Rootstock Basics
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Using and Breeding Drought Tolerant Grape Rootstocks
Using and Breeding Drought Tolerant Grape Rootstocks Andy Walker [email protected] Acknowledgements • California Grape Rootstock Improvement Commission / California Grape Rootstock Research Foundation • CDFA NT, FT, GV Improvement Advisory Board • California Table Grape Commission • American Vineyard Foundation • E&J Gallo Winery • Louis P. Martini Endowed Chair in Viticulture Thanks! Summaira Riaz, Nina Romero Kevin Fort – Post-doc Claire Heinitz, Jake Uretzky, Inez Hugalde, Cassie Bullock – PhD students Andrew McElrone, USDA-ARS Rootstock Origin • First developed to address grape phylloxera in the late 1800s • French scientists came to the US to collect Vitis species resistant to phylloxera • Took back cuttings of many, but only V. riparia and V. rupestris rooted well from dormant cuttings • Later added V. berlandieri for lime tolerance V. riparia Missouri River V. rupestris Jack Fork River, MO V. berlandieri Fredericksburg, TX V. monticola V. candicans “Isn’t there a cactus gene out there that might help?” Breeding Rootstocks to Tolerate Drought • The ability to continue growth when exposed to water stress • The ability to maintain crop yield with less water • Adaptation vs. resistance • Root architecture – shallow to deep rooting angles • Root density – two tiered to even distributions • Fine root recovery after drought • Structural roots – which persist? • Hydraulic lift • Water uptake and permeability of structural roots • In collaboration with Andrew McElrone Grape roots • Many perennial root systems mimic top growth – grape roots -
Transmission of Xylella Fastidiosa Through Pecan Rootstock
PLANT PATHOLOGY HORTSCIENCE 41(6):1455–1456. 2006. and Oct. 2005. The data from each year were combined, and statistical significance evalu- Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa ated by the chi-square test. through Pecan Rootstock Results and Discussion 1 The overall graft success rates were low R. S. Sanderlin and R. A. Melanson (54.5% for grafts on uninfected rootstocks Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Pecan Research-Extension and 40% on infected rootstocks), probably Station, PO Box 5519, Shreveport, LA 71135 because the trees had been confined to small pots for several years and were in poor Additional index words. Carya illinoinensis, graft transmission, pecan bacterial leaf scorch nutritional condition. Abstract. Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al., the pathogen that causes pecan [Carya illinoinensis In 2004, infected rootstocks came from (Wangenh.) C. Koch] bacterial leaf scorch disease, was demonstrated to be highly six seed sources and uninfected rootstocks transmissible through graft unions from infected rootstock into new growth developing came from five of the same six seed sources from scions. Infected rootstocks were obtained by inoculation of pecan seedlings in pots (Table 1). Eleven of the 12 successful grafts with in vitro cultures of the pathogen. If rootstock infection occurs in nature, trans- on infected rootstocks developed PBLS mission of the pathogen into tissue growing from scions could serve as a significant source symptoms in either 2004 or 2005, and 10 of of introduction of the disease into pecan orchards. Because symptom development in these tested positive for X. fastidiosa infec- infected trees typically begins in midsummer and grafting takes place in the early spring, tion in at least one of the serological assays it would be difficult to identify infected rootstock before grafting. -
Propagating Grapevines
EHT-116 4/19 Propagating Grapevines Justin Scheiner and Andrew King Department of Horticultural Sciences, The Texas A&M University System Plant propagation is the process of creating new Dormant Hardwood Cuttings plants. Asexual propagation is the development Dormant canes are one-year-old wood that con- of a new plant from a piece of another plant. The tain buds. These canes are the tissue of choice for result is a plant that is genetically identical to propagating grapes. Most of the wood removed the mother or stock plant. Sexual propagation is during dormant winter pruning can be used to the development of a new plant from a seed with generate new vines (Fig. 1). Dormant canes con- genetic material from two plants. This process tain fully developed buds with rudimentary shoots results in offspring that are genetically different comprised of leaf and cluster primordia and stored from the mother plant and from one another. energy. The carbohydrates contained in the wood This difference is due to genetic recombination will fuel the growth of roots and shoots until the during meiosis. Although grapes can be readily new grapevine has enough functioning leaves to grown from seed, all commercial grape cultivars support itself. are propagated asexually. This is the only way to maintain the exact characteristics of a specific grape cultivar. The mother plant’s characteristics must be maintained to use the cultivar name for marketing purposes, such as on a wine label. Some of the grape cultivars grown today were developed hundreds of years ago and have been preserved through asexual propagation. -
Auxins for Hardwood Cuttings: Effect of Root-Promoting Hormones
Auxins for Hardwood Cuttings effect of root-promoting hormones in propagating fruit trees by hardwood cuttings studied during past three seasons H. T. Hartmann Hardwood cuttings of five species of fruit trees, Marianna 2624 plum, Angers quince, Stockton Morello cherry, Mal- ling-Merton 793 apple, and Mission olive, were used in propagation tests to study the effects of various root-promot- ing hormones-auxins-applied under several different conditions. Marianna 2624 plum is a commonly used rootstock for a number of the stone fruit species; the 2624 selection is a seedling of the parent Marianna plum, presumably an open-pollinated cross of Prunus cerasifera and P. munsoniana. This rootstock is propagated commer- cially by hardwood cuttings, but in heavy soils considerable difficulty is often experienced in obtaining satisfac- tory rooting. Angers quince4ydonia oblong- has long been used as a dwarfing root- stock for certain of the pear varieties. It is commercially propagated by hard- wood cuttings. Stockton Morello cherry-Prunus cer- asus-is used to a considerable extent in California as a semidwarfing rootstock for the sweet cherry and is propagated commercially by suckers arising around the base of older trees. It would be de- sirable to be able to propagate this stock by cuttings. In all the tests conducted with this variety, however, not one hard- wood cutting was induced to root. Later studies have shown that it can be easily rooted under mist humidification by softwood cuttings taken from actively growing shoots if treated with indolebu- tyric acid. The Malling-Merton 793 apple-Ma- lus sylwstris-is a newly developed clonal apple rootstock from’ England which is usually propagated by some method of layering. -
Rootstocks As a Management Strategy for Adverse Vineyard Conditions
FACT SHEET 14 MODULE 14 Rootstocks as a management strategy for adverse vineyard conditions AUTHOR: Catherine Cox - Phylloxera and Grape Industry Board of South Australia These updates are supported by the Australian Government through the Irrigation Industries Workshop Programme - Wine Industry Project in partnership with the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and the Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation. waterandvine.gwrdc.com.au Rootstocks as a management strategy for adverse vineyard conditions Introduction 2 Understanding different rootstock This Fact Sheet consolidates current knowledge around the key characteristics rootstocks used in Australian Viticulture in terms of tolerance to V. riparia x V. rupestris drought, salinity and lime. These rootstocks offer low-moderate vigour to the scion, and in The aim of this module is to briefly summarise the pros and cons certain situations hasten ripening. They do not tolerate drought of each rootstock and showcase the existing industry resources conditions. These characteristics make them particularly suited that can be used to aid in the selection of rootstocks in the key to cool climate viticulture. These rootstocks perform best on growing regions within the Murray Darling Basin. soils that dry out slowly and have moderate-high water holding For more information and training contact your local Innovator’s capacities. They impart low vigour to the scion and hence are Network member or go to http://waterandvine.gwrdc.com.au. suitable to high fertility sites and growing conditions. V. berlandieri x V. riparia 1 Introduction to rootstocks These rootstocks offer moderate-high vigour to the scion Grapevine rootstocks are derived from American Vitis species that depending on the soil type. -
Guidelines for the Production and Handling of High Quality Grapevine Planting Material
Grapevine Propagation; Principles and Methods for the Production and Handling of High Quality Grapevine Planting Material Helen Waite1*, David Gramaje2 and Lucie Morton3 1National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia 2Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (IAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Alameda del Obispo s/n, P.O. Box 4084, 14080 Córdoba, Spain. 3Viticulturist, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. *Corresponding author [email protected] 1 Contents Draft Guidelines for the Production and Handling of High Quality Grapevine Planting Material .......... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Part 1: Quality Criteria for Vitis vinifera and Rootstock Cuttings Entering the Propagation Chain ........ 4 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Intrinsic characteristics of Good Quality Vitis vinifera and rootstock cuttings ................................... 5 Quality cuttings: .............................................................................................................................. 5 Visible Characteristics of good Quality Vitis vinifera and Rootstock Cuttings .................................... 6 Quality dormant cuttings are: ........................................................................................................ -
The Effects of Different Hormones and Their Doses on Rooting of Stem Cuttings in Anatolian Sage (Salvia Fruticosa Mill.)
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect APCBEE Procedia 8 ( 2014 ) 348 – 353 2013 4th International Conference on Agriculture and Animal Science (CAAS 2013) 2013 3rd International Conference on Asia Agriculture and Animal (ICAAA 2013) The Effects of Different Hormones and Their Doses on Rooting of Stem Cuttings in Anatolian Sage (Salvia Fruticosa Mill.) A.Canan SAĞLAM a,*, Seviye YAVERa, İsmet BAŞERa, Latif CİNKILIÇb, aNamık Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü, Tekirdağ bNamık Kemal Üniversitesi Çorlu meslek Yüksek Okulu, Tekirdağ Abstract In this research, three different hormones and five different hormone dosages were applied on cuttings were taken from Anatolian sage plants (Salvia fruticosa Mill.) before flowering period. NAA, IBA (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 ppm) and IAA hormones (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 ppm) were prepared by dissolving in distilled water. Stem cuttings were kept in hormone solution for 24 hours and they were planted in perlit medium under greenhouse conditions. After a month, the number of rooted stem cutting, the number of root per stem cuttings, root length and root weight were determined on stem cuttings. Rooting was observed in all of the cuttings for both samples to which hormone was applied and to which hormone was not applied. According to the result of the variance analysis, the effects of the hormones and hormone doses on the examined characters were found significant as statistically. According to the results obtained, IAA application increased root number considerably. While high hormone dose applications caused the notable increase in root weight and root number in all of three hormones, low hormone applications did not affect root length. -
Effects of Rootstocks and Irrigation Levels on Grape Quality of Vitis Vinifera L
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(25), pp. 3801-3807, 21 June, 2010 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2010 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Effects of rootstocks and irrigation levels on grape quality of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz M. Ozden1*, H. Vardin2, M. Simsek3 and M. Karaaslan2 1Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, 63040 Sanliurfa, Turkey. 2Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, 63040 Sanliurfa, Turkey. 3Department of Farm Structures and Irrigation, Faculty of Agriculture, Harran University, 63040 Sanliurfa, Turkey. Accepted 31 May, 2010 The influence of two rootstocks (SO4 and 1103P) on grape quality and berry chemical composition was studied in a factorial experiment, in field grown grapevines of cv. Shiraz (Vitis vinifera L.), subjected to five irrigation levels [0% (T1), 25% (T2), 50% (T3), 75% (T4) and 100% (T5) of irrigation depth (IW, mm): Class A pan evaporimeter (CPE)]. Spectrophotometric analyses of total anthocyanins (TA), total phenolics (TP) and total antioxidant activity (AA) in grape extracts were performed. Also, total soluble solids (TSS), total acidity, pH, total sugar content, ash, juice yield and color index of red grapes (CIRG) of berry samples were determined. TA, TP, AA, TSS, total sugar content, ash, and CIRG values decreased together with increasing irrigation levels. On the contrary, T4 and T5 irrigation treatments increased total acidity, pH and juice yield of samples compared to the effects of T1, T2 and T3 irrigation treatments for both rootstocks. Moreover, T1 or T2 treatments caused an increase in TA, TP, AA, TSS, total sugar content, ash, and CIRG index values of grape samples in comparison to that of vines irrigated with T3, T4 and T5 levels. -
Rooting Hormones
Essential Factor: Rooting Hormones Rooting Hormones are auxins, or plant growth regulators, that are involved in cell elongation and adventitious root formation. ¡ Reasons to use rooting hormones in your facility ¡ Difficult or slow to root crops can benefit greatly from rooting hormone application. ¡ Uniformity and speed of rooting can be increased when properly utilized, even for crops that normally root easily. ¡ Overhead applications can be made after crop is in the greenhouse to improve efficiency. ¡ Any resource or tool that you can use to decrease the time the cutting spends under mist should be considered a valuable part of a propagators tool box. Rooting Hormones: Basal end applications Powder Applications Liquid Applications ¡ Powdered hormone such as ¡ IBA can be applied as a liquid Rhizopon AA Dry Powder can basal application with typical be applied to basal end of the rates of 500-1000ppm. cutting. ¡ Dip N Grow and Rhizopon AA are ¡ Use a duster to apply to the stem only. two commonly used hormones for this type of application. ¡ Avoid getting powdered hormone on the leaves. ¡ Apply to the basal end with a hand-held spray bottle. ¡ Do not dip the stem into a container of hormone….this is a ¡ Do not allow solution to get on the sanitation risk. stems or leaves of the cutting. ¡ Do not coat the stem with a ¡ Do not dip stems directly into the solid layer of powder. solution…..this is a sanitation risk. Rooting Hormone Trial: Pretreated White Lightning Osteo ¡ Osteospermum White Lightning was pre-treated at Las Limas Top row pretreated with 1,500ppm Dip-N-Grow as a Bottom row untreated basal dip. -
Common Rooting Hormones Methods of Auxin Application Benefits of Root-Promoting Compounds
COMMON ROOTING HORMONES METHODS OF AUXIN APPLICATION BENEFITS OF ROOT-PROMOTING COMPOUNDS In this lab, you will be introduced to common rooting hormones that we will be using throughout the plant propagation course. You will also be introduced to several methods of auxin application. There are four primary reasons for treating cuttings with root-promoting compounds. These compounds can increase the percentage of cuttings which form roots, reduce the time to root initiation, increase the number of roots produced per cutting, and increase the uniformity of rooting Compounds commonly used to promote rooting include indoleacetic acid, indolebutyric acid, napthaleneacetic acid and a number of phenoxy compounds. IAA is a naturally occurring auxin but is not widely used because it is readily metabolized into inactive forms by plant tissue. IBA is the most widely used form of auxin in propagation. NAA is a synthetic auxin and phenoxy compounds are used primarily as herbicides but can also be used as sources of auxin. Rooting compounds are available in either the pure chemical form or as commercial preparations. Pure crystals of reagent grade chemical can be purchased from a chemical supply company and must be diluted. Acid forms of pure auxin are not water soluble, so K-formulations of IBA and NAA are often preferable due to their solubility in water. Commercial preparations are either dissolved in a solvent or dispersed in talc. Some of these preparations also contain a fungicide such as thiram. There are 4 general application methods for auxins. • In the talcum powder application, the bases of cuttings are dipped directly in the talcum powder based hormone just prior to sticking the cutting. -
Better Root Systems with Gravel Beds
Better Root Systems with Gravel Beds Eric Kuehler Science Delivery / Technology Specialist USDA Forest Service [email protected] After natural disaster, restoring tree canopy cover is often desired. Or sustainably replacing trees in cities after older trees are removed may be the objective. Maintaining a gravel bed for tree planting stock is inexpensive and allows a city to put more trees in the ground compared to B&B or containerized trees. Tree planting can be expensive Image courtesy of Deeproot A.M. Leonard Horticultural Tool and Supply Co. • Large trees are heavy • Expensive • Need heavy equipment and labor to move them • Added costs on top of cost of tree • Can’t use volunteers for this work Planting bare-root trees is much less expensive • Tree stock is much less expensive • Smaller trees without the soil • Lighter for volunteers • No heavy equipment needed (hand dug holes) • Easier to plant trees at proper depth What is a Gravel Bed? Increase fibrous root volume for out-planting Irrigated bed of gravel 6 – 9 months of grow time for tree growth • Concept developed by Chris Starbuck at University of Missouri • Extends the bare-root tree planting window to year round How does it work? Hydroponics Gravel = Macropores It can be a raised bed or belowground Advantages • Inexpensive • Trees • Bedding materials • Reusable • Low maintenance • Extends tree planting window • Year round planting • Grows abundant fibrous roots • Reduces transplant shock • Ensures proper planting depth and root orientation • Bare-root tree stock is generally -
Effects of Rootstocks on Blade Nutritional Content of Two Minority Grapevine Varieties Cultivated Under Hyper-Arid Conditions in Northern Chile
agronomy Article Effects of Rootstocks on Blade Nutritional Content of Two Minority Grapevine Varieties Cultivated under Hyper-Arid Conditions in Northern Chile Nicolás Verdugo-Vásquez 1 , Gastón Gutiérrez-Gamboa 2 , Emilio Villalobos-Soublett 1 and Andrés Zurita-Silva 1,* 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA, Centro de Investigación Intihuasi, Colina San Joaquín s/n, 1700000 La Serena, Chile; [email protected] (N.V.-V.); [email protected] (E.V.-S.) 2 Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Casilla 747, 346000 Talca, Chile; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: In the 90s, as in other countries, transformation of Chilean viticulture brought about the introduction and spread of European grapevine varieties which has resulted in a massive loss of minor local and autochthonous grapevine varieties traditionally grown in several wine growing regions. Fortunately, in recent years, autochthonous and minority varieties have been revalued due to their high tolerance to pests and diseases and because of their adaptation to thermal and water stress triggered by global warming. In this study, we assessed the nutritional status of two autochthonous grapevines grafted onto four different rootstocks under the hyper-arid climatic conditions of Northern Citation: Verdugo-Vásquez, N.; Chile over three consecutive seasons. The results showed that R32 rootstock induced high N, P, Ca, Gutiérrez-Gamboa, G.; Mg and Mn levels in blades compared to Harmony rootstock. R32 rootstock and to a lesser extent, Villalobos-Soublett, E.; Zurita-Silva, 1103 Paulsen and 140 Ruggeri rootstocks kept balanced levels of nutrients in blades collected from A. Effects of Rootstocks on Blade Nutritional Content of Two Minority Moscatel Amarilla and Moscatel Negra grapevine varieties.