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1990 Review of Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC), vol. 4 (Eros-Herakles) Brunilde S. Ridgway Bryn Mawr College, [email protected]

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Custom Citation Ridgway, Brunilde S. 1990. Review of Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC), vol. 4 (Eros-Herakles). American Journal of Archaeology 94:504-505.

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For more information, please contact [email protected]. 504 BOOK REVIEWS [AJA 94

Over 60 m long and with fine mosaic floors (Albanien127, early Ottomanperiod. Accordingto this Illyrianhypothesis fig. 85), this buildingwas set on fire during the battlebetween the Byzantinebelt-buckles and jewelry amount to no more Alexius I Comnenus and the Norman Robert Guiscardon than a receptionof "external"manufactures. Yet a series of 18 October 1081. detailed studies by V. Popovik (e.g., in Garaganin,op. cit. Much effort has been devoted to the origins and devel- 269-83) leaves it a near certainty that the Komani burials opment of the major native settlements during the pre- represent a Romanizedpopulation survivingin the former Roman period. The results of this work are summarizedby provinceEpirus Nova-in effect the ancient Greek Illyris- Selim Islami in the Clermont-Ferrandvolume (65-69). A and hemmed in on all sides by new Slav settlements, and dry-stone wall enclosing ca. 4.5 ha at Gajtannear Shkodra where in the ninth centurywas to be establishedthe Theme is seen to represent a "pre-"or "proto-"urban settlement of Dyrrachium.As with prehistoryso with the MiddleAges; already established in the fifth century. Similar enclosures the hypotheses forced upon the archaeologicalrecord ap- are known at more than two dozen places, mainly in north- pear devised to sustainsimplistic ideas of a nationalcontinu- ern and central Albania but also around the Korpabasin. ity and identityand do littlejustice to the real achievements The move from this stage to a true urban center is dated in of an outstandinggeneration of Albanianarchaeologists. the South, notably at sites around the lower Aous (Vijosi) J.J. WILKES valleyto the fifth century.In the North the growthof Illyrian "cities"at Lissus (Lezha), Shkodra, and Antipatreia(Berat) INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY is dated to after the middle of the fourth century. Selca e UNIVERSITY COLLEGE Poshteme in the upper Shkumbivalley has been identified LONDON WC1H OPY as Pelion in Dassaretia,a fortified strongholdwell placed for ENGLAND attackingMacedonia, which figures in Alexander'sIllyrian campaign(Arrian 1.5.5). This is the locationof the princely LEXIKON ICONOGRAPHICUMMYTHOLOGIAE CLASSI- tombs,cut into the rock behind facadesof Classicalarchitec- CAE IV (Eros-Herakles). Vol. I: Pp. xxix + 951, ture (Albanien51-57), which some have with the compared with 222 line in Vol. II: contemporary Macedonian burials at Vergina. The early drawings text; Pp. 716, third century B.C., when the Epirus of King Pyrrhusdom- pls. 630 (3660 photographs). Artemis, Zurich, inated the region, witnesseddramatic development in some and Munich 1988. of the older Illyriansettlements. The Byllionesmoved their town to a nearby but more commodioushill location where The volumes of the LIMC are now appearing with re- it expanded to cover ca. 40 ha (Albanien74-79). Elsewhere markableregularity, every two years, despite the enormous defenses were refurbishedin dressed and coursed masonry, effort this schedule must involve, and they have become the with ditches and gates designed for the new techniquesof establishedsource of iconographic information and refer- siege warfare. Several places away from the coast acquired ence withinthe scholarlyworld. The numberof contributing the characterof cities, with public buildings and amenities, nations is still increasing, this time with the addition of in the Hellenisticand Roman periods. The suggestion that Egypt-a fitting tribute and undoubtedly a source of per- this was due to a relativelyindependent advanceto urbani- sonal satisfactionto the moving spiritof the enterprise,Prof. zation on the part of the Illyrians-rather than cities being LillyKahil. Two previousvolumes (II and III) have received a mainly Hellenistic implantation-rests on the question of specialprizes bestowed by the FrenchAcad6mie des Inscrip- conditions in the fifth and early fourth centuries. So far no tions et Belles-Lettres(the GustaveMendel and the Le Fevre remains of permanent structuresor the like have come to Deumier de Pons prize respectively),and the volume cur- light to disprove the view that many of the early enclosures rently under review is bound to be a serious contender as were refuges for shepherds or the populations of nearby well. As on previousoccasions, I shalllimit myself to pointing villages. While not overlooking the value of prompt sum- out its main features, since it is impossibleto provide an in- maries and interim reports, we still look to our Albanian depth reviewof its many entries within the brief compassof colleagues for fully documented excavation reports, with this assignment. plans, photographs, and analyses of stratifieddeposits (as The alphabeticalrange "Eros-Herakles"of the title is we now have for the settlement of the Illyrian Daorsi at somewhatmisleading, since "Eros"appears only as a supple- Osanidinear Stolacin Hercegovinaby Z. Marikin the Glasnik ment to the treatment in the previous issue, as "Eros in of the SarajevoMuseum 30/31 [1977] 5-99). Etruria."As for "Herakles,"of the 12 sections outlined in The continuity from Illyriansunder Roman and Byzan- the Plan of the Catalogue,only three are covered here, and tine rule to the MediaevalArber is the subjectof a contri- the rest will be publishedin Vol. V. Thus all his Laborsare bution to the Hildesheim volume by Skender Anamali (148- missing, his expeditions, his principaladversaries and com- 55). The hypothesis rests on an interpretation of the Ko- panions, and other mythologicalevents connected with his mani-Kruja culture which is represented by the contents of mature life and death. Here we see only the hero's early around 25 burial grounds in central and northern Albania years and his main iconographictypes in isolation. By way (see the map in Albanien 122). Dated to the seventh and of compensation,the Addenda are numerous and impor- eighth centuries, these inhumations, some with grave goods tant: "Cernunnos,""Demeter," "Ceres," "Bacchus (in peri- of Byzantine origin along with local imitations, are held to pheria occidentali)," and "Erechtheus" (which includes represent the indigenous Illyrian population that, having "Erichthonios").Even one subjecttreated in full within the been freed from imperial rule represented by the coastal main text, "Helene,"has one more example cited on the last cities, were destined to become the Albanian speakers of the page (951): a remarkablemarble egg with the heroine carved 1990] BOOK REVIEWS 505 within, from a Metapontinetomb of ca. 400 B.C., discussed third-centurydate for the coffers of the Athenaionat Priene for the first time by M. Torelli in a newspaper article as (no. 26), although I had understoodhim to believe that they recent as 16 July 1988! The find is connected with Orphic were by the sameworkshop active at the HalikarnassosMaus- beliefs and practicesso popularin MagnaGraecia and there- solleion.The entry on "Geryoneus"should be supplemented fore carriesmore than purely iconographicsignificance. by a reference to the articleby B. Kilerich,OpAth 17 (1988) Majordivinities treated in this volume comprise Hades/ 123-36, who believes that the so-calledBluebeard from the Pluto, Hera and Hephaistos,although Iuno/Uni and Vulcan Athenian Hekatompedoncan only be the one famous three- are postponed to a later issue. Hekate and Helios are also in bodied characterin Greek mythology. It would be helpful the future, although Helios/Solis included here. Some non- to have Lilly Kahil's expert opinion, s.v. "Helene," on Greek divinities can also be considered major: Eshmoun, whether the Archaic terracottaplaques from near Sparta Harpokrates,Hathor, and the HeliopolitaniDei, with their can trulyshow the return(or the kidnapping)of the heroine, peculiar iconography.Of the minor divinities, Ganymedes as part of the metopal decorationof a local shrine: G. Stein- and Hebe, Ge and Eubouleusshould be mentioned. Among hauer,ASAtene 60 n.s. 44:2 (1982) 329-40. I would be more the more intriguingentries are those on "Fluvii"and "Fons," inclined to read them as individual votive pinakes,compa- as general categories, although individualaccounts on spe- rable to the Lakonian Hero reliefs, especially given their cific rivers are also given throughout the opus. There is the relative thinness, the apparent purity of their clay, and the usual sprinkling of satyrs',Maenads', and Nereids' names, lack of decoratedmetopes elsewhere in the Peloponnesosat and obscure Homeric heroes, especiallyif they appearin the that time. Finally,could the so-called Pseudo-SenecaType visual record, but I am more intrigued by two entries ("Eu- (the Old Fisherman)be a depiction of "GlaukosI," the Old nostos,"and "GlaukosIII"), for which no catalogue is pro- Man of the Sea? And can one ask L. Beschi, who originally vided. Their existence is purely literary,and one marvelsat published them, why he did not include the faceless busts the completenessachieved by the LIMC editors. from Cyrene in his entry on Demeter, even if these are Two lengthy treatments cover "Gigantes"and "Gorgo, among the uncertainrepresentations? Gorgones."The first provides also a list of Giants'names, BRUNILDE RIDGWAY with an asterisk following those iconographicallyattested. SISMONDO Most of the major Archaic and Classicalmonuments are DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICAL AND included, often with line drawings for architecturalsculp- NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY ture. The topic seems to drop off in sculpture during the BRYN MAWR COLLEGE fourth to albeit the century, pick up again, sparingly,during BRYN MAWR, PENNSYLVANIA 190 10 Hellenistic period, but since vases appear to close the gap, the latter is not immediatelyobvious. It is regrettablethat GREEK GODS AND FIGURINES. ASPECTS OF THE AN- the commentary,in this and other cases,cannot go to greater THROPOMORPHIC DEDICATIONS, by Brita Alroth. depth or discuss at length problems of interpretationand Studies in Ancient Mediterra- distribution.As for the second topic, I may mention that the (Boreas. Uppsala Medusa Rondanini appears only under "Gorgones Ro- nean and Near Eastern Civilization 18.) Pp. 120, manae"(no. 25) and is considered Classicizing.I am sorry figs. 60, tables 20. Uppsala 1989. that the splendid colossalhead in Veria (Beroa),no. 40, was not illustrated. Alroth is a recent recipient of the Ph.D. from Uppsala This volume makes ample use of cross-referencesto pre- University.This slim volume is her dissertation,published vious entries and illustrations,in order to avoid repetition (if I understand the accompanyingblurb correctly)in ad- as much as possible. Collaborationis frequent and fruitful, vance of its defense. She poses two problems for herself: with some authors confining their efforts to the gathering whether the appearance of votive figurines may be influ- of literary sources and others concentratingon the visual enced by the cult image of the sanctuaryin which they are material.Many nationalities are represented,with ajudicious dedicated, and whether a figurine of one god may be dedi- balancebetween establishednames and young contributors. cated to ("visit")another god. In both cases she responds The plates, as usual, are excellently reproduced and care- with a qualified"maybe." fully laid out. Alroth notes that she has examined the figurines from I close with a rapid-fireseries of personal comments that more than 50 sanctuaries(p. 18). The study, however, is are meant as queries and bibliographicalsupplements rather restrictedto the anthropomorphicfigurines (chiefly of the than as criticism. Why, for instance, couldn't the famous Archaic and Classicalperiods) from some 20 shrines. She "Eubouleus"type be illustrated even if its identificationis seems uneasy with the incompleteness of her dossier, and uncertain (cf. no. 3, s.v.)? Is there any true basis (besides repeatedly cautions that her book constitutes only a small Pliny's vague description) for considering the Antonine sampleof the evidence(e.g., 66, 108). She nowhere,however, group of Ganymede and the Eagle in the Vatican (no. 251) offers a reasonedjustification of her selection and exclusion still the closest rendering of Leochares' original? Why are of certain shrines. the Lokroi pinakes included as representations of Hades and In her attempt to isolate the influence of the cult statue Persephone, but not the very similar plaques from Franca- on the votive figurines, Alroth encounters a predictable villa in Sicily? The entry on Gorgons takes into account S. difficulty: there are rarely any detailed representationsof Stucchi's comments in Divagazioni archeologiche 1, but they Archaic cult statues; in fact, cult statues are often recon- are ignored in the description of the Corfu pediment under structed on the basis of the votive figurines. She has little "Gigantes." This latter entry also attributes to J.C. Carter a new to say about this problem, yet nevertheless devotes a