Guía De Instrumentos Y Métodos De Observación : Volumen IV

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Guía De Instrumentos Y Métodos De Observación : Volumen IV Guía de Instrumentos y Métodos de Observación Volumen IV – Observaciones desde el espacio Edición de 2018 TIEMPO CLIMA AGUA OMM-N° 8 Guía de Instrumentos y Métodos de Observación Volumen IV – Observaciones desde el espacio Edición de 2018 OMM-N° 8 NOTA DE LA EDICIÓN METEOTERM, base terminológica de la OMM, está disponible en la página web: http://public. wmo.int/es/recursos/meteoterm. Conviene informar al lector de que cuando copie un hipervínculo seleccionándolo del texto podrán aparecer espacios adicionales inmediatamente después de http://, https://, ftp://, mailto:, y después de las barras (/), los guiones (-), los puntos (.) y las secuencias ininterrumpidas de caracteres (letras y números). Es necesario suprimir esos espacios de la dirección URL copiada. La dirección URL correcta aparece cuando se pone el cursor sobre el enlace o cuando se hace clic en el enlace y luego se copia en el navegador. OMM-N° 8 © Organización Meteorológica Mundial, 2018 La OMM se reserva el derecho de publicación en forma impresa, electrónica o de otro tipo y en cualquier idioma. Pueden reproducirse pasajes breves de las publicaciones de la OMM sin autorización siempre que se indique claramente la fuente completa. La correspondencia editorial, así como todas las solicitudes para publicar, reproducir o traducir la presente publicación parcial o totalmente deberán dirigirse al: Presidente de la Junta de Publicaciones Organización Meteorológica Mundial (OMM) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 Case postale No 2300 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 81 17 CH-1211 Genève 2, Suiza Correo electrónico: [email protected] ISBN 978-92-63-30008-9 NOTA Las denominaciones empleadas en las publicaciones de la OMM y la forma en que aparecen presentados los datos que contienen no entrañan, de parte de la Organización, juicio alguno sobre la condición jurídica de ninguno de los países, territorios, ciudades o zonas citados o de sus autoridades, ni respecto de la delimitación de sus fronteras o límites. La mención de determinados productos o sociedades mercantiles no implica que la OMM los favorezca o recomiende con preferencia a otros análogos que no se mencionan ni se anuncian. REGISTRO DE REVISIÓN DE LA PUBLICACIÓN Parte / Fecha Capítulo / Finalidad de la enmienda Propuesta por Aprobada por Sección ÍNDICE Página CAPÍTULO 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................... 1 1.1 Perspectiva histórica ......................................................... 1 1.2 Escala espacial y temporal .................................................... 1 1.3 Complementariedad de las mediciones efectuadas desde el espacio o en superficie ... 2 CAPÍTULO 2. PRINCIPIOS DE OBSERVACIÓN DE LA TIERRA DESDE EL ESPACIO ........ 3 2.1 Órbitas y observación de la Tierra desde el espacio ............................... 3 2.1.1 Campo de visión del instrumento satelital ................................. 3 2.1.2 Período orbital, órbita geoestacionaria, ciclo de observación y ciclo de repetición 4 2.1.3 Precesión orbital, órbitas heliosincrónicas y órbitas de deriva ................. 9 2.1.4 Órbitas elípticas ....................................................... 11 2.1.5 Lanzadores e inyección en órbita ......................................... 13 2.2 Principios de teledetección .................................................... 14 2.2.1 Espectro electromagnético e intervalos utilizados para la teledetección ........ 14 2.2.2 Leyes fundamentales de interacción entre la radiación electromagnética y la materia ........................................................... 18 2.2.3 Observaciones en las ventanas atmosféricas ............................... 21 2.2.3.1 Radiación ascendente. 21 2.2.3.2 Mediciones en el intervalo del visible, del infrarrojo cercano y del infrarrojo de onda corta .................................... 22 2.2.3.3 Mediciones en el intervalo del infrarrojo de onda media y del infrarrojo térmico ............................................. 23 2.2.3.4 Mediciones en el intervalo de microondas ........................ 24 2.2.4 Observaciones en bandas de absorción ................................... 27 2.2.4.1 Ecuación de transferencia radiativa ............................. 27 2.2.4.2 Extracción de perfiles ......................................... 28 2.2.4.3 Sondeo del limbo ............................................ 30 2.2.5 Detección activa. 31 2.2.5.1 Radio ocultación ............................................. 32 2.2.5.2 Radar ....................................................... 33 2.2.5.3 Lidar ....................................................... 38 2.3 Segmentos espaciales y terrenos. 41 2.3.1 Segmento espacial ..................................................... 41 2.3.1.1 Servicios de plataforma. 42 2.3.1.2 Sistemas de navegación y posicionamiento ....................... 42 2.3.1.3 Orientación y estabilización. 43 2.3.1.4 Sistema de mantenimiento. 44 2.3.1.5 Transmisión de datos ......................................... 44 2.3.1.6 Servicios de transmisión de datos ............................... 46 2.3.2 Segmento terreno ..................................................... 46 2.3.2.1 Estación central de telemando de satélites y adquisición de datos mundiales. 47 2.3.2.2 Centros de control de misiones y operaciones ..................... 47 2.3.2.3 Centros de procesamiento y archivo de datos .................... 48 2.3.2.4 Distribución de datos y productos .............................. 48 2.3.2.5 Estaciones receptoras de usuarios. 49 2.3.2.6 Niveles de procesamiento de productos ......................... 50 CAPÍTULO 3. INSTRUMENTOS DE TELEDETECCIÓN ................................ 52 3.1 Características básicas de los instrumentos ...................................... 52 3.1.1 Exploración, banda y ciclo de observación ................................. 52 3.1.2 Intervalo espectral: radiómetros y espectrómetros .......................... 56 3.1.3 Resolución espacial (campo de visión instantáneo, píxeles y función de transferencia de modulación) ........................................... 58 3.1.4 Resolución radiométrica. 60 vi VOLUMEN IV – OBSERVACIONES DESDE EL ESPACIO Página 3.2 Clasificación de los instrumentos .............................................. 62 3.2.1 Captadores de imágenes ópticos de resolución moderada ................... 63 3.2.2 Captadores de imágenes ópticos de resolución alta. 69 3.2.3 Sondas de onda corta a través del nadir ................................... 72 3.2.4 Sondas de infrarrojos de exploración a través del nadir ...................... 75 3.2.5 Radiómetros de microondas. 77 3.2.6 Sondas del limbo ...................................................... 81 3.2.7 Sondas de radio ocultación del Sistema mundial de navegación por satélite .... 83 3.2.8 Radiómetros de banda ancha ............................................ 84 3.2.9 Monitores de irradiancia solar ........................................... 86 3.2.10 Captadores de imágenes de relámpagos .................................. 87 3.2.11 Radar de nubes y radar de precipitación .................................. 88 3.2.12 Dispersómetros de radar ................................................ 90 3.2.13 Altímetros de radar .................................................... 91 3.2.14 Radares de imágenes (radares de abertura sintética) ........................ 93 3.2.15 Instrumentos lidar ..................................................... 96 3.2.16 Gradiómetros/acelerómetros ............................................ 98 3.2.17 Monitores de la actividad solar .......................................... 99 3.2.18 Monitores del medio espacial ........................................... 101 3.2.19 Magnetómetros y detectores del campo eléctrico .......................... 101 CAPÍTULO 4. PROGRAMAS SATELITALES .......................................... 103 4.1 Satélites meteorológicos operativos ............................................ 103 4.1.1 Constelación de satélites en órbita geoestacionaria o muy elíptica ............ 104 4.1.2 Constelación de satélites en órbitas heliosincrónicas ........................ 104 4.2 Misiones atmosféricas especializadas ........................................... 106 4.2.1 Precipitación .......................................................... 106 4.2.2 Radio ocultación ...................................................... 107 4.2.3 Radiación atmosférica .................................................. 108 4.2.4 Química atmosférica ................................................... 109 4.2.5 Dinámica de la atmósfera ............................................... 111 4.3 Misiones de observación del océano y del hielo marino ........................... 111 4.3.1 Topografía del océano .................................................. 113 4.3.2 Color del océano ...................................................... 113 4.3.3 Viento en la superficie del mar ........................................... 113 4.3.4 Salinidad de la superficie del mar ........................................ 114 4.3.5 Olas ................................................................. 114 4.4 Misiones de observación terrestre .............................................. 114 4.4.1 Principales misiones operativas o casi operativas ........................... 115 4.4.2 Constelación para la vigilancia de desastres ............................... 116 4.4.3 Vigilancia de alta resolución en todas las condiciones meteorológicas (por radar de abertura sintética) ......................................... 117 4.5 Misiones de observación
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