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Defeat, Poised in Stone Anatomical Dissection and the Indignity of Smugglerius

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Defeat, Poised in Stone Anatomical Dissection and the Indignity of Smugglerius Defeat, poised in stone Anatomical dissection and the indignity of Smugglerius Trahern Jones The author is a member of the Class of 2013 at Mayo ofmedicalandartstudents.Recently,theskilledworkofan- Medical School College of Medicine. thropologistDr.JeanneCannizzoandartistJoanSmithhasled us,forthefirsttime,toapotentialidentityofthe“donor”:a curious specimen resides in the Royal Academy of footpadnamedJamesLangar.2 theArtsinLondon:agrotesquecastmadefromthe Langarwasprobablyexecutedsometimearound1776for flayedfigureofaman.Inasurrealneoclassicaltwist, highway robbery rather than smuggling, making the epithet AitisposedintheattitudeofthefamousHellenisticsculpture, Smuggleriusabitofamisnomer.2Occupyingashamefulplace Dying Gaul.ArecastofanoriginalconceivedbyDr.William inthehistoryofmedicineandanatomy,heisbutonemanin Hunter,thepremiereighteenth-centuryanatomistandobste- a long line of victims of body-snatching and nonconsenting trician,1itisnamedSmuggleriusinapseudo-Latinizedepithet bodydonors.Tobesure,thetreatmentofhisbodyafterhis referencingthe“donor’s”supposedpreviousoccupation.Ithas execution,likethatofmanyothers,isbothanindignityand longservedintheAcademyasaremarkabledisplayofhuman aninjustice—butwecanlearnsomethingfromthepeculiar, formandanatomy,andhasinspiredandtutoredgenerations significantchoiceofposegiventohisbodybyWilliamHunter. 22 The Pharos/Spring2011 AstheDying Gaulgeneratesaprofound,instructive pathos and sense of respect in the viewer, so does Langar’stragedyasanunwillingbodydonor;weare inducted by the cast’s naked vulnerability into the strangenarrativeofhisvictimhood. TheDying Gaulwascreatedaboutthetimethat thekingdomofPergamondefeatedthehostileCeltic tribesofNorthernEuropearound230BCE.3Init,we seeapathosrarelyexhibitedinGreekartuptothat point: the barbarian enemy warrior, a Gaul, whose tribe traditionally entered battle nude, has fallen to the ground. He is mortally wounded—fresh blood poursfromaspearwoundbetweenhisribs—brought to his hands and knees by the discipline of Attic civilization.Atthesame time, he evokes a sense of admirationandpity:hisexpressionisprofound,his face conveys a noble acceptance of the indignity of defeat, and his nakedness is no longer a mark of The Hanged Man. Victor Hugo, circa 1855–1860. Brush and ink wash on wove paper, sheet: 12 x 7-11/16 inches. Gift of Kristina and Guy Wildenstein, 2003. Metropolitan Museum of Art. © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/ Art Resource, NY. Opposite page, Dying Gaul. Roman copy after a Greek original, circa 230–220 BCE. Lifesize marble. Musei Capitolini, Rome, Italy. Photo credit: Scala/Art Resource, NY. A cast of a man, named “Smugglerius,” at Edinburgh College of Art. © DAVID MOIR/Reuters/Corbis.) The Pharos/Spring2011 23 Defeat, poised in stone savagery,butbecomesbeautifulform.LordByron,likeothers, remainedattheAcademyamongotherunfortunatedonors wasmovedtosuchpityuponseeingtheDying Gaulthathe asamodelforanatomically-correctfiguredrawing. includeditinChilde Harold’s Pilgrimage: WecannotsurmiseWilliamHunter’sreasonsforchoosing theposeoftheDying GaulasthemodelofSmugglerius,but I see before me the Gladiator lie: indoingso,hematchedtheundignifiedfateofJamesLangar’s He leans upon his hand—his manly brow bodyquitewelltoatimelessnarrativeofdefeatandthesen- Consents to death, but conquers agony4 sitivity of the defeated, specifically in the darker history of anatomicaldissection.Thereisnojusticeinthefateaccorded ThroughthenudehumanityoftheCelt,thisvillainofciviliza- toLangar:hisbodywastakenwithoutconsent,treatedwith tion,oneseesaworldinwhichbarbarianpathoscountsmore no more respect than a scientific curiosity, and converted thanthetriumphoftheGreekarmies.Thisveryhumandeath, from living being to an objet d’art, a plaster cast gawked at delicatelypoisedinstone,isasensitiveconsiderationforthe byAcademystudentsandinsulteddailybytheepithetofits profundityoflossanddefeat. popularname.Yetinthesubtlepathosofhisposing,intheul- Nearly two millennia later, defeat loomed over another timatenakednessofhisflaying,adeepersensibilityisrevealed. tragicfigure.AsthenoosewasslippedoverJamesLangar’s Themanbehindthecadaverisilluminatedinthisartimitating neck, a prayer may have graced his lips but he certainly life.Heisahangedcriminal,itistrue,anenemyofthelawand knewthatnoChristianburialawaitedhim.Freshlyexecuted allitstandsfor.Yethisnudity,liketheGaul’s,bringsuscloser criminals often provided eighteenth-century anatomists tohishumanity;hisbrowconsentstodeath,andconquersthe withtheironlylegallyobtainablehumanmaterial;thedis- agonyofthisuntowardspectacle.Weadmireandpityhisfate, secting table was bound to be Langar’s destination rather asHuntercertainlydidnot. thanthechurchyardgrave.5Haplessbodiessuchashiswere Thus it is that we appreciate the injustice of similarly the stuff that medical education was built upon. With or wronged men and women in the early history of anatomy, withouthisconsent,hiscadaverwouldserveasyetanother humanbeingswhosebodieswereunrightfullyacquiredwith- learningground. out their consent, whose anatomy formed the groundwork The noose tightened, the soul fled. A brief process, but ofWesternmedicalscience.Itishardlyasmallcomfort,but galling; an inhuman tragedy repeated daily on the gallows itservesasaremarkablelessontogenerationsinthefuture, crossbar. The man’s remains were promptly delivered to observing the attitude of Langar’s defeat, the shock of his the anatomist, in this case, to one of Scotland’s finest and exposed intimacy, the beauty of his humanity, and the im- most brilliant obstetricians, Dr. William Hunter.6 On seeing portanceofhistragedy.Langar’sexampleremindsusthatthe Langar’s muscular corpse, the result of his having served in scientificadvancementofhumanityrestsonthehumanityof thearmyfornearlyadecade,itissaidthatWilliamHunter thedead. decidedthatitdeservednoordinarytreatment.1Ratherthan destroy the body by dissection, Hunter chose to preserve References Langar’s lithe frame and musculature for generations: he 1. EngelsteinS.AnxiousAnatomy:TheConceptionoftheHu- wouldproduceacastofit. manForminLiteraryandNaturalistDiscourse.Albany(NY):State Infact,thiswouldnotbethefirsttimeHunterhaddone UniversityofNewYorkPress;2008. so.Thefleshofotherexecutedfelonshadmetsimilarfates 2. Wade M. Story of 18th-century footpad is laid bare. The inhispracticedhands;theyhadbeendonatedtotheRoyal Times(London)2010Jan18.www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/ Academyfortheironicpurposesofinstructioninlifedraw- scotland/article6993071.ece. ing.1ForLangar’scast,Huntercalleduponthetalentofhis 3. StokstadM.ArtHistory:AViewoftheWest.Thirdedition. friend, the sculptor and painter Agostino Carlini. Hunter UpperSaddleRiver(NJ):PearsonEducation;2008. stripped the skin and fat from the corpse to produce an 4. ByronGG.ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage.Chicago:W.B.Con- écorché (“flayed”) figure of the original, then arranged keyCompany;1900. Langar’scadaverintoasurrealimitationoftheDying Gaul.2 5. Richardson R. Death, Dissection and the Destitute. Second Carlini poured the plaster, sealing the hanged man’s body edition.Chicago:TheUniversityofChicagoPress;1987. intoastrangeparodyoftheancientsculpture—amasterpiece 6. FoxRH.WilliamHunter,Anatomist,Physician,Obstetrician, ofwhichLangarhadlikelyneverevenheard,muchlesspre- (1718–1783),withNoticesofHisFriendsCullen,Smellie,Fothergill, ferredtoimitateindeath.AtHunter’sbehest,thecastwas andBaillie.London:H.K.Lewis;1901. taken to the Royal Academy, where he delivered multiple anatomicallecturesthroughouttheyeartotheartstudents Theauthor’saddressis: there.ThestudentsdubbedthecastSmugglerius,apseudo- P.O.Box551 Latin derivative mocking of the hanged man’s supposed Rochester,Minnesota55903 occupation. For nearly two centuries, this écorché figure E-mail:[email protected] 24 The Pharos/Spring2011.
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