UC Agriculture & Natural Resources California Agriculture

Title nutrient needs vary with rootstocks and

Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9nk311b6

Journal California Agriculture, 62(4)

ISSN 0008-0845

Authors Lambert, Jean-Jacques Anderson, Michael M Wolpert, J A

Publication Date 2008-10-01

Peer reviewed

eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California RESEARCH ARTICLE ▼ Vineyard nutrient needs vary with rootstocks and soils

by Jean-Jacques Lambert, Michael M. Anderson and James A. Wolpert

Sustainable vineyard fertilization can lead to cost savings while protecting the environment. However, appropri- ate fertilization conditions depend on the rootstocks, which differ in their uptake of macro- and micronutrients, as well as on the vineyard soils’ physical and chemical characteristics, which affect the nutrient reser- voir. We studied identical sets of 14 rootstocks on three different soils. Rootstocks had a signifi cant impact on petiole levels of nitrogen and po- tassium throughout the growing sea- son. weight and In the Sacramento Delta, a vineyard grows An Amador County vineyard is planted in Egbert and Tinnin soil series on a fl at on rolling hills with Sierra soil series over also varied considerably by rootstock alluvial plain. granitic bedrock. and site. However, rootstock perfor- mance was not consistent among isms and nutrient balances. The devel- refl ecting the original environments of opment and application of site-specifi c sites, nor was the seasonal pattern the parent plants (Granett et al. 2001). fertilization plans can increase sustain- For example, high-vigor rootstocks are of change in nitrogen and potassium ability by reducing nutrient runoff used with low-vigor scions on less fer- consistent among sites. The observed into waterways. By developing a better tile soils, while low-vigor rootstocks are differences emphasize the impact of understanding of soil-vine interactions used with high-vigor scions on fertile as well as the specifi c nutrient needs soils (Pongracz 1983). Rootstocks also soil texture and nutrient availability of particular rootstocks and , differ signifi cantly in their resistance to on plant growth. Further studies we hope to establish site-specifi c fertil- drought (Carbonneau 1985). will help guide the development of ization plans to save money and limit The range of available rootstocks site-specifi c sustainable fertilization fertilizer input, ultimately promoting represents an important resource for sustainability. the industry with respect to regimens. California are planted in the long-term sustainability of - diverse geographic settings and cli- growing in California. However, much he fundamentals of nitrogen and mates, on soil types ranging from acid remains to be learned in order to fi ne- potassium nutrition in grapevines to alkaline, fi ne textured to coarse, deep tune the use of these genetic resources areT well known. Excess nitrogen leads to shallow, level to sloping, and fertile in the wide range of California growing to high vigor, increasing fruit yield and to less fertile. Several-dozen rootstocks conditions. Our current understanding affecting juice composition (i.e., pH and were developed in response to the in- of rootstock nutrient requirements is concentrations of organic acids and advertent importation into Europe of general yet incomplete, based in most esters), but may also create conditions the grapevine pest , from its cases on empirical fi ndings. favorable to disease such as bunch stem native eastern North America (Pongracz Nutrient availability, uptake necrosis and bunch rot 1983). The European grape vinifera (Keller et al. 2001). Potassium defi ciency is highly susceptible to phylloxera, Soil texture and structure have an adversely affects ripeness, but excess but many American native species important impact on nutrient avail- berry potassium is detrimental to are not. As a solution, the practice of ability to the plant. Soils rich in organic quality (Mpelasoka et al. 2003). European scions (the grafted matter are generally high in available While adjusting nutrient input to fruit-bearing part of the plant) onto nutrients, including zinc and iron. Clay attain the desired wine quality, viti- phylloxera-resistant rootstocks was de- soils can fi x potassium in soil, thereby culturists must also heed the call for veloped (Pongracz 1983). This practice is decreasing the availability of this sustainable management practices that still in use today, and these rootstocks nutrient to the plant. Rapid leaching minimize impacts on soil microorgan- are suited to a variety of conditions can drain nutrients from sandy soils.

202 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE • VOLUME 62, NUMBER 4 Within the root zone, the availability of have high requirements for magne- able, vineyard management plans. moisture and its movement in the soil sium, which can result in deficiencies In this study, we examined the nutri- can have significant effects on nutrient in this mineral (Loue and Boulay 1984). ent status and growth characteristics availability. Excess leaching may cause Vines grown on different rootstocks of 14 common rootstocks on three dis- nitrogen loss to the water table, and may also differ in their tolerance to lime tinct soil types. Two vineyards were waterlogging may cause denitrification (calcium carbonate) and susceptibility located in the Sacramento River Delta (the conversion of nitrate to nitrogen to iron deficiency. High lime content near the town of Hood; the scion was gas, which occurs where oxygen is in induces (a condition in which Chardonnay on Egbert clay (sandy short supply). leaves produce insufficient chlorophyll loam variant) soils at one vineyard, and Rootstocks also have a pronounced due to iron deficiency) by slowing iron on Tinnin loamy influence on the mineral nutrition of uptake and translocation (Bavaresco sand soils at the other (Anamosa 1998). A the scion, which should be considered et al. 1992). In calcium-rich soils, total third vineyard was in Amador County’s when developing fertilization pro- leaf chlorophyll and iron content were Shenandoah Valley, and the scion was grams (Koblet et al. 1996). Some root- higher in Chardonnay grafted onto Zinfandel on a Sierra sandy loam soil. stocks, such as Malègue 44-53 (44-53), lime-tolerant rootstocks such as Ruggeri At all three vineyards, we evaluated have a higher affinity for potassium 140 (140R) or Selection Oppenheim 4 an identical set of 14 rootstocks: Teleki than magnesium and therefore may (SO4) than on the less lime-tolerant 5C (5C), Kober 5BB (5BB), Couderc 3309 fail to take up sufficient magnesium rootstock Millardet et De Grasset 101-14 (3309C), Millardet et De Grasset 101-14 from the soil. This is compounded by (101-14) (Bavaresco et al. 1992). Under (101-14), Richter 110 (110R), Paulsen 1103 the fact that high levels of potassium high salinity conditions, grafted (1103P), Millardet et De Grasset 420A in the soil solution can limit the solu- on Ramsey and 1103P (both salt-tolerant (420A), Couderc 1616 (1616C), Rupestris St. bilization of magnesium, reducing the rootstocks) had higher wine potassium, George or Rupestris du Lot (St. George), availability of magnesium to the plant. pH and color than on its own roots Malègue 44-53 (44-53), Ramsey, Harmony, (Brancadoro et al. 1994). Other root- (Walker et al. 2000, 2002). Freedom and VR O39-16 (O39-16) (table 1). stocks, such as Paulsen 1103 (1103P), Twenty-five replicate vines were planted Assessing rootstocks and soils easily absorb magnesium (Scienza for each rootstock/scion pair. All three et al. 1986). In high-potassium soils, Ideally, vineyard management sites were drip-irrigated and managed selecting a “magnesium-absorbing” strategies should consider the site- according to routine pest and nutrient rootstock may be the easiest way to specific properties of individual soils, management practices. Weeds were con- correct for a deficiency of this nu- the individual requirements of the trolled by a combination of contact and trient (Brancadoro et al. 1994). Our rootstock and the scion, as well as the pre-emergent herbicides, and resident understanding of rootstock-scion in- relationship between the two. By con- vegetation was present between rows. teractions is further complicated by sidering these factors individually and Vineyards planted with multiple root- the fact that grape cultivars respond collectively, we will be able to better un- stocks were managed uniformly. differently to nutrients. For example, derstand the soil-vine relationship and Petiole nitrogen and potassium. The Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon begin to develop site-specific, sustain- sites were not deficient in nitrogen, and

TABLE 1. Rootstock characteristics

Rootstock Parentage Vigor* Drought resistance Lime tolerance† Salt resistance Wet feet‡ Soil preference§ % St. George V. rupestris H Var 14 M/H L/M Deep, uniform, loam 1616C V. solonis × V. riparia L L L/M M/H H Deep/fertile 3309C V. riparia × V. rupestris L/M L/M 11 L/M L/M Deep, well-drained 44-53 V. riparia × 144M M M/H 10 na H Loam/good fertility, high Mg 101-14 V. riparia × V. rupestris L/M L/M 9 L/M M/H Heavy, moist clay 420A V. berlandieri × V. riparia L L/M 20 L L/M Fine texture, deep/fertile 5BB V. berlandieri × V. riparia M L/M 20 L/M Var Moist clay 5C V. berlandieri × V. riparia L/M L 20 M Var Moist clay 1103P V. berlandieri × V. rupestris H H 17 M H Adapted to drought, saline soils 110R V. berlandieri × V. rupestris M/H H 17 M Var Hillside soils, acid soils, moderate fertility Freedom 1613 C × V. champinii H M/H M L/M L Sandy to sandy loams Harmony 1613 C × V. champinii M/H Var M L/M L Sandy loams, loamy sands Ramsey V. champinii VH H M H L/M Light sand, infertile soils O39-16 V. vinifera × V. rotundifolia H L L L na Poor on coarse, sandy soils * L = low; M = medium; H = high; VH = very high; Var = variable; na = not available. † Tolerance to lime-induced chlorosis (percent by weight of finely divided calcium carbonate in soil that can be tolerated by the rootstock). ‡ Wet feet = tolerance to excessive moisture caused by poor soil drainage. § Actual performance characteristics of these rootstocks on specific soils and scions may vary. Source: Christensen (2003) and Pongracz (1983).

http://CaliforniaAgriculture.ucop.edu • October–December 2008 203 Delta Cabernet (Tinnin loamy sand) Delta Chardonnay (Egbert clay loam) Amador Zinfandel (Sierra course sandy loam) rootstock was the only treatment. At all Soil sampling. Soil sampling was sites, petiole (leaf stalk) and blade (leaf performed at each site using a backhoe 90 body) tissues were collected at bloom, to dig a sampling pit to a maximum 80 (color change at ripening) and depth of 70 inches. Soil morphology was 70 . Bloom samples were leaves described as outlined in the U.S. Soil Clay Silt (%) 60 opposite the basal-most grape cluster. Survey Manual (Soil Survey Division

10 2 Samples were collected over three se- Staff 1993), and samples were collected 50 20 Clay (%) Silty clay 30 quential years. At each sampling date, from all horizons (distinct soil layers). 40 Sandy clay 40 Silty clay 10 loam Clay loam3 50 20 petioles and blades were collected Geographic location was measured 20 4 30 Sandy clay 60 loam 30 per treatment replicate. The petioles by a Garmin 45XL geographic posi- 70 20 40 Loam 80 and blades were separated, oven-dried tioning system. Soil samples were air- Sandy loam 1 50 1 Silty loam Loamy 2 90 10 60 1 sand 3 and sent to UC Davis for processing and dried, ground, sieved to pass through 70 2 Silt 4 3 5 4 Sand 80 analysis. All samples were analyzed for a 2-millimeter grid, and submitted 90 nitrate-nitrogen, expressed as parts per to the ANR Analytical Laboratory Sand (%) million (ppm); total nitrogen, expressed for analysis. Gravel content was cal- as percent nitrogen; and percent potas- culated from the weight of material Fig. 1. Soil textural triangle for three vineyards, showing percentages of sand, silt and clay sium. Due to space considerations, only retained by the sieve. Soil pH was for each soil horizon. Numbers correspond to bloom petiole samples will be discussed measured in a saturated paste, and horizons, increasing with depth. in detail here. electrical conductivity was measured in the saturated paste extract (Sparks 1994). Exchangeable cations (calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium) 50 9.0 were extracted using ammonium A CEC (cmol[+]/kg) acetate, pH 7.0. Sand, silt and clay 40 EC (dS/m) 8.5 pH (1:1 soil water paste) pH were measured using the hydrom- 30 8.0 eter suspension method (Klute 1986). Official soil series descriptions were 20 7.5 collected from the Web site of the

10 7.0 USDA National Soil Series Description Facility in Lincoln, Neb. 6.5 1.0 Delta Chardonnay vineyard

CEC (cmol[+]/kg) and EC (dS/m) 6.0 0.5 Soil characteristics. The soils at the Delta Chardonnay site belonged to the 5.5 0.0 Egbert clay loam series, which has sub- soil textures of clay loam and silty clay 30 loam. This was the heaviest textured B X-K soil of the three studied, ranging from 20 X-Na X-Mg 13% to 50% clay (fig. 1). The cations X-Ca studied were potassium, sodium, cal- 10 cium and magnesium. This soil had a fairly high cation exchange capacity 6 (CEC), ranging from 33 to 48 cmol(+)/ 5 kg (centimoles of charge per kilogram 4 of soil), and the highest exchangeable 3 cation (EC) content of the three soils 2 Exchangeable cation (meq/100 g) studied (figs. 2A, 2B). 1 Potassium availability was measured 0 by the potassium-to-CEC ratio, which 0–14 0–10 0–12 14–48 48–60 60–72 10–28 28–43 43–66 12–29 29–51 51–59 59–72 was below the predicted value of 2.5 Depth (inches) found in the literature for this soil tex- Delta Chardonnay Delta Cabernet Amador Zinfandel ture (Champagnol 1984; Etourneaud and Loue 1986) (fig. 3A). The concentra- tion of soluble salts in the soil solution Fig. 2. (A) Cation exchange capacity (CEC, cmol[+]/kg), electrical conductivity (EC, deciSiemens per meter [dS/m]) and pH, and was measured by electrical conduc- (B) exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K and Na; meq, milli-equivalents tivity, which exceeded 2.5 in the two per 100 grams of soil) for each horizon of three vineyards. deepest horizons (fig. 2A). Electrical

204 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE • VOLUME 62, NUMBER 4 A 4 conductivity values above 2.5 may as well as the third-highest levels in the 3 limit vine vigor (Nicholas 2004). The Zinfandel vineyard (fig. 4). exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), 2 Delta Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard defined as the sodium-to-CEC ratio, K/CEC ratio 1 approached but did not exceed 6, the Soil characteristics. The alluvial soils level above which sodium content can at the Delta Cabernet Sauvignon site 0 negatively affect vine vigor (Nicholas were mapped as Tinnin loamy sand. B 2004) (fig. 3B). The soil at the sampling site was char- 7 Similarly, the calcium-to-magnesium acterized by a loamy surface horizon, 6 exchangeable cation ratio fell below and light-textured subsoil horizons 5 1-to-1 in the root zone at soil depths that increased in sand content with 4 from 14 to 48 inches (excess magne- depth (fig. 1). This soil had the high- 3 sium is detrimental so the 1-to-1 ratio est pH range of those studied, from 2 percentage (ESP) 1

is a threshold not to be exceeded) (fig. neutral at the surface to alkaline in Exchangeable sodium 3C). High soil magnesium can induce the subsoil (fig. 2A). It also had lower 0 C potassium deficiency, which negatively electrical conductivity and exchangeable 6 affects vine growth and crop load. cation levels than the Delta Chardonnay 5 High magnesium also reduces soil ag- vineyard, with a relatively low CEC of 10 gregate stability, reducing water infil- cmol[+]/kg except at the surface (fig. 2A). 4 tration (Dontsova and Norton 2001). The potassium-to-CEC ratio was 3 Rootstock performance. In this in the satisfactory range in the upper Ca/Mg ratio 2 vineyard, four rootstocks gave above- horizons, but there was a slight potas- 1 average fruit yields and pruning sium deficiency in the lower root zone weights (the weight of vine canes (fig. 3A) (Etourneaud and Loue 1986). 0 0–14 0–10 0–12 14–48 48–60 60–72 removed at pruning, a measure of Sodium content in this soil was low 10–28 28–43 43–66 12–29 29–51 51–59 59–72 plant vigor): 1103P, 101-14, 1616C and (fig. 3B) (Nicholas 2004). The calcium- Depth (inches) Freedom (fig. 4A). Rootstocks with be- to-magnesium ratio was below 1 in the Delta Delta Amador low-average pruning weights and fruit subsoil, indicating a relative excess of Chardonnay Cabernet Zinfandel yield in this soil included 420A, 44-53 magnesium (fig. 3C) (Champagnol 1984). Rootstock performance. Fig. 3. Soil elemental ratios for (A) K/CEC ratio and O39-16 (fig. 4A). Rootstock 420A Pruning ( lines indicate recommended values is sensitive to potassium deficiency weights were above average in this for a given texture class); (B) exchangeable (Pongracz 1983) and so may have been vineyard for rootstocks Ramsey, 110R sodium percentage (ESP) (orange line indicates threshold ESP value of 6%, above which salt affected by the lower-than-expected and 1103P, while O39-16 gave the high- concentrations may adversely affect vines); and potassium availability for a heavy- est fruit yield (fig. 4B). Rootstock 44-53 (C) Ca/Mg ratio (values below 1 indicate excess textured soil (fig. 3A) (Etourneaud had the lowest pruning weight, and Mg, which may be detrimental to vines). and Loue 1986). among the lowest fruit yields. Plant mineral content. Petiole nitrate- Plant mineral content. Petiole nitrate- Amador Zinfandel vineyard nitrogen was on average lower at nitrogen declined significantly between bloom and veraison, but higher at har- bloom and veraison (from 567 to 307 Soil characteristics. The soil at the vest (386 parts per million [ppm] and ppm), but by harvest returned to a Amador Zinfandel site was mapped as 382 ppm versus 947 ppm, respectively). level similar to that at bloom (data not Sierra coarse sandy loam, a light-textured In general, the highest bloom petiole shown). Rootstocks with the highest soil with a large sand fraction and low nitrate values were seen in rootstock petiole nitrate-nitrogen at bloom in- clay content (fig. 1). In addition, this soil 1103P, and the lowest in 1616C, 44-53 cluded Ramsey and O39-16 (fig. 4B). had a high coarse-fragment content, as and Harmony (fig. 4A). Linear regres- Petiole potassium levels declined the Sierra soil series developed from a sion analysis revealed a significant sharply from bloom to veraison and fractured granitic substratum. This soil correlation between yield and petiole harvest (2.33% versus 1.21% and 0.38%, had a paralithic contact (direct contact nitrate-nitrogen at bloom (r2 = 0.438). respectively). The highest levels at with fractured bedrock) with soft, de- Petiole potassium was higher at bloom were in rootstocks 44-53 and composing granite rock at a depth of 30 bloom and veraison, while much lower Freedom, while the lowest were in 420A inches (Anamosa 1998). Vine roots pen- at harvest (2.81% and 2.73% versus and 110R (fig. 4B). etrated to 60 inches in rock cracks. Due to 1.59%, respectively). The highest bloom petiole potassium values included root- California vineyards are planted in diverse geographic stocks 44-53 and 1616C (fig. 4A). Notably, settings and climates, on soil types ranging from acid to rootstock 44-53 had the highest petiole alkaline, fine textured to coarse, deep to shallow, level to potassium levels at bloom in both the Chardonnay and Cabernet vineyards, sloping, and fertile to less fertile.

http://CaliforniaAgriculture.ucop.edu • October–December 2008 205 A (Delta Chardonnay) B (Delta Cabernet) C (Amador Zinfandel) (Egbert clay loam) (Tinnin loamy sand) (Sierra coarse sandy loam) its light texture and high coarse-fragment 2.5 5.0 1.4 content, this soil’s potential water-holding 2.0 4.5 capacity was very low and would make 1.2 it sensitive to drought if dry-farmed. It 1.5 4.0 also had a slightly acidic pH with respect 1.0 to the other two profiles studied (fig. 2A) 1.0 3.5 and a relatively low CEC, and therefore, 0.5 a small nutrient reservoir (figs. 2A, 2B). Pruning weight (kg/vine) 0.0 3.0 However, it also had high manganese 0.8 content (not shown), likely due to the 18 25 8 presence of this element in the parent ma- 17 24 23 16 7 terial and the slightly acidic pH. 22 For light-textured soils, a satisfactory 15 21 potassium-to-CEC ratio is in the range 14 20 6 19 of 1.5 (Etourneaud and Loue 1986). In 13 18 12 5 this vineyard, the potassium-to-CEC 17 Average yield (kg/vine) Average ratio was highest in the topsoil, likely 11 16 reflecting an excess of potassium due 10 15 4 to fertilization (fig. 3A). The potassium- 5 4 3.0 to-CEC ratio was lower in the subsoil, 2.5 indicating potassium deficiency in the 4 3 lower horizons (Etourneaud and Loue 2.0

1986). This soil also had a high calcium- 3 2 1.5 to-magnesium ratio, and the lowest 1.0 exchangeable magnesium of the three 2 1 sites studied (figs. 2B, 3C). Petiole K at bloom (%) 0.5 Rootstock performance. Rootstocks 1 0 0.0 with above-average pruning weights on 800 800 2,500 this soil included 5BB, 1103P, 1616C and 700 700 Freedom (fig. 4C). Rootstocks with high 2,000 600 600 fruit yields included 5BB, 420A, 110R 500 500 and 1103P. Rootstocks 44-53, 101-14 and 1,500 400 400

420A gave the lowest pruning weights, -N at bloom (ppm)

3 1,000 300 300 while O39-16 gave the lowest average 200 200 fruit yield (fig. 4C). 500 100 100 Plant mineral content. Petiole nitrate- Petiole NO 0 0 0

nitrogen levels declined sharply for all 5C 5C 5C 5BB 5BB 5BB 1616 3309 1616 3309 1616 3309 110R 110R 110R 420A 420A 420A 44-53 44-53 44-53 1103P 1103P 1103P 101-14 101-14 101-14 O39-16 O39-16 O39-16

rootstocks from bloom to veraison and Ramsey Ramsey Ramsey Freedom Freedom Freedom Harmony Harmony Harmony harvest (1,317 ppm versus 80 ppm and St. George St. George St. George 102 ppm, respectively) (data not shown). Rootstock Large differences in bloom nitrate- Fig. 4. Yield and plant mineral content at bloom for 14 rootstocks with (A) Delta nitrogen values among rootstocks were Chardonnay, (B) Delta Cabernet and (C) Amador Zinfandel. Dashed lines indicate seen, with the highest for O39-16 and average values for all 14 rootstocks, calculated separately for each vineyard. Values 5BB, and the lowest for 420A. shown are averages for 3 sequential years. On average, petiole potassium levels were unchanged from bloom to veraison dates throughout the growing season. backgrounds than for those that did but declined significantly by harvest Some rootstocks consistently showed not (fig. 4). In this study, rootstocks (2.06% and 2.00% versus 0.87%, respec- high petiole potassium values in all with V. berlandieri backgrounds were tively) (data not shown). Rootstocks with three vineyards, notably 44-53, which 420A, 5BB, 5C, 1103P and 110R (table 1). the highest petiole bloom potassium has been previously noted for this Pruning weights also varied consid- were Freedom, O39-16 and 44-53, and characteristic (Champagnol 1984). In erably by rootstock and by vineyard. the lowest were 420A and 110R (fig. 4C). contrast, rootstock 420A consistently However, rootstocks differed in their showed low petiole potassium in rankings among the three trials. For Three sites compared all three vineyards. As reported by example, rootstock 5BB had high vigor Rootstocks had an impact on the Wolpert et al. (2005), petiole potassium with the Zinfandel scion, but below- foliar levels of nitrogen and potassium content at bloom was lower for root- average vigor with the Chardonnay in petiole tissues at all three sampling stocks that had genetic scion; in contrast, rootstock 101-14

206 CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE • VOLUME 62, NUMBER 4 had high vigor with the Chardonnay particular soil types and local edaphic physical and chemical properties in an scion but below-average vigor with the conditions (such as soil water content, effort to increase our understanding of Zinfandel scion. pH, aeration and nutrient availability). the soil-vine relationship. The three soils in this study ex- As we learn more about the nutrient in- hibited large differences in texture, put requirements of specific rootstocks and in physical and chemical prop- and scions, the measurement of plant erties, which contributed to differ- nutrient levels, and the physical and J.J. Lambert is Assistant Research Soil Scientist, ences in plant vigor. For example, the chemical properties of soil, site-specific M.M. Anderson is Staff Research Associate, and Chardonnay vineyard’s Egbert clay fertilization management programs can J.A. Wolpert is Cooperative Extension Specialist, loam was a heavy-textured soil with be tailored to individual vineyards. The Department of Viticulture and Enology, UC Davis. The authors greatly appreciate the cooperation of high exchangeable cation content. The ultimate goal of such programs is to Trinchero Family Estates and Montevina Vineyards, rootstocks that had the highest pruning decrease fertilization costs and environ- and UC Viticulture Advisors Donna Hirschfelt weights and fruit yield on this soil were mental pollution, thus promoting sus- (Amador) and Chuck Ingels (Sacramento); and well adapted to clay soils (101-14) and/ tainability. Future studies will include funding support from the American Vineyard or humid, fertile soils with moderate rootstock trials on soils with different Foundation and the USDA Viticulture Consortium. salt (1616C). In contrast to the Egbert clay loam, the Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard’s Klute A (ed.). 1986. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physi- Tinnin loamy sand and the Zinfandel References cal and Mineralogical Methods. Madison, WI: Am Soc Anamosa PR. 1998. Characterization of Soil Beneath Agron. 1,188 p. vineyard’s Sierra sandy loam were the Field Evaluation of Winegrape Rootstock Research light-textured soils with high sand Trials. Master’s thesis, UC Davis. 64 p. Koblet W, Keller M, Candolfi-Vasconcellos MC. 1996. Ef- fects of training system, management practices, content. Rootstock 101-14, which had Bavaresco L, Fregoni M, Fraschini P. 1992. Investiga- crop load and rootstock on grapevine photosynthesis. Acta high vigor on Egbert clay, had below- tion on some physiological parameters involved in Hort 427:133–40. average yield and pruning weight in chlorosis occurrence in grafted grapevines. J Plant Nutr 15:1791–807. Loue A, Boulay H. 1984. Effet des cepages et des porte- Sierra sandy loam. Rootstocks Ramsey greffes sur les diagnostics de nutrition minerale de la vigne. and 110R had high vigor in Tinnin Brancadoro LL, Valenti AR, Scienza A. 1994. Potassium 6th Int Plant Nutr Colloquium. Martin-Prevel, Montpellier, content of grapevine during the vegetative period: The France. p 357–64. loamy sand. It should be noted, how- role of the rootstock. J Plant Nutr 17:2165–75. ever, that pruning weight and fruit Mpelasoka BS, Schnachtman DP, Treeby MT, Thomas MR. Carbonneau A. 1985. The early selection of grapevine 2003. A review of potassium nutrition in grapevines with yields are not the only criteria for vine rootstocks for resistance to drought conditions. Am J special emphasis on berry accumulation. Austr J Grape performance, and other considerations Enol Vitic 36:195–8. Wine Res 9:154–68. such as berry juice chemistry and sen- Champagnol F (ed.). 1984. Elements de Physiologie Nicholas P. 2004. Soil, Irrigation and Nutrition. Grape Pro- sory characteristics must be taken into de la Vigne et de Viticulture Generale. Champagnol F: duction Series, No. 2. South Australia Research and Devel- opment Institute, Adelaide. 202 p. account when selecting rootstocks for Saint-Gely-du-Fesc, France. 351 p. particular scions. Christensen LP. 1984. Nutrient level comparisons of Pongracz DP. 1983. Rootstocks for Grape-vines. Cape Despite the site-specific differences leaf petioles and blades in twenty-six grape cultivars Town, South Africa: David Philip Pub. 150 p. over three years (1979 through 1981). Am J Enol Vitic in soils, some rootstocks showed 35:124–33. Scienza A, Failla O, Romano F. 1986. Investigations on the similar trends in plant mineral con- variety-specific uptake of minerals by grapevines (Untersu- Christensen LP. 2003. Rootstock selection. In: Chris- chungen zur sortenspezifischen Mineralstoffaufnahme bei tent and vigor at all three sites. For tensen LP, Dokoozlian NK, Walker MA, Wolpert JA Reben). Vitis 25:160–8. example, rootstock 44-53 had below- (eds.). Wine Grape Varieties in California. ANR Pub 3419. Oakland, CA. p 12–5. Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. U.S. Soil Survey Manual. average vigor, petiole nitrogen and Soil Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture nitrate-nitrogen at bloom in all three Dontsova K, Norton LD. 2001. Effects of exchangeable Handbook 18. Washington, DC. 503 p. vineyards. Ca:Mg ratio on soil clay flocculation, infiltration and erosion. In: Stott DE, Mohtar RH, Steinhardt GC (eds.). Sparks DL (ed.). 1994. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Plant nutrient levels can be influ- Sustaining the Global Farm. Selected papers from 10th Chemical Methods. Madison, WI: Am Soc Agron. 1,358 p. enced by scion-specific differences in Int Soil Conserv Org Meeting, May 23–8, 1999; Pur- due Univ. p 580–7. Virgona JM, Smith JP, Holzapfel B. 2003. Scions influence nutrient metabolism (Christensen 1984), apparent transpiration efficiency of (cv. Shiraz) and scion genotype can also affect root- Etourneaud F, Loue A. 1986. Petiolar diagnosis of rather than rootstocks. Austr J Grape Wine Res 9:183–5. stock performance (Virgona et al. 2003). grapevine in relation to the interpretation of soil analysis for potassium and magnesium. 3e Symposium Walker RR, Blackmore DH, Clingeleffer PR, Correll RL. In the present study, the variability International sur la Physiologie de la Vigne; 1986; Bor- 2002. Rootstock effects on salt tolerance of irrigated field- deaux. p 240–6. grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv Sultana). 1. Yield and observed in rootstock performance also vigour inter-relationships. Austr J Grape Wine Res 8:3–14. suggests a potential role for rootstock– Granett J, Walker MA, Kocsis L, Omer AD. 2001. Biol- scion interactions. ogy and management of grape phylloxera. Ann Rev Walker RR, Read PE, Blackmore DH. 2000. Rootstock and Entomol 46:387–412. salinity effects on rates of berry maturation, ion accumula- tion and color development in Shiraz . Austral J Tailored vineyard fertilization Keller M, Kummer M, Carmo-Vasconcelos M. 2001. Grape Wine Res 6:227–39. Additional trials are needed in the di- Reproductive growth of grapevines in response to nitrogen supply and rootstock. Austr J Grape Wine Wolpert JA, Smart DR, Anderson M. 2005. Lower petiole verse environments in which grapevines Res 7:12–8. potassium concentration at bloom in rootstocks with Vitis berlandieri genetic backgrounds. Am J Enol Vitic 56:163–9. are grown within California, in order to better match rootstocks and scions to

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