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1 2 Rinaldi 2018 Politics, Territory and Identity in Ancient Epirus OsM,, ... .J(,,..,,., edited by Adolfo J. Dominguez Edizioni ETS POLITICS, TERRITORY AND IDENTITY IN ANCIENT EPIRUS edited by Adolfo J. Domínguez edited by Edizioni ETS www.edizioniets.com The publication of this book is partly funded by the Research Project “Ethnogenesis, Settlement, Territory and Federalism in Ancient Epirus” (HAR2014-53885) supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. © Copyright 2018 Edizioni ETS Piazza Carrara, 16-19, I-56126 Pisa [email protected] www.edizioniets.com Distribuzione Messaggerie Libri SPA Sede legale: via G. Verdi 8 - 20090 Assago (MI) Promozione PDE PROMOZIONE SRL via Zago 2/2 - 40128 Bologna ISBN 978-884675415-8 CONTENTS Adolfo J. Domínguez New Developments and Tradition in Epirus: The Creation of the Molossian State 1 José Pascual From the Fifth Century to 167 B.C.: Reconstructing the History of Ancient Epirus 43 Soledad Milán Polis and Dependency in Epirus: the Case of Cassope and the poleis of Cassopaea 101 Maria Intrieri L’isola, l’epeiros e il santuario: una riflessione sull’anathema corcirese a Dodona 135 Jessica Piccinini The Relationships among Greek Oracular Sanctuaries. Rivalry, Cooperation or Desistance? 171 Sandro De Maria, Lorenzo Mancini Territori e paesaggi sacri nella Caonia ellenistica e romana 193 Elia Rinaldi I luoghi della vita politica e amministrativa nelle città dell’Epiro 249 Panagiotis Filos Linguistic Aspects of Epirote Ethnics 283 XIII Politics, Territory And Identity In Ancient Epirus Gloria Mora “On the Boundaries of Greece”: References to the Topography and Archaeology of Epirus in the Accounts of the Earliest Travellers to the Region (18th and 19th centuries) 303 Indices 317 Abstracts 333 XIV I LUOGHI DELLA VITA POLITICA E AMMINISTRATIVA NELLE CITTÀ DELL’EPIRO Il presente intervento tratta degli spazi e degli edifici legati alla gestione della vita politico-amministrativa delle città dell’Epiro e pone l’attenzione sulla complessa, e non chiaramente definibile, organizzazione istituzionale di questi centri. L’analisi che qui si presenta è parte di una ricerca più ampia che ha inteso ricostruire, per la prima volta, l’edilizia pubblica civile delle realtà urbane sorte in Epiro in età tardo-classica ed ellenistica1, una regione ritenuta spesso ancora “marginale” rispetto alla Grecia propria e sostanzialmente assai poco studiata sotto questo profilo specifico. L’approccio multidisciplinare allo studio dell’architettura pubblica civile, analizzata nella sua totalità, in relazione ai singoli complessi, al tessuto urbano di cui essa fa parte e al suo sviluppo su scala regionale, ha consentito di individuare le forme e le funzioni degli spazi pubblici delle città e di ricostruire la loro evoluzione, dalla genesi della cultura urbana (IV sec. a.C.) fino alla fine del I sec. a.C., in relazione ai modelli architettonici e urbanistici adottati nei centri greci del Mediterraneo. Lo studio interpretativo basato sull’analisi incrociata del dato archeologico e delle informazioni desunte dalle molteplici categorie di fonti disponibili (letterarie, epigrafiche e numismatiche) ha permesso inoltre di individuare nuovi elementi utili a una più precisa definizione del profilo istituzionale e amministrativo dei centri urbani e del ruolo che essi hanno svolto all’interno delle compagini etnico-tribali e dello stato federale epirota. 1 In questa sede sono resi noti alcuni risultati della ricerca di Dottorato in Storia Culture Civiltà (XXX ciclo) svolta presso l’Università di Bologna, dal titolo Spazi ed edifici pubblici nelle città dell’Epiro in età tardo-classica ed ellenistica (tutores Proff. Sandro De Maria e Giuseppe Lepore). 249 Elia Rinaldi Nel territorio preso in esame, che si estende dal Golfo di Ambracia fino a Capo Linguetta (penisola del Karaburun) e al Monte Qelqës, comprendendo il territorio della tribù dei Caoni, estrema propaggine nord-occidentale dell’Epiro2, l’analisi dettagliata dell’evidenza archeologica ha portato all’identificazione di una ventina circa di edifici con probabile funzione politico-amministrativa e almeno sei agorai, inquadrabili cronologicamente in età ellenistica, e riferibili unicamente a quei centri indigeni3 che a partire dall’età tardo-classica ed ellenistica si configurano come centri urbani e che conservano tracce più o meno evidenti di spazi pubblici: Antigonea, Phoinike, Butrinto, Gitana, Elea, Dymokastro, Cassope, Orraon (Fig. 1). 1. L’Epiro e le realtà urbane La genesi della città in Epiro, non solo come spazio fisico e costruito ma soprattutto come entità politica con proprie istituzioni, è un fenomeno piuttosto tardivo, che segue uno sviluppo del tutto particolare condizionato inevitabilmente dalle caratteristiche geografiche, sociali ed economiche del territorio, e dai processi storici che l’hanno interessato. L’Epiro è una regione caratterizzata sin dalla preistoria da un popolamento sparso in piccoli villaggi (kata komas) e dalla presenza di realtà familiari e numerosi ethne sviluppatisi autonomamente all’interno di comunità più ampie strutturate in senso tribale (Caoni, Tesproti, Molossi)4 che a partire dalla fine del V sec. a.C., e soprattutto in età ellenistica, si strutturano come veri e propri sistemi “statali” (koina e stati monarchici), conferendo voce politica ai singoli ethne e dotandosi di una propria capacità deliberativa e di propri organismi politici e magistratuali. Nonostante il modello culturale urbano fosse conosciuto nella regione almeno dall’VIII sec. a.C., legato alle fondazioni di nuovi empori e colonie (Epidamnos, Ambracia, 2 Hammond 1967, 7. 3 L’analisi ha riguardato anche Butrinto, che seppur nata come proiezione sulla terraferma della polis di Corfù, a partire dalla seconda metà del IV sec. a.C. è interessata da una nuova crescita edilizia in relazione alla piena assimilazione nel tessuto politico-amministrativo del koinon dei Caoni, mentre ha escluso gli edifici pubblici, con sicure o possibili funzioni politico-amministrative, facenti capo al santuario di Dodona, riguardo al quale non è noto se vi fosse un abitato ad esso connesso. 4 Cabanes 1989; Hammond 2000. 250 I luoghi della vita política e amministrativa nelle città dell’Epiro Butrinto, Apollonia) ad opera di Corfù e della metropoli di Corinto5, il processo di poleogenesi si compie solamente tra IV e III sec. a.C. con l’ingresso definitivo delle popolazioni epirote nelle dinamiche politiche della Grecia continentale. Si assiste così alla formazione di vere e proprie città greche (spazi residenziali, sedi di istituzioni, luoghi di culto, spazi attrezzati per la difesa della popolazione, siti di produzione e commercio, centri di educazione e intrattenimento), con la fortificazione e ripianificazione di abitati preesistenti o la creazione ex novo di centri urbani con modalità di tipo “sinecistico”. Le città adottano i principi urbanistici e si dotano delle architetture e degli spazi tipici del mondo ellenico (agorai, santuari, teatri, edifici civili e abitazioni). Questi centri urbani sono tendenzialmente privi di un’organizzazione statale differente da quella della comunità (ethnos) che abita il territorio sul quale la città è stata edificata, e sono ritenuti da alcuni vere e proprie capitali politiche dell’ethnos6, mentre in alcuni casi sembrano dotarsi sin da subito di un proprio profilo giuridico- istituzionale di stampo poleico che convive in piena autonomia con un’organizzazione del territorio in ethne e koina, tipica della regione7. Il processo di urbanizzazione del territorio registra una forte accelerazione tra fine IV e III sec. a.C., periodo nel quale le città e gli ethne/koina partecipano progressivamente al c.d. Apeiros o Symmachia degli Epiroti sotto la guida della dinastia molossa degli Eacidi, che secondo alcuni è attestazione della formazione di un primo stato unitario in Epiro8, secondo altri, invece, la testimonianza di un’alleanza militare tra realtà locali indipendenti, nella quale è certamente forte l’influenza politica del regno dei Molossi e dei loro capi carismatici che, in qualità di hegemones, assumono in caso di guerra il comando delle forze alleate9. Con Pirro (297-272 a.C.) e la nascita del “Grande Epiro”, la regione diventa più unita economicamente, militarmente e, forse, politicamente; l’attuazione della 5 Alcune fonti itinerarie (Ps.-Scymn. 441-443; Strab. 10, 1, 15) fanno riferimento anche a una colonizzazione euboica, sfuggente dal punto di vista delle tracce archeologiche: vd. Consagra 2008. In egual modo, la storicità della colonizzazione elea di VII sec. a.C. nella regione, attestata da un’unica fonte (Dem. 7, 32) in riferimento alle città di Pandosia, Bouchetion e Elateia nel sud dell’Epiro, è stata recentemente messa in discussione da A.J. Domínguez (Domínguez 2015). 6 Dakaris 1987; Cabanes 2010, 126. 7 Funke, Moustakis, Hochschulz 2004; Funke 2009. 8 Cabanes 2010; Funke 2000; Di Leo 2003, 226-231; Liampi 2017; Raynord 2017. 9 Hammond 2000; Davies 2000; Meyer 2013; 2015. 251 Elia Rinaldi politica espansionistica del sovrano consente all’Epiro di porsi alla pari della Macedonia e degli altri regni ellenistici e facilita i contatti con il resto del mondo greco, favorendo così lo sviluppo urbanistico e architettonico delle nuove città. Nel 232 a.C., in seguito alla fine della dinastia eacide, si costituisce uno stato federale, il koinon degli Epiroti, che riunisce le compagini tribali maggiori, gli ethne/koina minori e le realtà poleiche della regione, le quali partecipano, in maniera autonoma e secondo modalità non ancora ben
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