Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu EM 8882 • December 2004 $2.00 Grapevine Rootstocks for Oregon Vineyards R. Shaffer, T.L. Sampaio, J. Pinkerton, and M.C. Vasconcelos

Some common root- Phylloxera: Why grafting stocks and their parentage are shown in to rootstocks is important Figure 1 (page 2). Phylloxera was intro- Grafting, which involves combining two duced into California at different varieties or species to form a about the same time as its Phylloxera as plant with new characteristics, is a tech- depicted by the introduction into Europe. It nique known from ancient times in tree Swiss biologist and has since been found in every major fruit and grape production. It was, how- enologist Dr. Otto viticultural region of the world, with ever, used in viticulture only for certain von Schneider- the exception of Chile and parts of special cases: to change variety, increase Orelli (1880–1965). Australia. vigor, or increase limestone tolerance. Enlarged 66x. In Oregon, phylloxera was first dis- The principal reason for the increased covered at a commercial vineyard in use of grafting in viticulture was the 1990. It is estimated that the number of phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) infested vineyards has doubled approxi- epidemic. Native to North America, phyl- mately every 2 years since then. In 2001, loxera was inadvertently introduced into there were between 58 and 60 vineyards Europe around 1860. More than 4 million with confirmed phylloxera infestations. vineyard acres were destroyed by phyllox- Because symptoms do not appear imme- era before 1900. diately, the actual number of infested Prepared by Ray Leo Laliman, a French wine grape Shaffer, Tiago L. vineyards probably is higher. grower, is credited with the idea of graft- Sampaio (both Proper sanitation may reduce the ing European grape vines, Vitis vinifera, of Department risk of phylloxera infestation (see OSU onto rootstocks from Vitis species of North of Horticulture, Extension publication EC 1463), but it American origin. Because these species Oregon State is no guarantee against its spread. The coevolved with phylloxera, they devel- University); potential economic loss from phylloxera Jack Pinkerton, oped resistance mechanisms that still are infestation is so great that planting on USDA-ARS, not completely understood. resistant rootstocks is recommended Corvallis; and Rootstocks have been bred from even in regions where phylloxera is not M. Carmo a number of Vitis species, especially yet present. Vasconcelos, V. berlandieri, V. riparia, and V. rupestris. Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University. Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu Grapevine Rootstocks for Oregon Vineyards

Note that rootstocks with V. vinifera high pH soils. Similarly, rootstocks can parentage do not provide adequate impart greater drought tolerance to vines. phylloxera resistance. The well- The use of rootstocks also may affect documented failure of AXR 1 (V. vinif- fruit and wine quality to such an extent era x V. rupestris) in California should that grafting is desirable even in the serve as a warning to growers in other absence of the above-mentioned stresses. regions. Because French-American Rootstocks can have a direct effect on hybrids (e.g., Baco noir and Mara- wine quality by influencing grape potas- chel Foch) have V. vinifera parentage, sium content, anthocyanins, etc., or an they should be grafted to resistant indirect effect by controlling vigor, influ- rootstocks. encing fruit ripening time, and affecting berry size.

Other reasons Nematode resistance for using rootstocks In some viticultural regions, such as parts of Australia, nematodes pose a Aside from phylloxera resistance, greater threat to vine production than rootstocks can be used to combat does phylloxera. In these regions, phyllox- other soil-borne pests, primarily nema- era resistance is secondary to nematode todes. Rootstocks also can increase resistance when selecting rootstocks. vine performance in certain soil types Fortunately, some rootstocks provide and conditions such as wet or poorly resistance to both pests. drained soils, saline soils, and low or

SO 4 Teleki 8B Kober 5BB Teleki 5C Kober 125AA 420 Mgt 161-49C

Figure 1. Common rootstocks and their parentage.

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Nematodes are present in some Rootstocks that tolerate “wet feet” are Oregon vineyards at levels that would be preferred where drainage is poor or destructive in other viticultural regions. where soils tend to hold water. Why they are not as destructive in Oregon Acidic (low pH) soils are common in is not completely understood. It may be Oregon, and liming to increase soil pH that vines in Oregon vineyards are more is a common practice at many vineyard vigorous than in other regions, allowing sites. Rootstocks that tolerate acidic them to outgrow nematode damage or soils may reduce the need for liming at parasitism. these sites. Pests such as nematodes and phyl- loxera may be more damaging when coupled with drought or nutritional stress. Drought tolerance Nematodes also may hinder the growth Drought tolerance may not be as of newly planted vines, particularly when much of a concern in Oregon as in other replanting existing vineyard sites. Growers viticultural regions. Nevertheless, the therefore may want to consider rootstock state’s grape-growing areas receive less nematode resistance when soil tests indi- summer precipitation than most of the cate high population densities of plant- world’s other viticultural regions, and parasitic nematodes. signs of water stress can be observed A common misconception is that a root- during late summer in vineyards stock resistant to one type of nematode is across the state. Rootstocks with some resistant to all types of nematode. This is drought tolerance may be desirable at not the case. It therefore is important to nonirrigated sites, particularly those know specifically which nematode species with porous soils. This is especially are present on your site. true in the state’s warmer, southern In Oregon, the two major species of appellations. nematodes that pose a threat to grape vines are the ring nematode (Mesocrico- Mineral nutrition nema xenoplax) and the dagger nematode (Xiphinema americanum). It is important The mineral content of the scion to make these distinctions when consid- (the wine grape variety grafted to the ering information from other viticultural rootstock) is the combined result of regions about rootstock resistance to the rootstock root system’s ability to nematodes. For example, rootstocks absorb nutrients and the scion’s ability that are resistant to other species of to translocate and accumulate them. dagger nematode such as Xiphinema Uptake efficiency of magnesium (Mg) index may not be resistant to Xiphinema and potassium (K) varies among root- americanum. stocks. Scion demand for these nutri- ents also varies with cultivar. Choose cultivars and rootstocks with Adaptation to different soil types matching K and Mg uptake and use Some rootstocks are better suited to abilities. Varieties with high magnesium certain soil types than others. For exam- demand, such as Chasselas, Cabernet- ple, some may perform better in sandy Sauvignon, Merlot, Cardinal, Gewürtz- soils, while others do better in soils with traminer, Ugni Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, a high clay content. High pH (basic) soils or Syrah, should not be grafted onto are not common in Oregon, and saline rootstocks susceptible to magnesium soils are more of a concern in arid regions deficiency in soils with a poor sup- that are highly dependent on irrigation. ply of magnesium. Varieties with high However, excessive soil moisture can potassium demand, such as Cabernet be a problem on some sites in Oregon. Sauvignon, Merlot, Aramon, Cinsaut,

______3 Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu Grapevine Rootstocks for Oregon Vineyards Syrah, or Müller-Thurgau, should not Ripening time be grafted to rootstocks prone to potas- The effect of rootstocks on fruit ripening sium deficiency if soil potassium levels is particularly important in cool-climate are low. Fertilizer application should viticultural regions such as Oregon. In also take account of these differences. years when rain threatens during harvest, Some recent research in Oregon advancing fruit maturation by a few days suggests that nitrogen uptake is more may result in a significant economic ben- efficient in vigorous rootstocks. Root- efit to the grower. Earlier ripening also may stock-induced variation in mineral allow greater development of varietal char- content can be detected using both acter by allowing extended “hang time.” leaf petiole analysis and juice analysis. Generally speaking, rootstocks that help However, there is less variation in min- control vigor also ripen fruit early. How- eral content in the juice than in the leaf ever, some higher vigor rootstocks also are petioles; therefore, both should be used believed to advance fruit maturation. in the selection of efficient rootstocks.

Controlling vigor Choosing the right rootstocks Excessive vigor is associated with poor wine quality, poor fruit A large number of rootstocks are avail- set, increased disease pressure, and able to Oregon growers. Rootstocks delayed ripening. High vigor also makes perform differently depending on the scion it more difficult to maintain good vine variety, cultural practices, and environ- balance, especially with the current mental conditions. Because of this high trend in Oregon toward lower crop degree of variability, you might select levels. Vine balance can be quantified several rootstocks for use in different sec- as the ratio of fruit weight to the weight tions of a vineyard. Select rootstock with of pruned canes. the following considerations in mind: Controlling vigor can be difficult in • Phylloxera resistance Oregon vineyards, which often are on • Site climate very fertile sites. Many Oregon growers • Scion variety feel that, next to phylloxera resistance, • Nematode pressure controlling vigor is the most desirable • Soil type and conditions (fertility, pH, rootstock trait. Oregon’s most widely drainage) used rootstocks are those that are • Desired fruit yield and quality known to be useful in controlling vigor. • Training system and vine spacing As a general rule, in medium-fertility soils, graft vigorous varieties onto • Water availability and planned irriga- low- to moderate-vigor rootstocks tion regime and low-vigor varieties onto high- to The following discussion of selected moderate-vigor rootstocks. Where the rootstocks is organized by parentage. All soil is very fertile, avoid using vigor- of the rootstocks included are thought to ous rootstocks; the opposite is true for possess adequate phylloxera resistance poor or shallow soils. In closely spaced for use in Oregon. The information also is vineyards, use low- to medium-vigor summarized in Table 1. In preparing this rootstocks; in widely spaced vineyards, summary, we have drawn from research use vigorous rootstocks. Double-curtain conducted in Oregon and other viticultural trellis systems require more vigorous areas around the world. rootstocks than single-curtain trellis systems.

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Table 1. Grapevine rootstock ratings.

Rootstock Riparia Gloire 3309C 101-14 Mgt Schwarzmann Mgt 420A 5BB SO4 8B 5C 125AA 161-49C 99R 110R 1103P 140Ru 1616C 44-53 Malègue Gravesac

Characteristic Adaptability to shallow, dry, clay soil 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 — 3 3 1 2 4 3 3 1 2 2 Adaptability to deep silt or loam 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 — 3 2 1 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 Adaptability to deep, dry, sandy soil 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 — 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 Tolerance of water-logged soil 3 3 3 — 2 2 3 — — — 2 1 3 3 2 3 3 3 Tolerance of lime 1 1 1 — 3 3 2 2 2 4 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 Tolerance of acid soil 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 — 1 3 — 4 3 2 1 1 3 4 Nitrogen uptake 2 2 3 2 4 4 4 1 2 4 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 Vigor conveyed to vine 1 2 3 1 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 3 2 4 3 3 1 2 Drought tolerance 1 3 1 1 2 3 2 3 2 4 2 2 3 4 4 2 2 1 Resistance to ring nematode 2 1 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 — — 2 3 1 2 — 2 1 Tendency to overbear 4 3 1 4 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 4 1 Vegetative cycle (time to ripening) 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 2 4 1 4 2 4 2 2 Legend Vegetative cycle: 1= shortest; 4=longest Nematode data: 1=highly susceptible; 2=susceptible; 3=moderately resistant; 4=resistant All others: 1=lowest; 4=highest From Galet; Howell; R. Jackson; Pongrácz; Taylor; Shaffer; McAuley; and Sampaio. Ring nematode (Mesocriconema xenoplax) data were collected in the Willamette Valley. Oregon information was collected from seven field trials, six of which had Pinot Noir as the only scion and one with Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Merlot, and Pinot Gris in a factorial design. Nitrogen uptake was estimated by leaf greenness measure- ments on Pinot Noir in the Willamette Valley during 5 years.

V. riparia x V. rupestris crosses vines. Like other rootstocks in this group, it is thought to ripen fruit early. This is by far the most popular family In Oregon, 3309C seems to delay ripen- of rootstocks in Oregon, accounting for ing when cropped at higher levels. nearly 70 percent of the state’s rootstock- Vines on this rootstock tend to over- planted acreage. These rootstocks are crop and have a high yield-to-pruning V. riparia x known for conferring low vigor and early ratio. It is recommended for varieties V. rupestris ripening to grafted vines. They are not with poor fruit set. The high fruitfulness crosses considered to be drought-tolerant. it induces may require crop adjustment. 3309 Coudrec (3309C) is the most 3309 Coudrec 3309C has a deep, well-branched root widely used rootstock in Oregon, account- system. It is a good rootstock for deep, 101-14 Millardet ing for 38 percent of rootstock-planted well-drained soils that are well-supplied et De Grasset acreage. In Oregon, as in Europe, 3309C with water. It has been reported to have imparts low to moderate vigor to grafted Schwarzmann poor drought tolerance elsewhere, but ______5 Archival Copy. For current information, see the OSU Extension Catalog:https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu Grapevine Rootstocks for Oregon Vineyards

is the most vigorous of the V. riparia x V. rupestris group. Unlike 3309C, it induces low yield-to-pruning ratios. It has imparted early ripening in trials in Oregon. 101-14 Mgt has a fairly shallow, well- branched root system and is best suited to moist, deep soils. It is a good rootstock for clay soils, even if they are poorly drained. It has poor drought tolerance and is not recommended for nonirrigated sites with well-drained soils. It is sensitive to low pH and should not be used in acid soils with- out first applying lime. It is highly resistant to the ring nematode. In South Africa, it shows lack of compatibility with some varieties, such as Syrah and Chardonnay. in Oregon it showed average resis- Schwarzmann is not widely used in tance to drought, and it was the most Oregon, although it is in the same fam- drought-tolerant rootstock within the ily as 3309C and 101-14 Mgt. In Australia, V. riparia x V. rupestris family in trials Schwarzmann is believed to impart moder- in Oregon. ate vigor. However, in Oregon, it imparts Plants have several strategies for low vigor and has a strong tendency to protecting themselves from drought. overcrop. In an irrigated trial in Oregon, Because the potential for transpiration Schwarzmann was less vigorous than from a small canopy is lower than that 101-14 Mgt and 3309C. Scwarzmann ripens from a large canopy, one strategy is fruit early. Like other members of this fam- to limit canopy area. 3309C seems to ily of rootstocks, it improves fruit set. restrict canopy leaf area to avoid exces- Schwarzmann is recommended for a sive water loss by transpiration during variety of soil types in New Zealand, with the hottest part of the season. Other the possible exception of heavy clay soils. rootstocks cope with drought by using In Australia, it reportedly performs best water more efficiently or by promot- on moist, deep soils and is considered ing root growth to maximize the soil to be more drought-tolerant than both volume available for mining water and 3309C and 101-14 Mgt. However, in Oregon nutrients. its drought tolerance was as low as that 3309C is not suited to dry, shallow, of Riparia Gloire, and it was the least or compacted soils. It has a tendency drought-tolerant of the group. It should to induce potassium deficiency, par- not be used on dry soils without irrigation. ticularly in overcropped young vines It seems to be susceptible to ring and dag- on clay soils. It is susceptible to both ger nematodes. dagger and ring nematodes. 101-14 Millardet et De Grasset (101-14 Mgt) is Oregon’s second most V. riparia widely used rootstock, accounting Riparia Gloire is the third most widely for 30 percent of rootstock-planted used rootstock in Oregon. It is known acreage. primarily for imparting very low vigor and 101-14 Mgt is reported to be a less therefore is a good choice for fertile sites vigorous rootstock than 3309C. How- where a very low yield is desired. Riparia V. riparia ever, it has demonstrated higher vigor Gloire advances ripening and induces very Riparia Gloire on some sites in Oregon, especially high yield-to-pruning ratios. It has a very those where water is not limiting. It

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short growing cycle, typically inducing leaf of magnesium deficiency and inflores- senescence and leaf fall earlier than other cence necrosis. SO4 develops slowly rootstocks. and shows low vigor in the first years of Riparia Gloire has a shallow-growing, development, but vigor increases signifi- well-branched root system. It is suited cantly thereafter. SO4 is susceptible to only to deep, moist, fertile soils. It has ring nematode. very poor drought tolerance and should Couderc 161-49 (161-49C) is not not be used in well-drained soils without used to a large extent in Oregon. Trials irrigation. Fruit must be thinned from here indicate that it may be well suited vines grafted to this rootstock, or vigor to some sites in the state. 161-49C is a will decline through a strong tendency moderate to vigorous rootstock with to overbear. It is susceptible to ring pruning weights very similar to SO4 and nematode. slightly lower than 420A Mgt, 5BB, and 5C. In an Oregon trial, it performed very similarly to SO4 in terms of fruit compo- V. berlandieri x V. riparia crosses sition, drought tolerance, and vine size, These rootstocks have performed well while inducing better fruit set and more in other cool-climate viticultural regions, balanced yield-to-pruning ratios. It has suggesting that they might be good a shallow root system and is not well choices for Oregon. As a family, they are suited to dry, non-irrigated soils. the second most widely used in Oregon, Teleki 8B (8B) is a low- to moderate- accounting for approximately 11 percent vigor rootstock. In Oregon, 8B has been of rootstock-planted acreage. less vigorous than other V. berlandieri x Selection Oppenheim Nr. 4 (SO4) is the V. riparia rootstocks. Ripening is neither most widely used V. berlandieri x V. riparia delayed nor advanced by this root- rootstock in Oregon. It is a moderate to stock. Fruit set is good in fertile soils. vigorous rootstock. In Germany, South However, 8B is not appropriate for high- Africa, and New Zealand, it is thought to yielding varieties. advance ripening. In France, however, This rootstock has a shallow root it seems to delay ripening. In Oregon, system and is not appropriate for shal- SO4 has had no impact on timing of fruit low, dry soils. Its drought tolerance is maturation. intermediate between SO4 and 5BB. It Available information on SO4’s effect has low nitrogen uptake efficiency and on fruit set also is conflicting. Germany, is susceptible to ring nematode. Overall, South Africa, and New Zealand report it this rootstock did not perform as well as to be especially suited for varieties with others in this family. V berlandieri x poor set. In France, its excessive vigor Kober 5BB (5BB) is thought to be a V. riparia is reported to cause poor fruit set. In vigorous rootstock. In Oregon, it is less crosses Oregon, we observed a slight reduction vigorous than 125AA and is similar in in fruit set. It tends to induce low yield-to- vigor to SO4, 5C, 420A, and 161-49C. Oppenheim pruning ratios. Ripening is delayed by the higher vigor Nr. 4 SO4 has a shallow root system and of this rootstock. It can cause imperfect Couderc 161-49 performs satisfactorily in acid soils. It fruit set on vigorous varieties and in Teleki 8B does best in light, well-drained soils of fertile soils. It tends to induce low yield- low fertility. It is suited to humid soils to-pruning ratios. Kober 5BB but not recommended for dry conditions, 5BB has a shallow-growing root sys- Teleki 5C although in New Zealand it is reported to tem. It is one of the best rootstocks for be drought-tolerant. Do not graft variet- humid, compacted, calcareous soils. Kober 125AA ies with high magnesium demand onto It also has above-average drought 420A Millardet S04 because they tend to show symptoms tolerance. 5BB is not suitable for et De Grasset

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high-yielding varieties due to poor Italian and Australian sources report that potassium uptake. 5BB is susceptible 420A Mgt is a good rootstock for dry hill- to the ring nematode. In California, it side sites. In contrast, French and South is reported to be sensitive to phytoph- African sources report that 420A Mgt thora and is not recommended for sites is susceptible to drought. In Oregon, it likely to have standing water. It is not showed poor drought tolerance, similar suited for sites that are affected by to 5C. It does not withstand waterlogging. severe winter cold. 420A Mgt is prone to induce potassium Teleki 5C (5C) is a moderate to vigor- deficiency but is highly resistant to the ous rootstock. Its vigor is intermediate ring nematode. between 5BB and SO4. It tends to have a low yield-to-pruning ratio. It is well suited for varieties with poor fruit set. V. berlandieri x V. rupestris crosses It is suitable for well-drained, fertile These crosses constitute the third soils and is a good choice for heavy major family of rootstocks and are used soils (clays and clay loam). It has low only to a very small degree in Oregon. drought resistance, comparable to They are best known for their drought tol- that of 101-14 Mgt and 420A Mgt. It is erance. In Oregon, they may be best suited susceptible to both ring and dagger to nonirrigated, well-drained sites in the nematodes. state’s southern and eastern appellations. Kober 125AA (125AA) is a vigorous 99 Richter (99R) is a vigorous root- rootstock. In a trial in Oregon, it was stock. The high vigor delays ripening. the most vigorous among 20 rootstocks. The root system of 99R is very strongly It also was one of the most productive developed and very deep growing. It and latest ripening. It is not appropriate is well suited to a wide range of soils, for varieties with irregular set because but wet, poorly drained sites should be its vigorous growth can cause poor fruit avoided. Its drought tolerance is lower set. It is best suited to high-yielding than that of 110R, 1103P, and 140Ru. It varieties such as Müller-Thurgau. performs well in acid soils but assimilates 125AA is the most drought-tolerant magnesium poorly. In South Africa, it is of this group. In Germany, it is rec- considered to be the best rootstock for ommended for a wide range of soils, deep, fertile soils under irrigation. It is particularly heavy, compact soils with susceptible to ring nematode. poor aeration and drainage. In New 110 Richter (110R) is reported to be Zealand, however, it is recommended moderately vigorous to vigorous. How- for poor, stony soils. It establishes ever, in Oregon 110R has been a low- to slowly. moderate-vigor rootstock. This may be 420A Millardet et De Grasset because initial vine growth is slow. It is (420A Mgt) is reported to be a low- to not appropriate for varieties with irregular moderate-vigor rootstock. In Oregon, fruit set. It is reported to have a very long however, 420A Mgt has been a moder- vegetative cycle, which delays maturity. V berlandieri x ate- to high-vigor rootstock, slightly In Oregon, with lower vigor, it ripens fruit earlier than other rootstocks in this fam- V. ruprestris more vigorous than 5BB. It improves fruit set. Its ripening period coincides ily, and simultaneously with 101-14 Mgt, crosses with that of 5BB. It tends to induce low Schwarzmann, and Riparia Gloire. 99 Richter yield-to-pruning ratios. Its roots are not as deep growing as 110 Richter Its root system is fairly shallow- those of 99R. It is well suited to all kinds growing and well branched. It is well of soils, including acid soils. It is an excel- 1103 Paulsen suited to poorer, heavy-texture soils. lent rootstock in warm grape-growing 140 Ruggeri

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areas with an arid climate. Resistance to drought is superior to 99R, and it does well on poorly drained, shallow clays. It is a good rootstock for slopes or dry-farmed sites. It assimilates magnesium and potas- sium poorly. 110R has moderate resistance to ring nematode. 1103 Paulsen (1103P) is a very vigorous rootstock. It has a long vegetative cycle and delays ripening. Its root system is deep growing and strongly developed, and it is adapted to a wide range of soil con- ditions. It is more drought-tolerant than 99R and 110R. It assimilates potassium poorly and is highly susceptible to ring nematodes. 140 Ruggeri (140Ru) is reported in Complex crosses some countries to be a vigorous rootstock with a long vegetative cycle and delayed V. cordifolia x V. riparia x maturity. However, these traits have not V. rupestris crosses been observed in trials in Oregon and 44-53 Malègue (44-53M) is a low- to Switzerland, where it is a moderate-vigor moderate-vigor rootstock that improves rootstock and ripens fruit simultaneously fruit set and advances maturity. This with 3309C. rootstock has a tendency to overbear, The root system is very deep growing and fruit thinning may be required. and well branched. It is not recommended Its root system is deep growing and for deep, fertile soils that are well supplied very strongly developed. It assimilates with water. However, it performs well in potassium well, but often suffers from shallow, dry, calcareous soils and well- magnesium deficiency. As a result, it drained deep soils. It is very drought- is used primarily in California on sites tolerant. It is not well-adapted to very with low levels of soil potassium and acidic soils, but does well at pH 5 or high levels of soil magnesium. It also above. Like 1103P, it assimilates potassium is used on the acid soils of the eastern poorly. It is susceptible to ring nematode. Pyrenees. It is susceptible to the ring nematode. V. riparia x V. solonis crosses V. riparia x V. berlandieri x 1616 Coudrec (1616C) is supposedly a V. rupestris crosses moderately vigorous rootstock. However, Gravesac is a newer rootstock, bred in both Oregon and California, 1616C is a especially for acid soils. Until recently, it V. riparia x vigorous rootstock. Fruit set is improved was not available in Oregon. Initial tests V. solonis cross by this rootstock. It has a long vegetative indicate it could be successful here. It 1616 Coudrec cycle and delays ripening. It has a shallow, is a low- to moderate-vigor rootstock well-branched root system. It is sensitive that advances ripening. It is adapted to drought and best adapted to fertile, to a wide range of soils, provided they humid, poorly drained soils. It grows are well-supplied with water. It is highly poorly in infertile and sandy soils. susceptible to ring nematode. Complex crosses 44-53 Malègue Gravesac

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McKenry, M.V., J.O. Kretsch and OSU Extension Further reading S.A. Anwar. 2001. Interactions of publications selected rootstocks with ectoparasitic Web Galet, P. 1998. Grape Varieties and Root- nematodes. Am J Enol Vitic. 52:4. stock Varieties. Oenoplurimédia, extension. Pongrácz, D.P. 1983. Rootstocks for Grape- Chaintré, France. oregonstate.edu vines. David Philip, Cape Town, South Howell, G.S. 1987. Vitis rootstocks. Fax Africa. In: Rootstocks for Fruit Crops. Sampaio, T.L. 2003. Evaluation of viticul- 541-737-0817 R.C. Rom and R.B. Carlson (eds.). tural characteristics of phylloxera John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. E-mail resistant rootstocks for the cultivars pp. 451–472. puborders@ Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, oregonstate.edu Jackson D. and D. Schuster. 2001. The and Merlot. In Proceedings of the 12th Phone Production of Grapes and Wine Annual Conference of the Northwest 541-737-2513 in Cool Climates. Daphne Brasell Center for Small Fruits Research. Kenne- Associates LTD and Gypsum Press, wick, WA, Dec 4, 2003. pp. 69–73. Wellington, New Zealand. Shaffer, R.G. 2002. The Effect of Rootstock Jackson, R.S. 2000. Wine Science: on the Performance of the Vitis vinifera Principles, Practice and Perception. Cultivars Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Pinot 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego. Gris, and Merlot. MS Thesis, Oregon McAuley, M.D. 2004. Rootstock Effect State University, Corvallis. on the Vitis vinifera Cultivars Pinot Strik, B. et al. 1995. Phylloxera: Strategies Noir, Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, and for Management in Oregon’s Vineyards. Merlot During Establishment. Publication EC 1463. Oregon State MS Thesis, Oregon State University, University Extension Service, Corvallis. Corvallis. See ordering information at left. Taylor, P. 2002. Evaluation of Vitis Root- stocks for Tolerance to Low Soil pH. MS Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

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© 2004 Oregon State University. This publication was produced and distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Extension work is a cooperative program of Oregon State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Oregon counties. Oregon State University Extension Service offers educational pro- grams, activities, and materials—without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, national origin, age, marital status, disability, and disabled veteran or Vietnam-era veteran status—as required by Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Oregon State University Extension Service is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Published December 2004