&.4#WIWUV

1TDKVCN*WD &.48KUKQP

&.4+PUVKVWVGQH5RCEG5[UVGOU 5[UVGO#PCN[UKU5RCEG5GIOGPV

$TGOGP#WIWUV International Context

(QTFGECFGUVJG+PVGTPCVKQPCN5RCEG5VCVKQP+55JCUFGOQPUVTCVGFPQVQPN[NQPIVGTO KPVGTPCVKQPCNEQQRGTCVKQPDGVYGGPRCTVPGTIQXGTPOGPVUDWVCNUQCUKIPKHKECPVGPIK PGGTKPICPFRTQITCOOCVKECEJKGXGOGPVOQUVN[CUCEQORTQOKUGQHDWFIGVRQNKVKEU CFOKPKUVTCVKQPCPFVGEJPQNQIKECNHGCUKDKNKV[&WGVQJKIJUCHGV[UVCPFCTFUTGSWKTGFHQT JWOCPURCEGHNKIJVCEVKXKVKGUVJGUGVGEJPQNQIKGUCTGQHVGPEQPUGTXCVKXGCPFPGYFGXGN QROGPVUTGSWKTGRCVKGPEGCPFYCKXKPInUVCVGQHVJGCTVoVGEJPQNQIKGU#RCTCFKIO UJKHVVQOQTGKPPQXCVKQPCPFTKUMCEEGRVCPEGECPDGQDUGTXGFKPVJGFGXGNQROGPVQH PGYOCTMGVUD[UJKHVKPITGURQPUKDKNKVKGUVQRTKXCVGGPVKVKGUCPFDTQCFGPKPITGUGCTEJ FKUEKRNKPGUFGOCPFKPIHCUVGTCEEGUUD[WUGTUCPFKPENWFKPIPGYNCWPEJGTCPF GZRGTKOGPVHCEKNKVCVQTEQORCPKGU

Figure 1: Illustration of DLR’s OrbitalHub 6JGU[UVGOUGPIKPGGTKPIUVWF[UJQYUVJCVURCEGHCTKPIPCVKQPUCTGFGXGNQRKPIVJGKT concept during the docked phase for ser- KPFKXKFWCNRTQITCOOGUHQTVJGVKOGCHVGT+550#5#UJKHVU.'1QRGTCVKQPUCPFWVKNKUC vicing of the (TGG(N[GT consisting of an VKQPVQEQORGVKPI75EQOOGTEKCNEQORCPKGUYJKNGHQEWUUKPIQPVJGPGZV external platform and a pressurised RTGRCTCVQT[UVGRUQHGZRNQTCVKQP GI5.5/2%8 QHCUVGTQKFUVJG/QQPCPFKPVJG laboratory. NQPIVGTO/CTU4WUUKCRNCPUPGYJWOCPTCVGFURCEGKPHTCUVTWEVWTGUCVXCTKQWU QRVKQPCNNQECVKQPUKPURCEG GI1-#6(TGG(N[GT TCVJGTVJCPEQOOKVVKPIVQ EQPVKPWGVJGWVKNKUCVKQPQHKVUFCVGF+55OQFWNGU+PVJGHKGNFQHJWOCPURCEGHNKIJV %JKPCEQPVKPWGUYKVJKVU%JKPGUG5RCEG5VCVKQP%55CPFRTGRCTGUKVUPGZVQDLGEVKXGC JWOCP/QQPNCPFKPI'WTQRGoUJWOCPURCEGHNKIJVRCTVPGTUVGPFVQEQPUKFGTPGY RNCVHQTOUKP.'1QTEKUNWPCTURCEGCPFWVKNKUG+55CUNQPICURQUUKDNGCPFPGEGUUCT[HQT VJGVTCPUKVKQPGZRGEVGFDG[QPF'WTQRGKVUGNHKUKPVGTGUVGFKPEQPVKPWKPITGUGCTEJ KP.'1KPRCTVKEWNCTYKVJKPVJGJWOCPURCEGHNKIJVCTGCCUFKUEWUUGFD[VJG+5'%) FGRGPFKPIQPVJGHWPFKPIEQOOKVOGPV

DLR’s Future Objectives in LEO

+55HQNNQYQPCEVKXKVKGUUJQWNFEQORTKUGENGCTUEKGPVKHKECPFVGEJPQNQIKECNQDLGEVKXGU EQODKPGFYKVJVJGNQPIVGTOXKGYQPURCEGGZRNQTCVKQP GITQDQVKEUKPVGTPCNCPF GZVGTPCN UVTWEVWTGU OQFWNGHCEKNKV[ ETGY VTCKPKPI CPF GZRGTKOGPV QRGTCVKQPU UWRRN[U[UVGOU #68 

6JGTGHQTG&.4UVCTVGFVQKPXGUVKICVGHWVWTGQRVKQPUD[GXCNWCVKPIXCTKQWU.'1 KPHTCUVTWEVWTGEQPEGRVUKPENWFKPIQRRQTVWPKVKGUHQTPCVKQPCNTGCNKUCVKQPQT KPVGTPCVKQPCNEQQRGTCVKQP&.4UEKGPVKUVUHTQOXCTKQWUFKUEKRNKPGUCUUGUUGFVJG WUCDKNKV[QHVJGUGQRVKQPUCPFFGUKIPGFRC[NQCFUDCUGFQPVJGKT/KTCPF+55 GZRGTKGPEGYKVJTGURGEVVQHWVWTGUEKGPVKHKEHWPFCOGPVCNCPFVGEJPQNQIKECN TGUGCTEJSWGUVKQPU

1 U.S. commercial launch providers currently are for example: SpaceX, Orbital #6-. 2 European experiment facilitators Airbus and OHB tried the commercial approach but are still awaitingUWEEGUU75GZRGTKOGPVHCEKNKVCVQTUCTGHQTGZCORNG0CPQ4CEMU-GPVWEM[5RCEGCPFVJG OGFKCVQTHQWPFCVKQP%#5+5'ZGORNCT[RTQXKFGTUYKVJCEQOOGTEKCNCRRTQCEJHQTEQORNGVG RNCVHQTOUCTGHQTGZCORNG$KIGNQY#GTQURCEG#ZKQO5RCEG  5GGCNUQ'5#oU.'1  +PVGTPCVKQPCN 5RCEG 'ZRNQTCVKQP %QQTFKPCVKQP )TQWR +5'%) )NQDCN'ZRNQTCVKQP4QCFOCR  2TQLGEVTGRQTV#2d+55#PCN[UG.GUUQPU.GCTPGFp

2 Motivation for New LEO-Platform Considerations

#NN+PVGTPCVKQPCN5RCEG5VCVKQPRCTVPGTUCITGGVQWVKNKUGVJGQTDKVCNTGUGCTEJHCEKNKV[ WPVKNCVNGCUV9JGVJGTVJKUKURQNKVKECNN[VGEJPQNQIKECNN[CPFHKPCPEKCNN[ HGCUKDNGHQTCNNRCTVPGTUKUWPMPQYP*QYGXGTVJGTGKUCEQOOQPWPFGTUVCPFKPI VJCVCRNCVHQTOKP.'1KUETWEKCNHQTEQPVKPWQWUTGUGCTEJVGEJPQNQI[ FGOQPUVTCVKQP'CTVJQDUGTXCVKQPCPFOQPKVQTKPICPFRQVGPVKCNN[HQTRTGRCTKPIVJG PGZVUVGRUHQTIQKPIVQ/QQPQTGXGP/CTU9KVJVJGRTGUGPVGFNGCPEQPEGRVC UKIPKHKECPVEQUVTGFWEVKQPEQORCTGFVQ+55ECPDGCEJKGXGF

+PIGPGTCNCVTCPUKVKQPVQCPGYEQPEGRVYKVJQWVCETKVKECNNQUUQHMPQYJQYVCMGU WRVQVQ[GCTU6JGTGHQTGVJGEQPEGRVWCNKUCVKQPTGICTFKPIVGEJPKECNNC[QWV Figure 2: Dockable (TGG(N[GT to comply with ETGCVKPICTQCFOCRCPFFGXGNQROGPVQHCHQNNQYQPQWVRQUVKP.'1OWUVDG specific science and user requirements. UVCTVGFPQY6JG&.4RTQLGEVp2QUV+55q CU[UVGOCPCN[UKUUVWF[ ECPDG WPFGTUVQQFCUPCVKQPCNRTGRCTCVQT[YQTMHQTVJGGUVCDNKUJOGPVQHHWVWTG RTQITCOOGUKPVJGHKGNFQHJWOCPURCEGHNKIJVCPFVQUGEWTGNQPIVGTOTGUGCTEJ CPFCUVTQPCWVKECNCEVKXKVKGUKP.'16JGGPIKPGGTKPIEQPEGRVUVWF[HQEWUUGFQP

*QYVQEQPVKPWGYKVJURCEGTGUGCTEJCPFURCEGVGEJPQNQI[FGXGNQROGPVCHVGTVJG +55WVKNKUCVKQPRGTKQF ` !

6JGTGHQTGVJGHQNNQYKPIQDLGEVKXGUYGTGFGHKPGFYKVJKPVJG&.4UVWF[ #PCN[UKUQHVJGRTQUCPFEQPUQH+55 &.4KPVGTPCN CPFTGEQOOGPFCVKQPUDCUGFQP NGUUQPUNGCTPGF /CTMGVTGUGCTEJQHGZKUVKPIVGEJPQNQIKGUVGEJPKSWGU #PCN[UKUQHCFFKVKQPCNWUGTFGOCPFCPFWVKNKUCVKQPQRRQTVWPKVKGUD[KPENWFKPICFFK VKQPCNUEKGPVKHKEFKUEKRNKPGUCPFVGEJPQNQIKECNTGUGCTEJ &GUKIPQHKPHTCUVTWEVWTGEQPEGRVUVJCVEQPHQTOVQETGYU[UVGOUKPVGITCVKQPUVCPFCTFU DCUGFQPTGCNKUVKE)GTOCP'WTQRGCPDWFIGVU #PCN[UKUQHVJGTGWUCDKNKV[QHVJGEWTTGPVCTEJKVGEVWTG

+PCPWVUJGNN9GPGGFVQJCXGKFGCUCPFCRNCPQPEGVJG+55KUPQVCXCKNCDNG CP[OQTG4GEGPVEQQTFKPCVKPIGHHQTVUYKVJQWTRCTVPGTUYQTNFYKFGCTGRCTVQHVJG PGEGUUCT[RQNKVKECNEQPEGRVWCNCPFVGEJPKECNRTQEGUUGUHQTVJGFGXGNQROGPVQHC HQNNQYQPRNCVHQTOKP.'16JGITGCVGTIQCNUQWIJVVQDGKPXGUVKPVQCPGY CITGGOGPVDGVYGGPRQVGPVKCNRCTVPGTCIGPEKGUEQPEGTPKPICHQNNQYQPEQPEGRVHQT VJG+55YKVJKPVYQ[GCTUCPFUGEQPFVQJCXGCHGCUKDNGCHHQTFCDNGCPFWUGHWN TGRNCEGOGPVTGCF[YKVJKP[GCTU(KPCNN[VJGHWVWTGRNCVHQTOOKIJVGXGPTGWUG UQOGQHVJGGZKUVKPI+55OQFWNGUCPFVGEJPQNQIKGU Concept Framework Conditions

6GEJPKECNOQFWNCTEQPEGRV UGRCTCVKQPQHCUVTQPCWVUCPFGZRGTKOGPVUYGTGFTKXGPD[ WUGTTGSWKTGOGPVUKPECUGUKPINGOQFWNGUHCKNVQQRGTCVGGZEJCPIGQHVJQUGKURQUUK DNGQRVKQPCNCWVQPQOQWUQRGTCVKQPQHWPKVU *CDKVCVVGORQTCTKN[ETGYGF(TGG(N[GT 2QNKVKECNOQFWNCTEQPEGRV EQWPVTKGUTGURCIGPEKGUECPRCTVKEKRCVGCEEQTFKPIVQKPFK XKFWCNDWFIGVRQUUKDKNKVKGUCPFUEKGPVKHKEKPVGTGUVU &GUKIPOCKPN[DCUGFQPCXCKNCDNGVGEJPQNQIKGUYKVJRCTVKEKRCVKQPQHRTKXCVGCPFEQO OGTEKCNRCTVPGTU 7UGTTGSWGUVUHQTCXCKNCDKNKV[QHOWNVKRNGFKUEKRNKPGU UGGFGVCKNUDGNQY 4GCUQPCDNGEQUVUHQTQRGTCVKQPU GIFKTGEVCEEGUU 3 User Requirements for LEO-Platforms

4GSWKTGOGPVUTGICTFKPICHWVWTG/KPKRNCVHQTOKP.'1JCXGDGGPEQNNGEVGFHTQO )GTOCPUEKGPVKUVUCPFGPIKPGGTU5GXGTCNTGUGCTEJFKUEKRNKPGURCTVKEKRCVGFKPVJG 1TDKVCN*WD7UGT%QPEWTTGPV'PIKPGGTKPIUVWF[CPFEQPVTKDWVGFTGEQOOGPFCVKQPU HQTRC[NQCFFGHKPKVKQPUHQTVJGRTGHGTTGFQRVKQP 1TDKVCN*WD +PCFFKVKQPVQ VTCFKVKQPCNŞITGUGCTEJCPGZVGPFGFHQEWUYCURNCEGFQP'CTVJQDUGTXCVKQP CVOQURJGTKERJ[UKEUCPFVGEJPQNQI[FGOQPUVTCVKQPUHQTJWOCPTCVGFRNCVHQTOU 6JGHQNNQYKPIQXGTXKGYUWOOCTKUGUVJGVQRNGXGNUEKGPEGFTKXGPGZRGEVCVKQPUDCUGFQP FGVCKNGFSWCPVKVCVKXGTGSWKTGOGPVU

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

Figure 4: 5GEVKQPCNXKGYQHVJG&.41TDKVCN*WDBase 2NCVHQTO architecture

6 Project report: AP 3000, „Post-ISS: Mögliche Anwendungen & Nutzlasten“, work in progress.

4 Table 1: General LEO platform requirements derived by strawman payloads

Platform Strawman Payloads General User Requirements

Habitat Human physiology (measurement of Connection: high-vacuum, inert gas, cooling, power, data ($CUG2NCVHQTO), intracranial pressure/general health 12 astronauts (cumulated over time) per human experiment, pressurised research) with 1 hour per measurement and 10 measurements per astronaut Radiation dosimetry and biology Tele-presence (e.g. Phantom) Centrifuge for biological samples Gravitational biology (signal transduction/ FLUMIAS) Freezer for samples Robotic experiments (robot-assistant, Incubator, Refrigerator, Glovebox NanoSatFreeflyers) Tech-demo (e.g. additive manufacturing)

(TGG(N[GT UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR spectrometers Orbit between 300 and 600 km, ca. 51° inclined
external LIDAR observation Connection: power, cooling, data GPoptEO Data rate up to 3.3 Tbyte/day downlink Bio signatures (Bio-Life) Data rate up to 1.5 Gbyte/s uplink Raman spectrometer Isolation against vibrations from (manned) RNCVHQTO structure
Plume simulator Angle of view: Nadir Tech-demo (electric propulsion) Cleanness: max. 130 Å/year (surface contamination of optics)
EOB with pointing platform (e.g. MUSES) Instrument exchange: every 2 years Sky-/Solar observation

(TGG(N[GT, Material physics (MUMS) Microgravity Level: up to 10-6g pressurised Payload airlock Connection: high-vacuum, inert gas, cooling, power, data
Work bench/storage Downlink about 100 GByte/day Isolation from RNCVHQTO structure Engineering Concepts for Modular LEO Platform

&WTKPIC%QPEWTTGPV'PIKPGGTKPI %' UVWF[EQPFWEVGFD[&.4UGXGTCNQRVKQPU KPVQVCNKPENWFKPI UWDQRVKQPU HKVVKPIVQVJGCHQTGOGPVKQPGFEQPEGRVHTCOGYQTMEQPFKVKQPUYGTGKFGPVKHKGF(QWTQHVJGO YGTGEJQUGPHQTFGVCKNGFGXCNWCVKQPWUKPIVJG#PCN[VKECN*KGTCTEJ[2TQEGUU #*2 TGICTFKPIRQNKVKECN UQEKCNVGEJPKECNCPFGEQPQOKEETKVGTKC#NGCPOWNVKRWTRQUGRNCVHQTOYKVJFQEMCDNGOQFWNGRNCVHQTO YJKEJYCUECNNGFp1TDKVCN*WDqYCUGXCNWCVGFVQDGVJGOQUVRTQOKUKPIQRVKQPHTQOC'WTQRGCPCPF )GTOCPRQKPVQHXKGY UGG(KIWTGCPF(KIWTG 1TDKVCN*WDUVCPFUHQTVJGDCUKUQTVJGEQTGGNGOGPV QHCURCEGXKNNCIGKFGCQPVJGJWDURCEGETCHVUECPFQEMCPFDGUGTXKEGFQTIQQFU GIRTQRGNNCPVQT GZRGTKOGPVU ECPDGFKUVTKDWVGF EHJWDCUFKUVTKDWVKQPPQFGQHVJG+PVGTPGV 

7 Project report: AP 4000, “Post-ISS: Szenarienentwurf“, work in progress. 8 Hub = central portion of a wheel, turnstile, modular logistics/distribution centre.

5 (KIWTGC/QFWNCT1TDKVCN*WDCTEJKVGEVWTGEQORTKUGFQHCETGYGFOWNVKRWTRQUGRNCVHQTOYKVJFQEMCDNGHTGGHN[KPIOQFWNGCUC'WTQRGCPKPKVKCVKXG

Figure 5b: (TGG(N[GTFQEMKPIVQ$CUG2NCVHQTOHQTUGTXKEKPIOCKPVGPCPEGCPFTGEQPHKIWTCVKQPD[ETGYFGVCEJGFHQTOCVKQPHN[KPIHQT WPFKUVWTDGFQDUGTXCVKQPCPF‘IQRGTCVKQP

6 (KIWTG&QEMCDNG(TGG(N[GTYKVJ'ZVGTPCN 2NCVHQTOCPF2TGUUWTKUGF.CDQTCVQT[CURCTV QHVJG1TDKVCN*WDEQPEGRVKPUVQYGFCPF FGRNQ[GFEQPHKIWTCVKQP

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

+PCFFKVKQPVQVJG$CUG2NCVHQTOC&QEMCDNG(TGG(N[GT UGG(KIWTGCTKIJVUKFG(KIWTGCPF(KIWTG KURCTVQHVJG1TDKVCN*WD EQPEGRVKPTGURQPUGVQVJGUEKGPVKHKEWUGTTGSWKTGOGPVU+VKUKPVGPFGFVQHN[WPETGYGFKPCUCHGHQTOCVKQPVQVJG$CUG2NCVHQTOHQT GIVJTGGOQPVJURGTKQFUWPVKNKVECPDGOCKPVCKPGFQTTGEQPHKIWTGFYJGPFQEMGFVQVJGDCUGHQTUJQTVFWTCVKQP UGG(KIWTGD  +PCPCNQI[VQVJG$CUG2NCVHQTOKVCNUQTGSWKTGUCUGTXKEGOQFWNGHQTCVVKVWFGCPFQTDKVEQPVTQNCPFCNUQHQTHQTOCVKQPHN[KPICPF KPFGRGPFGPVRQYGTCPFVJGTOCNEQPVTQN(WTVJGTOQTGKVEQPVCKPUCRTGUUWTKUGFOQFWNGHQTŞITGUGCTEJYJKEJECPDGCEEGUUGF YJGPFQEMGFVQVJG$CUG2NCVHQTO GIXKCVJG&QEMKPI0QFGQTXKCVJG'ZRCPFCDNG*CDKVCVOQFWNG QTVQCETGYXGJKENG6JG GZVGTPCNRNCVHQTOKUVJGEGPVTGQHVJG(TGG(N[GT+VJCUCDGTVJKPIUVTWEVWTGHQTCP[GZVGTPCNRC[NQCFCPFRTQXKFGURQYGTFCVCCPF VJGTOCNEQPFKVKQPKPI6JG(TGG(N[GTYKNNOQUVNKMGN[HN[YKVJVJGKPUVTWOGPVURQKPVGFPCFKT UGG(KIWTG DWVKPRTKPEKRNGKUHTGGVQ EJCPIGCVVKVWFGHQTEGTVCKPRGTKQFUFGRGPFKPIQPWUGTTGSWKTGOGPVU#UQPGTGUWNVQHVJG(TGG(N[GToU%'UVWF[YJKEJJCUDGGP EQPFWEVGFKPENQUGEQQRGTCVKQPYKVJ#+4$75&5VJG'ZVGTPCN2NCVHQTOKUFGUKIPGFCUCTKIKFTGEVCPIWNCTVTWUUUVTWEVWTGEQXGTGF YKVJ/.+6JGOCKPXQNWOGQHVJGRC[NQCFCKTNQEMKUNQECVGFKPUKFGVJKUUVTWEVWTGCPFECPDGTGCEJGFVJTQWIJCEWVQWVD[VJG TQDQVKECTO6JKUOCPKRWNCVQTKUOQXKPICNQPICTCKNCTQWPFVJGUVTWEVWTGVQRNCEGFKHHGTGPVRC[NQCFUQPVQVJGHQWTUKFGUQHVJG RNCVHQTOYKVJTGURGEVVQVJGKTFGUKTGFXKGYKPIFKTGEVKQP#UVJG(TGG(N[GTo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

(KIWTG&QEMCDNG(TGG(N[GTYKVJ KPUVTWOGPVU GIHQTQDUGTXCVKQPQHCVOQU RJGTKEEJGOKUVT[ QPVJG'ZVGTPCN2NCVHQTO CPFGZCORNGTCEMU GIHQTOCVGTKCN RJ[UKEU KPVJGRTGUUWTKUGFRCTV

7 Figure 8: OrbitalHub Base 2NCVHQTO with a minimum number of modules to allow for the continuous residence of three astronauts.

Launch Scenario and Mass/Size Budget Estimation

Based on the described modules of the 1TDKVCN*WD (see Figure 9 and Figure 10a,b; Table 2) the following launch scenario could be derived: (1) Launch (TGG(N[GT: e.g. Ariane 6-4, Proton, Atlas V, Falcon (2) Launch Habitat: e.g. Delta IV, Proton, Falcon Heavy Autonomous Docking by (TGG(N[GT (3) Launch Service Module: e.g. Ariane 6-4, Proton, Atlas V Autonomous Docking by (TGG(N[GT + Habitat (4) Launch Docking Node: e.g. Ariane 6-4, H-II, Atlas V Autonomous Docking by (TGG(N[GT + Habitat + Service Module (5) 1st Crew to Docking Node: e.g. Dragon, CST-100, Soyuz, Dream Chaser, Shenzhou

Table 2: Mass and size budget estimation of the 1TDKVCN*WD architecture. Module Size Estimate in m Mass Estimate in t

(TGG(N[GT launch configuration: Ø = 4.5; length = 15.4 18.79 Pressurised Laboratory Ø = 4.5; length = 4.5 6.7 External Platform length = 4; width = 3.2; height = 3.2 3.3 Service Module length = 6.4; width = 3.2; height = 3.2 8.7 Habitat/Laboratory Ø = 7.5 (expanded); length = 13.7 26.1 Service Module Ø = 4.5; length = 5.4 21.8 Docking Node Ø = 4.5; length = 6.7 17.4

Figure 9: Mass distribution of 1TDKVCN*WD Base 2NCVHQTO and FreeFlyer and their modules resulting from the CE studies.

OrbitalHub (84 t)
(TGG(N[GT (18.7 t)

Docking Node (TGG(N[GT ExternalPlatform

3,3 17,4 18,7

8,7

21,8 26,1 6,7

Service Module Habitat Service Module Pressurised Lab

9 Only part of the considered strawman payloads is accommodated on the launch configuration (further payloads are planned to be installed later via servicing).

8 (KIWTGC/CUUVCDNGQHVJG1TDKVCN*WD$CUG2NCVHQTOIGPGTCVGFFWTKPIVJG%' 5VWF[p2QUV+555EGPCTKQ+qCUUJQYPD[VJG&.4FCVCOQFGNp8KTVWCN5CVGNNKVGq

(KIWTGD/CUUVCDNGQHVJG1TDKVCN*WD(TGG(N[GTIGPGTCVGFFWTKPIVJG%'UVWF[p2QUV+55 5EGPCTKQ++qCUUJQYPD[VJG&.4FCVCOQFGNp8KTVWCN5CVGNNKVGq

(KIWTG(KPCNTGUWNVQHVJG2QUV+55 5EGPCTKQ%'UVWFKGU1TDKVCN*WDYKVJ ETGYGF$CUG2NCVHQTOCPFCWVQPQOQWU (TGG(N[GT

9 Figure 12: (TGG(N[GTFQEMKPIVQEWTTGPV+55FWTKPIQPGQHKVUHKTUVOKUUKQPU

Conclusions and Next Steps

The feedback from many scientists and engineers has shown continuous high interest in using the Low Earth Orbit on a multi-purpose mini-platform. As explained in the “FuW Strategy 2025”10: a space laboratory is unique and not replaceable. Research in space complements terrestrial opportunities. Scientists also highlighted the fact that
Europe/Germany has achieved a technological system competence by developing, constructing and operating research facilities in space. The option with the highest interest and flexibility is the modular 1TDKVCN*WD (see above). It represents the highest degree of maturity based on current technologies, operational/logistical systems, cur- rent commercial developments and financial aspects. The modular 1TDKVCN*WD KU a realistic opportunity, however, only with a significant involvement of Europe and international (commercial) partners. Alternatively, parts of the concept could be imple- mented separately e.g. the (TGG(N[GT only or $CUG 2NCVHQTO parts as a contribution to an upcoming CTEJKVGEVWTG.

10 Programmausschuss FuW 2010.

10 Concept study results suggest further consideration of the following items for potential German key contributions:

- (Astronautical) science operation in LEO - Ongoing requirements definition with national/international science user community - Know-how regarding automated service modules - Robotic technology options for internal and external use - Advanced low thrust propulsion; electric low thrust engine as promising technology for drag compensation for LEO architectures11 - Clear technical and programmatic interface definition –> only a few partners per module (not applicable to experiments)

During the accommodation design of the interior of the Expandable Habitat module, all rigid parts have been attached to the central core structure. With this approach, the balance between rack accessibility and volume still has to be proven. Independent of this proposal, a follow-on study including interested and dedicated partners and new market players is strongly recommended.

In general, we expect future LEO architectures to be smaller, more modular and flexible than the current ISS. Complementing payloads such as Earth observation, technology demonstrationEQOOGTEKCNCRRNKECVKQP as well as opportunities for preparation of human planetary exploration will add to the conventional scientific utilisation. The interest of the user community in a research laboratory and an observation platform in LEO serves as a basis for the architecture’s design open for future commercial involvement. The first flying hardware componentsKGVJG(TGG(N[GTQRGTCVKPIYKVJUVKNNGZKUVKPI+55 EH(KI  could be realised in the frame of moderate budgets in the next eight years. The 1TDKVCN*WD would guarantee a smooth transition between ISS and future human space activities in LEO and would represent an CHHQTFCDNG step regarding long-term human space exploration beyond LEO.

Impressum: Bremen, #WIWUV 201 O. Romberg, D. Quantius, H. Dittus, S. Baerwalde, W. Seboldt, C. Philpot, S. Jahnke (DLR) H. Schlegel (ESA Contractor) M. Gold, G. Zamka (BIGELOW Aerospace)
I. Retat, R. Wohlgemuth, M. Lange (AIRBUS) et al.

DLR Institute of Space Systems System Analysis Space Segment

11 Space Administration H2020 EPIC, Electric Propulsion Innovation and Competitiveness project

11 DLR at a Glance

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