Nureyev: the Russian Years
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1. Creator: Stephen Sack Title: “See No… Hear No… Speak No…” Publication: Ft. Wayne Journal Publication Date: Unknown, 1978-1979 Description: In 1964 Leonid Brezhnev took over as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union after Nikita Khrushchev was removed from power. He presided over the USSR from 1964 until his death in 1982. Some of Brezhnev’s early changes were to remove the liberalizing reforms made of Khrushchev. Cultural freedom was limited and the secret service, the KBG, regained power. In 1973, the Soviet Union entered an era of economic stagnation which led to unhappiness among the Soviet people. Brezhnev continued the policy of détente with the United States, limiting arms but at the same time building up Soviet military strength. Source: Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum: Best Editorial Cartoons of the Year ed. Charles Brooks. Pelican Publishing Press, Gretna, 1979 Folder: Cartoons Bezbatchenko 2. Creator: Mike Keffe Title: Untitled Publication: Denver Post Publication Date: Unknown, 1980- 1981 Description: Elections were held in the USSR and the United States in 1979 and 1980 respectively. The 1980 presidential campaign was between incumbent Democrat Jimmy Carter and Republican candidate, Ronald Reagan. The election was held on November 4, 1980. Reagan won the electoral college vote by a landslide. In the Soviet Union, elections were held but for appearances only. Vladimir Lenin and the other Bolshevik leaders dissolved the Constituent Assembly in 1918. Under Stalin’s rule the position of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party became synonymous with “leader of the Soviet Union.” In 1980, the government was controlled by nonelected Communist Politburo members, the Central Committee and a parliament type group called the Supreme Soviet, who only met briefly throughout the year. -
Kennedy's Quest: Leadership in Space
Kennedy’s Quest: Leadership in Space Overview Topic: “Space Race” Grade Level: 9-12 Subject Area: US History Time Required: One class period. Goals/Rationale: The decision by the Kennedy Administration to make a manned lunar landing the major goal of the US space program derived from political as well as scientific motivations. In this lesson plan, students do a close reading of four primary sources related to the US space program in 1961, analyzing how and why public statements made by the White House regarding space may have differed from private statements made within the Kennedy Administration. Essential Questions: How was the “Space Race” connected to the Cold War? How and why might the White House communicate differently in public and in private? How might the Administration garner support for their policy? Objectives Students will be able to: analyze primary sources, considering the purpose of the source, the audience, and the occasion. analyze the differences in the tone or content of the primary sources. explain the Kennedy Administration’s arguments for putting a human on the Moon by the end of the 1960s. Connections to Curriculum (Standards) National History Standards US History, Era 9: Postwar United States (1945 to early 1970s) Standard 2A: The student understands the international origins and domestic consequences of the Cold War. Historical Thinking Skills Standard 2: Historical Comprehension Reconstruct the literal meaning of a historical passage. Appreciate historical perspectives . Historical Thinking Skills Standard 4: Historical Research Capabilities Support interpretations with historical evidence. Massachusetts History and Social Science Curriculum Frameworks USII [T.5] 1. Using primary sources such as campaign literature and debates, news articles/analyses, editorials, and television coverage, analyze the important policies and events that took place during the presidencies of John F. -
Bulletin 10-Final Cover
COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN Issue 10 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. March 1998 Leadership Transition in a Fractured Bloc Featuring: CPSU Plenums; Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and the Crisis in East Germany; Stalin and the Soviet- Yugoslav Split; Deng Xiaoping and Sino-Soviet Relations; The End of the Cold War: A Preview COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN 10 The Cold War International History Project EDITOR: DAVID WOLFF CO-EDITOR: CHRISTIAN F. OSTERMANN ADVISING EDITOR: JAMES G. HERSHBERG ASSISTANT EDITOR: CHRISTA SHEEHAN MATTHEW RESEARCH ASSISTANT: ANDREW GRAUER Special thanks to: Benjamin Aldrich-Moodie, Tom Blanton, Monika Borbely, David Bortnik, Malcolm Byrne, Nedialka Douptcheva, Johanna Felcser, Drew Gilbert, Christiaan Hetzner, Kevin Krogman, John Martinez, Daniel Rozas, Natasha Shur, Aleksandra Szczepanowska, Robert Wampler, Vladislav Zubok. The Cold War International History Project was established at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., in 1991 with the help of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and receives major support from the MacArthur Foundation and the Smith Richardson Foundation. The Project supports the full and prompt release of historical materials by governments on all sides of the Cold War, and seeks to disseminate new information and perspectives on Cold War history emerging from previously inaccessible sources on “the other side”—the former Communist bloc—through publications, fellowships, and scholarly meetings and conferences. Within the Wilson Center, CWIHP is under the Division of International Studies, headed by Dr. Robert S. Litwak. The Director of the Cold War International History Project is Dr. David Wolff, and the incoming Acting Director is Christian F. -
The Red Scare- Soviet Union
JCC: The Red Scare- Soviet Union Chair: Bridget Arnold Vice-Chair: 1 Table of Contents 3. Letter from Chair 4. Committee Background 7. Topic A: Race to the Moon 15. Topic B: Developing Tensions is the West 24. Positions 2 Letter from the Chair: Dear Fellow Comrades, Hello, and welcome to LYMUN VII! I am extremely excited to be chairing (the better side) of the JCC: The Red Scare. My name is Bridget Arnold, I am currently a Senior at Lyons Township and I have participated in Model UN since my Freshman year. Outside of MUN, I participate in various clubs such as Mock Trial and PSI and in general have a huge fascination with politics. In anticipation of the conference, you are expected to write one position paper outlining your person’s beliefs on the topics that you have been given. Both topics will be discussed in order but only one position paper is required. All delegates should maintain their character’s policy within the committee and should avoid slipping into their own personal beliefs. During committee, I will not only be looking for delegates who speak a lot but those who work well with other delegates, contribute to discussions, and exemplify knowledge about the topic in their speeches. With that being said, I encourage all delegates to speak at least once in this committee. Any experience with public speaking will benefit your skills as a public speaker now and in the future. Writing directives and crisis notes with your own original ideas are also crucial for success in this cabinet. -
The Northern Black Sea Region in Classical Antiquity 4
The Northern Black Sea Region by Kerstin Susanne Jobst In historical studies, the Black Sea region is viewed as a separate historical region which has been shaped in particular by vast migration and acculturation processes. Another prominent feature of the region's history is the great diversity of religions and cultures which existed there up to the 20th century. The region is understood as a complex interwoven entity. This article focuses on the northern Black Sea region, which in the present day is primarily inhabited by Slavic people. Most of this region currently belongs to Ukraine, which has been an independent state since 1991. It consists primarily of the former imperial Russian administrative province of Novorossiia (not including Bessarabia, which for a time was administered as part of Novorossiia) and the Crimean Peninsula, including the adjoining areas to the north. The article also discusses how the region, which has been inhabited by Scythians, Sarmatians, Greeks, Romans, Goths, Huns, Khazars, Italians, Tatars, East Slavs and others, fitted into broader geographical and political contexts. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Space of Myths and Legends 3. The Northern Black Sea Region in Classical Antiquity 4. From the Khazar Empire to the Crimean Khanate and the Ottomans 5. Russian Rule: The Region as Novorossiia 6. World War, Revolutions and Soviet Rule 7. From the Second World War until the End of the Soviet Union 8. Summary and Future Perspective 9. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Literature 3. Notes Indices Citation Introduction -
THE CANADIAN ORIGINS of GLASNOST Introduction
THE CANADIAN ORIGINS OF GLASNOST YV Introduction Glasnost and perestroika are distinctly revitalize their nation. The concepts of Focus Russian terms, but there is a Canadian glasnost and perestroika intrigued the This News in Re- connection to both of them. In the world. The Soviet Union, historically a view module discusses the mean- 1980s the Russian ambassador to closed society run by a tight committee ings of two very Canada, Alexandre Yakovlev, devel- of party faithful, had ruled the nation powerful terms, oped the idea of opening his nation to with an iron fist for three quarters of a glasnost and change and enlightenment. This man century. Now glasnost (openness) and perestroika. Their could see the writing on the wall for the perestroika (restructuring) became the significance, in Soviet Union. He believed that if buzzwords of a new regime. An experi- terms of modern Russian history, is change from within did not occur, then ment in cultural change was unleashed. explored. As well catastrophic change from without Glasnost applied primarily to the these terms are would be inevitable. He wanted to find media in the Soviet Union. The media discussed from the a way to save his people and provide had long been an extension of the party perspective of their prosperity and happiness to a nation politic and had little to do with accuracy origins, both Russian and Cana- that for too long had done without and truth (despite the leading publica- dian. either. tion named Pravda [Truth]). Glasnost During his tenure as ambassador to led to a lessening of restrictions and an Canada he became a student of our attempt to improve the information flow YV Sections nation. -
THE BATTLE of STALINGRAD Belligerents
THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD DATE: AUGUST 23 1942 – FEBRUARY 02 1943 Belligerents Germany Soviet Union Italy Romania Hungary Croatia The Battle of Stalingrad was a brutal military campaign between Russian forces and those of Nazi Germany and the Axis powers during World War 2. The battle is infamous as one of the largest, longest and bloodiest engagements in modern warfare: from August 1942 through February 1943, more than two million troops fought in close quarters – and nearly two million people were killed or injured in the fighting, including tens of thousands of Russian civilians. But the Battle of Stalingrad (one of Russia’s important industrial cities) ultimately turned the tide of World War 2 in favor of the Allied forces. PRELUDE In the middle of World War 2 – having captured territory in much of present-day Ukraine and Belarus in the spring on 1942 – Germany’s Wehrmacht forces decide to mount an offensive on southern Russia in the summer of that year. Under the leadership of ruthless head of state Joseph Stalin, Russian forces had already successfully rebuffed a German attack on the western part of the country – one that had the ultimate goal of taking Moscow – during the winter of 1941-42. However, Stalin’s Red Army had suffered significant losses in the fighting, both in terms of manpower and weaponry. Stalin and his generals, including future Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev, fully expected another Nazi attack to be aimed at Moscow. However, Hitler and the Wehrmacht had other ideas. They set their sights on Stalingrad; the city served as an industrial center in Russia, producing, among other important goods, artillery for the country’s troops. -
Mikhail Gorbachev and His Role in the Peaceful Solution of the Cold War
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations and Theses City College of New York 2011 Mikhail Gorbachev and His Role in the Peaceful Solution of the Cold War Natalia Zemtsova CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/49 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Mikhail Gorbachev and His Role in the Peaceful Solution of the Cold War Natalia Zemtsova May 2011 Master’s Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of International Affairs at the City College of New York Advisor: Jean Krasno ABSTRACT The role of a political leader has always been important for understanding both domestic and world politics. The most significant historical events are usually associated in our minds with the images of the people who were directly involved and who were in charge of the most crucial decisions at that particular moment in time. Thus, analyzing the American Civil War, we always mention the great role and the achievements of Abraham Lincoln as the president of the United States. We cannot forget about the actions of such charismatic leaders as Adolf Hitler, Josef Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Franklin D. Roosevelt when we think about the brutal events and the outcome of the World War II. Or, for example, the Cuban Missile Crisis and its peaceful solution went down in history highlighting roles of John F. -
GCSE History: the Cold W Ar Topic 3: Détente and End Of
Summary Key Vocabulary Although the invasion of Czechoslovakia had strained USA-USSR ‘Relaxing of tensions’. Particularly from 1970-79, both the USA Détente relations, the 1970s was a decade of clear détente; both sides made and USSR were willing to work with each other. several important agreements such as USA pulling out of the Afghan In 1978, Soviet-backed Afghan communists took over the country, Vietnam War in 1973, and the Helsinki Agreement 1975 which Revolution but struggled to get enough support amongst Afghans. guaranteed human rights and the borders of all countries in Europe. The Islamic extremists who were fighting in the Afghan Civil War Mujahideen Détente ended in 1979 when Brezhnev made the decision to against communism. They were given funds/supplies by the USA. invade Afghanistan to support the communist government against A form of warfare where small group of rebels use ambushes and guerrilla Islamic extremists. The US public reacted by voting for Ronald hit-and-run tactics to fight a larger army. The Mujahideen used warfare Reagan who followed a hardline stance against the USSR, calling it this against the USSR, and the Vietcong used it against the USA. an ’evil empire’ and increasing US military spending. The refusal to pay for/attend something. The USA boycotted the boycott By the mid-1980s, the USSR had massive debts from the Afghan Moscow Olympics; the USSR boycotted Los Angeles 4 years later. GCSE History: The Cold War Cold The History: GCSE War. The final leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, promised massive ratify A treaty/agreement does not become law until it is ratified. -
Introduction
INTRODUCTION n 1984 the American Economics Association sent a delegation of Ieconomists to the Soviet Union for scientific discussion with So- viet economists. It was the final meeting in a series of cultural ex- changes at a time when the Cold War was heating up. The trip was made in summer, but in terms of intellectual discourse, Moscow was as cold and dark as Mordor. At lunch the head of the Soviet delegation reminded us that the Soviet Union had enough nuclear weapons to destroy the United States many times over, including President Reagan’s Hollywood and Disneyland. My job was to talk about the U.S. labor market. I criticized the United States for rising inequality; unemployment that had hit dou- ble digits in the 1981 recession; declining unionization; reduced company provision of defined-benefit pensions; the stalled advance of black Americans; limited gains in earnings for women; and slow productivity and real wage growth. I saw the United States as losing ground to other advanced economies. Japan, whose labor market and economic institutions were very different from those in the United States, was challenging American firms in automobiles, steel, and high-tech. Advanced Europe, which also had very differ- ent institutions, had adjusted better to the 1970s oil shock. My biggest concern was that the distribution of earnings in the United States was bifurcating. There were more jobs and higher pay at the top of the earnings distribution and also at the bottom of the earnings distribution. The result was fewer middle-class workers. The average hourly earnings of the production and nonsupervisory workers who made up most of the U.S. -
Itiie WHITE HONE
TiiE WHITE HONE I THE DAWf DSARY OF PRESliI)ENT JIMMY CARTER JUNE 16, U.S. EMBASSY RESIDENCE lg’i’g I TIME DAY VIENNA, AUSTRIA I 5:3O a.m. SATURDAY ‘HONE I TIME ACTfVITY 5:30 The President received a wake up call from the White House signal board operator. 7:05 ? The President went jogging in the garden of the U.S. Embassy I residence. 10:21 The President went to his motorcade. 10:21 10:35 The President motored from the U.S. Embassy residence to the U.S. Embassy. The President went to the holding room. The President went to the front of the U.S. Embassy. The President greeted Leonid Il'ich Brezhnev, General Secretary and Member, Politburo, Communist Party of the Soviet Union Central Committee and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the United Soviet Socialist Republic (U.S.S.R.) Members of the press The President escorted General Secretary Brezhnev to the Conference Room. 1l:OO 12~28 The President participated in a meeting with U.S. and U.S.S.R. officials. For a list of attendees, see APPENDIX "A." I i Members of the press, in/out The President escorted Secretary General Brezhnev to his motorcade. The President bade farewell to General Secretary Brezhnev. Members of the press The President went to the lobby of the U.S. Embassy. 1234 1 The President returned to his motorcade. 12:50 12:35 i 1 The President motored from the U.S. Embassy to the U.S. I Embassy residence. -
2018 Sartorius Christopher Ma
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE WARNING INTELLIGENCE IN NUCLEAR CRISIS MANAGEMENT: AVOIDING CATASTROPHIC MISCALCULATION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By CHRISTOPHER M. SARTORIUS Norman, OK 2018 WARNING INTELLIGENCE IN NUCLEAR CRISIS MANAGMENT: AVOIDING CATASTROPHIC MISCALCULATION A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE BY ___________________________ Dr. Ronald K. Gaddie, Chair ___________________________ Dr. Colin M. Barry ___________________________ Dr. Deven E. Carlson ___________________________ Dr. Jorge L. Mendoza ___________________________ Dr. Shad B. Satterthwaite © Copyright by CHRISTOPHER M. SARTORIUS 2018 All Rights Reserved. This dissertation is dedicated to my family and all intelligence professionals, military and civilian, past and present, who have dedicated their lives to protecting our great nation and our allies. Acknowledgements Working on this doctoral dissertation has been both a joy and a challenge. This work would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of countless individuals. At the most personal level, I would like to thank my wife, Fulvia, for her support over the past three years of this doctoral program and for her care and love over the past 25 years. I wish to thank my son, Konrad, for providing inspiration, much needed breaks in my work routine, and for sharing lunch together at the OU cafeteria followed by our fun table tennis matches. I also would like to thank my parents, Tim and Wanda Sartorius, for instilling in me the value of a great education. I would also like to thank Dr. Shad Satterthwaite, always friendly, open, and upbeat for enthusiastically encouraging me to pursue a doctoral degree at OU and Dr.