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The History, Present Condition, and Future of the Molluscan Fisheries of North and Central Am.Erica and Europe

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The History, Present Condition, and Future of the Molluscan Fisheries of North and Central Am.Erica and Europe NOAA Technical Report NMFS 127 September 1997 The History, Present Condition, and Future of the Molluscan Fisheries of North and Central Am.erica and Europe VoluIne 1, Atlantic and Gulf Coasts Edited by Clyde L. MacKenzie, Jr. Victor G. Burrell, Jr. Aaron Rosenfield Willis L. Hobart U.S. Department of Commerce u.s. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WIUJAM M. DALEY NOAA SECRETARY National Oceanic and Technical Atmospheric Administration D. James Baker Under Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere Reports NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service Technical Reports of the Fishery Bulletin Rolland A. Schmitten Assistant Administrator for Fisheries Scientific Editor Dr. John B. Pearce Northeast Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 166 Water Street Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1097 Editorial Conunittee Dr. Andrew E. Dizon National Marine Fisheries Service Dr. Linda L. Jones National Marine Fisheries Service Dr. Richard D. Methot National Marine Fisheries Service Dr. Theodore W. Pietsch University ofWashington Dr.Joseph E. Powers National Marine Fisheries Service Dr. Tint D. Smith National Marine Fisheries Service Managing Editor Shelley E. Arenas Scientific Publications Office National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 7600 Sand Point Way N.E. Seattle, Washington 98115-0070 The NOAA Technical Report NMFS (ISSN 0892-8908) series is published by the Scientific Publications Office, Na­ tional Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Seatde, WA The NOAA Technical Report NMFS series of the Fishery Bulletin carries peer-re­ 98115-0070. viewed, lengthy original research reports, taxonomic keys, species synopses, flora The Secretary of Commerce has de­ and fauna studies, and data intensive reports on investigations in fishery science, termined that the publication of dlis se­ engineering, and economics. The series was established in 1983 to replace two ries is necessary in the transaction of dle subcategories of the Technical Report series: "Special Scientific Report--Fisher­ puhlic: business required by law of dlis Department. Use of funds for printing of ies" and "Circular." Copies of the NOAA Technical Report NMFS are available free this series has been approved by dle Di­ in limited numbers to government agencies, both federal and state. They are also rector of the Olliee of Management and available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine Budget. SCiences. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 127 A Technical Report of the Fishery Bulletin The History, Present Condition, and Future of the Molluscan Fisheries of North and Central Atnerica and Europe Volutne 1, Atlantic and Gulf Coasts Clyde L. MacKenzie, Jr. Victor G. Burrell, Jr. Aaron Rosenfield Willis L. Hobart (editors) September 1997 U.S. DepartInent of CODunerce Seattle, Washington On the cover An early etching of oysters of varying ages attached to a block of wood, circa 1880's, courtesy of W. L. Hobart. Suggested reference C. L. MacKenzie,Jr., V. G. Burrell,Jr., A Rosenfield, and W. L. Hobart (eds.). 1997. The history, present condition, and future of the molluscan fisher­ ies of North and Central America and Europe, Volume 1, Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. 127,234 p. Note Volume 2 is scheduled for publication later in 1997; Volume 3 was published in April 1997 and is available for purchase from the sources listed below. Purchasing additional copies Additional copies of this report may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954; 202-512-1800; http://www.gpo.gov. The report is also avail­ able for purchase in paper copy or microfiche from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161; 1-800­ 553-NTIS; http://www.ntis.gov. Copyright law Although the contents of the Technical Reports have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted entirely, reference to source is appreciated. Proprietary products The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) does not approve, recom­ mend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to NMFS, or to this publica­ tion furnished by NMFS, in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that NMFS approves, recommends, or endorses any propri­ etary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this NMFS publication. CONTENTS _ Molluscan fisheries areas of North and Central America and Europe IV A ROSENFIELD Preface V C. L. MACKENZIE, JR. Trends and Status of Molluscan Fisheries in North and V. G. BURRELL, JR. Central America and Europe-A Synopsis J. B. JENKINS The Molluscan Fisheries of the Canadian Maritimes 15 A MORRISON C. L. MACKENZIE, JR. F. M. SERCHUK The Offshore Molluscan Resources of the Northeastern Coast 45 S. A MURAWSKI of the United States: Surfclams, Ocean Quahogs, and Sea Scallops D. E. WALlACE The Molluscan Fisheries of Maine 63 C. L. MACKENZIE, JR. The U.S. Molluscan Fisheries from Massachusetts Bay through 87 Raritan Bay, N.Y. and NJ. S. E. FORD History and Present Status of Molluscan Shellfisheries from 119 Barnegat Bay to Delaware Bay C. L. MACKENZIE, JR. The Molluscan Fisheries of Chesapeake Bay 141 v. G. BURRELL,JR. Molluscan Shellfisheries of the South Atlantic Region 171 of the United States R.J. DUGAS History and Status of the Oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and 187 E. A JOYCE Other Molluscan Fisheries of the U.S Gulf of Mexico M. E. BERRIGAN R.J. BUESA The Mangrove Oyster, Crassostrea rhizophorae, and Queen Conch, Strombus gigas, Fisheries of Cuba 211 R. S. APPELDOORN The Fisheries for the Queen Conch, Strombus gigas, Mangrove Oyster, Crassostrea rhizophorae, and Other Shelled Mollusks of Puerto Rico 165 III The molluscan fisheries areas of North and Central America and Europe featured in each volume Volume II Volume I Volume III y Iceland Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia ~ew Brunswick Portugal Uniled:Slates \ ,~ Massachusens Bay c~"'~ of America \\\ \\ Raritan Bay \ Delaware Bay 'Chesapeake Bay ....... 1­ N Preface: The Past is Prologue AARON ROSENFIELD Oxford Laboratory Northeast Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Oxford, MD 21654 This three-volume monograph represents the first ma­ rived from them are often warehoused, ignored, or jor attempt in over a century to provide, on regional otherwise lose accessibility. Consequently, an accurate, bases, broad surveys of the history, present condition, detailed, and objectively evaluated documentation of and future of the important shellfisheries ofNorth and past and current status and projections for the future of Central America and Europe. It was about 100 years molluscan fisheries is long overdue, and this three-volume ago that Ernest Ingersoll wrote extensively about sev­ series is intended to provide such documentation. eral molluscan fisheries ofNorth America (1881, 1887) As mollusks have high value as food for man, several and about 100 years ago that Bashford Dean wrote governments, public and private jurisdictional bodies, comprehensively about methods of oyster culture in industry organizations, cooperatives, tribes, individu­ Europe (1893). Since those were published, several als, and even family units over the generations have reports, books, and pamphlets have been written about often developed special propagation strategies and fish­ the biology and management of individual species or ing practices for them. For the most part, however, groups ofclosely related mollusk species (Galtsoff, 1964; fishing for bivalves and univalves was and still remains Korringa, 1976 a, b, c; Lutz, 1980; Manzi and Castagna, largely artisanal, using hunting-gathering approaches, 1989; Shumway, 1991). However, nothing has been as opposed to some recently developed aquaculture written during the past century that is comparable to methodologies. As a consequence of the way most com­ the approach used by Ingersoll in describing the mol­ mercial fishery operations are now conducted, it is obvi­ luscan fisheries as they existed in his day in North ous that continuing productivity ofthe resource, its safe America or, for that matter, in Europe. use, and the acceptable quality ofcommodities or prod­ The molluscan fisheries of North America and Europe ucts derived therefrom depend upon production cost are changing rapidly, and in many cases, profoundly so. encumbrances and on efficient maintenance of envi­ Currently, some fisheries are in long-term decline and ronmental quality and intelligent resource management. some are even at the point of collapse because environ­ It is also important to describe topics closely associ­ ments have degraded and stocks have been overhar­ ated with shellfishing itself. They include the impor­ vested. On the other hand, many fisheries have consis­ tance ofshellfisheries to coastal communities, how shell­ tently demonstrated fluctuations in productivity or cy­ fish culture affects habitats, the economics associated clic high-low peaks in product or commodity supply with shellfisheries, shellfish marketing and trade, and and demand. Natural ecological factors could be in­ government programs assuring the safe consumption volved with resulting harvests that are in accordance to of shellfish and the gathering, processing, and dissemi­ so-called boom or bust, hit or miss, or "luck of the nation of landing statistics.
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