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The Effects of Rootstock, Scion, Grafting Method and Plant Growth Regulators on Flexural Strength and Hydraulic Resistance of Apple

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The Effects of Rootstock, Scion, Grafting Method and Plant Growth Regulators on Flexural Strength and Hydraulic Resistance of Apple Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 12-2016 The Effects of Rootstock, Scion, Grafting Method and Plant Growth Regulators on Flexural Strength and Hydraulic Resistance of Apple Stuart W. Adams Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Adams, Stuart W., "The Effects of Rootstock, Scion, Grafting Method and Plant Growth Regulators on Flexural Strength and Hydraulic Resistance of Apple" (2016). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 5075. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5075 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTS OF ROOTSTOCK, SCION, GRAFTING METHOD AND PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE OF APPLE by Stuart W. Adams A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Plant Science Approved: ______________________ ____________________ Brent Black, Ph.D. Bruce Bugbee, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member ______________________ ____________________ Gennaro Fazio, Ph.D. Mark McLellan, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2016 ii Copyright © Stuart Adams 2016 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT The Effects of Rootstock, Scion, Grafting Method and Plant Growth Regulators on Flexural Strength and Hydraulic Resistance of Apple by Stuart W. Adams, Master of Science Utah State University, 2016 Major Professor: Dr. Brent Black Department: Plants, Soils and Climate The apple rootstock ‘Geneva® 41’ (‘G.41’), is desirable for its resistance to fire blight, Erwinia amylovora, while producing high yields. However, ‘G.41’ and other Geneva® selections tend to form weak graft unions in the nursery that are susceptible to breaking in the wind, at harvest, or during shipment. In order to understand and remedy this graft union weakness, six scions (‘Fuji’, ‘Gala’, ‘Honeycrisp’, ‘McIntosh’, ‘Pink Lady’, and ‘Scilate’) by seven rootstocks (‘G.41’, ‘G.935’, ‘G.214’, ‘G.11’, ‘M.9-NIC 29’, ‘B.9’ and ‘EMLA 26’), by two grafting methods (chip bud and saddle graft) in a factorial design were tested for graft union flexural strength and flexibility. Additionally, plant growth regulators (PGR) were applied to trees with ‘G.41’ as rootstock as a solution to overcome graft union weakness. Transpiration rate and hydraulic resistance were measured for comparison of a weak graft forming rootstock (‘G.41’) to a strong graft forming rootstock (‘M.9-NIC 29’). ‘G.41’ consistently formed a weaker graft union iv regardless of scion or grafting method. Scions such as ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Pink Lady’ formed stronger graft unions, while ‘Scilate’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ form weaker graft unions. Saddle grafting did not improve graft union strength. Nurseries that graft on ‘G.41’ should choose scions that form stronger graft unions. Benzyl adenine (BA) in a latex paint increased the strength and flexibility of the graft union relative to scion cross sectional area (SCSA), but further research is needs to identify more efficient methods of application. Rootstock effect on transpiration rate was different between years. No detectable differences were found for hydraulic resistance through the graft union of different rootstocks, suggesting weaker graft unions did not limit hydraulic conductance or transpiration rate. Thus graft union weakness is not an indicator of poor vascular connection. (172 pages) v PUBLIC ABSTRACT The Effects of Rootstock, Scion, Grafting Method and Plant Growth Regulators on Flexural Strength and Hydraulic Resistance of Apple Stuart W. Adams Fruit trees are always produced through grafting, which unites two genetically distinct plant parts at a graft union to make a complete tree. The two parts are termed the scion (fruiting system) and rootstock (root system). Some rootstock cultivars tend to form weaker graft unions that are susceptible to breaking due to wind, harvest or shipment of finished trees. Some Geneva® apple rootstocks, especially ‘Geneva® 41’ (‘G.41’), form weak graft unions leading to large losses to commercial nurseries. In an effort to understand and possibly remedy the problem, flexural strength was determined for the graft unions of weak graft forming rootstock compared to other rootstock in a factorial study of six scion cultivars grafted onto seven rootstock cultivars using two grafting techniques (chip bud and saddle graft). Additionally, trees grown on ‘G.41’ rootstock received applications of plant growth regulators (PGR) in a spray over the leaves, and as a latex paint application directly on the graft union. PGR treated trees were tested for changes in growth and graft union strength. Transpiration rate and hydraulic resistance were used on a sub-sample to see if a weaker graft union (‘G.41’) was correlated with less water flow through the graft. vi ‘G.41’ consistently formed weaker graft unions regardless of what scion, or grafting technique was used. Scion cultivars, such as ‘McIntosh’, formed stronger unions, while ‘Scilate’ formed weaker unions. Saddle grafting did not improve the graft union strength over chip budding and is thus not a justified remedy for graft union weakness. Benzyl adenine (BA) in a latex paint and prohexadione-calcium (PCa) both increased the strength of the graft union relative to scion cross-sectional area (SCSA). However, further research is needed to find efficient application methods for BA. The rootstock effect on transpiration rate were opposite between trial years. Hydraulic resistance testing yielded no detectable difference between rootstocks for graft resistance. These suggest that weaker graft unions were not correlated with reduced flow and transpiration rate. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Willow Drive Nursery first for making this research possible through the donations of several thousand trees. I would also like to thank the Utah Agriculture Experiment Station, Cornell University in connection with the United States Department of Agriculture and the International Fruit Tree Association for funding this project. I would also like to thank Terrence Robinson in providing the original idea and protocol for this research project. I would especially like to thank my committee members, Drs. Brent Black, Gennaro Fazio and Bruce Bugbee, for their support and assistance throughout the process. Additionally, I would like to thank Dr. Nick Roberts for his assistance with flexural strength testing in the engineering lab, and James Frisby for his help in the greenhouse. I give special thanks to my family, especially my dear wife, Angelica, who has supported and assisted me in all stages of the research. I dedicate this work to her and our daughter Eva. Stuart W. Adams viii CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iii PUBLIC ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xiii CHAPTER I. LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................1 Introduction .............................................................................................................1 Graft Formation ......................................................................................................2 Graft Incompatibility ..............................................................................................8 Wood Formation ...................................................................................................14 Measuring Incompatibility ....................................................................................16 Remediation for Improved Graft Formation .........................................................26 Conclusion ............................................................................................................34 Literature Cited .....................................................................................................36 II. THE EFFECT OF ROOTSTOCK, SCION, AND GRAFT METHOD ON THE GRAFT UNION FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND RIGIDITY OF APPLE ...........................................................................................................42 Abstract ..................................................................................................................42 Introduction ...........................................................................................................43 Materials and Methods ..........................................................................................46 Results and Discussion ..........................................................................................51 Conclusion ............................................................................................................60
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