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Les Bases De L'imagerie Satellitaire IMA207, M2/MVA, M2/IRIV-ID

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Les Bases De L'imagerie Satellitaire IMA207, M2/MVA, M2/IRIV-ID Les Bases de l’Imagerie Satellitaire IMA207, M2/MVA, M2/IRIV-ID Jean Marie Nicolas <[email protected]> Cadre priv´e } sans modifications Voir page 173 Version 2018.2 Table des matieres` 1 Principes de mecanique´ satellitaire 7 1.1 G´eom´etried’unsyst`emeorbital. .................. 8 1.1.1 Rappelsdem´ecaniquek´eplerienne. ............... 8 1.1.2 Equationsfondamentalesdessatellites . ................. 9 1.1.3 Param`etresorbitaux . .......... 11 1.2 Descripteursd’uneorbite . .............. 13 1.3 Priseencomptedelanonsph´ericit´edelaTerre . .................... 14 1.3.1 LaTerreenWGS84 ................................ ..... 14 1.3.2 Trajectoires circulaires : les orbites h´eliosynchrones .................... 15 1.3.3 Trajectoires excentriques: les orbites gel´ees . ..................... 16 1.4 Donn´ees num´eriques des lanceurs et satellites actuels........................ 17 1.4.1 Quelques donn´ees sur les altitudes des satellites . ..................... 17 1.4.2 Lanceursactuels ............................... ........ 18 1.4.3 Lesfrottementsdanslahauteatmosph`ere . ................ 19 1.4.4 Lescorrectionsorbitales . ............ 20 1.4.5 Bilandesforcesagissantsurunsatellite . ................. 21 1.5 OrbitesetrotationdelaTerre. ............... 21 1.5.1 Repr´esentationd’uneorbitedepuislaTerre . .................. 21 1.5.2 Cycle et phasage d’un satellite NPO h´eliosynchrone . ................... 22 1.6 Repr´esenterlaTerre. ............. 30 1.6.1 LaTerrevudel’espace. ......... 30 1.6.2 LaTerrevuedusolterrestre:SRTetellipso¨ıde . .................. 31 1.6.3 La Terre vuedu sol terrestre : g´eod´esie, Syst`eme de R´ef´erence Verticale (SRV) et r´ef´erentiel g´eod´esique ....................................... ... 32 1.6.4 UnSRTglobal:leWGS84. ....... 33 1.6.5 Un mod`ele r´egional : le r´eseau g´eod´esique franc¸aisRGF93................. 33 1.6.6 La Terre et sa surface : les MNT (Mod`ele Num´erique de Terrain) ............. 34 2 Gen´ eralit´ es´ sur les satellites de tel´ ed´ etection´ 36 2.1 Lat´el´ed´etectioncivile. ................. 37 2.1.1 Lesbesoinsent´el´edectioncivile . ................ 37 2.1.2 Lessatellitesdet´el´edectioncivile . .................. 37 2.2 G´en´eralit´essurlessatellitesimageurs . ...................... 38 2.2.1 Choixdescapteurs .............................. ........ 38 2.2.2 Choixdutyped’orbite . ......... 39 2.2.3 Choix de l’altitude de l’orbite : cycle, fauch´ee et couverture ................ 40 2.2.4 Capteursagilesettempsderevisite . .............. 42 2.2.5 Choixd’orbitesh´eliosynchrones . ............... 47 2.2.6 La visibilit´ede la Terre depuis un satellite en orbite..................... 47 2.2.7 La visibilit´ed’un satellite depuis la Terre : les stationsder´eception . 48 2.3 LessatellitesoptiquesetInfraRouge(IR) . ................... 50 2.3.1 Principesg´en´eraux . ........... 50 2.3.2 Les capteurs optiques : principes ´el´ementaires . ..................... 50 2.4 Lessatellitesradar .............................. ............ 53 2.4.1 Principesg´en´eraux . ........... 53 2.4.2 Lescapteursradar: principes ´el´ementaires . ................... 53 2.4.3 Bandesradaretth´ematiques . ............ 53 Jean Marie Nicolas <[email protected]> Cadre priv´e } sans modifications Voir page 173 1/173 Les Bases de l’Imagerie Satellitaire IMA207, M2/MVA, M2/IRIV-ID 2.5 Lesimagesetleurg´eor´ef´erencement . ................... 54 2.5.1 Lepositionnementdessatellites . .............. 54 2.5.2 Orientationlocaledesimages . ............ 54 2.5.3 PriseencomptedelarotationdelaTerre . .............. 55 2.5.4 Imagesetm´etaparam`etres . ............ 56 2.6 Quelquessatellitesdet´el´ed´etection . ...................... 56 2.7 Quelquesimages .................................. ......... 58 3 Geom´ etrie´ des images 62 3.1 G´en´eralit´essurlessyst`emesd’imagerie . ...................... 63 3.1.1 Notionder´esolution . .......... 63 3.1.2 Echantillonnagedesdonn´ees. ............. 64 3.1.3 Rayonperspectifetgerbeperspective . ............... 64 3.1.4 Rep´erageducapteurparrapportausol. ............... 66 3.1.5 Enregistrement continu ou instantan´e: image par le mouvement .............. 70 3.1.6 Monoscopieetst´er´eoscopie . ............. 70 3.2 Lescapteurs ..................................... ........ 71 3.2.1 R´esolution:limitesphysiques . .............. 71 3.2.2 Capteurs num´eriques et chambres photographiques . ................... 71 3.2.3 Quelques PSF (Point Spread Function) de syst`emes satellitaires .............. 72 3.2.4 Capteurgrandchamp,capteurpetitchamp. ............... 73 3.3 G´eom´etriedesacquisitionsoptiques . ................... 73 3.3.1 GSI et case sol : hypoth`ese de Terre plate en vis´ee verticale ................ 73 3.3.2 G´eom´etrie des prises de vues optiques en vis´ee oblique(capteurspetitchamps) . 75 3.3.3 Leslimitesdel’agilit´e . ............ 79 3.4 G´eom´etrie des acquisitions RSO (Radar `aSynth`ese d’Ouverture).................. 80 3.4.1 Principesdel’acquisitionRSO . ............. 80 3.4.2 G´eom´etrie“optique”etg´eom´etrieRSO . ................. 81 3.4.3 Acquisitions sous diff´erentesincidences:hypoth`esedeTerreplate . ... 81 3.5 Effetsdurelief........................................ ..... 82 3.5.1 Analysequalitative . .......... 82 3.5.2 Effets du relief : analyse quantitative. Cas des capteurs passifs ............... 83 3.5.3 Effets du relief : analyse quantitative. Cas des capteurs actifs................ 85 3.6 Recalagedesdonn´ees. ............ 85 3.6.1 Niveauxderectification[18] . ............ 85 3.6.2 Transformations g´eom´etriques : mod`eles empiriques[18].................. 87 3.6.3 Transformations g´eom´etriques : mod`eles physiques3D[18] ................ 88 3.6.4 M´ethodesd’interpolation. ............. 89 4 Les satellites optiques 90 4.1 Les satellites imageurs `achamp de limbe `alimbe et grand champ (applications m´et´eorologiques) . 91 4.1.1 Images plan´etaires : les satellites m´et´eorologiquesg´eostationnaires . 91 4.1.2 Lessatellites `ad´efilementNOAA-POES. ............... 97 4.1.3 DMSP : Defense MeteorologicalSatellite Program . ................. 99 4.1.4 NPOESS(Suomi) ................................. ..... 99 4.1.5 Lessatellites `ad´efilementMETOP-ESA. ............... 99 4.1.6 Les satellites `ad´efilement METEOR (URSS puis Russie).................. 100 4.1.7 LecapteurPOLDER ............................... ...... 101 4.1.8 SPOT-V´eg´etation. .......... 103 4.2 Les satellites imageurs grand champ en oc´eanographie . ...................... 103 4.2.1 Imagesr´egionales:NIMBUS7 . .......... 103 4.2.2 LamissionSeaWIFS.............................. ....... 103 4.2.3 LeprogrammesOkean .. .... ... .... .... .... ... .... ....... 104 4.2.4 Haiyang:lasurveillancedelamerenChine . .............. 104 4.2.5 LesprogrammesindiensOceanSat. ............ 105 4.3 Lessatellitesimageurs`achamplimit´e . ................... 105 4.3.1 Leprogrammeam´ericainLANDSAT . .......... 105 4.3.2 LeprogrammeNMP ................................ ..... 107 4.3.3 NASA’sEarthObservingSystems . ........... 107 Jean Marie Nicolas <[email protected]> Cadre priv´e } sans modifications Voir page 173 2/173 Les Bases de l’Imagerie Satellitaire IMA207, M2/MVA, M2/IRIV-ID 4.3.4 LeprogrammeRESURS-O. ....... 109 4.3.5 Lessatelliteseurop´eensSPOT1`a7 . .............. 109 4.3.6 Les satellites europ´eens Sentinel-2 et Sentinel-3 . ...................... 112 4.3.7 LeprogrammeindienIRS . ........ 113 4.3.8 Lesprogrammesjaponais . ......... 114 4.3.9 LeprogrammeSino-br´esilienCBERS (Ziyuan0I) . ................ 115 4.3.10 Lesprogrammeschinois . .......... 116 4.3.11 RapidEye..................................... ...... 117 4.3.12 Alsat-2(Alg´erie) . ........... 117 4.3.13 Egypte ....................................... ..... 118 4.3.14 RazakSAT : le satellite d’observation de la Terre de Malaisie................ 118 4.3.15 LeprogrammedelaTha¨ılande:Theos . ............. 118 4.3.16 VNREDSat1A(VietNam). ........ 119 4.4 Lessyst`emesimageurshauter´esolution . ................... 119 4.4.1 GeoEye:OrbviewetIkonos . ......... 119 4.4.2 DigitalGlobe:Quickbird,Worldview . .............. 120 4.4.3 Pl´eiades:lacomposanteoptiqued’ORFEO . ............... 123 4.4.4 KOMPSAT-2, KOMPSAT-3 et KOMPSAT-3A (Cor´ee) . ............ 124 4.4.5 Duba¨ıSat1et2(Emiratsarabesunis) . .............. 124 4.4.6 Deimos-2(Espagne) ... .... ... .... .... .... ... .... ........ 124 4.4.7 Cartosat(Inde) ................................ ........ 124 4.4.8 EROS(Isra¨el)................................. ........ 125 4.4.9 ASNARO(Japon) ................................. ..... 125 4.4.10 KazEOSat-1(Kazakhstan) . ........... 125 4.4.11 LeprogrammeduP´erou:Perusat-1 . ............. 126 4.4.12 Les programmes RESURS-F, SPIN-2 et RESURS-P (Russie) ............... 126 4.4.13 LeprogrammedeSingapour:Teleos-1 . ............. 127 4.4.14 Formosat-2etFormosat-5(Taiwan)) . ............... 127 4.5 Capteurssuperspectrauxethyperspectraux . .................... 128 4.5.1 Modis......................................... .... 128 4.5.2 Hyperion ...................................... ..... 128 4.5.3 Meris(satelliteENVISAT) . ........... 128 4.5.4 Chris(satelliteProba-1) . ............ 129 4.5.5 VIIRS(satelliteSuomi) . .......... 129 4.5.6 Venµs............................................. 129 4.6 L’acquisitionvideoenorbite:SkySat . ................. 130 4.7 Mini,micro,nanosatellites . ............... 131 4.7.1 SSTI(SmallSpacecraftTechnologyInitiative) . .................. 131 4.7.2 LesProba:Proba-1etProba-V . .......... 131 4.7.3 LesplateformesSSTL .. .... ... .... ...
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