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Crystallographic Snapshots of Sulfur Insertion by Lipoyl Synthase
Crystallographic snapshots of sulfur insertion by lipoyl synthase Martin I. McLaughlina,b,1, Nicholas D. Lanzc, Peter J. Goldmana, Kyung-Hoon Leeb, Squire J. Bookerb,c,d, and Catherine L. Drennana,e,f,2 aDepartment of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; bDepartment of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; cDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; dHoward Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; eDepartment of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; and fHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Edited by Vern L. Schramm, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, and approved July 5, 2016 (received for review March 8, 2016) Lipoyl synthase (LipA) catalyzes the insertion of two sulfur atoms substrate and at an intermediate stage in the reaction, just after at the unactivated C6 and C8 positions of a protein-bound octanoyl insertion of the C6 sulfur atom but before sulfur insertion at C8. chain to produce the lipoyl cofactor. To activate its substrate for sulfur insertion, LipA uses a [4Fe-4S] cluster and S-adenosylmethio- Results nine (AdoMet) radical chemistry; the remainder of the reaction The crystal structure of LipA from M. tuberculosis was de- mechanism, especially the source of the sulfur, has been less clear. termined to 1.64-Å resolution by iron multiwavelength anoma- One controversial proposal involves the removal of sulfur from a lous dispersion phasing (Table S1). The overall fold of LipA consists second (auxiliary) [4Fe-4S] cluster on the enzyme, resulting in de- of a (β/α)6 partial barrel common to most AdoMet radical enzymes struction of the cluster during each round of catalysis. -
B Number Gene Name Mrna Intensity Mrna Present # of Tryptic
list list sample) short list predicted B number Gene name assignment mRNA present mRNA intensity Gene description Protein detected - Membrane protein detected (total list) detected (long list) membrane sample Proteins detected - detected (short list) # of tryptic peptides # of tryptic peptides # of tryptic peptides # of tryptic peptides # of tryptic peptides Functional category detected (membrane Protein detected - total Protein detected - long b0003 thrB 6781 P 9 P 3 3 P 3 0 homoserine kinase Metabolism of small molecules b0004 thrC 15039 P 18 P 10 P 11 P 10 0 threonine synthase Metabolism of small molecules b0008 talB 20561 P 20 P 13 P 16 P 13 0 transaldolase B Metabolism of small molecules b0009 mog 1296 P 7 0 0 0 0 required for the efficient incorporation of molybdate into molybdoproteins Metabolism of small molecules b0014 dnaK 13283 P 32 P 23 P 24 P 23 0 chaperone Hsp70; DNA biosynthesis; autoregulated heat shock proteins Cell processes b0031 dapB 2348 P 16 P 3 3 P 3 0 dihydrodipicolinate reductase Metabolism of small molecules b0032 carA 9312 P 14 P 8 P 8 P 8 0 carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, glutamine (small) subunit Metabolism of small molecules b0048 folA 1588 P 7 P 1 2 P 1 0 dihydrofolate reductase type I; trimethoprim resistance Metabolism of small molecules peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), involved in maturation of outer b0053 surA 3825 P 19 P 4 P 5 P 4 P(m) 1 GenProt membrane proteins (1st module) Cell processes b0054 imp 2737 P 42 P 5 0 0 P(m) 5 GenProt organic solvent tolerance Cell processes b0071 leuD 4770 -
B Number Gene Name Mrna Intensity Mrna
sample) total list predicted B number Gene name assignment mRNA present mRNA intensity Gene description Protein detected - Membrane protein membrane sample detected (total list) Proteins detected - Functional category # of tryptic peptides # of tryptic peptides # of tryptic peptides detected (membrane b0002 thrA 13624 P 39 P 18 P(m) 2 aspartokinase I, homoserine dehydrogenase I Metabolism of small molecules b0003 thrB 6781 P 9 P 3 0 homoserine kinase Metabolism of small molecules b0004 thrC 15039 P 18 P 10 0 threonine synthase Metabolism of small molecules b0008 talB 20561 P 20 P 13 0 transaldolase B Metabolism of small molecules chaperone Hsp70; DNA biosynthesis; autoregulated heat shock b0014 dnaK 13283 P 32 P 23 0 proteins Cell processes b0015 dnaJ 4492 P 13 P 4 P(m) 1 chaperone with DnaK; heat shock protein Cell processes b0029 lytB 1331 P 16 P 2 0 control of stringent response; involved in penicillin tolerance Global functions b0032 carA 9312 P 14 P 8 0 carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase, glutamine (small) subunit Metabolism of small molecules b0033 carB 7656 P 48 P 17 0 carbamoyl-phosphate synthase large subunit Metabolism of small molecules b0048 folA 1588 P 7 P 1 0 dihydrofolate reductase type I; trimethoprim resistance Metabolism of small molecules peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), involved in maturation of b0053 surA 3825 P 19 P 4 P(m) 1 GenProt outer membrane proteins (1st module) Cell processes b0054 imp 2737 P 42 P 5 P(m) 5 GenProt organic solvent tolerance Cell processes b0071 leuD 4770 P 10 P 9 0 isopropylmalate -
Letters to Nature
letters to nature Received 7 July; accepted 21 September 1998. 26. Tronrud, D. E. Conjugate-direction minimization: an improved method for the re®nement of macromolecules. Acta Crystallogr. A 48, 912±916 (1992). 1. Dalbey, R. E., Lively, M. O., Bron, S. & van Dijl, J. M. The chemistry and enzymology of the type 1 27. Wolfe, P. B., Wickner, W. & Goodman, J. M. Sequence of the leader peptidase gene of Escherichia coli signal peptidases. Protein Sci. 6, 1129±1138 (1997). and the orientation of leader peptidase in the bacterial envelope. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 12073±12080 2. Kuo, D. W. et al. Escherichia coli leader peptidase: production of an active form lacking a requirement (1983). for detergent and development of peptide substrates. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 303, 274±280 (1993). 28. Kraulis, P.G. Molscript: a program to produce both detailed and schematic plots of protein structures. 3. Tschantz, W. R. et al. Characterization of a soluble, catalytically active form of Escherichia coli leader J. Appl. Crystallogr. 24, 946±950 (1991). peptidase: requirement of detergent or phospholipid for optimal activity. Biochemistry 34, 3935±3941 29. Nicholls, A., Sharp, K. A. & Honig, B. Protein folding and association: insights from the interfacial and (1995). the thermodynamic properties of hydrocarbons. Proteins Struct. Funct. Genet. 11, 281±296 (1991). 4. Allsop, A. E. et al.inAnti-Infectives, Recent Advances in Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationships 30. Meritt, E. A. & Bacon, D. J. Raster3D: photorealistic molecular graphics. Methods Enzymol. 277, 505± (eds Bently, P. H. & O'Hanlon, P. J.) 61±72 (R. Soc. Chem., Cambridge, 1997). -
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Waterlogging-Sensitive
Article Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Waterlogging-Sensitive and Tolerant Zombi Pea (Vigna Vexillata) Reveals Energy Conservation and Root Plasticity Controlling Waterlogging Tolerance Pimprapai Butsayawarapat 1, Piyada Juntawong 1,2,3*, Ornusa Khamsuk 4 and Prakit Somta 5 1 Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 2 Center for Advanced Studies in Tropical Natural Resources, National Research University -Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 3 Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand 4 Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 5 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand *Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +66-02-562-5555 Received: 22 June 2019; Accepted: 31 July 2019; Published: 2 August 2019 Abstract: Vigna vexillata (zombi pea) is an underutilized legume crop considered to be a potential gene source in breeding for abiotic stress tolerance. This study focuses on the molecular characterization of mechanisms controlling waterlogging tolerance using two zombi pea varieties with contrasting waterlogging tolerance. Morphological examination revealed that in contrast to the sensitive variety, the tolerant variety was able to grow, maintain chlorophyll, form lateral roots, and develop aerenchyma in hypocotyl and taproots under waterlogging. To find the mechanism controlling waterlogging tolerance in zombi pea, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed using roots subjected to short-term waterlogging. Functional analysis indicated that glycolysis and fermentative genes were strongly upregulated in the sensitive variety, but not in the tolerant one. In contrast, the genes involved in auxin-regulated lateral root initiation and formation were expressed only in the tolerant variety. -
Mitochondrial Serine Acetyltransferase Functions As a Pacemaker of Cysteine Synthesis in Plant Cells1[C][W][OA]
Mitochondrial Serine Acetyltransferase Functions as a Pacemaker of Cysteine Synthesis in Plant Cells1[C][W][OA] Florian H. Haas, Corinna Heeg, Rafael Queiroz, Andrea Bauer, Markus Wirtz, and Ru¨ diger Hell* Heidelberg Institute for Plant Sciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (F.H.H., C.H., M.W.,R.H.);andGermanCancerResearchCenter,69120Heidelberg,Germany(R.Q.,A.B.) Cysteine (Cys) synthesis in plants is carried out by two sequential reactions catalyzed by the rate-limiting enzyme serine acetyltransferase (SAT) and excess amounts of O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase. Why these reactions occur in plastids, mitochondria, and cytosol of plants remained unclear. Expression of artificial microRNA (amiRNA) against Sat3 encoding mitochondrial SAT3 in transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants demonstrates that mitochondria are the most important compartment for the synthesis of O-acetylserine (OAS), the precursor of Cys. Reduction of RNA levels, protein contents, SAT enzymatic activity, and phenotype strongly correlate in independent amiSAT3 lines and cause significantly retarded growth. The expression of the other four Sat genes in the Arabidopsis genome are not affected by amiRNA-SAT3 according to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and microarray analyses. Application of radiolabeled serine to leaf pieces revealed severely reduced incorporation rates into Cys and even more so into glutathione. Accordingly, steady-state levels of OAS are 4-fold reduced. Decrease of sulfate reduction-related genes is accompanied by an accumulation of sulfate in amiSAT3 lines. These results unequivocally show that mitochondria provide the bulk of OAS in the plant cell and are the likely site of flux regulation. Together with recent data, the cytosol appears to be a major site of Cys synthesis, while plastids contribute reduced sulfur as sulfide. -
(10) Patent No.: US 8119385 B2
US008119385B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,119,385 B2 Mathur et al. (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 21, 2012 (54) NUCLEICACIDS AND PROTEINS AND (52) U.S. Cl. ........................................ 435/212:530/350 METHODS FOR MAKING AND USING THEMI (58) Field of Classification Search ........................ None (75) Inventors: Eric J. Mathur, San Diego, CA (US); See application file for complete search history. Cathy Chang, San Diego, CA (US) (56) References Cited (73) Assignee: BP Corporation North America Inc., Houston, TX (US) OTHER PUBLICATIONS c Mount, Bioinformatics, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Har (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this bor New York, 2001, pp. 382-393.* patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Spencer et al., “Whole-Genome Sequence Variation among Multiple U.S.C. 154(b) by 689 days. Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa” J. Bacteriol. (2003) 185: 1316 1325. (21) Appl. No.: 11/817,403 Database Sequence GenBank Accession No. BZ569932 Dec. 17. 1-1. 2002. (22) PCT Fled: Mar. 3, 2006 Omiecinski et al., “Epoxide Hydrolase-Polymorphism and role in (86). PCT No.: PCT/US2OO6/OOT642 toxicology” Toxicol. Lett. (2000) 1.12: 365-370. S371 (c)(1), * cited by examiner (2), (4) Date: May 7, 2008 Primary Examiner — James Martinell (87) PCT Pub. No.: WO2006/096527 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Kalim S. Fuzail PCT Pub. Date: Sep. 14, 2006 (57) ABSTRACT (65) Prior Publication Data The invention provides polypeptides, including enzymes, structural proteins and binding proteins, polynucleotides US 201O/OO11456A1 Jan. 14, 2010 encoding these polypeptides, and methods of making and using these polynucleotides and polypeptides. -
Terpene Production in the Peel of Sweet Orange Fruits
Genetics and Molecular Biology, 30, 3 (suppl), 841-847 (2007) Copyright by the Brazilian Society of Genetics. Printed in Brazil www.sbg.org.br Research Article Terpene production in the peel of sweet orange fruits Marco A. Takita1,2, Irving J. Berger1, Ana Carolina Basílio-Palmieri1, Kleber M. Borges1, Juliana M. de Souza1 and Maria L.N.P. Targon1 1Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil. 2Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Abstract Terpenoids constitute the largest and most diverse class of natural products. They are important factors for aroma and flavor, and their synthesis is basically done from two compounds: isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. Isopentenyl diphosphate is synthesized through two different pathways, one that occurs in the cyto- plasm and one in the plastid. With the sequencing of ESTs from citrus, we were able to perform in silico analyses on the pathways that lead to the synthesis of terpenes as well as on the terpene synthases present in sweet orange. Moreover, expression analysis using real-time qPCR was performed to verify the expression pattern of a terpene synthase in plants. The results show that all the pathways for isopentenyl diphosphate are present in citrus and a high expression of terpene synthases seems to have an important role in the constitution of the essential oils of cit- rus. Key words: EST, fruit, terpenoids, orange, essential oil. Received: September 21, 2006; Accepted: July 13, 2007. Introduction ecological, providing defense against herbivores or patho- Citriculture plays a fundamental role in Brazilian ag- gens, attracting animals that disperse pollen and seeds, or ribusiness. -
Product Sheet Info
Master Clone List for NR-19279 ® Vibrio cholerae Gateway Clone Set, Recombinant in Escherichia coli, Plates 1-46 Catalog No. NR-19279 Table 1: Vibrio cholerae Gateway® Clones, Plate 1 (NR-19679) Clone ID Well ORF Locus ID Symbol Product Accession Position Length Number 174071 A02 367 VC2271 ribD riboflavin-specific deaminase NP_231902.1 174346 A03 336 VC1877 lpxK tetraacyldisaccharide 4`-kinase NP_231511.1 174354 A04 342 VC0953 holA DNA polymerase III, delta subunit NP_230600.1 174115 A05 388 VC2085 sucC succinyl-CoA synthase, beta subunit NP_231717.1 174310 A06 506 VC2400 murC UDP-N-acetylmuramate--alanine ligase NP_232030.1 174523 A07 132 VC0644 rbfA ribosome-binding factor A NP_230293.2 174632 A08 322 VC0681 ribF riboflavin kinase-FMN adenylyltransferase NP_230330.1 174930 A09 433 VC0720 phoR histidine protein kinase PhoR NP_230369.1 174953 A10 206 VC1178 conserved hypothetical protein NP_230823.1 174976 A11 213 VC2358 hypothetical protein NP_231988.1 174898 A12 369 VC0154 trmA tRNA (uracil-5-)-methyltransferase NP_229811.1 174059 B01 73 VC2098 hypothetical protein NP_231730.1 174075 B02 82 VC0561 rpsP ribosomal protein S16 NP_230212.1 174087 B03 378 VC1843 cydB-1 cytochrome d ubiquinol oxidase, subunit II NP_231477.1 174099 B04 383 VC1798 eha eha protein NP_231433.1 174294 B05 494 VC0763 GTP-binding protein NP_230412.1 174311 B06 314 VC2183 prsA ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase NP_231814.1 174603 B07 108 VC0675 thyA thymidylate synthase NP_230324.1 174474 B08 466 VC1297 asnS asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase NP_230942.2 174933 B09 198 -
The Crystal Structure of Biotin Synthase, an S-Adenosylmethionine-Dependent Radical Enzyme F
2-74 LIFE SCIENCES SCIENCE HIGHLIGHTS 2-75 The Crystal Structure of Biotin Synthase, an S-Adenosylmethionine-Dependent Radical Enzyme F. Berkovitch1, Y. Nicolet1, J.T. Wan2, J.T. Jarrett2, and C.L. Drennan1 1Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania BEAMLINE X25 The crystal structure of biotin synthase addresses how “AdoMet radical” enzymes, also called “Radical SAM” enzymes, use an Fe S cluster and S-adenosyl-L-methionine to 4 4 Funding generate organic radicals. Biotin synthase catalyzes the radical-mediated insertion of National Institutes of Health; Searle Scholars Program; sulfur into dethiobiotin (DTB) to form biotin (vitamin B8). The structure places the substrates, i.e. DTB and AdoMet, between the Fe S cluster (essential for radical gen- Cecil and Ida Green Career 4 4 Development Fund; Lester eration) and the Fe2S2 cluster (postulated to be the source of sulfur), with both clusters Wolfe Predoctoral Fellowship; in unprecedented coordination environments. Cellular, Biochemical, and Molecular Sciences training Biotin is an essential vitamin that plays a ubiquitous role in human growth and grant; U.S. Department of Energy; National Institute of metabolism. Biotin deficiency results in skin lesions, abnormal fat distribution, General Medical Sciences neurological symptoms, and immunodeficiency. A low biotin level has also been correlated to an increased incidence of type II diabetes mellitus. Biotin is a valuable Publication commercial commodity, used as an additive in food, health, and cosmetic prod- F. Berkovitch, Y. Nicolet, J.T. Wan, J.T. Jarrett, and ucts, and as a research tool in the biochemical sciences. -
Dependent Enzyme Moaa and Its Implications for Molybdenum Cofactor Deficiency in Humans
Crystal structure of the S-adenosylmethionine- dependent enzyme MoaA and its implications for molybdenum cofactor deficiency in humans Petra Ha¨ nzelmann and Hermann Schindelin* Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5115 Edited by Douglas C. Rees, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, and approved July 21, 2004 (received for review June 28, 2004) The MoaA and MoaC proteins catalyze the first step during molyb- neously occupied by N and O atoms from the methionine moiety denum cofactor biosynthesis, the conversion of a guanosine de- of the cofactor. rivative to precursor Z. MoaA belongs to the S-adenosylmethionine MoaA shares 14% and 11% identity in the N-terminal region (SAM)-dependent radical enzyme superfamily, members of which with BioB and HemN, respectively, but is completely unrelated catalyze the formation of protein and͞or substrate radicals by with these proteins in the C-terminal region, which is in MoaA reductive cleavage of SAM by a [4Fe–4S] cluster. A defined in vitro characterized by another Cys-rich signature motif. Recently, it system is described, which generates precursor Z and led to the could be shown that human MOCS1A in fact assembles two -identification of 5-GTP as the substrate. The structures of MoaA in oxygen-sensitive [4Fe–4S] clusters, one typical for SAM the apo-state (2.8 Å) and in complex with SAM (2.2 Å) provide dependent radical enzymes and an additional one unique to valuable insights into its mechanism and help to define the defects MoaA proteins (4). The structure of MoaC has been determined caused by mutations in the human ortholog of MoaA that lead to earlier, and the protein was found to be present as a hexamer molybdenum cofactor deficiency, a usually fatal disease accompa- composed of three dimers with a putative active site located at nied by severe neurological symptoms. -
(DDT)-Resistant Drosophila
Genome-wide transcription profile of field- and laboratory-selected dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)-resistant Drosophila J. H. F. Pedra†‡, L. M. McIntyre§, M. E. Scharf¶, and Barry R. Pittendrigh†‡ʈ †Department of Entomology, ‡Molecular Plant Resistance and Nematode Team, and ¶Center for Urban and Industrial Pest Management, Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1158; and §Computational Genomics, Department of Agronomy, 1150 Lilly Hall of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47905 Edited by May R. Berenbaum, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, and approved March 22, 2004 (received for review January 26, 2004) Genome-wide microarray analysis (Affymetrix array) was used (i)to a specific P450 enzyme (Cyp6g1). Daborn et al. (16) used determine whether only one gene, the cytochrome P450 enzyme custom-made microarrays comprised of all known members of Cyp6g1, is differentially transcribed in dichlorodiphenyltrichloroeth- Drosophila cytochrome P450 genes and metabolic enzymes such ane (DDT)-resistant vs. -susceptible Drosophila; and (ii) to profile as esterases and GSTs in addition to housekeeping genes. common genes differentially transcribed across a DDT-resistant field Overexpression of Cyp6g1 in transgenic Drosophila showed only isolate [Rst(2)DDTWisconsin] and a laboratory DDT-selected population slight increases in resistance, suggesting that there is much more [Rst(2)DDT91-R]. Statistical analysis (ANOVA model) identified 158 to resistance than a single gene. probe sets that were differentially transcribed among Rst(2)DDT91-R, To date, no genome-wide expression profile has been evaluated Rst(2)DDTWisconsin, and the DDT-susceptible genotype Canton-S (P < to investigate the extent to which gene transcription varies between 0.01).