radiometer, one panchromatic (PAN: 0.45-0.68 μm), four multi-spectral (MS: 0.45-0.52, 0.52-0.60, 0.63-0.69 and 0.76-0.90 μm). Resolution: PAN 2.5 m, MS 10 m. Swath: 60 km. On Paz/SEOSAR: • SAR-X (Synthetic Aperture Radar, X-band), for all-weather multi-purpose imagery of land, ocean and ice. Frequency ~ 9.65 GHz, multi-polarisation and variable swath/resolution. Depending on the operation mode, the resolution can vary from <1 to 15 m, and the swath from 5 to 100 km. On FORMOSAT-2: • RSI (Remote Sensing Instrument): 4-channel VNIR radiometer (0.45-0.52, 0.52-0.60, 0.63- 0.69 and 0.76-0.90 μm) with resolution 8 m; and one panchromatic channel (0.45-0.90 μm) with resolution 2 m and swath 24 km. Swath 24 km. On THEOS: • PAN + MS (Panchromatic + Multispectral imagers): 5-channels VNIR radiometer, one panchromatic (PAN: 0.45-0.90 μm), four multi-spectral (MS: 0.45-0.52, 0.53-0.60, 0.62-0.69 and 0.77-0.90 μm). Resolution: PAN 2 m, MS 15 m. Swath: PAN 22 km, MS 90 km. On DubaiSat-1: • DMAC (DubaiSat-1 Medium Aperture Camera): 5-channels VNIR radiometer, four multispectral (0.42–0.51, 0.51-0.58, 0.60-0.72 and 0.76-0.89 μm), one panchromatic (0.42-0.89 μm). Resolution: 5 m (multispectral). 2.5 m (PAN); swath: 20 km, addressable within a field or regard of 720 km. On SumbandilaSat: • Sumba-Imager (SumbandilaSat Imager): 6-channels VNIR radiometer (0.44-0.51, 0.52- 0.54, 0.52-0.59, 0.63-0.68, 0.69-0.73, 0.84-0.89 μm). Resolution: 6.5 m, swath: 45 km addressable within a field of regard of 530 km.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 102

4.15 INPE programmes In this Section we describe the programmes of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), currently dominated by CBERS, run in cooperation with China. Table 4.15.1 reports the chronology of the INPE programmes. Most satellites developed by INPE make use of the “Plataforma Multimissão” (PMM), developed in Brazil. Fig. 4.15.1 and Fig. 4.15.2 provide views of PMM and CBERS-3/4, respectively. It is recalled that INPE provided: • HSB (Humidity Sounder for Brazil) flown on EOS-Aqua.

Table 4.15.1 - Chronology of INPE programmes (in bold satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments SCD-1 9 Feb 1993 (missing) 750 km 25° Uncertain DCS SCD-2 22 Oct 1998 (missing) 750 km 25° Uncertain DCS CBERS-1 14 Oct 1999 12 Oct 2003 778 km 10:30 d Inactive HRCC, IRMSS, WFI, DCS CBERS-2 21 Oct 2003 late 2007 778 km 10:30 d Inactive HRCC, IRMSS, WFI, DCS CBERS-2B 19 Set 2007 expected ≥ 2010 778 km 10:30 d Operational HRCC, HRPC, WFI, DCS CBERS-3 2010 expected ≥ 2013 778 km 10:00 d Close to launch IRMSS, MUXCAM, PANMUX, WFI-2, DCS CBERS-4 2013 expected ≥ 2016 778 km 10:30 d Approved IRMSS, MUXCAM, PANMUX, WFI-2, DCS AMAZONIA 2011 expected ≥ 2016 905 km 0° In integration AMWFI MAPSAR 2013 expected ≥ 2018 620 km 06:00 d Planned SAR-L GPM-Brazil 2014 expected ≥ 2019 600 km 30° Planned GMI, LIS, DCS

Fig. 4.15.1 - Scheme of the Plataforma Multimissão. Fig. 4.15.2 - View of CBERS 3 and 4

SCD (Satélite de Coleta de Dados) The SCD satellites, SCD-1 and SCD-2, were the first undertaking of INPE in space. They were spin-stabilised (in SCD-2 the spin rate was actively controlled), and were carrying a single payload: • DCS (Data Collection System), to collect data from in situ platforms transmitting their data at 400 bit/s on frequencies in the interval 401.600 to 401.660 MHz. Random access, compatible with the NOAA/Argos standard. The continuity of the SCD mission has been handed over to CBERS. CBERS CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) is a joint programme with the Chinese CRESDA (Center for Resources Satellite Data and Application). It is a 3-axis stabilised satellite fully devoted to high-resolution imagery for land osservation. Payloads of CBERS Different payloads, in different combinations, apply to different CBERS satellites, as follows.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 103

• HRCC (High-Resolution CCD Camera) [on CBERS-1, CBERS-2 and CBERS-2B], 5 channels (0.45-0.52, 0.52-0.59, 0.63-0.69, 0.77-0.89 and 0.51-0.73 μm), resolution 20 m, swath 113 km pointable within a field of regard of 1000 km. • IRMSS (Infrared Multispectral Scanner) [on CBERS-1, CBERS-2 and, upgraded, CBERS-3 and CBERS-4], 4 channels (0.5-1.1, 1.55-1.75, 2.08-2.35 and 10.4-12.5 μm), resolution 80 m in short-wave channels, 160 m in thermal IR, swath 120 km. On CBERS-3 and CBERS-4 the panchromatic channel has been narrowed to 0.76-0.90 μm, and the resolution has been improved to 40 m for SW channel and 80 m for TIR. • HRPC (High-Resolution Panchromatic Camera) [on CBERS-2B, replacing IRMSS], panchromatic camera (0.50-0.80 μm) with resolution 2.7 m and swath 27 km. • WFI (Wide Field Imager) [on CBERS-1, CBERS-2 and CBERS-2B], 2 channels (0.63-0.69 and 0.77-0.89 μm), resolution 260 m, swath 890 km. • WFI-2 (Wide Field Imager - 2) [on CBERS-3 and CBERS-4], 4 channels (0.45-0.53, 0.52-0.59, 0.63-0.69 and 0.77-0.89 μm), resolution 73 m, swath 866 km. • PANMUX (Panchromatic and Multispectral Camera) [on CBERS-3 and CBERS-4], 4-channel VNIR radiometer with three multispectral channels (0.52-0.59, 0.63-0.69, 0.77-0.89 μm) and one panchromatic (0.51-0.85 μm). Resolution 5 m (PAN) and 10 m (multispectral); swath 60 km pointable within a field of regard of 1000 km. • MUXCAM (Multispectral Camera) [on CBERS-3 and CBERS-4], 5 channels (0.45-0.52, 0.52- 0.59, 0.63-0.69, 0.77-0.89 and 0.51-0.71 μm), resolution 20 m, swath 113 km pointable within a field of regard of 1000 km. DCS (Data Collection System). Access to CBERS data There are two modes to acquire images from CBERS: through the INPE/CRESDA ground segment or by direct read-out. The image data are downloaded in X-band at several frequencies in the range 8100 to 8330, with data rate depending on the instrument (more parallel streams with data rate exceeding 50 Mbps in certain cases). • The INPE/CRESDA ground segment acquires the images at Cuiabá and Boa Vista (Brazil) and Beijing, Nanning and Wulumuqi (China). Thereafter, images are processed and distributed via Internet. • Direct reception is possible by special agreement. Several centres are already operating, and others are following. AMAZONIA This is a national programme of INPE, focusing on forest monitoring. 3-axis stabilised. Payload: • AWFI (Advanced Wide Field Imager), built in Brazil, 4 channels (0.45-0.52, 0.52-0.59, 0.63- 0.69 and 0.77-0.89 μm), resolution 40 m, swath 780 km. MAPSAR MAPSAR (Multi-purpose SAR) is a cooperative project with the German DLR (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfährt). It would embark a single payload: • SAR-L (Synthetic Aperture Radar, L-band), for all-weather multi-purpose imagery, specifically suited for thick vegetation. L-band SAR, frequency ~ 1.25 GHz, multi-polarisation, resolution 3 or 20 m associated to swath 20 or 55 km. GPM-Brazil GPM-Brazil is the Brazilian contribution to the Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM). 3-axis stabilised. Payloads: • GMI (GPM Microwave Imager), five frequencies (10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5 and 89 GHz), all with two polarisations except 23.8 GHz. Option for channels at 165.5 GHz (two polarisations)

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 104

and 183 GHz (two channels) are considered. Conical scanning, resolution ranging from 9 km (at 89 GHz) to 40 km (at 10.65 GHz), swath 1300 km. • LIS (Lightning Imaging Sensor), follow-on of that one flown on TRMM. CCD camera with special filter at 777.4 nm (O-1 line) to detect lightning intensity and flash rate during the ~ 90 s when a spot is imaged onto the CCD. Resolution 4 km s.s.p. (horizontal), 2 ms (temporal), swath 600 km.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Chapter 4: R&D programmes of GOS interest Page 105

4.16 KARI programmes KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute) is the institute developing the COMS meteorological satellites in GEO for the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), see Section 2.8, and also is involved in the remote sensing programme KOMPSAT (Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite) 17 in LEO. Fig. 4.16.1 provides an artist’s view of KOMPSAT-5. Table 4.16.1 - Chronology of the KOMPSAT programme (in bold satellites active in December 2009) Satellite Launch End of service Height LST/incl. Status (Dec 2009) Instruments KOMPSAT-1 20 Dec 1999 31 Jan 2008 685 km 10:50 a Inactive EOC, OSMI KOMPSAT-2 28 Jul 2006 expected ≥ 2011 685 km 10:50 a Operational MSC KOMPSAT-3 2010 expected ≥ 2015 685 km 10:50 a Close to launch AEISS KOMPSAT-5 2010 expected ≥ 2015 550 km 06:00 a Close to launch COSI, AOPOD

Fig. 4.16 - Artist’s view of KOMPSAT-5.

Payload of KOMPSAT-1 • EOC (Electro-Optical Camera), a panchromatic camera (510-730 nm) for cartographic imagery with resolution 6.6 m and swath 17 km addressable within a field or regard of 1400 km. • OSMI (Ocean Scanning Multispectral Imager), a spectro-radiometer for ocean colour observation in up to 7 channels of bandwidths 20 nm, with central wavelengths selectable in steps of 2.6 nm in the range 400-900 nm (nominal selection: 412, 443, 490, 510, 555, 670, 765, 865 nm). Wiskbroom scanning, resolution: 1 km, swath 800 km. Payload of KOMPSAT-2 • MSC (Multi-Spectral Camera): 5-channels VNIR radiometer, one panchromatic (PAN: 0.50- 0.90 μm), four multi-spectral (MS: 0.45-0.52, 0.52-0.60, 0.63-0.69 and 0.76-0.90 μm). Resolution: PAN 1 m, MS 4 m. Swath 15 km addressable within a field of regard of ± 400 km aft- and fore-, and 2300 km cross-track for stereoscopy in-orbit and intra-orbits. Payload of KOMPSAT-3 • AEISS (Advanced Electronic Image Scanning System): evolution of EOC and MSC, providing improved resolution (0.7 m). (No further information in ordinarily-accessible sources). Payload of KOMPSAT-5 • COSI (Corea SAR Instrument): imaging radar of variable resolution and associated swath: 1 m / 5 km, 3 m / 30 km and 20 m / 100 km. (No further information, such as frequency, in ordinarily-accessible sources.) • AOPOD (Atmosphere Occultation and Precision Orbit Determination): radio-occultation receiver exploiting GPS and GLONASS in rising and setting phases for a total of 600 occultations/day.

17 Korean name: “Arirang”

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 1: Frequency plans Page 106 ANNEX 1

Frequency Plans Frequencies used for data transmission to the ground from operational meteorological satellites

This Annex collects the information on frequency plans of GOS satellites limited to: • Current and planned operational meteorological satellites in geostationary and sunsynchronous orbits • Frequencies used to download or relay the observed data to the central system station(s) and to local user stations. This information is already contained in the sections dealing with the individual satellites. The purpose of this section is to provide a friendly framework for keeping the information updated. The level of detail of the information provided is totally insufficient for station design, but may allow the reader to at least capture a broad idea of the complexity of each data acquisition mode.

A1.1 Geostationary satellites Table A1.1 reports frequency information for geostationary satellites. It is a simplified presentation, especially as concerns the transmission of raw data to the central facility (only one stream is mentioned, whereas generally there are more). Meteorological data distribution is indicated only when it implies a dedicated user station. Data Collection Platforms are mentioned only when requiring interrogation, and the information refers to the downlink.

Table A1.1 - Frequency plan of meteorological satellites in geostationary orbit (December 2009)

• Servic Satellite Utilisation Position Frequency Bandwidth Polarisation Data rate e to PGS 1686.833 MHz 1.3332. MHz Linear 333 kbps HRID 1694.5 MHz 0.66 MHz Linear 166 kbps Meteosat-6 1993-2010 67.6°E WEFAX-1 1694.5 MHz 20 kHz Linear 2.4 kbps WEFAX-2 1691.0 MHz 20 kHz Linear 2.4 kbps MDD 1695.74 MHz 120 kHz (4 channels) Linear 2.4 kbps to PGS 1686.833 MHz 1.3332 MHz Linear 333 kbps HRID 1694.5 MHz 0.66 MHz Linear 166 kbps Meteosat-7 1997-2013 57.5°E WEFAX-1 1694.5 MHz 20 kHz Linear 2.4 kbps WEFAX-2 1691.0 MHz 20 kHz Linear 2.4 kbps MDD 1695.74 MHz 120 kHz (4 channels) Linear 2.4 kbps to PGS 1686.833 MHz 5.4 MHz Linear 3.27 Mbps Meteosat-8 2002-2015 9.5°E HRIT 1695.15 MHz 2.0 MHz Linear 1.0 Mbps (MSG-1) LRIT 1691.0 MHz 0.66 MHz Linear 128 kbps to PGS 1686.833 MHz 5.4 MHz Linear 3.27Mbps Meteosat-9 2005-2019 0° HRIT 1695.15 MHz 2.0 MHz Linear 1.0 Mbps (MSG-2) LRIT 1691.0 MHz 0.66 MHz Linear 128 kbps to PGS 1686.833 MHz 5.4 MHz Linear 3.27 Mbps Meteosat-10 2012-2019 TBD HRIT 1695.15 MHz 2.0 MHz Linear 1.0 Mbps (MSG-3) LRIT 1691.0 MHz 0.66 MHz Linear 128 kbps to PGS 1686.833 MHz 5.4 MHz Linear 3.27 Mbps Meteosat-11 2014-2021 TBD HRIT 1695.15 MHz 2.0 MHz Linear 1.0 Mbps (MSG-4) LRIT 1691.0 MHz 0.66 MHz Linear 128 kbps

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 1: Frequency plans Page 107

Table A1.1 (cont.) - Frequency plan of meteorological satellites in geostationary orbit (December 2009)

• Servic Satellite Utilisation Position Frequency Bandwidth Polarisation Data rate e to CDA 1676.2 MHz 6.0 MHz Linear 3.0 Mbps GVAR 1685.7 MHz 5.0 MHz Linear 2.1 Mbps GOES-11 2000-2011 135°W WEFAX 1691.0 MHz 1.0 MHz Linear 1.6 kHz DCIS-1 468.8250 MHz 200 kHz RHC 100 bps DCIS-2 468.8375 MHz 200 kHz RHC 100 bps to CDA 1676.2 MHz 6.0 MHz Linear 3.0 Mbps GVAR 1685.7 MHz 5.0 MHz Linear 2.1 Mbps GOES-12 2001-2011 75°W WEFAX 1691.0 MHz 1.0 MHz Linear 1.6 kHz DCIS-1 468.8250 MHz 200 kHz RHC 100 bps DCIS-2 468.8375 MHz 200 kHz RHC 100 bps to CDA 1676.2 MHz 6.0 MHz Linear 3.0 Mbps GVAR 1685.7 MHz 5.0 MHz Linear 2.1 Mbps GOES-13 2006-2013 105°W WEFAX 1691.0 MHz 1.0 MHz Linear 1.6 kHz DCIS-1 468.8250 MHz 200 kHz RHC 100 bps DCIS-2 468.8375 MHz 200 kHz RHC 100 bps to CDA 1676.2 MHz 6.0 MHz Linear 3.0 Mbps GVAR 1685.7 MHz 5.0 MHz Linear 2.1 Mbps GOES-14 2009-2016 89.5°W WEFAX 1691.0 MHz 1.0 MHz Linear 1.6 kHz DCIS-1 468.8250 MHz 200 kHz RHC 100 bps DCIS-2 468.8375 MHz 200 kHz RHC 100 bps to CDA 1676.2 MHz 6.0 MHz Linear 3.0 Mbps GVAR 1685.7 MHz 5.0 MHz Linear 2.1 Mbps GOES-15 2010-2019 TBD WEFAX 1691.0 MHz 1.0 MHz Linear 1.6 kHz (GOES-P) DCIS-1 468.8250 MHz 200 kHz RHC 100 bps DCIS-2 468.8375 MHz 200 kHz RHC 100 bps to CDAS 1677.0 MHz 8.2 MHz Linear 2.7 Mbps HiRID 1687.1 MHz 2.0 MHz Linear 660 kbps HRIT 1687.1 MHz 5.3 MHz Linear 3.5 Mbps MTSAT-1R 2005-2015 140°E WEFAX 1691.0 MHz 250 kHz Linear 1.6 kHz LRIT 1691.0 MHz 250 kHz Linear 75 kbps DCS int 468.875 MHz 5.0 kHz RHC 300 bps DCS reg 468.924 MHz 5.0 kHz RHC 300 bps to CDAS 1677.0 MHz 8.2 MHz Linear 2.7 Mbps HRIT 1687.1 MHz 5.3 MHz Linear 3.5 Mbps MTSAT-2 2006-2017 145°E LRIT 1691.0 MHz 250 kHz Linear 75 kbps DCS int 468.875 MHz 5.0 kHz RHC 300 bps DCS reg 468.924 MHz 5.0 kHz RHC 300 bps RDA 7500 MHz 60 MHz RHC 30.72 Mbps HRIT 1691.0 MHz 2 MHz RHC 0.665-1 Mbps GOMS-N2 2010-2017 76°E LRIT 1691.0 MHz 200 kHz RHC 64-128 kbps DCSA 1697.0 MHz 2 MHz linear 100-1200 bps RDA 7500 MHz 60 MHz RHC 30.72 Mbps HRIT 1691.0 MHz 2 MHz RHC 0.665-1 Mbps GOMS-N3 2011-2018 14.5°W LRIT 1691.0 MHz 200 kHz RHC 64-128 kbps DCSA 1697.0 MHz 2 MHz linear 100-1200 bps RDA 7500 MHz 60 MHz RHC 30.72 Mbps HRIT 1691.0 MHz 2 MHz RHC 0.665-1 Mbps GOMS-N4 2015-2022 76°E LRIT 1691.0 MHz 200 kHz RHC 64-128 kbps DCSA 1697.0 MHz 2 MHz linear 100-1200 bps

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 1: Frequency plans Page 108

Table A1.1 (cont.) - Frequency plan of meteorological satellites in geostationary orbit (December 2009)

• Servic Satellite Utilisation Position Frequency Bandwidth Polarisation Data rate e to CDAS 1681.6 MHz 14 MHz Linear 14 Mbps FY-2C 2004-2010 123.5°E S-VISSR 1687.5 MHz 2.0 MHz Linear 660 kbps LRIT 1691.0 MHz 260 kHz Linear 150 kbps to CDAS 1681.6 MHz 14 MHz Linear 14 Mbps FY-2D 2006-2011 86.5°E S-VISSR 1687.5 MHz 2.0 MHz Linear 660 kbps LRIT 1691.0 MHz 260 kHz Linear 150 kbps to CDAS 1681.6 MHz 14 MHz Linear 14 Mbps FY-2E 2008-2014 105°E S-VISSR 1687.5 MHz 2.0 MHz Linear 660 kbps LRIT 1691.0 MHz 260 kHz Linear 150 kbps to CDAS 1681.6 MHz 14 MHz Linear 14 Mbps FY-2F 2011-2016 86.5°E S-VISSR 1687.5 MHz 2.0 MHz Linear 660 kbps LRIT 1691.0 MHz 260 kHz Linear 150 kbps to CDAS 1681.6 MHz 14 MHz Linear 14 Mbps FY-2G 2013-2018 105°E S-VISSR 1687.5 MHz 2.0 MHz Linear 660 kbps LRIT 1691.0 MHz 260 kHz Linear 150 kbps to CDAS 1681.6 MHz 14 MHz Linear 14 Mbps FY-2H 2015-2020 123.5°E S-VISSR 1687.5 MHz 2.0 MHz Linear 660 kbps LRIT 1691.0 MHz 260 kHz Linear 150 kbps VHRR: 4501.5 MHz 526.5 kbps INSAT-3A 2003-2012 93.5°E to CDAS 500 KHz Linear CCD: 4508.93 MHz 1.2887 Mbps Analogue MDD 2599.225 MHz 200 kHz Linear 10 kHz Digital MDD 2586.000 MHz 200 kHz Linear 64/128 kbps INSAT-3C 2002-2010 74°E Analogue CWDS 2559.225 MHz 200 kHz Linear 10 kHz Digital CWDS 2585 or 2615 MHz 200 kHz Linear 64/128 kbps 4781.0 MHz 6 MHz 4.0 Mbps to CDAS 4798.0 MHz 100 kHz Linear 40.0 kbps INSAT-3D 2010-2017 83°E 4506.05 MHz 500 kHz 4.8 kbps HRIT (missing) MHz (missing) MHz Linear (missing) Mbps LRIT (missing) MHz (missing) kHz Linear (missing) kbps 4781.0 MHz 6 MHz 4.0 Mbps to CDAS 4798.0 MHz 100 kHz Linear 40.0 kbps INSAT-3D 2012-2019 TBD 4506.05 MHz 500 kHz 4.8 kbps repeat HRIT (missing) MHz (missing) MHz Linear (missing) Mbps LRIT (missing) MHz (missing) kHz Linear (missing) kbps Kalpana-1 2002-2012 74°E to CDAS 4503.5 MHz 500 KHz Linear 526.5 kbps to MODAC 1687 MHz 6.0 MHz RHC or LHC 6 Mbps COMS-1 2010-2017 128.2°E HRIT 1695.4 MHz 5.2 MHz Linear 3 Mbps LRIT 1692.14 MHz 1.0 MHz Linear 256 kbps 128.2°E to MODAC (missing) MHz (missing) MHz (missing) (missing) Mbps COMS-2 2017-2024 or HRIT (missing) MHz (missing) MHz Linear (missing) Mbps 116.2°E LRIT (missing) MHz (missing) kHz Linear (missing) kbps

A1.2 Sunsynchronous satellites Table A1.2 reports frequency information for sunsynchronous satellites. It is a simplified presentation, especially as concerns the transmission of global data to the high-latitude Command and Data Acquisition stations (only one stream is mentioned, whereas generally there are more). Data Collection Platforms are mentioned only when requiring interrogation. DMSP satellites are not included since the ordinary way to input their data into GOS is through NOAA or by bilateral agreements.

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 1: Frequency plans Page 109

Table A1.2 - Frequency plan of meteorological satellites in sunsynchronous orbit (December 2009)

• Satellite Utilisation LST • Service Frequency Bandwidth Polarisation Data rate • GAC 2247.5 MHz 5.32 MHz LHC 2.66 Mbps 04.45 d • HRPT 1702.5 MHz 2.66 MHz LHC 665.4 kbps 1998-2010 • NOAA-15 16.45 a • APT 137.5 or 137.62 MHz 38 kHz RHC 1.7 kHz • DSB 137.35 or 137.77 MHz 46 kHz RHC 8.32 kbps • GAC/LAC 1698 or 1702.5 MHz 5.32 MHz RHC or LHC 2.66 Mbps 05.55 d • HRPT 1702.5 MHz 2.66 MHz LHC 665.4 kbps 2000-2010 • NOAA-16 17.55 a • APT Failed - 137.5 or 137.62 MHz 38 kHz RHC 1.7 kHz • DSB 137.35 or 137.77 MHz 46 kHz RHC 8.32 kbps • GAC/LAC 1702.5 or 1698 and 1707 MHz 5.32 MHz LHC or RHC 2.66 Mbps 09.20 d • HRPT 1698 MHz 2.66 MHz RHC 665.4 kbps 2002-2010 • NOAA-17 21.20 a • APT 137.5 or 137.62 MHz 38 kHz RHC 1.7 kHz • DSB 137.35 or 137.77 MHz 46 kHz RHC 8.32 kbps • GAC/LAC 1698 or 1707 MHz, or 1702.5 5.32 MHz RHC or LHC 2.66 Mbps 01.45 d • HRPT 1698 or 1707 MHz 2.66 MHz RHC 665.4 kbps 2005-2011 • NOAA-18 13.45 a • APT 137.5 or 137.62 MHz 38 kHz RHC 1.7 kHz • DSB 137.35 or 137.77 MHz 46 kHz RHC 8.32 kbps • GAC/LAC 1698 or 1707 MHz, or 1702.5 5.32 MHz RHC or LHC 2.66 Mbps 01.50 d • HRPT 1698 or 1707 MHz 2.66 MHz RHC 665.4 kbps • NOAA-19 2009-2014 13.50 a • APT 137.5 or 137.62 MHz 38 kHz RHC 1.7 kHz • DSB 137.35 or 137.77 MHz 46 kHz RHC 8.32 kbps 01.30 d • SMD 8212.5 MHz 300 MHz RHC 300 Mbps • NPP 2011-2016 13.30 a • HRD 7812 MHz 30 MHz RHC 15 Mbps • SMD 25.7 GHz 300 MHz RHC 150 Mbps 01.30 d NPOESS-1 2014-2021 7834 MHz 32 MHz RHC 20 Mbps 13.30 a • HRD • LRD 1707 6.0 MHz RHC 3.88 Mbps • SMD 25.7 GHz 300 MHz RHC 150 Mbps 05.30 d NPOESS-2 2016-2023 7834 MHz 32 MHz RHC 20 Mbps 17.30 a • HRD • LRD 1707 6.0 MHz RHC 3.88 Mbps • SMD 25.7 GHz 300 MHz RHC 150 Mbps 01.30 d NPOESS-3 2020-2027 7834 MHz 32 MHz RHC 20 Mbps 13.30 a • HRD • LRD 1707 6.0 MHz RHC 3.88 Mbps • SMD 25.7 GHz 300 MHz RHC 150 Mbps 05.30 d NPOESS-4 2022-2029 7834 MHz 32 MHz RHC 20 Mbps 17.30 a • HRD • LRD 1707 6.0 MHz RHC 3.88 Mbps • GDS 7800 MHz 63 MHz RHC 70 Mbps 09.30 d 1701.3 MHz (1707 MHz MetOp-A 2006-2011 • AHRPT 4.5 MHz RHC 3.5 Mbps 21.30 a backup) 137.1 MHz (137.9125 MHz • LRPT backup) 150 kHz RHC 72 kbps • GDS 7800 MHz 63 MHz RHC 70 Mbps 09.30 d 1701.3 MHz (1707 MHz MetOp-B 2012-2017 • AHRPT 4.5 MHz RHC 3.5 Mbps 21.30 a backup) 137.1 MHz (137.9125 MHz • LRPT backup) 150 kHz RHC 72 kbps • GDS 7800 MHz 63 MHz RHC 70 Mbps 09.30 d 1701.3 MHz (1707 MHz MetOp-C 2016-2021 • AHRPT 4.5 MHz RHC 3.5 Mbps 21.30 a backup) 137.1 MHz (137.9125 MHz • LRPT backup) 150 kHz RHC 72 kbps 15.4-123 • DA 8.128 & 8.320 GHz 32-250 MHz RHC Mbps 09.30 d • HRPT 1700 MHz 2.0 MHz RHC 665 kbps Meteor-M-1 2009-2014 21.30 a • LRPT 137.9 or 137.1 MHz 150 kHz RHC 72 kbps 15.4-123 • DA 8.128 & 8.320 GHz 32-250 MHz RHC Mbps

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 1: Frequency plans Page 110

• Satellite Utilisation LST • Service Frequency Bandwidth Polarisation Data rate 15.4-123 • DA 8.128 & 8.320 GHz 32-250 MHz RHC Mbps 15.30 a • HRPT 1700 MHz 2.0 MHz RHC 665 kbps Meteor-M-2 2010-2015 03.30 d • LRPT 137.9 or 137.1 MHz 150 kHz RHC 72 kbps 1200-400 • DCS 1.69 to 1.71 GHz (missing)MHz RHC bps

Table A1.2 (cont.) - Frequency plan of meteorological satellites in sunsynchronous orbit (December 2009)

• Satellite Utilisation LST • Service Frequency Bandwidth Polarisation Data rate 06.50 • CDPT 1708.5 MHz (1695.5 MHz bkp) 5.6 MHz RHC 1.33 Mbps d FY-1D 2002-2010 18.50 • CHRPT 1700.5 MHz (1704.5 GHz bkp) 5.6 MHz RHC 1.33 Mbps a 10.00 • DPT 8146 MHz 149 MHz RHC 93 Mbps d FY-3A 2008-2013 • MPT 7775 MHz 45 MHz RHC 18.7 Mbps 22.00 a • AHRPT 1704.5 MHz 6.8 MHz RHC 4.2 Mbps 02.00 • DPT 8146 MHz 149 MHz RHC 93 Mbps d FY-3B 2010-2015 • MPT 7775 MHz 45 MHz RHC 18.7 Mbps 14.00 a • AHRPT 1704.5 MHz 6.8 MHz RHC 4.2 Mbps 10.00 • DPT 8146 MHz 149 MHz RHC 93 Mbps d FY-3C 2013-2018 • MPT 7775 MHz 45 MHz RHC 100 Mbps 22.00 a • AHRPT 1704.5 MHz 6.8 MHz RHC 5.6 Mbps 02.00 • DPT 8146 MHz 149 MHz RHC 93 Mbps d FY-3D 2015-2020 • MPT 7775 MHz 45 MHz RHC 100 Mbps 14.00 a • AHRPT 1704.5 MHz 6.8 MHz RHC 5.6 Mbps 10.00 • DPT 8146 MHz 149 MHz RHC 93 Mbps d FY-3E 2017-2022 • MPT 7775 MHz 45 MHz RHC 100 Mbps 22.00 a • AHRPT 1704.5 MHz 6.8 MHz RHC 5.6 Mbps 02.00 • DPT 8146 MHz 149 MHz RHC 93 Mbps d FY-3F 2019-2024 • MPT 7775 MHz 45 MHz RHC 100 Mbps 14.00 a • AHRPT 1704.5 MHz 6.8 MHz RHC 5.6 Mbps

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 2: Definitions and acronyms Page 111

ANNEX 2 Definitions and acronyms

A2.1 Definition of spectral bands In this Report use has been made of spectral band definitions which are not fully standardised. Therefore, the following two tables list these definitions as used here. Two tables are provided, one (Table A2.1) for the bands used for Remote Sensing, one (Table A2.2) for the sub-division of the band used in radar technology.

• Table A2.1 - Bands of the electromagnetic spectrum exploited for Remote Sensing • UV Ultra-Violet 0.01 - 0.38 μm B Blue 0.436 μm G Green 0.546 μm R Red 0.700 μm VIS Visible 0.38 - 0.78 μm NIR Near Infra-Red 0.78 - 1.30 μm VNIR Visible and Near Infra-Red (VIS + NIR) 0.38 - 1.3 μm SWIR Short-Wave Infra-Red 1.3 - 3.0 μm SW Short Wave 0.2 - 4.0 μm LW Long Wave 4 - 100 μm MWIR Medium-Wave Infra-Red 3.0 - 6.0 μm TIR Thermal Infra-Red 6.0 - 15.0 μm IR Infra-Red (MWIR + TIR) 3 - 15 μm FIR Far Infra-Red 15 μm - 1 mm (= 300 GHz) Sub-mm Submillimetre wave (part of FIR) 3000 - 300 GHz (or 0.1 - 1 mm) Mm Millimetre wave (part of MW) 300 - 30 GHz (or 1 - 10 mm) MW Microwave 300 - 1 GHz (or 0.1 - 30 cm)

• Table A2.2 - Bands used in radar technology (according to ASPRS, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing) • Band Frequency range Wavelength range P 220 - 390 MHz 77 -136 cm • UHF 300 - 1000 MHz 30 -100 cm L 1 - 2 GHz 15 - 30 cm S 2 - 4 GHz 7.5 - 15 cm C 4 - 8 GHz 3.75 - 7.5 cm X 8 – 12.5 GHz 2.4 - 3.75 cm Ku 12.5 - 18 GHz 1.67 - 2.4 cm K 18 - 26.5 GHz 1.18 - 1.67 cm Ka 26.5 - 40 GHz 0.75 - 1.18 cm V 40 - 75 GHz 4.0 - 7.5 mm W 75 - 110 GHz 2.75 - 4.0 mm

A2.2 List of acronyms (except for satellites and instruments, that are listed in Annex 3) AHRPT Advanced High Resolution Picture Transmission AM Ante-Meridiem (morning) AMP Applications of Meteorology Programme AND ALOS Data Node (in Japan) AO Announcement of Opportunity APT Automatic Picture Transmission AREP Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme (of WMO) ASI Agenzia Spaziale Italiana ATN Advanced TIROS-N ATOVS Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 2: Definitions and acronyms Page 112

BILTEN Information Technologies and Electronics Research Institute (in Turkey) BNSC British National Space Centre BRDF Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function BUFR Binary Universal Form for data Representation CAST Chinese Academy of Space Technology CBS Commission for Basic Systems (of WMO) CCD Charge Couple Device CDA Command and Data Acquisition station CDAS Command and Data Acquisition Station CDPT China Delayed Picture Transmission CDTI Spanish Centre for Industrial Technology Development CGMS Coordination Group for Meteorological Satellites CHRPT China High Resolution Picture Transmission CM Consultative Meetings on High Level Policy on Satellite Matters (of WMO) CMA China Meteorological Department CNES Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (in ) CNSA China National Space Agency CNTS Centre National des Techniques Spatiales (of Algeria) CONAE Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (in Argentina) CONUS Continental United States CRESDA Center for Resources Satellite Data and Application (in China) CSA Canadian Space Agency CWDS Cyclone Warning Dissemination System DA Data Acquisition station DCP Data Collection Platform DCSA DCS Acquisition station DEM Digital Elevation Model DIAL Differential Absorption Lidar DIS Deimos Imaging SL (subsidiary of Deimos Space SL, Spain) DLR Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfährt (German Aereospace Centre) DMC Disaster Monitoring Constellation (intended as programme) DNSC Danish National Space Centre DoD Department of Defense (of the USA) DPT Delayed Picture Transmission DRR Disaster Risk Reduction Programme (of WMO) DSB Direct Sounder Broadcast DVB Digital Video Broadcast EC European Commission EDC EROS Data Centre (of the US Geological Survey) EIAST Emirates Institution for Advanced Science and Technology EO Earth Observation EOC Earth Observation Center (of JAXA) EOS Earth Observation System EOSDIS Earth Observing System - Data and Information System (of NOAA) ERB Earth Radiation Budget ESA European Space Agency ESDS Earth Science Decadal Survey (of NASA) ESM Earth Systematic Missions (of NASA) ESRIN ESA Centre for Earth Observation ESSA Environmental Science and Services Administration (intended as Agency, in USA) ESSP Earth System Science Pathfinder program (of NASA) EUMETSAT European Organisation for the exploitation of meteorological satellites FGGE First GARP Global Experiment FOV Field Of View G/T Overall merit figure of a receiving system (dB/K) GAC Global Area Coverage

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 2: Definitions and acronyms Page 113

GARP Global Atmospheric Research Programme GAW Global Atmosphere Watch (of WMO) GCOS Global Climate Observing System (WMO, UNESCO/IOC, UNEP, ICSU) GDS Global Data Stream GEO Geostationary Earth Orbit GEO Group on Earth Observations GEOSS Global Earth Observation System of Systems (of GEO) GEWEX Global Energy and Water-cycle Experiment GISTDA Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency (in Tailand) GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (of EC, ESA and others) GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System GOS Global Observing System (of the WMO WWW) GPM Global Precipitation Measuring mission GPS Global Positioning System GTS Global Telecommunication System (of the WMO WWW) GVAR GOES Variable Data Format HiRID High Resolution Imager Data HRD High Rate Data HRIDS High Resolution Image Dissemination Service HRIT High Rate Information Transmission HRPT High Resolution Picture Transmission HRUS High Rate User Station HWRP Hydrology and Water Resources Programme (of WMO) IFOV Instantaneous Field Of View IGeoLab International Geostationary Laboratory IMD India Meteorological Department INPE Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (in Brazil) IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (of UNESCO) ISA Israeli Space Agency ISRO India Space Research Organisation ITRS International Terrestrial Reference System JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (formerly NASDA) JCAB Japan Civil Aviation Bureau JMA Japan Meteorological Agency JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory (of NASA) KARI Korea Aerospace Research Institute KMA Korea Meteorological Administration KNMI Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut KOSC Korea Ocean Satellite Center LAC Local Area Coverage LBR Low Bit Rate LEO LRD Low Rate Data LRIT Low Rate Information Transmission LRPT Low Resolution Picture Transmission LRUS Low Rate User Station LST Local Solar Time MAP Mesoscale Alpine Programme MDD Meteorological Data Distribution MDUS Medium-scale Data Utilisation Station MODAC Meteo/Ocean Data Application Center (in Korea) MOE Ministry of Environment (in Japan) MPT Medium-resolution Picture Transmission MSC Meteorological Satellite Center (in Korea) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (of USA) NASDA National Space Development Agency (of Japan), now JAXA

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 2: Definitions and acronyms Page 114

NASRDA National Space Research and Development Agency (in Nigeria) NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (intended as Agency, in USA) NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency (of India) NRSCC National Remote Sensing Centre of China NRT Near-Real-Time NSAU National Space Agency of Ukraine NSIDC National Snow and Ice Data Center (of USA) NSOAS National Satellite Ocean Application Services (in China) NSPO National Space Organization (in Taiwan) NWP Numerical Weather Prediction OPAG-IOS Open Programme Area Group on Integrated Observing Systems (of WMO) PAC Processing & Archiving Centre (of ESA/Envisat) PAF Processing & Archiving Facilities (of ESA/ERS) PDUS Primary Data User Station PGS Primary Ground Station PM Post-Meridiem (afternoon) PMM Plataforma Multimissão (of INPE) R&D Research and Development RAL Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (in UK) RDAS Raw Data Acquisition Station RO Radio Occultation (sounding) RosHydroMet Hydro-Meteorological Service of the Russian Federation RosKosmos Aeronautics and Space Agency of the Russian Federation RTH Regional Telecommunication Hub (of the WMO WWW) SANSA South African National Space Agency SDUS Secondary Data User Station SIASGE Sistema Italo-Argentino de Satélites para la Gestión de Emergencias SMD Stored Mission Data SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio SNSB Swedish National Space Board SOC Satellite Operation Center (in Korea) SSP or s.s.p. Sub Satellite Point SSTL Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (in UK) STP Solar-Terrestrial Probe programme (of NASA) TBC To Be Confirmed TBD To Be Defined TOA Top Of Atmosphere TOVS TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder TubiTak Space Technologies Research Institute (in Turkey) UCAR University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (in USA) USGS US Geological Survey VLBI Very-Long-Base Interferometry WCP World Climate Programme (of WMO) WCRP World Climate Research Programme (of WMO, UNESCO/IOC and ICSU) WEFAX Weather Facsimile WIGOS WMO Integrated Global Observing Systems WMO World Meteorological Organization WWRP World Weather Research Programme (of WMO) WWW World Weather Watch (of WMO)

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 3: Lists of satellites and instruments Page 115 Annex 3 Lists of satellites and instruments

A3.1 Satellites (acronyms) Table A3.1 lists the satellite programmes (series or single flights) mentioned in this Report. The main purpose is to deploy the acronyms, that are missing in Annex 2. Distinction is made, by a colour code, among programmes historical, operating, to be launched, being subject to selection, and being defined. The Agency responsible of the programme is indicated (in certain cases more agencies are involved).

Table A3.1 - List of satellites mentioned in this Report, and responsible Agencies Colour code Historical Operating To be launched Under selection Being defined Satellite Acronym’s deployment Agencies ACRIMSat Satellite carrying ACRIM NASA ADEOS Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (original name: “Midori”) JAXA ADM-Aeolus Atmospheric Dynamics Mission - Aeolus ESA ALOS Advanced Land Observing Satellite (original name: “Daichi”) JAXA AlSat Algeria Satellite CNTS, SSTL AMAZONIA AMAZONIA INPE Aqua EOS-Aqua NASA A-SCOPE Advanced Space Carbon and Climate Observation of Planet Earth ESA ATN Advanced TIROS-N NOAA ATS Application Technology Satellite NASA Aura EOS-Aura NASA BILSat BILTEN Satellte TubiTak, SSTL BIOMASS BIOMASS ESA BIRD Bi-spectral Infra-Red Detection DLR BJ-1 Beijing-1 NRSCC CALIPSO Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations NASA, CNES CartoSat Satellite for Cartography ISRO CBERS China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite CRESDA, INPE CHAMP Challenging Mini-Satellite Payload DLR CloudSat CloudSat NASA COMS Communication, Oceanography and Meteorology Satellite KARI, KMA CoReH2O Cold Regions Hydrology High-resolution Observatory ESA Coriolis Coriolis DoD, NASA COSMIC Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere & Climate NSPO, UCAR, NOAA Cosmos Cosmos RosKosmos COSMO-SkyMed Constellation of Small Satellites for Mediterranean basin Observation ASI CryoSat CryoSat ESA CSG COSMO-SkyMed 2nd Generation ASI CSK 1st generation of COSMO-SkyMed ASI Deimos Deimos DIS, SSTL DMC Disaster Monitoring Constellation (intended as satellites) Several DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program DoD, NOAA Earth-CARE Earth Clouds, Aerosol and Radiation Explorer ESA, JAXA Electro-L Other name for GOMS RosHydroMet EnMAP Environmental Mapping and Analysis Programme DLR Envisat Environmental Satellite ESA EPS EUMETSAT Polar System EUMETSAT ERBS Earth Radiation Budget Satellite NASA ERS European Remote-sensing Satellite ESA ESSA Environmental Science and Services Administration (intended as satellite) ESSA/NOAA FLEX FLuorescence EXplorer ESA FormoSat-2 FormoSat-2 NSPO FormoSat-3 Other name of COSMIC NSPO, UCAR, NOAA FY-1 Feng-Yun -1 (in LEO) NRSCC FY-2 Feng-Yun - 2 (in GEO) NRSCC

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 3: Lists of satellites and instruments Page 116

Colour code Historical Operating To be launched Under selection Being defined Satellite Acronym’s deployment Agencies FY-3 Feng-Yun - 3 (in LEO) NRSCC, CMA FY-4 Feng-Yun - 4 (in GEO) NRSCC, CMA GCOM-C Global Change Observation Mission for Climate JAXA GCOM-W Global Change Observation Mission for Water JAXA GEOSat Geodetic Satellite NASA Glory Glory NASA GMS Geosynchronous Meteorological Satellite (original name: “Himawari”) JMA, NASDA/JAXA GOCE Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer ESA GOES ≤ 15 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (up to GOES-15) NOAA GOES > 15 Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R and next) NOAA GOMS Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite (also Electro) RosHydroMet GOSAT Green-house gas Observing Satellite JAXA, MOE GPM-constellation GPM satellites equipped with MW radiometers Several GPM-core GPM satellite equipped with radar NASA, JAXA GRACE Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment NASA, DLR Himawari Follow-on of Multi-functional Transport Satellite JMA, JCAB HJ Huan Jing CAST HY Hai Yang NSOAS, CAST ICESat Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite NASA IMS Indian Mini-Satellite ISRO Ingenio Other name of SEOSat (Spanish Earth Observation Satellite) CDTI, ESA INSAT Indian National Satellite ISRO IRS Indian Remote-sensing Satellite ISRO ITOS Improved TIROS Operational System NOAA JASON-1 Joint Altimetry Satellite Oceanography Network -1 NASA, CNES JASON-2/3 Joint Altimetry Satellite Oceanography Network -2/3 (also OSTM) NASA, CNES, EUM, NOAA JERS Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (original name: “Fuyo”) NASDA/JAXA JPS Joint Polar System (POES/NPOESS and EPS/MetOp) NOAA, EUMETSAT Kalpana Kalpana (previously MetSat) ISRO KANOPUS KANOPUS RosKosmos KOMPSAT KOMPSAT KARI LAGEOS-1 Laser Geodynamics Satellite - 1 NASA, (ASI) LAGEOS-2 Laser Geodynamics Satellite - 2 ASI, (NASA) LARES LAser RElativity Satellite ASI Landsat Landsat USGS, NASA LDCM Landsat Data Continuity Mission USGS, NASA

MAPSAR Multi-purpose SAR INPE, DLR Megha-Tropiques Megha-Tropiques CNES, ISRO Meteor Meteor RosHydroMet Meteosat Meteorological Satellite EUMETSAT MetOp Meteorological Operational satellite EUMETSAT MetSat Meteorological Satellite (re-named Kalpana) ISRO MicroLab-1 Re-named OrbView-1 NASA, UCAR Monitor-E Monitor-E RosKosmos MOP Meteosat Operational Programme (Meteosat 4 to 6) EUMETSAT MOS Marine Observatory Satellite (original name: “Momo”) NASDA/JAXA MPP Meteosat Pre-operational Programme (Meteosat 1 to 3) ESA, EUMETSAT MSG Meteosat Second Generation (Meteosat 8 to 11) EUMETSAT MTG-I Meteosat Third Generation (Meteosat ≥ 12), Imaging ESA, EUMETSAT MTG-S Meteosat Third Generation (Meteosat ≥ 13), Sounding ESA, EUMETSAT, EC MTP Meteosat Transition Programme (Meteosat-7) EUMETSAT MTSAT Multi-functional Transport Satellite JMA, JCAB NigeriaSat NigeriaSat NASRDA Nimbus Nimbus NASA NMP EO-1 New Millennium Program – Earth Observing -1 NASA NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (intended as satellite) NOAA

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 3: Lists of satellites and instruments Page 117

Colour code Historical Operating To be launched Under selection Being defined Satellite Acronym’s deployment Agencies NPOESS National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System NOAA, DoD, NASA NPP NPOESS Preparatory Project NASA, NOAA, DoD OceanSat Satellite for the Ocean ISRO OCO Orbiting Carbon Observatory NASA Odin ODIN SNSB, CNES, CSA Ørsted Ørsted DNSC, CNES, NASA Okean Okean RosKosmos OrbView-1 New name for MicroLab-1 NASA, UCAR OrbView-2 New name for SeaStar NASA OSTM Ocean Surface Topography Mission (also Jason 2 and 3) NASA, CNES, EUM, NOAA Polarisation et Anisotropie des Réflectances au sommet de l'Atmosphère, PARASOL CNES couplées avec un Satellite d'Observation emportant un Lidar Paz Paz (“Peace”), other name of SEOSAR (Spanish Earth Observation SAR) CDTI Pléiades Pléiades CNES POEM Polar Orbit Earth-observation Mission (precursor concept of Envisat and MetOp) ESA POES Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite NOAA Post-EPS Programme to follow EPS/MetOp ESA, EUMETSAT PRocess Exploration through Measurements of Infrared and millimetre-wave PREMIER ESA Emitted Radiation PRISMA PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa ASI PROBA Project for On-Board Autonomy ESA QuikSCAT Quick Scatterometer Mission NASA RadarSat RadarSat CSA RapidEye RapidEye DLR RASAT Remote Sensing Satellite TubiTak RCM RadarSat Constellation Mission CSA ResourceSat Satellite for Earth Resources ISRO Resurs Resurs Roscosmos RISAT Radar Imaging Satellite ISRO SAC-C Satélite de Aplicaciones Cientificas - C CONAE SAC-D Satélite de Aplicaciones Cientificas - D CONAE, NASA SAOCOM-1 SAtélite Argentino de Observación COn Microondas - 1 CONAE, ASI SAOCOM-2 SAtélite Argentino de Observación COn Microondas - 2 CONAE SARAL Satellite with ARgos and ALtiKa CNES, ISRO SCISAT Scientific Satellite CSA SeaSat SeaSat NASA SeaStar SeaStar (new name: OrbView-2) NASA Sentinel-1 Sentinel-1 (for SAR-C continuity) ESA, EC Sentinel-2 Sentinel-2 (for land observation) ESA, EC Sentinel-3 Sentinel-3 (for ocean and land) ESA, EC, EUM Sentinel-4 Sentinel-4 (for chemistry in GEO) EUM, ESA, EC Sentinel-5 Sentinel-5 (for chemistry in LEO) EUM, ESA, EC SEOSat Spanish Earth Observation Satellite (also called “Ingenio”) CDTI, ESA SICH SICH NSAU SMM Solar Maximum Mission NASA SMOS Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity ESA, CNES, CDTI SMS Synchronous Meteorological Satellite NOAA, NASA SORCE Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment NASA SPOT Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre CNES STARLETTE Satellite de Taille Adaptée avec Réflecteurs Laser por les Etudes de la Terre CNES STELLA Companion of STARLETTE CNES SumbandilaSat SumbandilaSat SANSA SWARM The Earth’s Magnetic Field and Environment Explorers ESA, CNES, CSA TacSat-2 Tactical Satellite (also known as RoadRunner) NASA, DoD TanDEM-X Coupled to TerraSAR for improved DEM DLR Terra EOS-Terra NASA TerraSAR TerraSAR (X-band) DLR

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 3: Lists of satellites and instruments Page 118

Colour code Historical Operating To be launched Under selection Being defined Satellite Acronym’s deployment Agencies THEOS Thailand Earth Observation System GISTDA TIMED Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics mission NASA TIROS Television and Infra-Red Observation Satellite NASA TOPEX-Poseidon Topography Experiment + Poseidon NASA, CNES TopSat TopSat BNSC TOS TIROS Operational System (based on ESSA) ESSA/NOAA TRAQ TRopospheric composition and Air Quality ESA TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission NASA, JAXA UARS Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite NASA UK-DMC UK contribution to the DMC BNSC VENμS Vegetation and Environment monitoring on a New Micro-Satellite CNES, ISA ZY Zi Yuan (Resource) - Same as CBERS CRESDA, INPE

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 3: Lists of satellites and instruments Page 119

A3.2 Instruments (acronyms, satellites, utilisation period) Table A3.2 lists all instruments that have been mentioned in this Report. The main purpose is to deploy the acronyms, that are missing in Annex 2, and indicate the satellites where they are flown and the utilisation period. Distinction is made, by a colour code, among instruments historical, operating, to be launched, and being defined. Many instruments are described by tables in document “Earth Observation satellites and their instruments”, as follows: • those operating, or to be launched, or being defined, are associated to descriptive tables [cells in Table A3.2 are coloured in “light blue”, “green”, “pink”, respectively], except for instruments for in situ environment monitoring at platform level, solar observation, data collection, positioning, and search & rescue [cells in “yellow”]; • historical instruments are generally not associated to descriptive tables [uncoloured corresponding cells in Table A3.2], except for instruments that have been used till recently [cells in “violet”]. It is reminded that, in the main text of this Report, the names of instruments that have a corresponding descriptive table in document “Earth Observation satellites and their instruments” are connected to the descriptive table by hyperlinks. Table A3.2 - List of instruments mentioned in this Report, corresponding satellites and utilisation period

Colour Historical. Operating till recently. Currently operating. To be launched. Operating or to be launched. Being defined. code Description not provided Description provided Description provided Description provided Description not provided Description provided Acronym Full name Satellites Utilisation 3MI Multi-viewing Multi-channel Multi-polarisation Imager Post-EPS (series) 2020-2035 AATSR Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer Envisat 2002-2013 ABI Advanced Baseline Imager GOES-R and follow-on 2015 → AC Radiation Budget Sensor Meteor-1 1 to 28 1969-1978 ACE-FTS Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment - Fourier Transform Spectrometer SCISAT-1 2003-2010 ACRIM Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitoring SMM, UARS, ACRIMSat 1980-2012 AEISS Advanced Electronic Image Scanning System KOMPSAT-3 2010-2015 AIRS Atmospheric Infra-Red Sounder EOS-Aqua 2002-2009 ALADIN Atmospheric Laser Doppler Instrument ADM-Aeolus 2011-2013 ALI Advanced Land Imager NMP-EO-1 2000-2009 ALT Radar Altimeter SeaSat 1978 ALT Radar Altimeter HY-2A 2010-2013 AltiKa Ka-band Altimeter SARAL 2010-2014 AMI-SAR Active Microwave Instrument - SAR mode ERS-1/2 1991-2011 AMI-SCAT Active Microwave Instrument - Scat mode ERS-1/2 1991-2011 AMR Advanced Microwave Radiometer Jason-2/3 (OSTM) 2008-2018 AMSR Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer ADEOS-2 2002-2003 AMSR-2 Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - 2 GCOM-W 1/2/3 2012-2025 AMSR-E Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS EOS-Aqua 2002-2010 NOAA 15 to 19 1998-2014 AMSU-A Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit - A MetOp A to C 2006-2021 EOS-Aqua 2002-2010 AMSU-B Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit - B NOAA-15/16/17 1998-2010 AOPOD Atmosphere Occultation and Precision Orbit Determination KOMPSAT-5 2010-2015 Glory 2010-2013 APS Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor (NPOESS 1 & 3) 2013-2027 Nimbus-1/2 1964-1969 APT Automatic Picture Transmission TIROS-8, ESSA-2/4/6/8 1967-1976 ITOS-1, NOAA-1 1970-1971 Aquarius Aquarius SAC-D 2010-2015 ASAR Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar – SAR mode Envisat 2002-2013 ASCAT Advanced Scatterometer MetOp A to C 2006-2021 ASTER Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer EOS-Terra 1999-2010 ATGM Atmospheric Trace Gas Monitor COMS-2 2017-2027 ATLID Atmospheric Lidar Earth-CARE 2013-2016 ATMS Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder NPP, NPOESS 1 and 3 2011-2027 ATSR Along-Track Scanning Radiometer ERS-1 1991-2000 ATSR-2 Along-Track Scanning Radiometer ERS-2 1995-2011 Nimbus-1/2 1964-1969 AVCS Advanced Vidicon Camera System ESSA-3/5/7/9, ITOS-1, NOAA-1 1966-1971 AVHRR/3 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer TIROS-N, NOAA 6 to 19 1978-2014

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 3: Lists of satellites and instruments Page 120

Colour Historical. Operating till recently. Currently operating. To be launched. Operating or to be launched. Being defined. code Description not provided Description provided Description provided Description provided Description not provided Description provided Acronym Full name Satellites Utilisation MetOp A to C 2006-2021 AVNIR Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer ADEOS-1 1996-1997 AVNIR-2 Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer - 2 ALOS 2006-2012 AWFI Advanced Wide Field Imager AMAZONIA 2011-2015 AWiFS Advanced Wide Field Sensor ResourceSat-1/2 2003-2014 BBR Broad-Band Radiometer Earth-CARE 2013-2016 BlackJack BlackJack CHAMP, GRACE, SAC-C 2000-2010 BUV Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer Nimbus-4 1970-1980 CALIOP Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarisation CALIPSO 2006-2010 ICARE (Influence of Space Radiation on Advanced Components) + CARMEN SAC-D 2010-2015 SODAD (Orbital System for an Active Detection of Debris) CC Cloud Camera Glory 2010-2015 CCD Charge Coupled Device Camera INSAT-2E, INSAT-3A 1999-2012 CCD CCD Camera HJ-1 A & B 2008-2011 TRMM, EOS Terra & Aqua, CERES Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System 1997-2021 NPP, NPOESS-1 Gravity: Accelerometer + GPS receiver CHAMP Magnetometry: 1 scalar magnetometer + 2 Vector magnetometers CHAMP 2000-2010 instruments BlackJack: Radio occultation sounder CHRIS Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer PROBA 2001-2010 CLAES Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer UARS 1991-2005 CMT China Mapping Telescope BJ-1 2005-2010 COCTS China Ocean Colour & Temperature Scanner HY-1 A/B/C/D 2002-2013 COSI Corea SAR Instrument KOMPSAT-5 2010-2015 CPR Cloud Profiling Radar for CloudSat CloudSat 2006-2012 CPR Cloud Profiling Radar for Earth-CARE Earth-CARE 2013-2016 CrIS Cross-track Infrared Sounder NPP, NPOESS 1 and 3 2011-2027 CZCS Coastal Zone Colour Scanner Nimbus-7 1978-1994 CZI Coastal Zone Imager HY-1 A/B/C/D 2002-2013 CZS Coastal Zone Scanner Meteor-M N3 2012-2017 DCIS Data Collection and Interrogation Service SMS-1/2, GOES 1 to 15 1974-2017 Meteosat 1 to 11 1977-2021 GMS 1 to 5, MTSAT-1/2 1977-2015 DCS (in GEO) Data Collection Service FY-2 A to H, FY-4 series 1997-2035 INSAT-1A to 3D, Kalpana 1982-2016 GOMS N1, N2, N3, N4 1994-2022 Landsat-1/2/3 1972-1983 TIROS-N, NOAA 6 to 19 1978-2014 CBERS 1, 2, 3, 4 1999-2016 ADEOS-2 2002-2003 DCS (in LEO) Data Collection System, Argos, Advanced DCS MetOp A to C 2006-2021 Meteor-M N2 2010-2015 NPOESS 1 to 4 2014-2029 SARAL 2010-2014 Delta-2D MW radiometer, conical scanning Okean-O-1 1999-2000 DMAC DubaiSat-1 Medium Aperture Camera DubaiSat-1 2009-2014 SPOT 2 to 5 1990-2013 DORIS Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite TOPEX-Poseidon, Jason 1, 2, 3 1992-2018 Envisat 2002-2013 DPR Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar GPM-core 2013-2018 EOC Electro-Optical Camera KOMPSAT-1 1999-2008 ERB Earth Radiation Budget) Nimbus-6/7 1975-1994 ERBE Earth Radiation Budget Experiment ERBS, NOAA-9/10 1984-2001 ERM Earth Radiation Measurement FY-3 A, B, C, E 2008-2022 ESMR Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer Nimbus-5/6 1972-1983 ETM Enhanced Thematic Mapper Landsat-6 - ETM+ Enhanced Thematic Mapper + Landsat-7 1999-2012 EXIS Extreme Ultraviolet Sensor / X-Ray Sensor Irradiance Sensors GOES-R and follow-on 2015 → FCI Flexible Combined Imager Meteosat Third Generation “I” 2016-2036 TIROS-2/3/4/7, ESSA-1/3/5/7/9 1960-1972 FPR Flat Plate Radiometer ITOS-1, NOAA-1 1970-1971

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 3: Lists of satellites and instruments Page 121

Colour Historical. Operating till recently. Currently operating. To be launched. Operating or to be launched. Being defined. code Description not provided Description provided Description provided Description provided Description not provided Description provided Acronym Full name Satellites Utilisation FWS Filter Wedge Spectrometer Nimbus-4 1970-1980 GOES 8 to 15 1994-2017 Meteosat 8 to 11 (MSG) 2002-2021 GEOSAR Geostationary Search and Rescue INSAT-3 A and D 2003-2015 Electro-L and follow-on 2010 → Geoton Panchromatic and multispectral radiometer Resurs-DK 2006-2011 GERB Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget Meteosat 8 to 11 (MSG) 2002-2021 GGAK-M Space Environment Monitor Meteor-M 1/2 2009-2015 GLAS Geoscience Laser Altimeter System ICESat 2003-2010 GLI Global Imager ADEOS-2 2002-2003 GLM Geostationary Lightning Mapper GOES-R and follow-on 2015 → GPM-core 2013-2018 GMI GPM Microwave Imager GPM-constellation 2014-2019 GPM-Brazil 2014-2019 EGG: 3-Axis Electrostatic Gravity Gradiometer GOCE LR: Laser Reflectors GOCE 2009-2012 instruments GPS: Global Positioning System GOCI Geostationary Ocean Color Imager COMS-1/2 2010-2021 GOLPE (BlackJack) GPS Occultation and Passive reflection Experiment SAC-C 2000-2010 GOME Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment ERS-2 1995-2011 GOME-2 Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment - 2 MetOp A to C 2006-2021 GOMOS Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars Envisat 2002-2013 GPS Global Positioning System Landsat-4/5 1982-2010 GPS/MET Global Positioning System / Meteorology MicroLab-1 1995-2000 GPS-MET Radio occultation receiver FY-3 C to E 2013-2024 HAIRS: High Accuracy Inter-satellite Ranging System (K-band GRACE Ranging) GRACE (2 satellites) 2002-2010 instruments BlackJack: Radio occultation sounder GRAS GNSS Receiver for Atmospheric Sounding MetOp A to C 2006-2021 HALOE Halogen Occultation Experiment UARS 1991-2005 HGGM Hyper-spectral Green House Gas Monitor FY-3 D and F 2015-2024 HIRDLS High-Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder EOS-Aura 2004-2010 HiRI High-Resolution Imager Pléiades-1/2 2010-2016 HIRS High-resolution Infra-Red Sounder Nimbus-6 1975-1983 TIROS-N, NOAA 6 to 19 1978-2014 HIRS-3/4 High-resolution Infra Red Sounder -3 and -4 Metop A and B 2006-2017 HMS Heliogeophysical Measurements System GOMS N2, N3, N4 2010-2023 HRCC High-Resolution CCD Camera CBERS 1, 2, 2B 1999-2010 HRDI High-Resolution Doppler Imager UARS 1991-2005 HRG Haut Résolution Géométrique SPOT-5 2002-2013 HRIR High Resolution Infrared Radiometer Nimbus-1/2/3 1964-1972 HRPC High-Resolution Panchromatic Camera CBERS-2B 2007-2010 HRS Haut Résolution Stéréoscopique SPOT-5 2002-2013 HRTC High Resolution Technological Camera SAC-C 2000-2010 HRV Haut Résolution dans le Visible SPOT-1/2/3 1986-2009 HRVIR Haut Résolution dans le Visible et l’Infra-Rouge SPOT-4 1998-2012 HSB Humidity Sounder for Brazil EOS-Aqua 2002-2003 HSC High Sensitivity Camera SAC-D 2010-2015 HSI Hyper-Spectral Imager HJ-1A 2008-2011 HSI Hyper-Spectral Imager EnMAP 2013-2018 HSRS + WAOSS-B + Hot Spot Recognition Sensor + Wide-Angle Optoelectronic Stereo BIRD 2001-2007 HORUS Scanner, BIRD version + High Optical Resolution Utility Sensor HSTC High Sensitivity Technological Camera SAC-C 2000-2010 HUOS Hyper-spectral Resolution Ultraviolet Ozone Sounder FY-3E 2017-2022 Hyperion Hyperion NMP EO-1 2000-2009 HySI-T Hyper Spectral Imager IMS-1 2008-2012 IASI Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer MetOp A to C 2006-2021 IDCS Image Dissector Camera System Nimbus-3/4 1969-1980 COSMIC (6 satellites) 2006-2011 IGOR Integrated GPS Occultation Receiver TerraSAR X & X2, TanDEM-X 2007-2018 TacSat-2 2006-2007 IIR Imaging Infrared Radiometer CALIPSO 2006-2010 IIS Interferometric Infrared Sounder FY-4 series 2015-2035

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 3: Lists of satellites and instruments Page 122

Colour Historical. Operating till recently. Currently operating. To be launched. Operating or to be launched. Being defined. code Description not provided Description provided Description provided Description provided Description not provided Description provided Acronym Full name Satellites Utilisation ADEOS-1 1996-1997 ILAS-I/II Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer ADEOS-2 2002-2003 IMAGER GOES Imager GOES 8 to 15 1994-2019 IMAGER INSAT Imager INSAT-3D, INSAT-3D repeat 2010-2019 IMAGER MTSAT Imager MTSAT-2 2006-2017 IMAGER-FO MTSAT Follon-On Imager Himawari 8 and 9 2014-2031 IMG Interferometric Monitor for Greenhouse gases ADEOS-1 1996-1997 IR Infrared Instrument Meteor-1 1 to 28, Meteor-2 1 to 22 1969-1994 IR Infra Red Camera HJ-1B 2008-2011 IRAS Infra Red Atmospheric Sounder FY-3 A to C 2008-2018 IRFS-2 IR Sounding Spectrometer Meteor-M N2 2011-2016 IRHAS Infrared Hyper-spectral Atmospheric Sounder FY-3 D to F 2015-2024 IRIS Infra-Red Interferometer Spectrometer Nimbus-3/4 1969-1980 IRLS Interrogation, Recording and Location System Nimbus-3/4 1969-1980 IRMSS Infrared Multispectral Scanner CBERS 1/2/3/4 (not 2B, 2007-2010) 1999-2016 IRS Infra Red Sounder Meteosat Third Generation “S” 2018-2033 IRS Infra Red Sounder Post-EPS (series) 2020-2035 ISAMS Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder UARS 1991-2005 ITPR Infrared Temperature Profile Radiometer Nimbus-5 1972-1983 JAMI Japanese Advanced Meteorological Imager MTSAT-1R 2005-2015 JMR JASON Microwave Radiometer Jason-1 2001-2010 KGI-4C Space Environment Monitor (particles) Meteor-3M 2001-2005 Klimat Infrared Imaging Radiometer Meteor-3 1 to 7, Meteor-3M 1985-2005 KMSS High-resolution VIS/IR Radiometer Meteor-M N1 and N2 2009-2016 Kondor Data collection system Okean-O1 1 to 7, SICH-1 1986-1996 LEISA (Linear Etalon Imaging Spectrometer Array) Atmospheric LAC NMP EO-1 2000-2010 Corrector LAGEOS instruments LRA: Laser Retroreflector Array LAGEOS 1 and 2 1976-2032 LI Lightning Imager Meteosat Third Generation “I” 2016-2036 LIMS Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere Nimbus-7 1978-1994 TRMM, 1997-2013 LIS Lightning Imaging Sensor GPM Brazil 2014-2019 LISS-1 Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor - 1 IRS-1A/1B/1E 1988-2001 LISS-2-A/B Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor - 2-A/B IRS-1A/1B 1988-2001 LISS-2M Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor - 2M IRS-P2 1994-1997 IRS-1C/1D, 1995-2010 LISS-3 Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor - 3 ResourceSat-1/2 2003-2013 LISS-4 Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor - 4 ResourceSat 1/2 2003-2013 LM Lightning Mapper FY-4 series 2015-2035 LR Laser Reflectors STARLETTE, STELLA 1975-2050 LRA Laser Retroreflector Array LAGEOS 1 & 2, LARES 1976-2032 LRIR Limb Radiance Inversion Radiometer Nimbus-6 1975-1983 LRR Laser Retro-Reflector ERS 1/2, Envisat 1991-2013 LTR Laser Tracking Reflector SeaSat 1978 MADRAS Microwave Analysis & Detection of Rain & Atmospheric Structures Megha-Tropiques 2010-2015 Measurements of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and MAESTRO SCISAT-1 2003-2010 Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation MAG Magnetometer GOES-R and follow-on 2015 → MBEI + MIREI Multi-Band Earth Imager, Middle IR Earth Imager SICH-2 2010-2015 MCSI Multiple Channel Scanning Imager FY-4 series 2015-2035 MEOSS Monocular Electro-Optical Stereo Scanner IRS-1E/P1 - MERIS Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer Envisat 2002-2013 MERSI-1 Medium Resolution Spectral Imager -1 FY-3 A to C 2008-2018 MERSI-2 Medium Resolution Spectral Imager -2 FY-3 D to F 2015-2024 MESSR Multi-spectral Electronic Self-Scanning Radiometer MOS 1/1B 1987-1996 NOAA-18/19 2005-2014 MHS Microwave Humidity Sounding MetOp A to C 2006-2021 MI Meteorological Imager COMS-1 2010-2017 MI-FO Meteorological Imager Follon-On COMS-2 2017-2024 MIPAS Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding Envisat 2002-2013 MIRAS Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis SMOS 2009-2014 MIS Microwave Imager/Sounder NPOESS 2 to 4 2016-2029 MISR Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer EOS-Terra 1999-2010

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 3: Lists of satellites and instruments Page 123

Colour Historical. Operating till recently. Currently operating. To be launched. Operating or to be launched. Being defined. code Description not provided Description provided Description provided Description provided Description not provided Description provided Acronym Full name Satellites Utilisation MIVZA Imaging microwave radiometer [not sure it has been flown] Meteor-3M 2001-2005 MLS Microwave Limb Sounder UARS, EOS-Aura 1991-2010 MMRS Multispectral Medium Resolution Scanner SAC-C 2000-2010 MODIS Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer EOS Terra/Aqua 1999-2010 MOPITT Measurement Of Pollution In The Troposphere EOS Terra 1999-2010 MOS Multispectral Opto-electronic Scanner IRS-P3 1996-2004 MP-900B TV camera Resurs-O1-4 1998-2002 MR-2000M1 Television Camera Meteor-3 1 to 7, Meteor-3M 1985-2005 MR-900B Television Camera Meteor-3 1 to 7 1985-1995 MRI + VHRI Medium Resolution Imager + Very High Resolution Imager NigeriaSat-2 2010-2017 MRIR Medium Resolution Infrared Radiometer TIROS-2/3/4/7, Nimbus-2/3 1960-1972 MSC Multi-Spectral Camera KOMPSAT-2 2006-2011 MSGI-5EI Space Environment Monitor (irradiances) Meteor-3M 2001-2005 MSI Multi-Spectral Imager for Earth-CARE Earth-CARE 2013-2016 MSI Multi-Spectral Imager for Sentinel-2 Sentinel-2 A and B 2013-2019 MSMR Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer OceanSat 1 and 2 1999-2014 MSR Microwave Scanning Radiometer MOS 1/1B 1987-1996 MSS Multi-Spectral Scanner Landsat 1 to 5 1972-2010 MSS + MSU-200 + Multispectral (MSS), Multispectral high resolution (MSU-200), KANOPUS-V 1 and 2 2010-2016 PSS Panchromatic (PSS) MSSCC Multi-color Spin Scan Cloud Camera ATS-3 1967-1975 MSU Microwave Sounding Unit TIROS-N, NOAA 6 to 14 1978-2003 MSU-E High-resolution VIS/NIR radiometer Meteor-3M 2001-2005 MSU-E & E1 Multispectral VNIR radiometer Resurs-O1 1 to 4 1985-2002 MSU-EU Multispectral VNIR radiometer SICH-1M - MSU-GS Electro-GOMS Imager GOMS N2, N3, N4 2010-2022 MSU-M Multispectral VNIR radiometer Okean-O-1 1999-2000 MSU-MR VIS/IR Imaging Radiometer Meteor-M N1 and N2 2009-2016 Resurs-O1 1 to 4 1985-2002 MSU-SK & SK1 Multispectral VNIR/IR conical scanning radiometer Okean-O1 1 to 7 1986-1996 Okean-O-1, SICH-1 1995-2000 MSU-V Multispectral VIS/IR radiometer Okean-O-1 1999-2000 Meteor-3M 2001-2005 MTVZA Imaging/Sounding Microwave Radiometer Meteor-M N1, N2 2009-2016 MTVZA-OK Multispectral VIS/IR/MW radiometer SICH-1M - MUSE Monitor of Ultraviolet Solar Energy Nimbus-3/4 1969-1980 MUXCAM Multispectral Camera CBERS 3 & 4 2010-2016 MVIRI Meteosat Visible Infra-Red Imager Meteosat 1 to 7 1977-2013 MVISR Multichannel Visible Infrared Scanning Radiometer FY-1 A to D 1988-2010 MWHS-1 Micro-Wave Humidity Sounder -1 FY-3 A and B 2008-2015 MWHS-2 Micro-Wave Humidity Sounder -2 FY-3 C to E 2013-2024 MWI-C Micro-Wave Imager for Clouds Post-EPS (series) 2020-2035 MWI-P Micro-Wave Imager for Precipitation Post-EPS (series) 2020-2035 MWR Microwave Radiometer, no-scanning Okean-O1 1 to 7, SICH-1 1986-1996 MWR Micro-Wave Radiometer for ERS and Envisat ERS-1/2, Envisat 1991-2013 MWR Micro-Wave Radiometer for Sentinel-3 Sentinel-3 A and B 2013-2019 MWR Micro-Wave Radiometer for SAC-D SAC-D 2010-2015 MWRI Micro-Wave Radiation Imager FY-3 A to F (except E) 2008-2024 MWS Micro-Wave Sounder Post-EPS (series) 2020-2035 MWTS-1 Micro-Wave Temperature Sounder -1 FY-3 A and B 2008-2015 MWTS-2 Micro-Wave Temperature Sounder -2 FY-3 C to F 2013-2024 Mx-T Multispectral CCD Camera IMS-1 2008-2012 NAOMI New AstroSat Optical Modular Instrument AlSat-2, AlSat-2B 2010-2016 NEMS Nimbus-E Microwave Sounder Nimbus-5 1972-1983 NIRST New Infra Red Scanner Technology SAC-D 2010-2015 NRA NASA Radar Altimeter Topex-Poseidon 1992-2006 NSCAT NASA Scatterometer ADEOS-1 1996-1997 OCM Ocean Color Monitor OceanSat-1/2/3 1999-2017 OCO Orbiting Carbon Observatory OCO Failed OCS Ocean Colour Scanner Meteor M N3 2012-2017 OCTS Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner ADEOS-1 1996-1997 OIS Optical Imaging System RASAT 2010-2013

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 3: Lists of satellites and instruments Page 124

Colour Historical. Operating till recently. Currently operating. To be launched. Operating or to be launched. Being defined. code Description not provided Description provided Description provided Description provided Description not provided Description provided Acronym Full name Satellites Utilisation OLCI Ocean and Land Colour Imager Sentinel-3 A and B 2013-2019 OLI Operational Land Imager LDCM 2013 → OMI Ozone Monitoring Instrument EOS Aura 2004-2010 OMPS Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite NPP, NPOESS 1 & 3 2011-2027 OPS Optical Sensor JERS 1992-1998 OM: Overhauser Magnetometer CSC FVM: CSC Fluxgate Vector Magnetometer Ørsted instruments SI: Star Imager Ørsted 1999-2009 TurboRogue: a radio-occultation receiver CPD: Charged Particle Detector OSIRIS Optical Spectrograph and Infra-Red Imaging System ODIN 2001-2010 OSMI Ocean Scanning Multispectral Imager KOMPSAT-1 1999-2008 OTD Optical Transient Detector MicroLab-1 1995-2000 PALSAR Phased-Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar ALOS 2006-2012 IRS 1C and 1D, CartoSat-1, PAN Panchromatic Camera 1995-2015 CartoSat-2/2A, CartoSat-3 PAN + MS Panchromatic + Multispectral Radiometers Monitor-E 2005-2008 PAN + MS Panchromatic + Multispectral imagers Ingenio (SEOSat) 2012-2017 PAN + MS Panchromatic + Multispectral imagers THEOS 2008-2013 PanCam + MSIS + Panchromatic Camera + Multispectral Imaging System + Multiband BILSat 2003-2006 COBAN Camera PANMUX Panchromatic and Multispectral imager CBERS 3 & 4 2010-2016 PASTEC Technology Demonstration Passenger SPOT-4 1998-2012 PEM Particle Environment Monitor UARS 1991-2005 PMR Pressure Modulator Radiometer Nimbus-6 1975-1983 POAM Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement SPOT-3/4 1993-2012 ADEOS-1 1996-1997 POLDER Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances ADEOS-2 2002-2003 PARASOL 2004-2010 Poseidon 2/3 Poseidon 2/3 JASON 1/2/3 2001-2018 PR Precipitation Radar TRMM 1997-2013 PRARE Precise Range And Range-rate Equipment ERS 1 & 2 1991-2011 PRISM Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping ALOS 2006-2012 PRISMA PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa ASI 2011-2016 R225 Microwave Radiometer, no-scanning Okean-O-1 1999-2000 R600 Microwave Radiometer, no-scanning Okean-O-1 1999-2000 RA, RA-2 Radar Altimeter ERS-1/2, Envisat 1991-2013 RAD Microwave Radiometer HY-2A 2010-2013 Radiomet Radio-occultation sounder Meteor-M N2, N3 2011-2017 RBV Return-Beam Vidicon camera Landsat-1/2/3 1972-1983 RALCam-1 RAL Camera 1 (RAL: Rutherford Appleton Laboratory) TopSat 2005-2009 REIS RapidEye Earth Imaging System RapidEye (5 sats) 2008-2015 RER Radiant Energy Radiometer Post-EPS (series) 2020-2035 RIS Retroreflector In Space ADEOS-1 1996-1997 Okean-O1 1 to 7 1986-1996 RLSBO Side-looking radar Okean-O-1, SICH 1 & 1M 1999-2000 RM-08 MW radiometer, conical scanning Okean-O1, SICH 1 & 1M 1986-1996 RMK-2 Space Environment Monitor Meteor-2 1 to 22, Meteor-3 1 to 6 1975-1994 RMS Radiation Measurement System GOMS-1 1994-1998 RO Radio Occultation sounder Post-EPS (series) 2020-2035 OceanSat-2, SAC-D, ROSA Radio Occultation Sounder of the Atmosphere 2009-2015 Megha-Tropiques RSI Remote Sensing Instrument FORMOSAT-2 2004-2010 SAGE-II Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment - II ERBS 1984-2001 SAGE-III Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment – III Meteor-3M 2001-2005 SAM-II Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement - II Nimbus-7 1978-1994 SAMS Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder Nimbus-7 1978-1994 Sondeur Atmospherique du Profil d’Humidite Intertropicale par SAPHIR Megha-Tropiques 2010-2015 Radiometrie SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar SeaSat 1978 SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar JERS 1992-1998

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 3: Lists of satellites and instruments Page 125

Colour Historical. Operating till recently. Currently operating. To be launched. Operating or to be launched. Being defined. code Description not provided Description provided Description provided Description provided Description not provided Description provided Acronym Full name Satellites Utilisation SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar (C-band) RadarSat 1/2 1995-2015 SAR RCM Synthetic Aperture Radar (C-band) for RadarSat constellation RCM-1, RCM-2, RCM-3 2014-2021 SAR-2000 Synthetic Aperture Radar 2000 (X-band) COSMO-SkyMed 2007-2015 SAR-2000 S.G. Synthetic Aperture Radar 2000 Secong Generation (X-band) COSMO-SkyMed 2nd Generation 2013-2019 SAR-C Synthetic Aperture Radar (C-band) RISAT-1 2010-2015 SAR-C Synthetic Aperture Radar (C-band) Sentinel-1 A and B 2012-2018 SAR-L Synthetic Aperture Radar (L-band) Saocom-1 A/B, Saocom-2 A/B 2012-2020 SAR-L Synthetic Aperture Radar (L-band) MAPSAR 2013-2018 SAR-S Synthetic Aperture Radar (S-band) HJ-1C 2010-2013 NOAA 8 to 19 except 12 1983-2014 SARSAT Search and Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking System NPOESS 1 to 4 2014-2029 MetOp A and B 2006-2016 SAR-Travers Two-frequency SAR Resurs-O1-1 1985-1986 SAR-X Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-band) TerraSAR X & X2, TanDEM-X 2007-2018 SAR-X Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-band) RISAT-2 2009-2014 SAR-X Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-band) Paz/SEOSAR) 2012-2017 SASS SeaSat-A Scatterometer System SeaSat 1978 SBUV Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer Nimbus-7 1978-1994 SBUV/2 Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet / 2 NOAA 9 to 19 except 12/15 1984-2014 SCA Scatterometer Post-EPS (series) 2020-2035 SCAMS Scanning Microwave Spectrometer Nimbus-6 1975-1983 Megha-Tropiques 2010-2015 ScaRaB Scanner for Radiation Budget Meteor-3-7, Resurs-O1-4 1994-1999 SCAT Scatterometer OceanSat-2/3 2009-2017 SCAT Scatterometer HY-2A 2010-2013 SCAT Scatterometer Meteor-M N3 2012-2017 Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric SCIAMACHY Envisat 2002-2013 Cartography SCR Selective Chopper Radiometer Nimbus-4/5 1970-1983 SCRM Surface Composition Mapping Radiometer Nimbus-5 1972-1983 SeaWiFS Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor Orbview-2/SeaStar 1997-2010 ADEOS-2 2002-2003 SeaWinds SeaWinds QuikSCAT 1999-2009 SEISS Space Environment In-Situ Suite GOES-R and follow-on 2015 → SMS-1/2, GOES 1 to 15 1974-2017 SEM (GEO) Space Environment Monitor GMS 1 to 5 1977-2003 FY-2 A to H, FY-4 series 1997-2035 TIROS-N, NOAA 6 to 19 1978-2014 MetOp A & B 2006-2016 SEM (LEO) Space Environment Monitor FY-1 A to D, FY-3 A to G 1988-2024 NPOESS 1 & 3 (SEM-N) 2014-2027 Severjanin X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar Meteor-M N1, N2 2009-2016 Severjanin-plus X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar Meteor-M N3 2012-2017 SEVIRI Spinning Enhanced Visible Infra-Red Imager Meteosat 8 to 11 (MSG) 2002-2021 SFM-2 Ultraviolet spectrometer [not sure it has been flown] Meteor-3M 2001-2005 SGLI Second-generation Global Imager GCOM-C 1/2/3 2014-2027 SILEX Semiconductor Intersatellite Link Experiment SPOT-4 1998-2012 SIM Spectral Irradiance Monitor SORCE 2003-2012 SIM Solar Irradiance Monitor FY-3 A, B, C and E 2008-2022 SIRAL SAR Interferometer Radar Altimeter CryoSat-2 2010-2013 SIRS Satellite Infra-Red Spectrometer Nimbus-3/4 1969-1980 SLSTR Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer Sentinel-3 A and B 2013-2019 SM Infrared Sounding Radiometer Meteor-2 1 to 22 1975-1994 SMMR Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer) Nimbus-7, SeaSat 1978-1994 SMR Sub-Millimetre Radiometer Odin 2001-2010 SOLSTICE Solar/Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment UARS 1991-2005 SOUNDER GOES Sounder GOES 8 to 15 1994-2019 SOUNDER INSAT Sounder INSAT-3D, INSAT-3D repeat 2010-2019 SOUNDER-FO GOES Sounder Follow-On (TBC) GOES-T 2020 → SOUNDER-FO Sounder of MTSAT Follow-On MTSAT-FO-3 2022 → SPM Solar Proton Monitor ITOS-1, NOAA 1 to 5 1972-1979 SR Scanning Radiometer ITOS-1, NOAA 1 to 5 1970-1979 SRAL SAR Radar Altimeter Sentinel-3 A and B 2013-2019

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 3: Lists of satellites and instruments Page 126

Colour Historical. Operating till recently. Currently operating. To be launched. Operating or to be launched. Being defined. code Description not provided Description provided Description provided Description provided Description not provided Description provided Acronym Full name Satellites Utilisation SSALT Single-frequency Solid-state Altimeter Topex-Poseidon 1992-2006 SSCC Spin Scan Cloud Camera ATS-1 1966-1972 SSM/I Special Sensor Microwave - Imager DMSP F-8/10/11/13/14/15 1987-2010 SSM/T Special Sensor Microwave - Temperature DMSP F 4 to 15 1979-2010 SSM/T-2 Special Sensor Microwave - Humidity DMSP F-11/12/14/15 1991-2010 SSMIS Special Sensor Microwave - Imager/Sounder DMSP F 16 to 20 2003-2019 SSU Stratospheric Sounding Unit TIROS-N, NOAA 6 to 14 1978-2003 LR Laser Reflector STARLETTE, STELLA 1975-2050 STR Scanning TV Radiometer GOMS N1 1994-2000 Sumba-Imager Imager of SumbandilaSat SumbandilaSat 2009-2014 SUSIM Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor UARS 1991-2005 SUVI Solar Ultraviolet Imager GOES-R and follow-on 2015 → ASM: Absolute Scalar Magnetometer VFM: Vector Field Magnetometer SWARM STR: Star Tracker Set (3) SWARM (3 satellites) 2011-2015 instruments EFI: Electric Field Instrument ACC: Accelerometer GPS: GPS Receiver S-VISSR Stretched Visible-Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer FY-2 A to H 1997-2020 SXEUV Solar X-EUV imaging telescope FY-4 series 2015-2035 SXI Solar X-ray Imager GOES 12 to 15 2001-2017 Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observations - Cloud TANSO-CAI GOSAT 2009-2014 and Aerosol Imager Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observations - Fourier TANSO-FTS GOSAT 2009-2014 Transform Spectrometer TDP Technological Demonstration Package SAC-D 2010-2015 TES Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer EOS-Aura 2004-2010 THIR Temperature-Humidity Infrared Radiometer Nimbus-4/5/6/7 1970-1994 TIM Total Irradiance Monitoring SORCE, Glory 2003-2013 SABER: Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry TIMED instruments GUVI: Global Ultra-Violet Imager TIMED 2001-2010 SEE: Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Experiment TIDI: TIMED Doppler Interferometer TM Thematic Mapper Landsat-4/5 1982-2010 TMI TRMM Microwave Imager TRMM 1997-2013 TMR TOPEX Microwave Radiometer Topex-Poseidon 1992-2006 Nimbus-7, 1978-1994 TOMS Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer Meteor-3 6, 1991-1993 ADEOS-1 1996-1997 TOU/SBUS Total Ozone Unit & Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Sounder FY-3 A to C 2008-2018 Okean-O1-3, 1988-1990 Trasser Polarisation spectro-radiometer Okean-O-1 1999-2000 TSIS Total Solar Irradiance Sensor NPOESS 1 & 3 2014-2027 TV Television Camera Meteor-1 1 to 28, Meteor-2 1 to 22 1969-1994 TWERLE Tropical Wind Energy-conversion and Reference Level Experiment Nimbus-6 1975-1983 Meteosat Third Generation “S” 2018-2033 UVN Ultra-violet, Visible and Near-infrared sounder hosting the Sentinel-4 mission. Sentinel-5 precursor 2014-2019 UVNS Ultra-violet, Visible and Near-infrared Sounder Sentinel-5 on Post-EPS (series) 2020-2035 VAS VISSR Atmospheric Sounder GOES 4 to 7 1980-1995 VCS Vidicon Camera System TIROS 1 to 10, ESSA-1 1960-1967 Végétation Végétation SPOT-4/5 1998-2013 ATS-6 1974-1979 VHRR (in GEO) Very High Resolution Radiometer INSAT-1A to 3A, Kalpana-1 1982-2013 VHRR (in LEO) Very High Resolution Radiometer NOAA 2 to 5 1972-1979 VII Visible and Infrared Imager Post-EPS (series) 2020-2035 VIIRS Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite NPP, NPOESS 1 to 4 2011-2029 VIRR Visible and Infra-Red Radiometer SeaSat 1978 VIRR Visible and Infra Red Radiometer FY-3 A to C 2008-2018 VIRS Visible and Infra Red Scanner TRMM 1997-2013

GOS-2010, January - Volume I (Programmes) - Annex 3: Lists of satellites and instruments Page 127

Colour Historical. Operating till recently. Currently operating. To be launched. Operating or to be launched. Being defined. code Description not provided Description provided Description provided Description provided Description not provided Description provided Acronym Full name Satellites Utilisation SMS-1/2, GOES-1/2/3 1974-1980 VISSR Visible-Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer GMS 1 to 5 1977-2003 VSSC VENμS SuperSpectral Camera VENμS 2011-2014 VTIR Visible and Thermal Infrared Radiometer MOS 1/1B 1987-1996 VTPR Vertical Temperature Profile Radiometer NOAA 2 to 5 1972-1979 WF-Radar Wind Field Radar FY-3E 2017-2022 WFC Wide-Field Camera CALIPSO 2006-2010 WFI Wide Field Imager CBERS 1, 2 & 2B 1999-2010 WFI-2 Wide Field Imager - 2 CBERS 3 & 4 2010-2016 WiFS Wide-Field Sensor IRS-P3, IRS-1C/1D 1995-2010 WINDII Wind Doppler Imaging Interferometer UARS 1991-2005 WindSat WindSat Coriolis 2003-2010 X-AE X-ray Astronomy Experiment IRS-P3 1996-2004

WMO Space Programme SP-7

The Space-based Global Observing

For more information, please contact: System in 2010 (GOS-2010) World Meteorological Organization 7 bis, avenue de la Paix – P.O. Box 2300 – CH 1211 Geneva 2 – Switzerland www.wmo.int

WMO Space Programme Office Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 85 19 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 84 74 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.wmo.int/pages/prog/sat/ WMO-TD No. 1513