Aarohan, 172N6, 178 Aarohan Theatre Group, 8, 153, 179–181, 184, 190–191 Activities Of, 172 Artists As Professional Performe

Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-64829-2 — Political Change and Public Culture in Post-1990 Nepal Edited by Michael J. Hutt , Pratyoush Onta Index More Information

Index

Aarohan, 172n6, 178 Andolan kabi (protest poet), 177 Aarohan theatre group, 8, 153, 179–181, Annapurna Post, 137 184, 190–191 Anti-Panchayat movement of 1990, 16 activities of, 172 Arab Spring (2011), 165 artists Archaeology, Department of, 257 as professional performers, 170 Art-activists, 176 role in democratic struggle during Art-based activism, 188 Emergency of 2005, 171, 178 Art in Nepal, 173–178 emerged from political street theatre, Arya Nepal, 62–64, 71 174 Arya Nepal Private Limited, 62 establishment of, 172 Asali hindusthan, 114–115 loktantrik natak, 173, 178 Atmananda, 94 Acharya, Hari Bansha, 181 Augusto Boal Forum heatre, 170, 170n1 Acharya, Sandeep, 125 Aviral, Krishna, 17n6, 50, 52 Adhunik Git, 147, 149, 160, 162 Adivasai Janajati. see Janajati Bag Bazaar, 54 Agnijwalama Darbar, 52 Bahadur, Jang, 108 aides-de-camp (ADCs), 46, 51 Bahrain, 126 aitihasik upanyas, 50 Bahunbadi conspiracy, 112 Ajit, Anubhav, 77 Bahun-Chhetri dominance, 62, 140 Akhtar, Javed, 126, 130, 138 Bahuns, 62 Al Jazeera, 66 Bahunvad, 116 All Nepal National Free Students Union Bandhas, 165 (ANNFSU[Revolutionary]), 204n6 Bangdel, Lainsingh, 129 All Nepal Women’s Association Bangladesh International Film Festival (ANWA)–Revolutionary, 199, 203–204 (2003), 78 Amsha property (ancestral birth-right Baral, Anup, 179 property), 257–259 Baruah, Sanjib, 254n3 Anaryas, 114 Basanta raga, 147 Ancestral property, 258 Basuri khalah, 147 Anderson, Benedict, 124 Beni, Maoists attack on, 229 Anderson, Jon W., 41 Bhairahawa, 2

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-316-64829-2 — Political Change and Public Culture in Post-1990 Nepal Edited by Michael J. Hutt , Pratyoush Onta Index More Information

278 Index

Bhaktapur, 147–149, 151–153, 262 Buddhism, 116, 254 Bhandari, Madan, 112 Budhabar, 25 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 60 Byanculi raga, 147 Bhatta, Basanta, 181 Bhattarai, Baburam, 24, 46–48, 151n5 Cable News Network (CNN), 22, 66 Bhattarai, Benupraj, 127 Cantonments, 235, 237–239 Bhojpur, 216 baby boom in, 236 Bhojpuri dress, 159 female ex-combatants portrayals in, 244 Bhojpuri language, 77 Maoist party leaving, 242 Bhujel, Uma, 198, 206 media attention to women in, 236 Billig, Michael, 124 militarized political space, 244 Biratnagar, 65, 172, 176 military, 239 Birendra Army Hospital, 27 politics of, 226 Birendra Military Hospital, 26 reporting in media and newspaper Bishwakarma, Gorikala (Manushi), 198, about female ex-combatants, 225 202–203, 205, 212 satellite, 234 Bista, Dor Bahadur, 50 Shaktikhor, 212n12, 239 Bithaldanda incident, 203 CA see Constituent Assembly B.K., Sita, 198, 200–201, 210 Censorship B.K., Sumitra, 201, 209 army, 178 black box efect, 16 state, 102 Boal, Augusto, 170n1 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 44 Bohara, Gajendra, 51 Chahara, 113 Bollywood ilm industry, 56, 61 Chalphal, 25, 29 pictures and actors, 71 Chamling, Pawan, 127 rumors about Hrithik Roshan Chandrakishor, 129 derogatory remarks, 7, 58–61 Chand, Renu, 198n4, 210n10, 214, 216 songs, 63 Chand, Suresh, 183 star banned in Nepal, 59n4 Chapagain, Ninu, 151 style ilm culture, 91 Chapamar Yuwatiko Diary, 198 Bourdieu, Pierre, 29, 185, 261 Chatterji, Emon, 133, 138 bride price (sunauli rupauli), 80–81, 83, 94 Chattisis, 69n10, 72n13 absurdities of, 84 Chaudari, Saraswati, 183 increase in demand value, 84–85 Chaulagain, Renuka, 207 negative consequences of, 94 Chautari, Martin, 3n2, 197n1 negotiations, 82 Chene, Mary Des, 110 bride wealth, 84, 84n8 Chester, Ketaki, 45 British Academy South Asia International Chetris, 62, 77n1 Partnership, 2 Chettri, Lil Bahadur, 90 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Chettri, Mona, 140n5 19, 22, 66 Chhantyal ethnic group, 107 Buda, Kumari, 205 Chhota Rajan gang, 67 Buddha, 160 Chinoy, Alisha, 125, 138

Index 279

Chitawan Post, 61 critical commentary, 99 Chitawan town, 58, 61 Cuba, 200 Christians, 134 cultural activism, 171 Chudal, Alaka, 82n7 cultural history, 255 Cinema, 7, 181. see also Bollywood ilm industry; Numafung (ilm) Dahal, Pushpa Kamal, 227 city halls, 59 Dahal, Ram Hari, 183 ethnic, 7, 91–92, 95–96 Dahal, Renu, 198n4 ethnic or indigenous, 77 Dalit, 4, 70, 99, 115, 135, 198, 210 Fourth, 95 Dambar, B. K., 27n17 hird, 95 Danuwar, Indrawati Adhikari, 198n4 Citizen’s Movement for Democracy and Darbar Hatyakandko Rahasya, 52 Peace (CMDP), 8n5, 170, 171n4, 172, Darbar Square (Kathmandu), 165, 183, 176, 178, 182 186, 189 Civil society (nagarik samaj), 65–66, 69, Darjeeling, 8, 79, 126–127, 129–134, 150, 162, 165, 175–176, 181, 183–184, 137–138, 156 190 Darshandhari, Hari, 150, 159, 183 Colombia, 233n23 Dashain festival, 82 Communist Party of Nepal (Ekata boycotting of, 114–115 Kendra), 112, 119 D.C., Samana, 208–209 Communist Party of Nepal (Fourth Delhi, 62, 125 Convention), 151n5 Democracy(ies), 2, 4, 8, 42, 112, 176, 178, Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), 5, 190–191 118, 223 multiparty, 56–57, 71 Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal), 199 Communist Party of Nepal–United multi-party, 112 Marxist-Leninist (UML), 65, 69, 72 street theatre for, 182–184 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2006), western, 124 197, 223, 234 Democracy movement 1990. see Jan Conspiracy theory(ies), 6–7. see also Andolan 1990 Rumor Department of the Languages and conspirators true intentions, 40 Cultures of South Asia, 2 counter to received or oicial Deshantar, 26, 29 account, 40 Deuba, Sher Bahadur, 69n10, 72n13 deinition of, 40 Deura folk song, 177n19 development of, 46–49 Devkota, Keshavraj, 52 Middle Eastern, 41 Devkota, Upendra, 45 origin of, 40–41 Dev, Rajiv Kumar, 134 social exclusion conditions, 41 Dhakal, Bandana, 198n4 Constituent Assembly, 161, 211n11, 223 Dhakal, Karun, 137 elections in 2008 and 2013, 2–3, 5 Dhakal, Narayan, 67 Constitution of Nepal, 1990, 99, 103, 111, Dhaka topi, 133 115, 115n20 Dhangadi, 20n12 court system (amini), 90 Dhankuta, 50n13, 93

280 Index

Dhanusa District Development funeral rites, 86–87 Committee, 113 Dharan, 78, 176 Gai Jatra festival, 151 Dharmendra, 59n4 Gandharva, Rubin, 177 Dhimal language, 77 Gandhi, Rajiv, assassination of, 16–17 dhimay drums, 147 Garment industry in Nepal, 61–64 Dhirendra Jha ‘Dhirendra,’ 129 Gaur, 69–70 Dibya Upadesh, 114n18 Gautam, Bhaskar, 140n5 disarmament, demobilization and Gautam, Shobha, 228 reintegration (DDR), 235n25 Gellner, David, 140n5 Dixit, Madhuri, 59n4 General Entertainment Channel (GEC), Dolakha, 44, 205 125 Domestic archives, 9, 159n13, 253–270 Gharti, Jaypuri, 214 Dong, Kamala, 209 Gharti, Samjhana, 214 Duwal, Ram Krishna, 153 Ghimire, Badri Prasad, 33 Ghimire, Rameshchandra, 157 Education system, 78, 94, 102, 200 Ghimire, Sharad, 140n5 Ekata Kendra. see Communist Party of Ghimire, Tulsi, 129 Nepal (Ekata Kendra) Ghimire, Yubaraj, 183 Emergency (2005), 171, 178, 179n22 Giri, Sarita, 183 emotion, 187n32 Gopal, Narayan, 160 Eritrea, 231, 233n23, 243 Gorakhnath (Baba), 35 ethnic cinema / movie, 7, 77–78, 86, Gorakhnath, temple of, 110 91–92, 94–96 Gorkha, 35 extradiegetic action, 90, 90n13 Gorkha, kingdom of, 110 Gorkhaland, 138 Facebook, 66, 165 Gorkhaland Movement, 138 family-based restoration of small temples, Gorkhali nationalism, 127–129 255–256 Gorkhapatra, 29, 34, 133, 139 federalism, concept of, 3 Gorkhapatra Corporation, 101, 139 female agency, 230n16 Group Four, 64 feminization of female combatants, 231 GTZ, 257 Film/ Festivals, 77–79, 91, 96 Guha, Probir, 175 ilm industry in Nepal, 77–78. see also Gurukul, 8, 153, 170–173, 179–181, 189, Numafung (ilm) 191 First Past he Post (FPTP) system, 224 Gurung, Amber, 160 Flickr, 165 Gurung, Chunu, 208 folk songs, 107, 117, 149, 158, 160, 177 Gurung, Harka, 112 formal politics, 6 Gurung language, 77 Fraser, Nancy, 104 Gurung magazines, 100, 105, 110, 113n16 fratricide, 16n3 Gurung, Om, 118n22 frequency modulation (FM) radio Gurungs, Rodhi tradition among, 107 stations, 154 Gurung, Suryaman, 20n11

Index 281

Gurungs worship, 89 Indian Airlines plane, hi-jacking of, 67 Gyawali, Arjun, 52 India, Nepal’s relations, 17n4 Indian expansionism (bharatiya bistarvad), Hall, Stuart, 134 63 Hamal, Birendra, 179 Indian Express, he, 17 Hanuman Dhoka Conservation Project, Indian Idol competition, 125–126, 130, 256 135 Hashmi, Safdar, 175 India Today, 35n24 Hat bazaar, 81–82, 89 indigenous cinema, 77 Heaton Shrestha, Celayne, 8n5, 171n5, Indigenous Film Archive (IFA), 92, 96 172, 175n14, 176, 180n24, 181n28 Indigenous Film Foundation, 77 Heritage, 9, 253–254. see also History Indo–Nepal relations, 17n4 cultural and linguistic, 127 Indra (Queen), 51 deinition of, 256 Indra Jatra, 44 domestic archives, 262–268 Indreni Samskritik Samaj (ISAS), loss of, 255–259 151–155 performances, 174 integration of Maoists ex-combatants redemptive value of, 257 dangers from public, 235–243 sale and display of, 259–262 timeline for, 234–235 worldwide celebration of, 255 Interim Constitution of Nepal (2007), 3 Himalayan Times, 225 International Crisis Group (ICG), 3, 136 Himal Khabarpatrika, 21, 29, 58n2, 225 Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 67 Hindi General Entertainment Channel intradiegetic action, 90, 90n13 (GEC), 125 Hindi language, 131 Jagaran Nepal, 33 Hindi movies, 78, 91 Jain, Anil, 62, 64 Hindu, he, 58n2, 60n6 Jana Ahvan, 26–27 Hinduvad, 116 Jana Astha, 17n5 History, conceptions of, 108, 259–260 Janadesh, 23, 26 Hoftstadter, Richard, 40 janagayak, 176–177 hooliganism, 24 Janajati(s), 100, 139. see also Constitution human rights, 136 of Nepal, 1990 activists, 5 history of, 108, 110 defenders, 4n4 movement, 103–104 institutions, 4n4 multiple exclusions and disparities, 103 violations, 178, 229 print publications, 94n16 Huntingon, Samuel P., 135 voices, 129 janajati chalchitra, 77, 77n1 Ibsen, Henrik, 179 Janajati magazines, 100, 103–105 Ilam, 201 focus of, 108 impersonal verbal expressions, 25 Janajati Manch, 105–117 Indian Airlines hijack by Taliban in 1999, Janajati, meaning of, 100, 100n2 67 Janakpur, 26

282 Index

Jan Andolan, 8, 49 Kathmandu Post, he, 20n12, 21–25, 1990, 99, 153, 253–254 28, 30, 42n3, 44, 58n2, 79, 128, 137, 2006, 69, 153, 155, 170–171, 173n10, 225–226 176, 181–183 Kathmandu Street Literature, 49 led by Nepali Congress Party, 2 Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust, 256 janapakshya, 148, 155, 160, 166, 172n7 Kattel, Shova, 198, 206, 208–212 Janapukar, 27, 27n18 Kaucha Magar, Bal Krishna, 106 Jana Sanskriti (Bengal), 162n15 Kazi, Nati, 160 Janasatta, 19 K. C., Sugarika, 128 janvad, 23 Kennedy, John F., 49n12 jarikhat, 81 khabar sutra, 26 Jha, Dhirendra, 129 Khadka, Devi, 205 Jhapa, 24 Khadka, Khum Bahadur, 199 Jha, Paramananda, 57 Khadka, Narayan, 135 Jha, Udit Narayan, 125, 130 Khanal, Kanchan, 198n4 Joshi, Gokul, 149 Khan, Farah, 125 Joshi, Nandakrishna, 177 Khatiwada, Rajan, 173 Joshi, Satyamohan, 179, 181 Kiranti, 84–85, 114 Josse, M. R., 28 culture, 88, 93–94 journalism, 99 script, 94 Kirats, 108, 134 kachahari natak, 170, 173, 178, 184 Kirtipur, 147–148, 164 Kainla, Bairagi, 79 -based cultural society, 151 Kairan, 105–117 circle, 149–150 Kalikot, 203 cultural activists, 8, 150 Kandangwa, Kajiman, 79–81, 94 serious work of, 159–161 Kantipur, 24–25, 42n3, 46, 58n2, 60, 68, dance and theatrical performance, 130, 133, 138–139, 225–226 158–159 Kaphal Chari, 155 music, 157–158 Karbar ki Gharbar, 79 new and old media, link between, Karna, Om Prakash, 182 164–165 Kasa, Prem Bahadur, 149n2 recordings of music, 154–155 Kathmandu, 9, 54, 58, 65, 67, 69, 78, 130, songs lyrics, 155–157 147, 151, 154, 162, 170–175, 216, 253. stage programmes, 152–154 256–258, 268–269 Koirala, B.P., 60n5, 109 based generation of activists, 150 Koirala, Girija Prasad, 60n5, 68–69, dance-theatre role in, 163 106–107, 133 political riots in, 60 Koirala, Manisha, 60 protests movement in, 24 Koirala, Matrika Prasad, 60n5 public igures, 148 Kollywood, 89, 95 street literature, 49 Kot Massacre, 46 workshops in 2011 and 2012, 2 Kranti, Rekha, 200 Kathmandu Municipality, 113, 152 Kuwait, 126

Index 283

Labour migration, 85 2007, 57, 71, 128, 139 Lahure, 81, 90 2015, 71 Lal, C. K., 68, 129 Madhes Manthan, 4n4 Lama, Aruna, 129 Madhes rebellion of 2007 and 2008, 2–3 Lama, Nirmal, 151n5 Magar, Bal Krishna Kaucha, 106 Lamjung, 201 Magar, Jun Kumari Roka, 203 Land Reforms (1962-4), 267n11 Magar, Lakhan hapa, 108–109, 117 Landscapes, 19, 89–90, 95, 148, 156, 185 Magar language, 77 Liberia, 229 Magar, Lila Somai, 207 Limbu, Chabilal, 78 Magar movie, 96 Limbu culture, 7, 78, 94–95, 107. see also Magar, M. S. hapa, 108–109 Numafung (ilm) Magar, Onsari Gharti, 214 everyday practices, 88 Maharjan, Gyano, 262 landscape and local society, 89–90 Maharjan, Harsha Man, 8, 124–140 life cycle rituals Maharjan, Suvas, 156 funeral rites, 86–87 Mahatara, Asha, 213–214 marriage rituals, 86 Maithili language, 77 mundhum rituals (shamanism), Malakar, Gujje, 156–157 87–88 Malashri raga, 147 material culture, 88 Malik, Anu, 125–126, 138 Limbu language, 77 Malkani, K.R., 60 Lingden, Phalgunanda, 94 Malla, Ashesh, 174–175 literacy rate, 3 Malla kings, 163 lok dohori answer-question songs, 177, Malla, Saugat, 183, 185 177n20 Malla, Vijaya, 174 lok git, 149 Mandala heatre Nepal, 173 Lokranjan, Arjun, 177 Mangal School, Kirtipur, 154 Lokranjan, Rama, 118n22 Mani, Kamal, 188 loktantrik natak, 8, 170–173, 178, 180, Mantra Band, 138 182–186, 189–191 Maoists, 8, 27, 46, 68, 148, 151, 160, 185, Ludhiana, 62, 64 223n2 attack at Gaur, 70 Madan Bhandari, 112 civil war, 70 Madhesi Janadhikar Forum (MJF), 69–70, demand for resignation of Ram 128 Chandra, 65 Madhesis community, 134, 139 ex-combatants, 235–244 compatriots, 57 integration of, 234–236 loor protests against, 56 female ex-combatants, 225 Indianness of, 57, 60 insurgency, 2–3, 5 Madhesi, 140 on national importance, 46 movement, 69 Nepali, 48, 57 Pahadi Nepalis, 69 Peoples War (PW), 227 Madhesi uprising, 58, 134, 136 protest in secondary schools, 68

284 Index

public statements, 48 frame, 236 revolution of 1996, 178 patriarchal ideology of, 225 sexual character problem, 233 Mottin, Monica, 8, 170–191 women warriors, 226–234 Mrityunjayi Yaatra, 198 Marcuse, Herbert, 190 Mukarung, Shrawan, 177 Marriage Mukunda (ilm), 93n15 forced, 85 Multiculturalism, 124–140 love, 85 Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA), 61n87 payments, 85 multiparty democracy, 56–57 rituals in Limbu culture, 86 Mulyankan, 225 Martin Chautari research institute, Mumbai terrorist attack of 2008, 66 Kathmandu, 2 Mundhum rituals, 87–88 mass murder, 18, 25, 33 Museums, 258–260 Material culture, 88, 267 Muslims, 24n16, 134 matricide, 16n3 Media Nagarik, 225 broadcast, 3–4, 149 Nagarik Samaj (Civil Movement for content analyses of, 225 Peace and Development), 153 print, 3–4, 149 Narayangarh, 176 Media Adhyayan, 4n3 Narayanhiti Darbar ra Deshbhaktako Meghalaya, 126, 139 Avasan, 52 Memoirs, aspects of Narayanhiti Palace, massacre at, 6, 39, after war, 210–212 41–43 marriage and social transformation, Nath, Komal, 59n4 207–210 National Assembly (NA), 115n20 motherhood experience in war, National Democratic Party, 43n5 213–217 National dress, 126, 133–135, 140 pre-war, 199–201 National Education Commission, 112 torture, gendered forms of, 203–207 National Foundation for Development during war period, 202 of Indigenous Nationalities (NFDIN) women in war, 202–203 Act 2002, 99n2 Middle class, 9, 258, 262, 264n10, 267, national history, 255 269–270 Nationalism, 7, 67, 72, 125, 127–129 Migrant labourers, 85 hill, 129, 134–135, 140 Mishra, Yogesh Raj, 140n5 and media, relationship between, 124 mobile telephony, 165 Pahadi, 136–137 Monarchy, abolition of, 3, 25 Panchayati, 129 Mongol National Organization, 94 upsurge of, 126 Motherhood, 198, 230n16, 232n21, 239, National heatre of Norway, 173, 179 241, 244 Nayan Sadak, 21–22, 28, 32 an institution and primary relationship Nazi rule, 182 between mother and child, 237 Nazi soldiers, 184 experiences in war, 213–218 Nepal, 58n2, 133–135, 225

Index 285

Nepal Army (NA), 109, 234–235, performance traditions, 163–164 242–243 Newari language, 77. see also Nepal Bhasa Nepal Bhasa, 103n8, 113 Newar, Naresh, 91 Nepal Communist Party (Marxist- New Delhi, 152–153 Leninist), 109 New Nepal, 69–70, 127, 139, 223, 244 Nepal Communist Party (Mashal), 199 new public culture, 4–6 Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nigam, Sonu, 125, 138 Nationalities (NEFIN), 104n10, 128 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Nepal Federation of Nationalities 175 (NEFEN), 104n10, 115 Numafung (ilm) Nepalganj, 176 awards for, 78–79 Nepal Gazette, 135 based on original story, 79–81 Nepali cap as a symbol of national content, analysis of, 84–90 identity, 133–135 ilm imagery and language, 84–90 Nepali Congress Party, 2, 43, 60n5 on Limbu culture, 78 Nepali language reception of, 91–94 as lingua franca, 131–132, 136 released in 1990s, 7, 77 as oicial language, 104, 130–131 shooting cost of, 78 as a symbol of identity, 130–132 story-line of, 81–84 Nepali media, 28n19 Nepali movies, typology of Oman, 126 Nepal International Indigenous Film Onta, Pratyoush, 140n5 Festival (NIIFF), 77, 92 Nepalipatra, 31 Pahadi Nepalis, 57, 69, 71, 135 Nepali, Shyam, 150 Pahadi, Satya, 198 Nepali Times, 58n2, 136–137 Palpasa Café, 50 Nepali topi, 133–134, 185 Panchayati public sphere, 101–103 Nepal Jagaran, 33n21 Panchayat period, 127, 129, 133, 139–140 Nepal, Kamal Mani, 188 Panchayat’s National Communication Nepal, Madhav Kumar, 43 Services Plan 1971, 101–102n6 Nepal Sadbhavana Party, 65, 70n11, 133 Panchayat System, 101–104, 106, 174 Nepal Samacharpatra, 139 Pandeya, Madhusudan, 19–20, 28, 52 Nepal Samvat, 148–149, 154 Panga, 147 Nepal Tarai Congress, 131 Pangeni, Badri, 177 Nepal Television, 20n12, 42, 101 Pangyani, Mitralal, 157 Neupane, Charitra, 205 Pant, Mahes Raj, 15n1 Neupane, Kalpana, 198n4, 215–216 Parajuli, Rama, 42–43 Newah Dabu, 154 paranoid style, 40–41, 46 Newah Janasamskritik Mankah Guthi, Pardaphas (Revelation), 52–53 154n9 Parijat, 151n5 Newar Autonomous State, 154 Parivartan Nepal, 68, 71 Newar Buddhism, 254 Parkhaldekhi Khula Aakashsamma, 198 Newar culture, 107, 158–159, 166 Parliament, structure of Nepal’s, 2, 115n20

286 Index

parricide, 16n3 Poudel, Ram Chandra, 65 Parsi theatre, 174 Prachanda, 22–23, 212n13 Partyless Panchayat System, 101 Pragatishil Samskritik Samaj, 151 Pashupati, temple of, 35, 42, 112 Press Council Nepal, 101 Patan, 257, 258n6, 259–260, 262, 269 print capitalism, 6 Patan Darbar Square, 153 print media, Nepal, 4n3, 5–6, 15, 19–20 Patnaik, Subodh, 175 coverage of Royal Palace massacre, patriotic songs (deshbhakta git), 160 21–25, 34 Paudel, Babita, 50n13 Progressive Cultural Society (PRASAS), Paudel, Ram Chandra, 22 151 Paul, Amit, 126, 133 Proportional representation (PR), 128, people (janapakshya), 160 224 People's Liberation Army (PLA), 3, 231, Public Call Oices (PCO), 139 234–235, 237–238, 241–242 Public Choice Award (2003), France, 78 People’s Movement. see Jan Andolan public culture, 161–162 People’s Review, 27, 31n20 public, deinition of, 5–6 People’s War, 34 public modernity, 162 Peru, 200, 229 public opinion, 5, 26 Philippines, 200 Public sphere, 7, 54, 91, 96, 99 Pidabhitra ko Aakros, 198 deinition of, 99 Pokhara, 45, 133, 176 print, 99 Pokhareli, Gehendraman Udas, 110, 116 public sphere, 253 Pokharel, Lilamani, 112 Public sphere, Panchayati, 101–103, Pokharel, Maniram, 184 117–118 Pokharel, Rajkumar, 52 public urban spaces, 253 Pokharel, Sunil, 150, 172, 180, 182 Punarjagaran, 19, 28 Pokharel, Upendra, 139 Pun, Sharda, 209 political changes in Nepal, 2–4 Purbeli, Reema, 203 political mobilization, 41 Puta, Rajendra Kumar, 156 political opinion, 26–27 political parties, 8n5, 56, 60, 66, 70, 72, 94, Qatar, 126 102, 115n20, 116, 132, 150, 175–176, 178, 181, 183, 186 Raamesh, 150 political processions (julus), 165 Radio Nepal, 20n12, 42, 101, 102n7 political radicalism, 166–167 raga, 147 political street theatre, 174 Rai, Dayahang, 173 political transition of 1990, 3–4, 9, 68, 99, Rai, Kailash, 8, 197–218 101–104, 253 Rainbow Cultural Society, 151 political transparency, 41 Rai, Pasupati, 183 political violence, 230, 230n16 Rai, Tara, 198, 201, 212, 218 politics in Nepal, 173–178 Raja-rani, 17 popular participation, 41 Rajdhani, 29, 129, 133 post-Emergency 2005, 178–180 Raktakund (Pond of Blood), 17n6, 50–54

Index 287

Ralpha, 150 headlines in newspapers, 25–27 Ralpha movement, 151n5 reporting by national and foreign Rana, Devyani, 43 media, 27–29 Rana, Jang Bahadur, 108–109 rumors in media, 29–33 Rana lineage, 16 unspeakable news, 18–20 Rana, Pashupati Shamsher, 43n5 Rukum, 24n16, 215n16, 227n9 Rana period, 127, 131 Rumour(s), 5, 16, 18, 20. see also Rarahil Memorial School, 155 Conspiracy theory Rashtriya Janasamskritik Manch Nepal, about Hrithik Roshan scandal, 58–61 164n17 aftermath impact, 64–65 Rastriya Prajatantra Party, 43n5, 112 about truth, 39–40 rational communicative action, 6 body of, 40 Ratna (Queen), 51 and conspiracy, relationship between, 6 Ratna Park, 54 deinition of, 39 Ratna Recording Corporation, 101 irst, 43–46 Rayan, 150–155, 159–160, 177 interrelated processes, 39–40 readymade garment industry (RMG), 7 long-term, 17 regicide, 16n3 political purpose in Nepal, 65–69 Regmi, Sarala, 210 role in society, 5–6 Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), 44, signiicance of, 7 46 written, 15 revolutionary songs (krantikari git), 160 rumour-mongers agency, 66 Rijal, Shiva, 140n5 rikrut, 82n7 sadbhav (goodwill) rally, 65 Rimal, Gopal Prasad, 153, 174 Sadbhawana Party, 112 Rimal, Hari Prasad, 174 Sagarmatha (Everest), 156 Rimal heatre, 173 Sahara, 30 Rising Nepal, he, 20n12, 22–25, 79, 133 Sakya, Sunita, 260 Roka, Kamala, 198n4, 215n16, 227n9 Sama, Balkrishna, 174 Rolpa, 34n23, 214 samachar, 20 Roshan, Hrithik, rumor on Nepal streets Samadrishti, 27n17, 32n20, 33 on scandal, 58–61, 63, 67, 71 Samarka Smritiharu, 198 Roshan, Rakesh, 60 Sama heatre, 170, 173, 181 Royal Kumari, 44 Samay, 225 Royal Nepal Academy, 79, 101 Samaya, 127, 137–138 Royal Nepal Army, 102 Sam phungma, 88, 88n11 Royal Nepalese Embassy, London, 51 Samyukta Krantikari Jana Parishad, 201, Royal Nepal Film Corporation, 101 207 Royal Palace massacre, 43 Sangraula, Khagendra, 47 arrest of booksellers for selling Sanskrit, 111–113, 117 publications on, 49 Sanskritik Sansthan, 101 irst coverage in newspaper, 21–25 Sapkota, Bhola, 183 force of rumor, 33–36 sarangi, 177, 177n21

288 Index

Sarkar, Dipendra, 51 Shrestha, Deepak, 133 Sarwanam heatre Group, 172, 174 Shrestha, Durga Lal, 150, 154–157, 159 Satyahangma Movement, 94 Shrestha, Madan Krishna, 181 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of, 126 Shrestha, Manoj, 257 Sawant, Abhijeet, 125 Shrestha, Puspalal, 109 School of Oriental and African Studies Shrestha, Ramesh, 177 (SOAS), 2 Shrestha-Schipper, Satya, 234 Secular state, Nepal as, 104, 116 Shrestha, Shyam, 99, 150 Sepoy Mutiny 1857 Shri Suryodaya, 32 Sewaro, 88, 88n12 Shyamal, 2, 5 sexualization of female combatants, 231, Sierra Leone, female ighters in, 228n11, 234 229, 230n14 Shah, Aishwarya, 15–16, 17n4, 41, 51 Sijapati, Bandita, 54n15 Shah, Birendra, 15–16, 34, 41–42, 46, 48, Sikhs, 134 50, 53, 54n15, 72, 137, 256 Sikkim, 60, 127, 129 Shah, Dipendra (gem of a person), 15, Simankan, 19n9, 29 17n7, 21–23, 26–31, 33n22, 41–48, Simarekha (ilm), 96 51, 53 Singh, Gajendra Narayan, 133 Shah, Drabya, 35, 110 Singh, Niruta, 129 Shah, Gyanendra, 8, 15, 17, 22–24, 27, Singh, Prakash Man, 69n10 31–33, 42–45, 48–49, 51–53, 69, 178 Sircar, Badal, 175 Shahi, Rajiv, 44 Smritika Kshanharu: Sansmaran Sangraha, Shah, Jamim, 60, 67 198 Shah, Jwala, 198n4, 215n16 Social relationships, 223 Shah, Mahendra, 50–51, 57, 68, 72, 129, traditional, 88 133, 137 transformation of, 9 Shah monarchy, abolition of, 34, 54, 99 social scapegoats, 18 Shah, Paras, 43–45, 49 Soni, Sharad, 62 Shah, Prithvi Narayan, 35 Sony Entertainment Television (SET), Shahvanshko Shalyakriya, 52 133 Shakya, Keshabman, 116 Space Time, 29 Shakya, Mallika, 7 Space Time Network, 60 Shamanism, 87–88 Space Time Today, 21, 22n14 Sharma, Navin, 62 Special Committee for Supervision, Sharma, Rekha, 199 Integration and Rehabilitation, 235 Sherchan, Bhupi, 56n1 Spotlight, 58n2 Sherpa, Chiring Ritar, 93, 93n15 Srijana Chaitra 3 Sherpa, Nima Gyatsen, 93 Sri Lanka, 229 short messaging service (SMS), 126, 130, stage, 133, 148, 152–155, 159–160, 162, 132 164–166, 170, 174, 181 Shrestha, Anushil, 79n3, 93n15 Sthapit, Keshav, 152 Shrestha, Bal Gopal, 149n2 Subaltern counterpublics, 104 Shrestha, Dambar Krishna, 236–238 Subba, Anupama, 91

Index 289

Subba, Nabin, 78, 85, 91–93, 95 Timilsina, Prasun, 133 Subba, Ranbir, 129 tola, 80, 80n5, 83 Subedi, Abhi, 179 Torture, 201–202, 209, 218 Subedi, Khuma, 228 gendered forms of, 203–207 sub machine gun (SMG), 238 mental, 139 Surkhet, 34n23 physical, 139 Suruchi, 27 Tourism, 78, 258 Swadeshaya Mulay, 155 Treaty of Peace and Friendship 1950, Swanigah Samskritik Sandhya, 153n9 59n3 Tribhuvan University, 149 Tamang dress, 159 Trichanda College, 181 Tamang Ghedung Sangh, 129 Tuladhar, Padma Ratna, 148 Tamang language, 77, 113, 130 Twitter, 165 Tamang magazines, 105 Tyo Kahalilagdo Rat, 52 Tamang, Parshuram, 115 Tamang, Prashant, 139–140 UCPN (Maoist), 210, 212n13, 223n2 as an anti-Indian symbol, 137–139 (see UML. see Communist Party of Nepal also Indian Idol competition) (United Marxist-Leninist (UML)) language as symbol of Tamang identity, underground gang (bhumigat giroha), 17n7 130–132 United Arab Emirates, 126 presentation as Nepali by media, United Kingdom, 50, 126 127–129 United Nations (UN), 183 role during crisis of identity, 135–137 United Nations Educational, Scientiic Tamot, Shyam, 153, 161 and Cultural Organization Taplejung, 20n11, 78, 81, 89 (UNESCO), 134, 254–260, 267–268, Tarai rebellion, 2 270 Tareva (‘he Guest’) TV ilm, 78, 91 United Nations Mission in Nepal Telegraph, he, 34n24 (UNMIN), 201n5, 234 Tendulkar, Vijay, 179 United States of America (USA), 54, 79, Tesro Ayam, 79 189, 260, 262 hami ethnic group, 108 University of London, 2 hapa, Amrita, 198n4, 213 Upadhaya, Phanindra K., 132 hapa, Manjushree, 43n6, 56n1 Urban Development through Local hapa, Pampha, 206n8 Eforts (UDLE), 257 hapa, Parbati, 201, 205 hapa, Ram Bahadur (Badal), 227 Vaidya, Mohan 'Kiran,' 212n13 hapa, Salina, 52 Vaidya, Yogesh, 160 haru language, 77 vamsha, 263 haru magazines, 100 Veriied Minors and Late Recruits harus, 70 (VMLRs), 234 heatre, Nepal, 173–178 Vietnam, 68, 200 Times of India, 29 Waisboard, Silvio, 124 Timi Bahun, 156

290 Index

West Bengal, 129 Yaktung Cumlung Satya Dharma Widows, 80, 84, 207–208, 233 Muculka, 84 Women in Maoist movement Yami, Hisila, 134, 204, 227 World War II, 68 Yolmo ethnic group, 107 Yonjan-Tamang, Amrit, 105 Yadav, Ram Rijan, 129, 132 YouTube, 165 Yadav, Ramvaran, 57 Yuddabhitraka Sansmaran, 198 Yadav, Upendra, 131 Yadav, Yogendra Prasad, 132 Zee TV, 19