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Effects of Rootstocks on Blade Nutritional Content of Two Minority Grapevine Varieties Cultivated Under Hyper-Arid Conditions in Northern Chile

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Effects of Rootstocks on Blade Nutritional Content of Two Minority Grapevine Varieties Cultivated Under Hyper-Arid Conditions in Northern Chile agronomy Article Effects of Rootstocks on Blade Nutritional Content of Two Minority Grapevine Varieties Cultivated under Hyper-Arid Conditions in Northern Chile Nicolás Verdugo-Vásquez 1 , Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa 2 , Emilio Villalobos-Soublett 1 and Andrés Zurita-Silva 1,* 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA, Centro de Investigación Intihuasi, Colina San Joaquín s/n, 1700000 La Serena, Chile; [email protected] (N.V.-V.); [email protected] (E.V.-S.) 2 Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Casilla 747, 346000 Talca, Chile; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In the 90s, as in other countries, transformation of Chilean viticulture brought about the introduction and spread of European grapevine varieties which has resulted in a massive loss of minor local and autochthonous grapevine varieties traditionally grown in several wine growing regions. Fortunately, in recent years, autochthonous and minority varieties have been revalued due to their high tolerance to pests and diseases and because of their adaptation to thermal and water stress triggered by global warming. In this study, we assessed the nutritional status of two autochthonous grapevines grafted onto four different rootstocks under the hyper-arid climatic conditions of Northern Citation: Verdugo-Vásquez, N.; Chile over three consecutive seasons. The results showed that R32 rootstock induced high N, P, Ca, Gutiérrez-Gamboa, G.; Mg and Mn levels in blades compared to Harmony rootstock. R32 rootstock and to a lesser extent, Villalobos-Soublett, E.; Zurita-Silva, 1103 Paulsen and 140 Ruggeri rootstocks kept balanced levels of nutrients in blades collected from A. Effects of Rootstocks on Blade Nutritional Content of Two Minority Moscatel Amarilla and Moscatel Negra grapevine varieties. Additionally, Harmony presented slight Grapevine Varieties Cultivated under nutritional imbalance compared to the rest of studied rootstocks due to its low absorption of Mg, Hyper-Arid Conditions in Northern Mn, Ca and P, and its high K absorption, which was exacerbated under warm weather and salinity Chile. Agronomy 2021, 11, 327. soil conditions. These results may provide a basis for specific cultivar/rootstock/site combinations, https://doi.org/10.3390/ a nutritional guide for the viticulturists of Northern Chile, and options to diversify their production agronomy11020327 favoring the use of minority and autochthonous varieties that adapt well to hyper-arid conditions of Northern Chile. Academic Editor: Marco Landi and Ioannis E. Papadakis Keywords: Vitis vinifera; V. berlandieri; autochthonous; Moscatel Amarilla; Moscatel Negra; V. rupestris Received: 31 December 2020 Accepted: 5 February 2021 Published: 12 February 2021 1. Introduction Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral The role of grape varieties is increasingly important in worldwide wine products, with regard to jurisdictional claims in both wines and spirits [1]. The strategy of new world wine countries has appealed to the published maps and institutional affil- relevance of varietal wines as the axis of their production and marketing strategy, while iations. European wine industry emphasize their terroir and their thousand-year wine-making history [1,2]. Currently, Chile has around 137,000 ha of vine cultivation surface distributed between the Coquimbo (30.0◦ SL) and Araucanía (38.7◦ SL) regions, although there are some experiences that are expanding the wine-growing areas in Southern Araucanía and Northern Coquimbo [3]. The Chilean wine industry is rather concentrated and strongly Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. export oriented. In this fashion, wine exports represent more than 1800 million dollars and This article is an open access article represent more than 80% of wine produced, reaching more than 130 countries [3]. The most distributed under the terms and cultivated grapevine varieties in Chile are Cabernet Sauvignon (30.0%), Sauvignon Blanc conditions of the Creative Commons (11.2%), Merlot (8.6%), Chardonnay (8.2%), Carmeénère (7.8%) and Listán Prieto (7.5%), Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// mainly intended for wine elaboration [4]. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Pisco is a brandy produced in wine-growing regions of Chile and Peru that is produced 4.0/). by distilling fermented grape juice [5]. In Chile, Pisco has been recognized, delimited Agronomy 2021, 11, 327. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020327 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy Agronomy 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 16 Agronomy 2021, 11, 327 2 of 15 Pisco is a brandy produced in wine-growing regions of Chile and Peru that is produced by distilling fermented grape juice [5]. In Chile, Pisco has been recognized, delimitedand protected and byprotected the State by as the Denomination State as Deno ofmination Origin since of Origin 1931, andsince has 1931, managed and has to managedsustain itself to sustain as an emblematic itself as an national emblematic beverage national until beverage today [1 ].until Pisco-oriented today [1]. Pisco- grape orientedproduction grape is restricted production to northern is restricted Chile to from northern the desert Chile fringe from to the the desert agricultural fringevalleys to the agriculturalbetween Copiap valleysó and between Choapa Copiapó rivers [ 6and]. Today, Choa 9150pa rivers ha of [6]. Pisco Today, vineyards 9150 areha of planted Pisco vineyardsin Atacama are (5.8%) planted and in Coquimbo Atacama (5.8%) (94.2) regions,and Coquimbo representing (94.2) regions, 6.3% of therepresenting country’s 6.3% total ofvineyards, the country’s about total 1.3% vineyards, less than about a decade 1.3% ago less [ 1than,6]. Thea decade Muscat ago grape [1,6]. yieldThe Muscat in Northern grape yieldChile in is dedicatedNorthern Chile almost is exclusivelydedicated almost to Pisco ex productionclusively to [ 6Pisco,7] as prod is shownuction in [6,7] Figure as 1is. shownPszczó lkowskiin Figure and 1. Pszczólkowski Lacoste [1] reported and Lacoste that [1] the reported varieties that used the for varieties Pisco productionused for Pisco in productionChile correspond in Chile to correspond Moscatel de to Alejandr Moscatelía de and Alejandría native varieties, and native with varieties, low percentages with low percentagesof European of varieties. European Based varieties. upon Based these up findings,on these these findings, authors thes proposede authors toproposed define the to defineChilean the Pisco Chilean as an Pisco Andean as spiritan Andean made fromspirit nativemade andfrom historical native and varieties historical from varieties Spanish fromcolony, Spanish which colony, would positionwhich would the Chilean position pisco the to Chilean the Andean pisco territoryto the Andean by traditional territory and by traditionalgenetic material. and genetic material. Figure 1. Varieties cultivated in Northern Chile intended for Pisco elaboration (in percentage). FigureMoscatel 1. Varieties Amarilla: cultivated 166.0 ha; Moscatelin Northern Blanca: Chile 15.9 inte ha;nded Moscatel for Pisco de elaborat Alejandrionía: (in 1711.2 percentage). ha; Moscatel MoscatelNegra: 0.68 Amarilla: ha; Moscatel 166.0 ha; Rosada: Moscatel 1630.3 Blanca: ha; Pedro 15.9 ha; Jim Moscatelénez: 4298.9 de Alejandría: ha; Torontel: 1711.2 179.41 ha; ha.Moscatel Figure Negra:elaborated 0.68 basedha; Moscatel onto the Rosada: data provided 1630.3 ha; by Pedr SAGo [ 4Jiménez:]. 4298.9 ha; Torontel: 179.41 ha. Figure elaborated based onto the data provided by SAG [4]. The introduction and spread of recognized European varieties over the last few decadesThe haveintroduction caused aand massive spread loss of of recognized autochthonous European and minorvarieties locally over grown the last grapes few decadestraditionally have grown caused in a different massive wine loss regionsof autochthonous [8–12]. The and current minor varietal locally homogenization grown grapes traditionallyof the vineyards grown results in different in an increasewine regions in genetic [8–12]. vulnerability The current varietal in relation homogenization to pathogen ofspread the vineyards against which results some in cultivarsan increase are notin resistantgenetic vulnerability [10]. Fortunately, in relation in recent to years pathogen there spreadis a significant against revaluationwhich some of cultivars autochthonous are not and resistant minor locally[10]. Fortunately, grown varieties in recent worldwide years therebecause is theya significant can become revaluation a potential of sourceautochthonous of natural and adaptation minor locally to current grown challenges varieties of worldwideclimate change because in viticulture they can [ 13become–15]. This a potentia opens upl source an interesting of natural possibility adaptation of evaluatingto current challengesautochthonous of climate and minor change locally in viticulture grown varieties [13–15]. forThis the opens viticultural up an interesting development possibility of each ofproductive evaluating zone. autochthonous and minor locally grown varieties for the viticultural developmentChilean viticulture of each productive has been developedzone. for centuries with ungrafted vineyards because thereChilean is no presence viticulture of phylloxera has been (Daktulosphairadeveloped for vitifoliaecenturies)[ 16with–18 ].ungrafted Due to this, vineyards there is becauselimited localthere experience is no presence in the of use phylloxera of rootstocks (Daktulosphaira in viticulture forvitifoliae
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