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1 the Lurfn VALLEY, PERU, A.D. 1000-1532 a Thests Presented For 1 THE LURfN VALLEY, PERU, A.D. 1000-1532 A thests presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May, 1983 Patricia Jane Feltham Institute of Archaeology University of London 2 ABSTRACT This thesis discusses the post-Middle Horizon archaeology of one of the smaller central coast valleys of Peru. It focuses on a zone between 400 and 1000 metres above sea level and analyses data collected over several field seasons. There are two appendices dealing with ceramic analysi8 and excavations. An introduction defines the problems raised by previous work and discus8es field procedures. There is a full treatment of the environment in order to show the potential self-sufficiency of the zone and its importance as a coca-growing area. Over 100 sites are described and dated to one or more periods, from the Early Horizon to the Colonial Period, on the basis of the pottery found in surface collections and excavations. Reasons are given for the shift in 8ettlement]ocation between early and late periods. There follows a treatment of the late architecture, which is divided into three types:- domestic, ritual and community. It is shown that the population lived scattered along the hill slopes or behind the ritual structures located on the alluvial fans of lateral quebradas. The purpose of these ritual structures was to house rites connected with the well-being of ancestor-worshipping groups and as a repository for their dead. Ethnohistorical sources yield further information on the economic, political and social organisation of the valley inhabitants. They confirm relationships between coastal Yungas and highland Yauyos, that the ceramic analysis suggested. During the Late Horizon the Incas established themselves in the upper part of the study area in order to control communications and to enjoy access to coca. The most important changes they made were to build a major road linking the coastal and highland centres of Pachacamac and Jauja and to establish a tamb, 3 whose location is identified in this study. Villages close to the tambo underwent particular Inca influence because they provided the bulk of labour for building and servicing it. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables. 6 List of Figures. 8 List of Maps, Plans and Charts. 10 PREFACE 13 CHAPTERS I. Introduction. 16 II. The Setting. 39 III. The Dating of the North Bank Sites. 70 IV. The Dating of the South Bank Sites. 148 V. The Architecture of the Late Periods. 234 VI. Settlement and Ethnohistory. 350 VII. Conclusions. 380 APPENDICES I. The Ceramic Description 393 Brown Ware 421 Dark Brown Ware 462 Orange Ware 474 The Cuzco Style 603 Black Ware 669 Glazed Ware 698 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) APPENDICES (cont.) Page II. The Excavations The Rimac Valley 704 Pachacamac 710 The Lurin Valley 744 Panquilma 744 Avi hay 760 General Conclusions 817 ILLUSTRATIONS AND CAPTIONS 825 NOTES ON THE MAPS AND CHARTS 1078 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1080 6 LIST OF TABLES Page 1. A List of Sites in the Study Area: their Name, Date, Area and Page Reference. 30 2. The Volume of Water discharged by Central Coast Rivers. 43 3. The Total Run-off of the Lur(n by Month in Cubic Metres. 44 4. Temperatures at Selected Central Coast Stations. 47 5. Precipitation at Selected Stations in the Department of Lima. 49 6. The Flora of the Lurn Valley. 57 7. The Fauna of the Lurfn Valley. 61 8. Types of Architecture at Major LIP and LH sites. 237 9. Freestanding Wall Heights and Widths. 252 10. Measurements for Single and Multi-chambered Tombs. 261 11. Me&surements for Entrances. 265 12. Measurements for Doors. 267 13. Measurements for Doors with Barholds. 271 14. Measurements for Sealed Doors and Entrances. 272 15. Measureuients for Niches. 275 16. Measurements for Windows. 277 17. Measurements for Communicating Holes. 280 18. Measurements for Projecting Stones. 282 19. Measurements for Projecting Bones. 284 20. Measurements for Projecting Branches. 286 21. Measurements for Stairs. 289 22. Measurements for Projecting Stone Steps. 290 23. Measurements for Wide Benches. 292 24. Measurements for Narrow Benches. 294 25. Measurements for Eamps. 295 26. Measurements for Wall Decoration. 299 27. Measurements for Roofing Material. 303 28. Measurements for Vertical Posts. 307 7 LIST OF TABLES (cont.) Page 29. Measurements for Pits. 309 30. Measurements for Above-ground Compartments. 312 31. Measurements for Subterranean Compartments. 314 32. Association of Compartments with Rooms and Bones. 315 33. Agricultural Terraces and Ditches. 329 34. Ratio of Taxpayers to the Total Population. 360 35. Maize Yields and Consumption Figures for Selected Areas. 362 36. Sherd Totals by Year and Method of Collection. 396 37. Percentage of Different Wares per Site. 409 38. Size Variation among Cuzco Polychrome Vessels. 612 39. List of Small Finds from Strong, W..l1ey and Corbett's Excavation at Pachacamac. 737 40. Preliminary Identification of Faunal Remains from Excavations at Panquilma and Avillay. 754 41. Identification of Vegetal Material from Panquilma. 757 42. Identification of Vegetal Material from Avillay. 806 43. Summary of Small Finds other than Potsherds from all Excavations. 809 44. Summary of Sherds from all Excavations by Pit, Wa'e and Layer. 813 8 LIST OF FIGURES Page '-XIV Brown Ware Vessels and Rims from Forms I-XIII. 828 XV-XVIII Dark Brown Ware Vessels and Rims from Forms I-IV. 858 XIX Miscellaneous Brown Ware Sherds. 866 XX-L Orange Ware Vessels and Rims from Forms I-XVI. 868 LI-LVI Orange Ware Decorated Body Sherds and Miscellaneous Sherds. 937 LVII-LXIX Cuzco Style: Aryballoid Jars. 949 LXX-LXXIV Cuzco Style: Two-handled Dishes. 975 LXXV- Cuzco Style: Plates. 985 LXXVII LXXVIII- Cuzco Style: Pedestal Base 011as. 991 LXXXI LXXXII- Cuzco Style: Other Jars. 999 LXXXIII LXXXIV Cuzco Style: Bowls. 1003 LXXXV- Cuzco Style: Miscellaneous. 1005 LXXXVI LXXXVI I- Black Ware: Elaborate Jars. 1009 LXXXVIII LXXIX Black Ware: Other Jars. 1013 XC-XCI Black Ware: Two-handled Dishes. 1015 XC II-XC IV Black Ware: Bowls, 011as and Plates. 1019 XCV Black Ware: Miniature Bowls and Miscellaneous Sherds. 1025 XCVI Colonial, Modern and Early Horizon Vessels and Sherds. 1027 XCVII Early Intermediate Period Vessels and Rims. 1029 XCVIII Rims from Huarochir: Various Wares. 1031 XCIX Other Ceramic Artefacts. 1033 C Ceramic and Stone Artefacts. 1035 CI Stone Artefacts. 1037 CII Bone and Wood Artefacts. 1039 CIII Wood Artefacts. 1041 9 LIST OF FIGURES (cont.) Page CIV Wood and Metal Artefacts. 1043 CV Metal, Shell and Glass Artefacts. 1045 CVI Leather, Textile and Fibre Artefacts. 1047 CVII-CVIII Wall Decoration. 1049 CIX Profile and Cr088-section of the Lurin Valley. 1053 CX PV48-1, Pachacamac, Test Pit A, Plan. 1054 CXI Panquilma Test Pit 1, Section of the Southwest Face. 1055 CXII Panquilma Test Pit 1, Section of the Northeast Face. 1056 CXIII Panquilma Test Pit 1, Section of the Southeast Face. 1057 CXIV Panquilma Test Pit 1, Plan after clearing Layer 8. 1058 CXV Avillay Test Pits 1 and 2, Sections. 1059 CXVI Avillay Test Pits 3 and 4, Sections. 1060 CXVII Avillay Test Pit 5, Sections. 1061 CXVIII Avillay Test Pit 6, Plan and Section. 1062 CXIX Avillay Test Pit 7, Section. 1063 CXX Avillay Test Pit 8, Plan. 1064 CXXI- Avillay Test Pit 8, Sections. 1065 CXXIII CXXIV Avillay Test Pit 9, Plan 1068 CXXV-CXXVI Avillay Test Pit 9, Sections. 1069 CXXVII Avillay Te8t Pits 9 and 10, Sections. 1071 CXXVIII Avillay Test Pit 11, Plan. 1072 CXXIX Avillay Test Pit 11, Sections. 1073 CXXX Avillay Compartment 3, Section. 1074 CXXXI Avillay Compartments 4, 5 and 6, Plan. 1075 CXXXII Avillay Compartments 4 and 5, Sections. 1076 CXXXIII Avillay Compartments 5 and 6, Sections. 1077 10 LIST OF MAPS I. GENERAL MAPS (G.M.) 1. The Central CoaBt of Peru and the Adjacent Highlands. 2. The Lurin Valley, showing important sites during the Late Horizon and communications with neighbouring valleys. 3. The Study Area, showing the sites located by the 1966 survey team. 4. The Study Area, showing the extent of occupation during the Early Horizon. 5. The Study Area, showing the extent of occupation during the Early Intermediate Period and the early Middle Horizon. 6. The Study Area, showing the extent of occupation during the late Middle Horizon and the Late Intermediate Period. 7. The Study Area, showing the extent of occupation during the Late Horizon. 8. The Study Area, showing the extent of occupation during the Colonial Period. 9. The Study Area, showing the major modern irrigation ditches and the ancient ones. II. SITE MAPS (S.M.) A. North Bank 1. The Chaimayanca quebrada. 2. Quebradas near Sisicaya. 3. The Cantur^a quebrada. 4. The Avillay and Nieve-Nieve quebradas. 5. The San Martin quebrada. 6. The Yanacoto andGuayabalquebradas. 7. Chontay. 8. The San Isidro quebrada. 9. The San Vicente quebrada. 10. The San Francisco quebrada. 11. San José. 12. The Molle quebrada. 11 II. SITE MAPS (S.M.) (continued) B. South Bank 13. Panquilma. 14. The Huaycn quebrada. 15. The Rio Seco quebrada. 16. Cerro Colorado. 17. Pichicato. 18. The Antivales quebrada. 19. South Chontay and Sierra Morena. 20. Trie Anchucaya quebrada. 21. Vichuya. 22. Balconcillo de la Palma. 23. The Huarangal and Antapucro quebradas. 24. Chuchsurco. III. SITE PLANS (S.P.) 1. Chaimayanca - site 164. 2. Sisicaya - site 169. Avillay - site 137. 4. Nieve-Nieve - site 136. 5. San Martin - site 135. 6. San Francisco - site 66. San José terraces - sites 60 and 62. 8. Molle - site 28. 9. Panquilma - site 35. 10. Huaycán - site 57. 11, Rio Seco - site 71. 12A) 12B) Antivales-Lindero - site 84. 12C) 13. Antivales - site 86 14. Santa Rosa - site 104. 12 III. SITE PLANS (S.P.) (continued) 15.
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