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Civilian Structures As Military Restrictions the Sudden Transition to Heavy Tanks in Sweden
vulcan 5 (2017) 42-63 brill.com/vulc Civilian Structures as Military Restrictions The Sudden Transition to Heavy Tanks in Sweden Petter J. Wulff Apeltunet 7, 181 48 Lidingo, Sweden [email protected] Abstract The military community is a secluded part of society and normally has to act on the conditions offered by its civilian surroundings. When heavy vehicles were developed for war, the civilian infrastructure presented a potential restriction to vehicular mobil- ity. In Sweden, bridges were seen as a critical component of this infrastructure. It took two decades and the experiences of a second world war for the country to come to terms with this restriction. This article addresses the question as to why Swedish tanks suddenly became much heavier in the early 1940s. The country’s bridges play a key role in what happened, and the article explains how. It is a story about how a military deci- sion came to be outdated long before it was upgraded. Keywords tanks – infrastructure – transition In the 1920s and 30s, Sweden produced and imported various forms of armored vehicles—primarily so-called ‘tanks’—which had been spectacularly intro- duced in The Great War. In the case of tank technology, however, a sudden shift occurred in the early 1940s. Within a year Swedish tank weights doubled and never returned to earlier levels. Such a drastic shift is not a normal part of technological development, or at least cannot be explained by any sudden change in tank technology itself. The sudden deviation from a more gradual development path calls for an answer as to what made the shift occur. -
Commemorating the Overseas-Born Victoria Cross Heroes a First World War Centenary Event
Commemorating the overseas-born Victoria Cross heroes A First World War Centenary event National Memorial Arboretum 5 March 2015 Foreword Foreword The Prime Minister, David Cameron The First World War saw unprecedented sacrifice that changed – and claimed – the lives of millions of people. Even during the darkest of days, Britain was not alone. Our soldiers stood shoulder-to-shoulder with allies from around the Commonwealth and beyond. Today’s event marks the extraordinary sacrifices made by 145 soldiers from around the globe who received the Victoria Cross in recognition of their remarkable valour and devotion to duty fighting with the British forces. These soldiers came from every corner of the globe and all walks of life but were bound together by their courage and determination. The laying of these memorial stones at the National Memorial Arboretum will create a lasting, peaceful and moving monument to these men, who were united in their valiant fight for liberty and civilization. Their sacrifice shall never be forgotten. Foreword Foreword Communities Secretary, Eric Pickles The Centenary of the First World War allows us an opportunity to reflect on and remember a generation which sacrificed so much. Men and boys went off to war for Britain and in every town and village across our country cenotaphs are testimony to the heavy price that so many paid for the freedoms we enjoy today. And Britain did not stand alone, millions came forward to be counted and volunteered from countries around the globe, some of which now make up the Commonwealth. These men fought for a country and a society which spanned continents and places that in many ways could not have been more different. -
1705802 Project ID
THE WORLD BANK GROUP ARCHIVES PUBLIC DISCLOSURE AUTHORIZED Folder Title: General Development Project - Norway - Loan 0115 - P037467 - Negotiations - Volume 2 Folder ID: 1705802 Project ID: P037467 Dates: 3/31/1955 – 4/19/1955 Fonds: Records of the Europe and Central Asia Regional Vice Presidency ISAD Reference Code: WB IBRD/IDA ECA Digitized: 7/19/2018 To cite materials from this archival folder, please follow the following format: [Descriptive name of item], [Folder Title], Folder ID [Folder ID], World Bank Group Archives, Washington, D.C., United States. The records in this folder were created or received by The World Bank in the course of its business. The records that were created by the staff of The World Bank are subject to the Bank’s copyright. Please refer to http://www.worldbank.org/terms-of-use-earchives for full copyright terms of use and disclaimers. THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. © International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / International Development Association or The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org II -NQRWA.Y - Negotiations (l.l.~NO)- ~~ 1H1 11111111111111rm1rn mrn1111r ~~· 1705802 General Development Pr . Al 995-063 Other #· 4 DECLASSIFIED Negotiations - Volum e 2 o1ect- Norway- Loan 011.5 - P037467Box# _ 1709718 WITH RESTRICTIONS WBG Archives • s t • .. C 0 • p y April 15, 1955 Dear Mro Perouse: I refer to our discussion this afternoon about para graph 31 of the President's Report and RecOlllll.endations on the proposed loan of $25 million to the Kingdom of Norway. As I mentioned then, Mr. -
The British Commonwealth and Allied Naval Forces' Operation with the Anti
THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH AND ALLIED NAVAL FORCES’ OPERATION WITH THE ANTI-COMMUNIST GUERRILLAS IN THE KOREAN WAR: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE OPERATION ON THE WEST COAST By INSEUNG KIM A dissertation submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham May 2018 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT This thesis examines the British Commonwealth and Allied Naval forces operation on the west coast during the final two and a half years of the Korean War, particularly focused on their co- operation with the anti-Communist guerrillas. The purpose of this study is to present a more realistic picture of the United Nations (UN) naval forces operation in the west, which has been largely neglected, by analysing their activities in relation to the large number of irregular forces. This thesis shows that, even though it was often difficult and frustrating, working with the irregular groups was both strategically and operationally essential to the conduct of the war, and this naval-guerrilla relationship was of major importance during the latter part of the naval campaign. -
Political Visions and Historical Scores
Founded in 1944, the Institute for Western Affairs is an interdis- Political visions ciplinary research centre carrying out research in history, political and historical scores science, sociology, and economics. The Institute’s projects are typi- cally related to German studies and international relations, focusing Political transformations on Polish-German and European issues and transatlantic relations. in the European Union by 2025 The Institute’s history and achievements make it one of the most German response to reform important Polish research institution well-known internationally. in the euro area Since the 1990s, the watchwords of research have been Poland– Ger- many – Europe and the main themes are: Crisis or a search for a new formula • political, social, economic and cultural changes in Germany; for the Humboldtian university • international role of the Federal Republic of Germany; The end of the Great War and Stanisław • past, present, and future of Polish-German relations; Hubert’s concept of postliminum • EU international relations (including transatlantic cooperation); American press reports on anti-Jewish • security policy; incidents in reborn Poland • borderlands: social, political and economic issues. The Institute’s research is both interdisciplinary and multidimension- Anthony J. Drexel Biddle on Poland’s al. Its multidimensionality can be seen in published papers and books situation in 1937-1939 on history, analyses of contemporary events, comparative studies, Memoirs Nasza Podróż (Our Journey) and the use of theoretical models to verify research results. by Ewelina Zaleska On the dispute over the status The Institute houses and participates in international research of the camp in occupied Konstantynów projects, symposia and conferences exploring key European questions and cooperates with many universities and academic research centres. -
Switzerland in the Second World War
To Our American Friends: Switzerland in the Second World War By Dr. Hans J. Halbheer, CBE Honorary Secretary of the American Swiss Foundation Advisory Council in Switzerland and a Visiting Scholar at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, California Dr. Halbheer wrote the following essay in 1999 to offer a Swiss perspective on some issues of the recent controversy to American friends of Switzerland. In addressing the arguments raised by U.S. critics of the role of Switzerland during the Second World War, I am motivated both by my feelings of friendship towards America and by my Swiss patriotism. For both of these reasons, I feel deeply hurt by both the charges against my country and the vehemence with which they have been expressed. During a recent period of residency at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, one of the leading U.S. think tanks, I sought to present my personal standpoint regarding the lack of understanding about Switzerland’s role during the Second World War in many discussions with Americans both young and old. On these occasions, I emphasized my awareness of the fact that the criticisms of Switzerland came only from a small number of Americans. Despite the settlement reached in August 1998 between the two major Swiss banks (Credit Suisse Group and UBS) and two Jewish organizations (the World Jewish Congress and the World Jewish Restitution Organization), the matter has still not run its course, although it has widely disappeared from the American media. Unfortunately, I must maintain that as a result of the generally negative portrayal of Switzerland over the past few years, the image of Switzerland has suffered. -
British Imperialism in Books from the “Third Reich”
Empire and National Character: British Imperialism in Books from the “Third Reich” Victoria Jane Stiles, MA, MA Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2015 Abstract This thesis examines the variety of representations and rhetorical deployments of the theme of British Imperialism within books published in the “Third Reich”. The thesis considers these books not only as vehicles for particular ideas and arguments but also as consumer objects and therefore as the product of a series of compromises between the needs of a host of actors, both official and commercial. It further traces the origins of the component parts of these texts via the history of reuse of images and extracts and by identifying earlier examples of particular tropes of “Englishness” and the British Empire. British imperial history was a rich source of material for National Socialist writers and educators to draw on and lent itself to a wide variety of arguments. Britain could be, in turns, a symbol of “Nordic” strength, a civilisation in decline, a natural ally and protector of Germany, or a weak, corrupt, outdated entity, controlled by Germany’s supposed enemies. Drawing on a long tradition of comparing European colonial records, the British Empire was also used as a benchmark for Germany’s former imperial achievements, particularly in moral arguments regarding the treatment of indigenous populations. Through its focus on books, which were less ephemeral than media such as newspaper and magazine articles, radio broadcasts or newsreels, the thesis demonstrates how newer writings sought to recontextualise older material in the light of changing circumstances. -
1 Introduction
Notes 1 Introduction 1. Donald Macintyre, Narvik (London: Evans, 1959), p. 15. 2. See Olav Riste, The Neutral Ally: Norway’s Relations with Belligerent Powers in the First World War (London: Allen and Unwin, 1965). 3. Reflections of the C-in-C Navy on the Outbreak of War, 3 September 1939, The Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs, 1939–45 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990), pp. 37–38. 4. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 10 October 1939, in ibid. p. 47. 5. Report of the C-in-C Navy to the Fuehrer, 8 December 1939, Minutes of a Conference with Herr Hauglin and Herr Quisling on 11 December 1939 and Report of the C-in-C Navy, 12 December 1939 in ibid. pp. 63–67. 6. MGFA, Nichols Bohemia, n 172/14, H. W. Schmidt to Admiral Bohemia, 31 January 1955 cited by Francois Kersaudy, Norway, 1940 (London: Arrow, 1990), p. 42. 7. See Andrew Lambert, ‘Seapower 1939–40: Churchill and the Strategic Origins of the Battle of the Atlantic, Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 17, no. 1 (1994), pp. 86–108. 8. For the importance of Swedish iron ore see Thomas Munch-Petersen, The Strategy of Phoney War (Stockholm: Militärhistoriska Förlaget, 1981). 9. Churchill, The Second World War, I, p. 463. 10. See Richard Wiggan, Hunt the Altmark (London: Hale, 1982). 11. TMI, Tome XV, Déposition de l’amiral Raeder, 17 May 1946 cited by Kersaudy, p. 44. 12. Kersaudy, p. 81. 13. Johannes Andenæs, Olav Riste and Magne Skodvin, Norway and the Second World War (Oslo: Aschehoug, 1966), p. -
1997 FF13.Pdf
"'\ "',-' ,,- .' ' ... ' ( >J .•; International Council for the ICES C.M. 1997/FF:13 Exploration'of the Sea Fisheries Technology Theme Session ABUNDANCE ESTIMATION OF NORWEGIAN SPRING SPAWNING HERRING WINTERING IN THE VESTFJORD SYSTEM, DECEMBER 1996 by 2 4 Kenneth G. FooteI, Marek Ostrowski , Ingolf R~ttingen3 and Aril Slotte • Institute ofMarine Research P. O. Box 1870 N-5024 Bergen, Norway ABSTRACT The spawning stock ofNorwegian spawning herring has been surveyed when wintering in the Vestfjord, Tysfjord, and Ofotfjord, in northern Norway in December 1996. Tbe basic method is that of echo integration, with compensation for acoustic extinction. Physical capture has been effected by means of the MultisampIer pelagic trawl, which allows remote opening and • closing of each of three codends at arbitrary depths. This has shown essentially thorough mixing of the dominant year classes except in the two fjord arms, where the sampIes contained a larger proportion of older fish (1983 year class). Geostatistics has been employed to describe the spatial structure and to provide an estimate of variance. Data quality control procedures have been performed and are described. 1 e-mail: [email protected] teU: +47 55 23 84 65 fax; +47 55 23 85 32 2 e-mail: [email protected] telf: +47 55 23 6848 fax: +4755 23 83 32 3 e-mail: [email protected]· telf: +47 55238404 fax: +47 55 23 86 87 4 e-mail: [email protected] telf; +4755 23 84 22 fax: +4755 23 86 87 - .. _------------ INTRODUCTION The spawning stock ofNorwegian spring spawning'heinri~'~~'been wintering in the _fjords of northern Norway since 1987. -
The Lillevik Dyke Complex, Narvik: Geochemistry and Tectonic Implications of a Probable Ophiolite Fragment in the Caledonides of the Ofoten Region, North Norway
The Lillevik dyke complex, Narvik: geochemistry and tectonic implications of a probable ophiolite fragment in the Caledonides of the Ofoten region, North Norway ROGNVALD BOYD Boyd, R.: The Lillevik dyke complex, Narvik: geochemistry and tectonic implications of a probable ophiolite fragment in the Caledonides of the Ofoten region, North Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, Vol. 63, pp. 39-54. Oslo 1983, ISSN 0029-196X. The Lillevik dyke complex occurs in an allochthonous unit and shows field relationships indicative of a transition from the mafic cumulate to the sheeted dyke zone in a segment of an ophiolite. Major and trace element chemistry confirm the MORB character of most of the diabases. Certain diabase, gabbro and trondhjemite dykes have REE patterns suggesting a later stage of ocean-island volcanism. The Lillevik complex and equivalent bodies along strike on the eastern limb of the Ofoten synform are a probable source for the mafic facies of the overlying Elvenes Conglomerate. Analogies with other areas suggest that the Lillevik complex was obducted during the Finnmarkian orogeny. R. Boyd, Norges geologiske undersøkelse, Postboks 3006, N-7001 Trondheim, Norway. The topic of this paper is a tectonically bounded gen Groups is marked by a conglomerate hori lens, consisting of gabbro cut by diabase and zon, the Elvenes Conglomerate, which consists gabbroic dykes and by leucocratic veins, which is mainly of matrix-supported cobbles of meta exposed on a shore section within the town of trondhjemite, quartzite and dolomitic marble in Narvik in North Norway. The section Iies in the a matrix of calcareous mica schist (Foslie 1941, upperrnost part of the Narvik Group of Gustav Gustavson 1966); this unit is currently being son (1966, 1972) (Fig. -
World War II at Sea This Page Intentionally Left Blank World War II at Sea
World War II at Sea This page intentionally left blank World War II at Sea AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume I: A–K Dr. Spencer C. Tucker Editor Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr. Associate Editor Dr. Eric W. Osborne Assistant Editor Vincent P. O’Hara Assistant Editor Copyright 2012 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World War II at sea : an encyclopedia / Spencer C. Tucker. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59884-457-3 (hardcopy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-59884-458-0 (ebook) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations— Encyclopedias. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937– II. Title: World War Two at sea. D770.W66 2011 940.54'503—dc23 2011042142 ISBN: 978-1-59884-457-3 EISBN: 978-1-59884-458-0 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To Malcolm “Kip” Muir Jr., scholar, gifted teacher, and friend. This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Editor ix Editorial Advisory Board xi List of Entries xiii Preface xxiii Overview xxv Entries A–Z 1 Chronology of Principal Events of World War II at Sea 823 Glossary of World War II Naval Terms 831 Bibliography 839 List of Editors and Contributors 865 Categorical Index 877 Index 889 vii This page intentionally left blank About the Editor Spencer C. -
Grenselos I Grenseland
Grenselos i grenseland Samisk og norsk losvirksomhet i nordre Nordland og Sør-Troms 1940–1945 Marianne Neerland Soleim, Jens-Ivar Nergård og Oddmund Andersen Orkana Akademisk Marianne Neerland Soleim, Jens-Ivar Nergård og Oddmund Andersen © 2019 Grenselos i grenseland Samisk og norsk losvirksomhet i nordre Nordland og Sør-Troms 1940–1945 This book is published as Open Access under the copyright regulations of Creative Commons License CC-BY 4.0. Creative Commons License CC-BY 4.0 gives permission to copy and distribu- te the work in any medium or format, partially or fully, and to freely use the material for any purpo- se. Correct references to the work and authors must be applied, and include reference to the license, together with a specification of whether changes have been made. Reference to the original work can be provided in any reasonable manner, but can not suggest that the authors or the publisher endor- se the third party or the third party’s use of the work. Any reuse of the material in this book may not infringe upon the rights of reuse by other parties. For a full description of the Creative Commons License CC-BY 4.0 consult the following webpage: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode PDF: ISBN 978-82-8104-379-4 EPUB: ISBN 978-82-8104-380-0 HTML: ISBN 978-82-8104-381-7 XML: ISBN 978-82-8104-382-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33673/OOA20195 Sammendrag på lulesamisk er oversatt av Samuel Gælok. Forsideillustrasjon: Grenselos Peder Knutsen med flyktninger på vei til Sverige.