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Rhizopogon Togasawariana Sp. Nov., the First Report of Rhizopogon Associated with an Asian Species of Pseudotsuga

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Rhizopogon Togasawariana Sp. Nov., the First Report of Rhizopogon Associated with an Asian Species of Pseudotsuga Rhizopogon togasawariana sp. nov., the first report of Rhizopogon associated with an Asian species of Pseudotsuga Mujic, A. B., Hosaka, K., & Spatafora, J. W. (2014). Rhizopogon togasawariana sp. nov., the first report of Rhizopogon associated with an Asian species of Pseudotsuga. Mycologia, 106(1), 105-112. doi:10.3852/13-055 10.3852/13-055 Allen Press Inc. Version of Record http://hdl.handle.net/1957/47245 http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Mycologia, 106(1), 2014, pp. 105–112. DOI: 10.3852/13-055 # 2014 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Rhizopogon togasawariana sp. nov., the first report of Rhizopogon associated with an Asian species of Pseudotsuga Alija B. Mujic1 the natural and anthropogenic range of the family Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon and plays an important ecological role in the State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2902 establishment and maintenance of forests (Tweig et Kentaro Hosaka al. 2007, Simard 2009). The foundational species Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature concepts for genus Rhizopogon were established in the and Science, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan North American monograph of Smith and Zeller (1966), and a detailed monograph also has been Joseph W. Spatafora produced for European Rhizopogon species (Martı´n Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon 1996). However, few data on Asian species of State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2902 Rhizopogon have been incorporated into phylogenetic and taxonomic studies and only a limited account of Asian Rhizopogon species has been published for EM Abstract: Rhizopogon subgenus Villosuli are the only associates of Pinus (Hosford and Trappe 1988). members of the genus known to form an ectomycor- Based on phylogenetic analyses of the internal rhizal relationship exclusively with Pseudotsuga. The specificity of this host relationship is unusual in that transcribed spacer (ITS) of the nuclear rDNA, Rhizopogon is broadly associated with several tree Grubisha et al. (2002) re-examined the infrageneric genera within the Pinaceae and relationships with a relationships of Smith and Zeller (1966). Those host genus are typically distributed across Rhizopogon analyses, as well as morphological and ecological subgenera. Naturally occurring specimens of R. subg. evidence corroborated by their findings, resulted in Villosuli have been described only from North a new infrageneric classification composed of five American collections, and the unique host relation- subgenera: Rhizopogon, Villosuli, Amylopogon, Roseoli ship with Pseudotsuga is demonstrated only for and Versicolores. The ITS phylogeny of Grubisha et al. Rhizopogon associated with P. menziesii (Douglas-fir), (2002) found that EM associates of major conifer the dominant species of Pseudotsuga in North genera (e.g. Pinus, Abies) were distributed across America. Species of Pseudotsuga are naturally distrib- multiple subgenera of Rhizopogon. As an exception to uted around the northern Pacific Rim, and Rhizopo- this trend, a host-specific relationship was resolved gon associates of other Pseudotsuga spp. are not yet between the genus Pseudotsuga Carrie`re (Pinales: described. Here we present the results of field Pinaceae) and R. subg. Villosuli. Only one Rhizopogon 5 sampling conducted in P. japonica forests throughout species outside R. subg. Villosuli, R. salebrosus ( R. the Japanese archipelago and describe Rhizopogon subcaerulescens)inR. subg. Amylopogon, has been togasawariana sp. nov., which occurs in ectomycor- demonstrated to form an EM relationship with rhizal association with P. japonica. Placement of this Pseudotsuga without the presence of an alternate host new species within R. subg. Villosuli is supported by (Massicotte et al. 1994). However this species forms morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis, more abundant mycorrhizae with Pinus species and and its implications to Pseudotsuga-Rhizopogon bioge- also is capable of forming EM relationships with a ography are discussed. range of Pinaceae hosts (Massicotte et al. 1994), Key words: biogeography, ectomycorrhizae, hypo- arbutoid mycorrhizae with Ericaceae hosts and geous, Japan, Rhizopogon subgenus Villosuli, truffle Monotropoid mycorrhizae with mycoheterotrophic Pterospora andromedea (Ericaceae) hosts (Molina et al. 1997). In contrast, members of R. subgenus Villousli INTRODUCTION consistently have been demonstrated to form mycor- Rhizopogon is a large genus of ectomycorrhizal (EM) rhizae only with P. menziesii (Massicotte et al. 1994, fungi (Basidiomycota: Boletales) that produce hypo- Molina et al. 1997). The specificity of the Pseudotsuga- geous, truffle-like basidiomata in association with R. subg. Villosuli EM symbiosis suggests a single host trees of the Pinaceae. The symbiosis between evolutionary origin of this relationship within genus Rhizopogon and Pinaceae occurs globally throughout Rhizopogon. However, the ecological synapomorphy of the Rhizopogon-Pseudotsuga symbiosis cannot be Submitted 12 Feb 2013; accepted for publication 11 Jun 2013. confirmed because the taxonomic sampling of 1 Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Grubisha et al. (2002) was restricted to North 105 106 MYCOLOGIA American Rhizopogon specimens associated only with processed within 96 h of collection. Loose whole root coastal P. menziesii var menziesii and interior P. samples were moistened and stored in plastic bags for up to menziesii var glauca. The natural range of Pseudotsuga 5 wk at 4 C until processing was possible. Both seedling and extends around the northern Pacific Rim from loose roots were washed in filtered water, and EM root tips central Mexico to southern China (Gernandt and were observed under a dissection stereoscope. Individual EM root tips were excised from the root system, photo- Liston 1999), and additional sampling from the range graphed and stored in 20% DMSO buffer for DNA of all Pseudotsuga species is required to test thor- extraction. All seedlings were potted and deposited as oughly the phylogenetic distribution of the Rhizopo- specimens at the Botanic Garden of the National Museum gon-Pseudotsuga symbiosis. of Nature and Science (TNS) in Tsukuba, Japan. We conducted field collections throughout the range of P. japonica (Shiras.) Beissn. (togasawara) on DNA extraction and taxonomic analysis.—DNA extraction the Japanese islands of Honshu and Shikoku with the from Rhizopogon basidiomata was performed by grinding 3 goal of collecting specimens of Rhizopogon associated preserved gleba tissue in a mortar and pestle with 2 CTAB buffer followed by processing with the GeneClean III DNA with P. japonica to further test the evolutionary extraction kit (MP Biomedicals) following manufacturer hypotheses of the Rhizopogon-Pseudotsuga symbiosis. recommendations. DNA extraction from EM root tips was Presented here are the results of that sampling and performed with a CTAB buffer extraction protocol. Pre- the description of a new species of Rhizopogon found served EM root tips were rinsed in distilled water under a fruiting in association with P. japonica. Interspecific dissection stereoscope and ground in 2 3 CTAB buffer with relationships of this new species within R. subg. a FastPrep cell lysis device (MP Biomedicals, Solon, Ohio). Villosuli and their evolutionary implications are Samples were extracted with phenol:chloroform:isoamyl discussed. alcohol, and DNA was precipitated with 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.2) and 95% ethanol. Taxonomic placement of Japanese Rhizopogon was MATERIALS AND METHODS determined with both morphological and molecular anal- Field collection.—The range of P. japonica is restricted to ysis. Sections of basidiomata were prepared for microscopic isolated, mountainous sites in western Japan 500–1000 m on analysis by mounting in 5% KOH, Melzer’s reagent or Shikoku Island (Kochi Prefecture) and the Kii Peninsula distilled water as indicated. KOH mounts were prepared by (Nara, Wakayama and Mie prefectures) on Honshu Island rehydrating the basidioma section in distilled water, (Farjon 2010). Two field sites where P. japonica forests squashing the tissue with a cover slip and flooding the slide could be accessed were located in Kochi and Nara with 5% KOH. Host tree identity of EM root tips was prefectures, and field collections were conducted 29 Jun–9 determined by direct association of root samples with Jul 2010. Field collecting was conducted by gently raking the individual P. japonica seedlings. Basidiomata and fungal top 10–20 cm of the organic horizon and mineral soil layers symbionts present in EM root tips were identified by PCR under P. japonica trees. Fresh basidiomata were photo- amplification of the ITS rDNA with the fungal-specific graphed and clean samples of gleba from each basidioma primer pair ITS1-F and ITS4 (White et al. 1990, Gardes and were stored in 20% DMSO buffer (Hosaka 2009) for DNA Bruns 1993) with several PCR protocols. Sequencing extraction. Twenty percent DMSO buffer was prepared by reactions were performed with a BigDyeH Terminator kit first mixing 250 mL 0.5 M EDTA, 50 mL 1 M Tris pH 8.0, on an ABI 3730 capillary electrophoresis device (Applied 100 g NaCl, then applying heat until nearly all NaCL was Biosystems, Foster City, California). Before sequencing of dissolved. Distilled H2O was added to a total volume of fungal ITS rDNA from EM root tips, EM root tip DNA was 375 mL, the solution was autoclaved and 2 M Na2 SO3 screened by PCR amplification with the microsatellite (sterilized)
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