Contribution À L'étude Des Protéines Des Moûts Et Des Vins De

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Contribution À L'étude Des Protéines Des Moûts Et Des Vins De UNIVERSITE DE REIMS CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE U.F.R. DES SCIENCES EXACTES & NATURELLES Laboratoire d'Oenologie et de Chimie Appliquée THESE Présentée par Thierry DAMBROUCK En vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur d'Université Spécialité : Biologie et Biochimie Appliquée Option : Oenologie Contribution à l'étude des protéines des moûts et des vins de Champagne Détermination de leur origine Etude d'une glycoprotéine majeure, l'invertase de raisin Soutenue publiquement le 18 octobre 2004 devant la commission d'examen Rapporteurs : M. B. DONÈCHE Professeur- Faculté d'Snologie de Bordeaux II M. M. MOUTOUNET Dir. Recherches - INRA de Montpellier Examinateurs : M. C. FLAHAUT Maître de Conférences, Lens M. P. JEANDET Professeur, Reims, Directeur de thèse M. R. MARCHAL Maître de Conférences, Reims, Co-Directeur de thèse M. B. ROBILLARD Docteur, Chef de Projet Moët et Chandon, Epernay M. J.-P. ZANETTA Dir. Recherches, CNRS Lille-1, Co-Directeur de thèse UNIVERSITE DE REIMS CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE U.F.R. DES SCIENCES EXACTES & NATURELLES Laboratoire d'Oenologie et de Chimie Appliquée THESE présentée par Thierry DAMBROUCK En vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur d'Université Spécialité : Biologie et Biochimie Appliquée Option : Oenologie Contribution à l'étude des protéines des moûts et des vins de Champagne Détermination de leur origine Etude d'une glycoprotéine majeure, l'invertase de raisin Soutenue publiquement le 18 octobre 2004 devant la commission d'examen Rapporteurs : M. B. DONECHE Professeur - Faculté d'oenologie de Bordeaux II M. M. MOUTOUNET Dir. Recherches - INRA de Montpellier Examinateurs : M. C. FLARAUT Maître de Conférences, Lens M. P. JEANDET Professeur, Reims, Directeur de thèse M. R MARCHAL Maître de conférences, Reims, Co-Directeur de thèse M. B. ROBILLARD Docteur, Chef de Projet Moet et Chandon, Epernay M. J.P. ZANETTA Dir. Recherches, CNRS Lille-1, Co-Directeur de thèse REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à exprimer ma reconnaissance à Monsieur le Professeur Bernard Donèche, de la Faculté d'Snologie de Bordeaux II, et Monsieur Michel Moutounet, Directeur de Recherches à l'INRA de Montpellier, pour avoir accepté la charge d'être Rapporteur de ce mémoire. Je remercie Monsieur le Professeur Philippe Jeandet, Directeur du Laboratoire &Oenologie pour son accueil, sa confiance, nos discussions constructives et les heures passées à l'élaboration de ce manuscrit mais également de m'avoir permis d'obtenir un ATER afin de finaliser ce travail. Mes remerciements s'adressent également à Monsieur Jean-Pierre Zanetta, Directeur de Recherches dans l'Unité CNRS 8576, pour m'avoir accueilli au sein de son équipe du C9 lors de mon DEA et de mes retours « aux sources » durant cette thèse, de m'avoir fait partager ses connaissances et d'être examinateur de ce travail de thèse. Je tiens à remercier Monsieur Christophe Flahaut, Maître de Conférence de l'Université d'Artois Lens et ancien du C9, pour m'avoir consacré un peu de son temps et ceci malgré toutes ses obligations, pour ses conseils avisés et pour avoir accepté d'être examinateur de ce travail. J'adresse mes remerciements à Monsieur Richard Marchal, Maître de Conférence au Laboratoire d'Oenologie, pour son aide et sa disponibilité. Je remercie Monsieur Bertrand Robillard, Chef de Projets Moët & Chandon, pour sa disponibilité et pour avoir accepté d'être examinateur de ce travail de thèse. Cette thèse labellisée Europol'Agro a pu bénéficier du soutien financier de la Région Champagne-Ardenne ainsi que de la Maison de Champagne Moët & Chandon, qui était également porteur industriel de ce projet. Ces institutions nous ont permis de réaliser ce travail, qu'elles en soient ici remerciées. Sans oublier l'AROCU, association bienfaitrice de la recherche oenologique en Champagne et son président emblématique M. Colson. Je profite de ces quelques lignes pour remercier « Dom » Lenoir, de la Maison Moët & Chandon, pour son aide dans le traitement des moûts et des vins. je remercie Alexandre Pons pour le temps et l'énergie qu'il a bien voulu me consacrer et ceci malgré son propre travail de thèse. Je tiens également à remercier Hervé Lemaresquier, Maître de Conférence à l'UFR Sciences, pour son aide, pour son encadrement lors de mon ATER et pour m'avoir fait découvrir d'autres « mousses ». Je tiens à adresser un gros merci aux autres membres du Laboratoire d'Oenologie. Merci à Laurence et Maryline pour votre aide et votre sourire. Merci à Gégé Hamalian pour tes histoires, ta disponibilité et tes talents de bricoleur. Merci également à Yann, Gérard, Cédric, et aux deux nouvelles, Clara et Magda, pour m'avoir supporté et aidé pour cette fin de thèse. Sans oublier les « anciens », Laurent et Christelle, Isabelle tout particulièrement en ces moments difficiles, ainsi que M. Maujean, qui malgré nos courtes rencontres m'a toujours apporté une parole réconfortante. Un merci aux adocamen et women pour leur barbecue, le Bioseb, ses « fondefrigos» et découvertes de vins en tout genre ; Boris « babar » et le Vice. Sans oublier les membres de la BH©, les footbioleurs (c'est promis j'achète du scotch!) le bébert, Johnny, à vous tous je lance un « wech ». Merci à mes parents qui m'ont épaulé dans les premières étapes de ces études (trop) longues et pour leurs encouragements pour (enfin!) finaliser cette thèse. Et, un énorme merci à Corinne et Emilie, pour leur soutien et pour tout ce qu'elles m'apportent et bien plus encore . ABRÉVIATIONS Abréviations Abréviations Wg microgramme pL microlitre AGP arabinogalactane protéine Arg arginine Asn asparagine Asp acide aspartique BSA bovine sérum albumine Con A concanavaline A CV. cultivar Da dalton DEAE diéthyl amino éthyl (échangeur anionique faible) ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay FA fermentation alcoolique FML fermentation malolactique FNR fraction non retenue FR fraction retenue Fuc fucose Gal galactose Glc glucose GICNAC N-acétylglucosamine HRGP glycoprotéines riches en hydroxyproline LCA Lens culinaris agglutinin (agglutinine de lentille) LSA levure sèche active Lys lysine Man mannose ML millilitre Mg milligramme MM millimolaire PI point isoélectrique PM poids moléculaire Pro proline Abréviations PTA-ELISA plate trapping antigen ELISA RE réticulum endoplasmique SDS-PAGE sodium dodécyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel électrophoresis Ser sérine TBS et TBST tampon Tris salin ert tampon Tris salin avec Tween-20 Tris tris(hydroxyméthyl)aminométhane Triton X-100 et Tween-20 étergents non ioniques Thr thréonine vlv volume volume Xyl xylose SOMMAIRE Sommaire INTRODUCTION ETUDE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE 3 I. LES PROTEINES DU VIN 7 II. LES GLYCOPROTEINES VEGETALES : GENERALITES 8 11.1 . Introduction sur les N-glycannes d'origine végétale 9 11.2. Biosynthèse et maturation des N-glycoprotéines d'origine végétale 10 Il.2.1 . Structures des N-glycannes d'origine végétale 11 11.2. 1 . l . Les glycannes de type oligomannosidique 11 11.2.1 .2. Les glycannes de type complexe 12 11.2.1 .3. Les glycannes de type paucimannosidique 12 11,2.1 .4. Les glycannes de type hybride 12 11.2.2. Hétérogénéité des N-glycannes des glycoprotéines végétales 13 11.2.3 . Rôles de la glycosylation chez les glycoprotéines végétales 14 11.2.3. 1 . Rôle dans la conformation des glycoprotéines 14 11.2.3 .2. Rôle dans la stabilité protéique 15 11.2.3.3. Rôle des glycannes dans l'adressage des glycoprotéines 15 11 .2.3 .4. Rôle dans la solubilité et la stabilité thermique des glycoprotéines 16 11.2.3 .5. Rôle dans le développement de la plante 16 II.2.3 .6.Rôle dans la signalisation moléculaire 16 11.3 . Les 0-glycoprotéines des plantes supérieures 17 11.3.1 . Introduction 17 11.3.1 .1 . Les extensines 18 11.3 .1 .2. Les « Proline/Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins » (P/HRGPs) 19 11.3 .1 .3 . Les lectines de Solanacées 20 11.3 .1 .4. Les Arabinogalactanes-Protéines (AGPs) 21 11.3.2. Synthèse des 0-glycoprotéines des plantes supérieures 22 Sommaire III. LES GLYCOPROTEINES LEVURIENNES 23 111.1 . Introduction et généralités 23 111.2. Synthèse des N-glycannes levuriens 24 111.2.1 . Synthèse du précurseur oligosaccharidique et transfert sur la protéine 24 111.2 .2. Elongation de la chaîne oligosaccharidique 25 111.3 . Les O-glycannes 28 111.3 .1. Synthèse des O-glycannes 28 111.4. Rôle de la glycosylation chez S. cerevisiae 29 111.4.1 . Les constituants structuraux 29 111.4.2. Les enzymes levuriennes 29 111.4.3 . Floculation et agglutination sexuelle 30 IV. LES GLYCOPROTEINES DES MOUTS ET DES VINS 31 IV. 1 . Généralités 31 IV.2. L'invertase 35 IV.2.1 . Généralités sur les invertases végétales 35 IV.2.2. Invertases vacuolaires et extracellulaires - Invertases acides 37 IV.2.3 . Organisation génomique et régulation 39 IV.2.4. Invertases cytoplasmiques - Invertases alcalines 40 IV.2.5 . Rôles et fonctions de l'invertase 41 IV.3 . L'invertase du raisin 42 IVA. Invertases d'autres origines 49 MATERIELS ET METHODES 51 I. MATERIELS 51 1.1 . Macromolécules du moût 51 1.2. Macromolécules du vin 51 1.3 . Macromolécules levuriennes 52 Sommaire 1.4 . Macromolécules bactériennes 52 1.5 . Traitements de collage sur moût et sur vin 55 1.5.1 . Traitements de collage sur moût 55 1.5.2. Traitements de collage sur vin 55 II. METHODES 58 H. 1 . Méthodes de dosage protéique 58 IL 1 .1 . Méthode de Bradford modifiée (Marchal et al., 1997) 58 11.2. Dosages des protéines purifiées à l'acide bicinchoninique (BCA) 59 11.3 . Méthodes de fractionnement des protéines par chromatographie liquide 59 11.3 .1 . Fractionnement par chromatographie d'échange d'anions 59 11.3 .2. Fractionnement par chromatographie d'affinité sur lectines immobilisées 60 11.3 .2.1 . Chromatographi e d'affinité sur Concanavaline A (ConA) 60 11.3 .2.2. Concentration et dessalage des solutions protéiques 60 11.4. Techniques électrophorétiques 60 11.4.1 .
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