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Virginia Marine Resource Bulletin Virginia Sea Grant

10-1-1980

Marine Resource Bulletin Vol. 12, No. 3

Virginia Sea Grant

Virginia Institute of Marine Science

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Recommended Citation Virginia Sea Grant and Virginia Institute of Marine Science, "Marine Resource Bulletin Vol. 12, No. 3" (1980). Virginia Marine Resource Bulletin. 31. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsmrb/31

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The world's richest oyster bottoms page VIMS report entitled "The Oyster a year. Approximately 100,000 acres are in the Chesapeake Bay, but Vir- Industry of Virginia: Its Status, Pro- of private bottoms produced about ginia's oyster production just isn't blems and Promise:'* published by 2,600,000 bushels a year. Oystermen VIMS Sea Grant Marine Advisory had learned to deal with the two great- what it used to be. The State's 1958- est menances to their oyster crops - 59 oyster harvest yielded over 4 million Services, continues to be the industry's bushels of oysters. Total production most comprehensive source of infor- the oyster drill, (a marine snail that for the 1978-79 season was only slightly mation. The report reveals a complex preys on young oysters) and the oyster over 1 million bushels. series of events combining disease, pathogen known as "Dermo." The "We don't have as many oysters as weather, pollution, and socio-economic scientific name for "Dermo." Perkinsus we'd like to have:' says O. A. Spady, aspects that has undermined the pro- marinum, was named after VIMS owner of Battery Park Fish and Oyster duction of Virginia's most valuable scientist Dr. Frank O. Perkins, who has Company. "Why don't we have them? fishery. made major contributions to the study Is it pollution? Is it mother nature? I n the 1950's, V'irginia's oyster of the disease. There could be 100 reasons and we can industry thrived. The State's 240,000 In the late fall of 1959, a mysterious disease known as "Multinucleate Sphere only speculate." acres of public bottoms produced What caused the 20-year decline of about 550,000 bushels of oysters Unknown" or "MSX" (Minchinia nel- Virginia's vital oyster industry? In a soni) entered the Chesapeake Bay. fishery as complex as the oyster indus- Scientists at VI MS had closely monitor- try, it is difficult to pinpoint causes. * The Oyster Industry of Virginia: ed early signs of MSX in the Delaware "We can't answer our own ques- Its Status, Problem:s and Promise. Bay and predicted its appearance in tions:' Spady continues, "We must Dexter S. Haven, William J. Hargis, Virginia waters. But none expected its look to scientists and researchers for Jr. and Paul C. Kend,lll. Special Report drastic effect on Virginia's oyster crops. MSX devasted oyster populations on answers." No.4, 1078 pages. Scientists at the Virginia Institute The Oyster Indu!ltry of Virginia: high-salinity bottoms, causing mortal- of Marine Science, School of Marine Its Status, Problem!; and Promise.- ities as high as 100% on the largest, Science of the College of William and Executive Summary. Dexter S. Haven, most productive grounds in the Bay. Oyster production on private bot- Mary, have studied Virginia's oyster William J. Hargis, Jr. and Paul C. Ken- industry since the 1940's. The 1078 dall. SRAMSOE No. 168, 149 pages. toms declined drastically. It was an economic risk to lease bottoms, buy fuel, equipment and labor rendered the impact of MSX on many areas and plant oyster seed, hire labor for relocation to many of the smaller where it formerly caused great damage. harvest, and then to have crops wiped low-salinity oyster grounds economi- Oyster production on many public out by MSX. Naturally productive cally impractical. grounds began to recover in the "wet" public bottoms kept producing oysters Oddly enough, MSX did not cause 70's. However, overall private produc- but at a slightly lower rate due to the high mortalities in Virginia's Eastern tion remained slow due to rising costs fact that these bottoms were in regions Shore oyster populations. Oyster of fuel, supplies, labor, and the lack of of moderate to low salinity where MSX production on the Eastern Shore, experienced oyster shuckers. Contri- was not as active. Also, increased however, declined largely because of buting to the private sector's decline oyster seed repletion by the Virginia economic conditions in the 60's. was the price of seed purchased from Marine Resources Commission (VMRC) The 1970's brought a decade of public seed beds, which had more than helped maintain public grounds. above average rainfall that lowered doubled since 1960. Private growers Throughout the decade of the salinities throughout the Bay. In 1972, historically had produced more oysters 60's, MSX continued to suppress millions of dollars worth of oysters at a lower cost per acre than public private oyster production on many were killed when tropical storm Agnes harvesters. But in the 1978-79 season, desirable, high-salinity bottoms. The dropped unprecedented amounts of oyster production from public grounds cost of running an oyster business fresh water on the upper tributaries totaled 614,000 bushels, while pro- increased against a relatively stable of the Bay. But the lol/v salinities duction from private grounds totaled wholesale oyster price. Rising costs of also eliminated oyster drills and reduced (continued on next page)

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Opposite page: Tonging for oysters on the James River public bottoms near Menchville, Virginia. This page -- clockwise from top: Some oysrer tongers sell and offload day's catch onto large "buy boats" in the Mench- ville harbor. At the dock, other oyster- men sell and unload day's catch by c ---~~~-'::'--~~~ transferring bushel buckets of oysters onto moving conveyor belt and into waiting trucks. Oyster boats line up at the dock to wait their turn unload- ing -"Buy boat" is in background.

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only 443,000 bushels. seed in hatcheries. Dr. Jay D. Andrews There will be no simple solution What does the decade of the 80's of VIMS has studied MSX since its to improving Virginia's oyster industry. have in store for Virginia's oyster appearance in the Bay ,and has develop- The 20-year decline in oyster pro- industry? ed an MSX-resistant strain of oysters. duction from Virginia's waters has Weston Conley, owner of RCV Hatchery-reared, d isea~se-resistant seed occurred and has persisted due to Seafood, Inc. in Morattico, Virginia, remains an attractive alternate for complex relationships of environmental and president of the Oyster Packers the future. problems, diseases, pollution, and lower- Association, says that the yield of "If we wish to increase statewide ed quality of seed stocks combined this season'soyster crop is down more production:' emphasi:zes Dexter S. with rising production costs, stagnant than one pint per bushel, and quality Haven, head of the VIMS Department dockside prices, and the failure to of the oyster meat is not uniform. of Applied Biology, and one of the utilize cost effective planting and har- Consequently, tongers are not getting authors of the Oyster Industry Report, vesting techniques. Many of the current as much money for oysters and the high "We cannot take just one step -we must practices and management of the in- cost of shucking makes it hard for do several things at thl~ same time." dustry are outmoded, and the oyster oyster processors to make reasonable Per capita consum.~r demand for industry, like most fisheries, is resistant profit. "The name of the game is oysters has decreased. Increasing the to change. yield," says Conley. "If the overall demand for Virginia seafood through "The problems are mostly of our quality of the oysters is poor, the modern marketing techniques and edu- own making:' says Cranston Morgan, effects are felt by the tongers, the cational projects will be a major ob- owner of C. F. Morgan and Sons, Inc. processors,and the customers." jective in the 1980's ,of the Virginia and president of the Oyster Growers The oyster industry is faced with Seafood Council (VSCt and the Virginia and Dealers Association, "Problems continuing escalations in costs of Marine Products Comrnission (VMPC). like overharvesting or improperly de- seed, labor, marine equipment, vessels, Keith Porter, execultive director of veloped systems can be easily solved supplies, and borrowed money. The the VSC feels that falrsightedness is with the scratch of a pen." Morgan drought of 1980 has increased salinities essential in dealing wi1:h the problems feels that one of the industry's main throughout the Bay and has brought facing Virginia's oystelr Industry. "We problems is in the social field -distrust back the threat of MSX and oyster need to address long range problems and among watermen and packers, distrust drills. "We can't help it if the oysters concentrate on long-range solutions," among scientists and politicians. "Our aren't fat -that's an act of mother says Porter. "And the key element of problem is more psychological than nature." says O. A. Spady. "But if marketing any seafoodl is in the edu- actual," he says. we just don't have enough oysters - cation area. For example, consumers In order for Virginia's oyster in- there is a lot we can do to help." need much more education in the dustry to get on the road to recovery, The VIMS Oyster Industry Report handling, storage, and l:Jreparation of a it will be necessary to have a com- outlines many aspects of Virginia's seafood like oysters thlan, say, a red bination of efficient management oyster industry and recommends pos- meat like hamburger." and continuing scientific and engineer- sible lines of action that could bring Jim Wallace, director of the VMPC, ing guidance. All facets of the industry Virginia's oyster industry to higher feels that the oyster incjustry's problems are not equally understood and further levels of production. Some of the go much deeper than lack of consumer study is needed. recommendations include: awareness. "There are' problems out One point, however, is quite evident. * Increase production of public there that must be solved before you It is not a question of can Virginia's oyster grounds by increasing Virginia's can expand consumer demand," says oyster industry be saved, but how. Wallace. public seed renewal and repletion pro- -Kym Young grams. This could be accomplished either by increasing state expenditures and expanding the existing program or making the current seed renewal pro- gram more cost efficient by introducing supervised mechanical harvesting and replanting of seed. * Take steps to make growing oysters more profitable to private owners by making low-cost, high-quality seed from the State's public bottoms available. The adoption of more mo- dern harvesting techniques would great- ly reduce the cost of seed. * Make unused public grounds avail- able for lease by private interests in order that private owners might benefit from these more productive bottoms. * Increase the demand for Virginia oysters through promotional and mar- keting campaigns. Other avenues for increasing pro- duction are discussed in the VI MS Oyster Industry Report, one of which Lone oyster tonger on the James River. is developing disease-resistant oyster Hardy sailors, fishermen, and water- are rescued. Always wear warm clothes, a 24-page "The Chesapeake: A Boating fowl hunters eagerly anticipate the wool cap and a personal floatation Guide to Weather" contains valuable beauty and solitude of fall and winter device. Even better, wear a float coat information on boating in the Bay, and boating. But big winds, rough seas and specially designed for hypothermia pro- addresses the prevention, symptoms, and unpredictable weather could mean a tection. If thrown overboard or capsized treatment of hypothermia. Copies can capsize, and winter's cold water can be a in cold water, don't try to swim. Keep be ordered for $1.00 from Sea Grant silent killer. the head out of the water, and adopt Publications, Virginia Institute of Marine either the HELP or HUDDLE positions Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062. In 500 F water, which Virginia gen- to conserve body heat. erally experiences by November, a person The Bay's cold winter waters can be can tread water for approximately two Hypothermia victims should be taken beautiful, but deadly. Watermen and hours before deep chilling of the body, to medical facilities immediately, even recreational boaters owe it to themselves or hypothermia, results in heart failure. if apparently recovered. And even if to know the facts about hypothermia. In fact, falling overboard in waters as victims appear drowned, cjon't give up For further information concerning warm as 700 F can quickly result in hope. Cold water drowning victims have a workshops, call or write Sea Grant hypothermia. Drowning or heart failure good chance of revival if resuscitated Advisory Services, 804/642-2111, may follow. vigorously. Ext. 190.

A drop in body core temperature of as VIMS Sea Grant Advisory Services' little as 60 F can result in death. It takes Jon Lucy will conduct a series of Hypo- 10-15 minutes in water under 700 F thermia Awareness Workshops at the before the temperature of the heart and Williamsburg Hilton and National Con- the brain begins to drop. The body's ference Center as part of the Hilton's condition deteriorates quickly from Chesapeake Weekends Program. shivering to loss of manual dexterity and muscle rigidity. These informative workshops and in-the-water demonstrations will be part As cooler and cooler blood circulates of day-long seminars that include an to the brain, a state of mental confusion oyster roast lunch on January 17, Feb- can develop, rendering a person powerless ruary 28, and March 21. Contact the to help himself. Unconsciousness fol- Hilton's Nancy Cole at 804/220-2500 for lows, generally at a body core tem- further details. perature of 900 F. If the victim doesn't drown due to losing consciousness, when Lucy will also conduct a Hypothermia core temperature reaches 850 F, heart Awareness lecture and slide presentation >- failure usually occurs. during the East Coast Commercia! Fish- ~ erman's Trade Exposition February 6-8 >- As winter progressesand Virginia's at the Baltimore Convention Center. ~ waters become cooler, the danger of J: Q. hypothermia becomes very real. VIMS VIMS Sea Grant Advisory Services, « Sea Grant Marine Advisory Services has the Virginia Boating Advisory Com- '-'II: conducted over a dozen Hypothermia mittee, the U.S. Coast Guard and the 0 I- Awareness Workshops designed to ac- Coast Guard Auxiliary will conduct a 0 J: quaint people with cold water survival Hypothermia Workshop at Eastern Q. techniques, cold water survival gear, and Shore Community College in Melta, the treatment of hypothermia victims. Virginia, on March 4th trom 7:30 - 9:30. Lucy coaches Hypothermia Aware- Boaters thrown overboard into cold ness class to float in the life-saving water must conserve body heat until they VIMS Sea Grant Advisory Services' H.E. L.P. position. Relative positions of the earth, moon, and sun during spring and neap tides.

3 rd Quarter

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SPRING TIDES Tides, the familiar rise and fall of forms. sea level, have been studied and record- Dr. David A. Evans, head of Data ed since man has inhalbited coastal Processing and Statistical Services, and regions. Pliny the EldE!r (A.D. 23-79) Dr. John D. Boon, associate marine correctly attributed tidl~S to the effects scientist in the Department of Geo- of the sun and the moon, but it was not logical Oceanography can program their until the Seventeenth century that computer to print out tidal predictions Sir Isaac Newton developed the foun- in daily, weekly, or monthly graphs. dation for understandinlg the mechanics And, given the proper tidal constants of tides with his theor\1 of universal for a particular harbor, tidal graphs can gravitation. be produced for any time in the past, In the late 1800's machines were present or future. developed in England and India to "The virtues of the computer are mechanically produce tidal predictions. many:' says Evans, "Given the correct A complicated series olf rotating gears tidal constants, we could produce tide and cranks could be adjusted to repre- graphs for any place in the United sent the various tide-generating forces States, or in the world, for that matter." of the moon and sun arid the activated Boon explains that the modern machine guided a pen lthat drew tide method of tidal analysis and prediction graphs. This rather li3rge machine is based on a technique known as remained the basic me(:hanical method harmonic analysis. Because of different of tidal prediction until the advent of dimensions, coastlines, depths, and electronic computers. ocean floor topography, various water Now, two scientists at the Virginia bodies will respond differently to each Institute of Marine Scil~nce, School of tide-generating force. In tide prediction Marine Science of the C:ollege of William these responses, known as the tidal and Mary, are using a microcomputer constants for a given location, must be the size of a typewriter to produce tide determined and combined. predictions in a variety of graphic Boon and his associates determine the values of tidal constants for a next day, 9:40 the next, and so on. Services plans to make quarterly tide particular harbor by analyzing observed Spring tides occur when the sun, graphs for Hampton Roads and Wacha- tides recorded by a tide gage. The tide moon, and earth are in line with each preague available to the public, free of gage, a "stilling well." records the other. This combination of the moon charge. These sets of tide graphs will water's rise and fall with an electronic and sun's tide-generating forces on be published in three month packages. clock that punches a paper tape every earth results in tides of maximum Each month's tidal graph will appear six minutes. These records are checked range. Neap tides occur when the on one 8 X 10 sheet of paper -with against height measurements taken from moon is at right angles to the earth-sun two weeks on each side (Figure 1). a nearby graduated marker staff. Tidal line. Tide generating forces oppose A list of tide variations for other Vir- observations for a minimum of 29 one another, resulting in minimum ginia harbors will be included. consecutive days (the lunar month) are tidal range (See illustrations). This publication of tide graphs needed for accurate predictions. Two spring tides and two neap tides offers a unique service to Virginia's In order to understand the com- occur as the moon completes one boating industry. The monthly tide plexities involved in tidal analysis, revolution about the earth -a period of graphs can be easily viewed for future it is necessary to understand why tides about 29 Y2days, or one lunar month. trends and have a wide range of practi- occur. It is the combination of gravi- Because of the complexity of the cal applications for fishermen, engi- tational forces of the sun and moon tidal interactions that occur in many neers, scientists, sailors, and the public on earth and centrifugal forces due to coastal regions with large tidal ranges, in general. the revolving earth-moon system that such as Alaska, over 100 tidal constants It is necessary to view future tidal causes the earth's water masses to be may sometimes be needed to make trends, for instance, in the construction raised as two tidal "bulges." Because accurate tidal predictions, though us. of piers, bridges, and other structures of its proximity, the moon has the ually less than 40 will be sufficient. for which the tidal condition is an greatest influence on earth's tide. Boon explains that in the complex important matter. The ability to As the earth rotates and places on science of tidal prediction, it happens view future weekend tide graphs and earth change their positions relative that when a change occurs, such as the plan accordingly could be a great to the moon and the two tidal "bulges," dredging of a harbor or canal, the tide convenience to recreational boaters, an earth-bound observer will note the itself may change requiring the deter- sailors, and waterfowl hunters. The passage of two high and two low waters mination of new constants. monthly tide graphs will be adjusted, every 24 hours and 50 minutes. This is Boon and Evans are now producing when necessary, to daylight savings a lunar day, or the time required for the tide prediction graphs for Wacha- time. earth to complete one rotation with preague, on the Eastern Shore of The January-February-March 1981 respect to the moon. A lunar day is Virginia, based on Boon's personal tide graphs for Hampton Roads and approximately 50 minutes longer than a observations made there since 1969. Wachapreague are now available. Any- solar day (24 hours). The scientists are also producing tide one wishing to subscribe to this free This aspect of the lunar tide cycle prediction graphs for the major Virginia tide graph service should write Sea explains why a given high or low tide harbor of Hampton Roads, using Grant Marine Advisory Services, Tide occurs 50 minutes later with each new traditional tide table data published Graphs, Virginia Institute of Marine day -high tide occuring at 8:00 a.m. by the National Ocean Survey. Science, Gloucester Point, V A 23062. one day will occur at 8:50 a.m. the V I MS Sea Grant Marine Advisory -Kym Young 0deIt

Cold weather and hot soup -the two are per- (~Iam Pie fect mates. Nothing warms the soul on a chilly fall night better than a steaming bowl of oyster stew or a hearty scallop chowder. The clam pie .? c. fine-chopped clams recipe is tried and true and highly recommended. 1}-:2c. clam liquor (The secret to clam pie is to fry the onions so 1 two-inch cube salt pork delicately that they will be missing in the pie). 1 thin-sliced onion Enjoy! ;~ c. flour ,1 medium-size potatoes ,I;::noughpie crust for 2 crusts in a large pie plate Oyster Stew Open enough clams to give 2 cups meat, saving liquor in pan under a colander. Chop clams fine - 7 qt. fresh-opened oysters with their juice do not grind. Strain liquor to take out sand 7 qt. milk and shell pieces. 1Yz c. clam juice, or at least Y4lb. butter j' cup juice and Yzc. milk is needed. Salt and pepper to taste Cut salt pork into tiny cubes and fry. Drain Washoysters in their own juice, strain juice to get clear fat into a tin cup and wipe residual salt out sand and bits of shell. Cook oysters in their J"romfrying pan. Put clear fat again in pan and own juice until theciredges begin to curl, or about gently fry thin-sliced onion to a golden brown. five minutes. Heat milk in large double-boiler. iJrain onion slices with salt pork scrapson paper Add oysters and liquor to milk,' add butter and towel. seasoningand heat thoroughly. (Use white pepper to eliminate black specks in this creamywhite l\1ix in pan, chopped clams,clam liquor, salt pork stew). Serves4 to 6. scraps, fried onion, enough flour to thicken. jl'Maysubstitute U c. cracker crumbs for thicken- J'ng). Add dashpepper, no salt, and cook slowly for about 20 minutes, stirring occasionally to Scallop Chowder blend.

1 pt. scallops ,line largepie plate with pie crust, line shell with 2 small onions, sliced peeled, thinly sliced raw potatoes. Add half clam 4 T. butter mix. Add another layer of thin-sliced raw po- 2 c. chicken broth i~atoes.Add rest of clam mix, top with third layer 1 c. diced potatoes of potatoes, put on top crust. Prick crust with 4 c. scaldedmilk fork to let out steam. Cook two hours in a slow Salt and pepper oven. Melt butter and cook onions 5 minutes. Remove Flavor of the pie is better the next day, warmed onions and cook scallops 5 minutes. Remove I:JP. If reheated pie seems dry, fry a few more scallops. Combine boiling chicken broth, onions, ~)altpork scraps, and add them to white sauce and potatoes and simmer Y2hour. Add scallops made with a cup of milk, 2 T. fat and 2 T. flour, and scaldedmilk and simmer 5 minutes. Season ;~ooked slowly and stirred with a whisk to elimi- to taste. ,'1atelumps. Pour sauce over re-heated pie.

~/'.o" Marine Schoolhouse Series No. 11 by Elizabeth A. Cornell

PART II

Part I of "Steps to a Better Science Fair Project" (see Spring issue) explained the scientific method for investigation and ex- perimenta~ion, which included: making observations, making inferences formulating a hypothesis, and collecting data. Part I also outli ed an orderly format for presenting a science fair project including an introduction, methods and materials, results, ~i discussion, references, and resources. ~I Part Il t f "Steps to a Better Science Fair Project" presents a °1 specific e ample of a marine science experiment and should ~IwI clarify the steps outlined in Part I. °1 (:>1 21 S, SAMPLE SCIENCE FAIR PROJECT <{I ~I u, (1) Student Mary Lou Jones observes that the hermit crabs in her saltwater aquarium at home appear to spend most of their time near coral and rocks in the tank. Her list of questions about her observations include: Why do crabs seem to prefer the portions of the tank with coral and rocks? How can I change their behavior? Can I make them move across a tank? Does it appear that crabs see or feel their environment?

(2) Mary Lou feels that the rocks and coral offer protection for the hermit crabs and they prefer to hide in the rock and coral formations. As her teacher, you help Mary Lou refine her inference into a testable hypothesis: Given a choice between a bare tank and one containing places to hide (i.e. rocks and coral); hermit crabs prefer (choose) a habitat with places to hide.

(3) Mary Lou reads in an oceanography text that many marine organisms live in coral reefs and rock formations because they afford protection from predators. Mary Lou finds several articles about fish hiding in coral reefs in the tables of contents of the journals National Geographic and Animal Behaviour. (4) Mary Lou collects 6 hermit crabs for her study. She plans to test her hypothesis by placing each crab in the middle of a tank which has crushed oyster shell on the bottom and rocks on only one half. After waiting 60 mi nutes to see what each crab does, Mary Lou records which half of the tank the crab is in (rock half or bare half). Mary Lou tests ea~h crab by itself because she feels that crabs can influence each other's behavior. Mary Lou knows that the more times she TEST tests a variable the more reliable her results will be. She also tests crabs in a tank which Crab 2 3 4 5 6 Total has no rocks at all to be sure they are not somehow influenced by a variable for which Rock Side she is not testing (this is her control). Bare Side (5) These are Mary Lou's results which she feels uphold her hypothesis. These tables are pro- No. of Trials bably the best format for her results.

CONTROL Whether she should manipulate this data or perform statistical analysis depends upon Crab I 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total her age, background and level of sophisti- cation. Right Bare Side

(6) Mary Lou concludes that the crabs were not Left Bare Side biased by any external influences in her tests, and the results reflect the influence No. of Trials of the variable she was testing. She feels that the crabs clearly preferred the rock side of the tank over the bare side. According to Mary Lou's Data Tables other studies she read, crabs are similar to other marine organisms which prefer to live near rocks and coral in order to protect themselves from predators. Next year she plans to test whether crabs prefer natural hiding places in their habitat (rocks, coral and plants) versus introduced materials (tin cans and bottles) provided they are nontoxic.

(7) Mary Lou's final task is to write her report, design illustrations (e.g. poster) and display her apparatus for the fair. She is also pre- pared to explain her research and answer questions.

Waveletsis a project of the VIMS Sea Grant Marine Advisory Services Education program. ~~~~ "-~~ ~~-"-"' "'-" "-~ HEALTH CARE for SEAFARERS. HHSPublication No. (HSA) 80-2016.- by the Public Health Service, A Guide to ,Care and Services.

The purpose of this booklet is to tell the seafarer of The publications listed in this section are results of his eligibility for care, what care PHS provides, and how projects sponsored by the VIMS Sea Grant Marine Ad- and where to get care. These are only general guidelines visory Program. Order publications from Sea Grant Marine on the rights and responsibilities for obtaining care from Advisory Services, Publications Office, Virginia Institute the Public Health Service (PHS). of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062. (~OMMERCIAL FISHING NEWSLETTER. Quarterly. ~)ubscriptions available without charge.

(~HART of FISH HAVENS OFF CAPE HENRY, VIR- HANDLE WITH CARE: Mid-Atlantic Marine Animals (;INIA. 18" X 36"chart, $1.00. That Demand Your Respe(:t.- J. Lucy. $1.00 Chart shows true bearings from well-known points of Generally speaking, the marine organisms found along reference to "fish havens" (wrecks, obstructions, rocky middle Atlantic shores are not considered threatening bottom areas) off Cape Henry, Virginia. Designed as an to people. However, some of these animals can cause .~id for sportfishermen, this chart is not to be used for problems, like aggravating stinging nettles or unpredictable sharks and stingrays. This illustrated publication describes navigational purposes. nuisance and potentially harmful marine animals and is presented to help coastal residents and visitors become lrHE ECONOMIC IMPACT and STATUS of VIRGINIA'S aware of how problems might develop, how they can be OFFSHORE FISHING INDUSTRY. SRAMSOE No. 225. avoided, and how certain injuries should best be treated ~'II:DuPaul and S. Baker. First copy free to Virginia resi- if they occur. (tents, all other copies $1.00.

TAX GUIDE FOR COMMERCIAL FISHERMEN.- Depart- THE MARINE TURTLES of VIRGINIA.- J. A. Musick. ment of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service. Publication ,r=ield guide. $1.00. 595 (Rev. Nov. 80). TIDAL WETLAND PLANTS of VIRGINIA.- Gene Silber- Tax Guide for Commercial Fishermen is for the commercial J'Jorn. Booklet. $3.00. fisherman who is a sole proprietor and who reports profit or loss on Schedule C (Form 1040). :)ENSING THE SEA.- Ellen Odell-Fisher and Ronald N. This publication will be helpful to most commercial fisher- j:;'iese. Curriculum guides, grades K-One (OR) Two-Three. men. It will help fishermen become familiar with the federal ;~2.00 each. tax laws as they apply to the fishing business. For example, it explains when and how certain kinds of income are taxed, and '/IRGINIA MSD PROBLEMS and OPTIONS.- Jon Lucy- when and how certain expenses may be deducted. This )~dvisoryNo. 19. Free. information will enable fishermen to pay only the correct amount of tax. lrHE ECONOMIC IMPACT of the SEA SCALLOP (Placo- THE CHESAPEAKE: a BOATING GUIDE to WEATHER pecten magellanicusJ FISHERY in VIRGINIA. SRAMSOE J. Lucy, T. Ritter and J. LaRue. EducationalSeries. No. 222.- W. DuPaul and S. Baker. First copy free to $1.00. 1/irginia residents, all other copies $1.00.

A PRELIMINARY EVALIJATION for a SHARK FISH- J~ REPORT to the OYSTER INDUSTRY of VIRGINIA ERY in VIRGINIA. SRAMSOE No. 234.- J. A. Colvo- on the BIOLOGY and MANAGEMENT of the COWNOSE caresses and J. A. Musick. First copy free to Virginia RAY (Rhinoptera bonasus, Mitchill) in LOWER CHESA- residents, all other copies ~;1.00. PEAKE BAY. SRAMSOE No. 216.- J. Merriner and J. ~)mith. First copy free to Virginia residents, all other copies LOCATION of FOREIGN FISHING VESSELS HAR- ~~1.00. VESTING SQUID in the "/lID-ATLANTIC REGION of the UNITED STATES: 1970-1976. SRAMSOE No. 235.- ~)HARK AS SEAFOOD.- Prized for centuries on foreign J. Zaborski. First copy free to Virginia residents:all other tables, shark meat has made its American debut. Free copies $1.00. lJrochure.

11 On February 9, 1981 from 6:30 p.m. Jim Johnson of the Production in VIMS Sea Grant Marine Advisory to 8:30 p.m. a seminar on the Aquatic Credit Association in Tappahannock Services, will present the program. Loan Program of the Production Credit and Tom Murray. a res;ource economist The public is invited to attend. Association and appropriate financial record keeping systems will be present- ed at the North Campus of the Rappa- hannock Community College in Warsaw, Virginia. Free to the public, the pro- gram is sponsored by VIMS Sea Grant Marine Advisory Services and the The Recreational Boating Safety and sources invites members of the boating Community College's Continuing Edu- Facilities Improvement Act (known as public and industry to submit sug- cation Program. the Biaggi Bill) was signed into law gestions for how Virginia's share of The seminar will provide an overview October 14, 1980. The Biaggi Bill these funds should be used. of how watermen can use the Aquatic authorizes Congress to transfer $20 The Boating Advisory Committee is Loan Program to establish long term mi Ilion per year for the period 1981- particularly interested in suggestions or financing for boat and dockside facili- 1983 from motorboa1t fuel tax col- ideas concerning development and im- ties construction. In addition, financial lections to appropriate state boating provement of boating facilities. Direct record-keeping systems essential to programs through the Coast Guard's suggestions and comments to Mr. Bill securing loans will be discussed. The Office of Boating Safety . Breen, Secretary -Virginia Boating program may benefit boatbuilders as The $20 million dollar fund is to be Advisory Committee, Office of Com- well as water men by presenting infor- equally divided between programs for merce and Resources, 9th Street Office mation on how long-term financing can boating safety and pro'grams for boating Building, Richmond, VA 23219. be made available for boat construction facilities improvemen1:. The Virginia and re-construction of commercial sea- Boating Advisory Committee of the How would you like to see Virginia's food harvesting vessels. Virginia Office of Commerce and Re- share of this $20 million spent?

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Kym Young " Editor

The Marine Resource Bulletin is a Sea Grant FALL 1980 Marine Advisory Service IJublished quarterly by the Virginia Institute 'Jf Marine Science. WilliamJ. Hargis. Jr. Dean, Director School of Marine SciencE' of the College of Oyster tongers on the James River near Maurice P. Lynch Sea Grant Director William and Mary. Subscriptions are avail- Menchville. Virginia. November 1980 William D. DuPaul Head, Advisory able without charge. Ad(jress all inquiries Services and comments to the editor. Photograph: Kym Young

VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062

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