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Program Objectives Tree Improvement What Is a Genotype? Species 1/17/2014 Program objectives Building a Better Christmas Tree: • Understand basic concepts and terms Abies Tree Improvement Research associated with tree improvement • Discuss recent and current efforts in Abies tree improvement research Bert Cregg, Ph.D. • An eye to the future Michigan State University Department of Horticulture Department of Forestry Tree Improvement What is a genotype? • Three principle components: • Species – Development or identification of new • Variety genotypes (breeding or exploration) • Provenance (seed source) – Selection of superior genotypes (testing) • Open-pollinated family – Capturing genetic gains in a production system • Full-sib family • Clone Species selection • Often the most basic level of genetic selection and improvement – Could undervalue a species if a poor seed source was chosen 1 1/17/2014 MSU Exotic fir trial Experimental Design • Plant material came from Location of four Abies trials in the Kellogg Research Michigan. Forests, Augusta, MI 1) Kellogg Research Forest (KRF) • Initial plantings in Fall of 2) Clarksville Horticulture Experiment Station (CHES) 2002 and additional 4 plantings in the Fall of 2003 3) Horticulture Teaching and Research Center (HTRC) 2 • Plantings at 3 different 3 locations Michigan 4) Northwest Michigan 1 Horticultural Research Station (NWHRS) Asian Firs North American Firs Balsam fir Abies balsamea Fraser fir Abies fraseri Momi fir Abies firma Sub-Alpine fir Abies lasiocarpa Nikko fir Abies homolepis Noble fir Abies procera Korean fir Abies koreana Canaan fir Abies balsamea var phanerolepis Sakhalin fir Abies sachalinensis Corkbark fir Abies bifolia Veitch fir Abies veitchii Red fir Abies magnifica Siberian White fir Abies nephrolepis Needle fir Abies holophylla Ernst fir Abies chensiensi Source: Mayr Sakhalin fir Abies sachalinensis var mayriana Liu, Siberian Silver fir Abies siberica var argenta 1971. Source: Liu, 1971. Mediterranean Firs Hybrid Firs Source: Liu, 1971. King Boris fir Abies borisii-regis Nordman fir Abies nordmanniana Korean x Veitch fir Abies koreana x veitchii Greek fir Abies cephalonica Korean x Balsam fir Abies koreana x balsamea Turkish fir Abies bornmuelleriana Fraser x Nikko fir Abies fraseri x homolepis 2 1/17/2014 Late Frost Budbreak Budbreak Damage • Budbreak surveyed weekly at each location • Budbreak considered to have occurred once bud scale has been broken on 1 bud. • Frost damage surveyed at Kellogg using a 0-4 rating system: 0= no damage, 1=0-25%, 2= 25-50%, 3= 50- 75%, 4=75-100% of the buds were injured. Budbreak Budbreak Spp HTRC CHES KRF NWHRS Spp HTRC CHES KRF NWHRS NEE April 22 a April 24 ab April 23 a May 7 ab NEE April 22 a April 24 ab April 23 a May 7 ab SUB April 23 a May 2 bc April 23 a May 7 ab SUB April 23 a May 2 bc April 23 a May 7 ab COR April 24 a April 23 a April 23 a May 5 a COR April 24 a April 23 a April 23 a May 5 a Mean date of SIBW April 25 a April 21 a April 23 a May 5 a Mean date of SIBW April 25 a April 21 a April 23 a May 5 a budbreak of BAL May 3 b May 8 cde NR May 11 abc budbreak of BAL May 3 b May 8 cde NR May 11 abc 17 Abies KxV May 4 b May 4 c April 27 ab May 18 bcde 17 Abies KxV May 4 b May 4 c April 27 ab May 18 bcde species in CAN May 4 b May 9 cdef NR May 16 abcd species in CAN May 4 b May 9 cdef NR May 16 abcd spring 2004 NOR May 6 bc May 13 cdefg NR NR spring 2004 NOR May 6 bc May 13 cdefg NR NR grown at four FxN May 8 bcd May 14 defg May 6 bcd May 26 defg grown at four FxN May 8 bcd May 14 defg May 6 bcd May 26 defg locations in NOB May 13 cdef May 13 defg May 8 cd May 14 abc locations in NOB May 13 cdef May 13 defg May 8 cd May 14 abc Michigan ERN May 13 de May 15 defg May 4 bc May 14 abc Michigan ERN May 13 de May 15 defg May 4 bc May 14 abc TUR May 14 def May 15 defg May 6 bcd May 28 efgh TUR May 14 def May 15 defg May 6 bcd May 28 efgh Means followed by the FRA May 17 ef May 14 fg NR May 30 fgh Means followed by the FRA May 17 ef May 14 fg NR May 30 fgh same letter are not same letter are not significantly different NIK May 19 fg May 17 efg May 13 cd May 21 cdef significantly different NIK May 19 fg May 17 efg May 13 cd May 21 cdef a a from each other. = .05, KOR May 23 gh May 21 g May 3 abc May 28 efgh from each other. = .05, KOR May 23 gh May 21 g May 3 abc May 28 efgh Tukey. NR indicates no Tukey. NR indicates no records available. VEI May 23 gh May 21 g May 15 d June 7 h records available. VEI May 23 gh May 21 g May 15 d June 7 h KxB May 27 h May 7 cd May 4 bc June 6 gh KxB May 27 h May 7 cd May 4 bc June 6 gh Late Frost Damage Cold Hardiness Frost Damage at Kellogg – Spring 2004 80 Experiment Two 0 - 25% Bud Damage 25 - 50% Bud Damage 60 Goal: To understand relationships between maximum mid-winter cold hardiness and 40 date of budbreak. 20 Percent of Trees Damaged 0 KxV KxB FxN NIK VEI NEE SIBW COR SUB BAL CAN NOR KOR ERN TUR NOB Species 3 1/17/2014 Cold Hardiness Cold Hardiness - Fv/Fm Bud damage = 1 at -39 °C Fv/Fm Bud damage = 0 at 2 °C Spp December* January* March CAN 0.627 a 0.657 a 0.462 ns SIBW 0.611 a 0.654 a 0.705 ns VEI 0.375 a 0.492 a 0.291 ns Bud damage = 2 at -78 °C ERN 0.022 b 0.071 b 0.304 ns Average Fv/Fm readings of four Abies species following controlled freeze tests to -44 °C. Cold Hardiness vs. Budbreak Biotic Factors 0.8 0.6 • Deer damage to at -44 °C 0.4 Turkish, Ernst, m /F v SIBW Nordmann, and 0.2 CAN ERN Fraser fir at Kellogg VEI Average F 0.0 2 R = 0.38 p = 0.033 April 22 May 5 May 12 May 21 Mean Date of Budbreak Comparison of average Fv/Fm at -44 °C and mean days to budbreak in 2004 of four Abies species at HTRC in December 2004 and January and March 2005. Introgression: Hybrids Example “Grandicolor” fir • Many firs can form inter-specific hybrids (crosses between two species) • Interspecific hybrids may occur: – Naturally (Introgression) Abies grandis – Spontaneously A. concolor var. lowiana A. concolor var. concolor – Deliberately (Controlled crosses) 4 1/17/2014 Spontaneous hybrid: Example: “Craser” fir Interspecific hybrids from Interspecific hybrids from controlled crosses controlled crosses Abies lasiocarpa × koreana Hybrids can produce several outcomes Variety • Botanic classification below species – Varieties differ in appearance or mophology but still meet criteria of species; i.e., can hybridize and form fertile progeny 5 1/17/2014 Douglas-fir Douglas-fir Pseudotusga Pseudotsuga menziesii menziesii var. menziesii Douglas-fir Provenance Pseudotsuga • Refers to geographic seed source menziesii – Provenances within a species can vary widely var. glauca in many traits including: • Growth rate • Phenology • Cold hardiness • Pest resistance • Needle color • Needle retention Rhabdocline needlecast in Provenance testing Douglas-fir • A major component of classical tree improvement programs • Goals are to determine extent of within- species variation and identify superior seed collection areas 6 1/17/2014 SanJuan RioGrande Lincoln Apache Progeny testing • Evaluation of maternal and paternal parents based on performance of their off- spring • Best parents are retained for seed orchards Photo courtesy Dr. Rick Bates, Penn State Progeny (family) selection Recurrent selection • Open pollenated (Half-sib) family – all progeny have same maternal parent • Full-sib family – all progeny have same maternal and paternal parents • Geneticists can estimate heritability of traits and genetic gains Genetic Variation in Fraser Fir Christmas Trees in North Carolina John Frampton 7 1/17/2014 2000 Fraser Fir Progeny Test Series 200 seedlots were tested 8 locations Over 28,000 trees total Selections made in 2005 & 2007 NCPFFS Coop will use selections Dots indicate trees to expand seed orchard sampled in the Fraser Fir Range-wide Cone Collection The 2000 Fraser Fir Progeny Test Series Seed Sources The Fraser Fir Progeny Test Series ----- Number of Families ----- Schedule of Activities Total Group A Group B (8 Sites) (4 Sites) (4 Sites) Activity 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Grow Seedlings as Greenhouse Plugs Balsam Mountains 32 16 16 Grow Seedlings as Nursery Transplants Grandfather Mountain 32 16 16 Pre-Plant Measurements Establish Field Trials Great Smoky Mountains 50 25 25 Culture as Christmas Trees Annual Measurements Mount Mitchell 24 12 12 Graft Elite Yr 5 Selections Graft Elite Yr 7 Selections Mount Rogers 24 12 12 Establish New Seed Orchard(s) Roan Mountain 26 13 13 Establish Breeding Orchard Checklots 6 6 6 Overall 194 100 100 Range of Geographic Sources: Range in Family Means Group B: $14.56 – $16.06 ($1.50) Group B: $12.00 – $18.57 ($6.57) Best Family 20 20 18 18 16 Worst Family 16 14 14 12 12 10 10 8 8 6 WholesaleValue ($) 6 WholesaleValue ($) 4 4 2 2 0 0 Great Great Balsam Mount Roan Grandfather Mount Balsam Mount Roan Grandfather Mount Smoky Smoky Mountains Rogers Mountain Mountain Mitchell Mountains Rogers Mountain Mountain Mitchell Mountains Mountains Average 16.06 15.94 15.11 15.06 14.60 14.56 Average 16.06 15.94 15.11 15.06 14.60 14.56 Best Family 18.57 17.95 17.60 17.10 15.76 17.73 Best Family 18.57 17.95 17.60 17.10 15.76 17.73 Worst Family 13.15 14.03 12.31 12.34 12.00 12.18 Worst Family 13.15 14.03 12.31 12.34 12.00 12.18 8 1/17/2014 Capturing genetic gains Clonal propagation • Once we have identified superior genotypes, how do we produce sufficient numbers to plant? Rooted cuttings Grafting Survival of Fraser fir and Momi fir seedlings and grafts Adapted from Hinesley and Frampton 2002 9 1/17/2014 Plagiotropic growth is a common problem in grafted conifers Source identified seed Rasmussen et al.
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