Universidade Federal De São Carlos Centro De Ciências Exatas E De Tecnologia Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia De Produção

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Universidade Federal De São Carlos Centro De Ciências Exatas E De Tecnologia Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Engenharia De Produção UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SÃO CARLOS CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E DE TECNOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO Tese de Doutorado INDICADORES DE FINANCEIRIZAÇÃO NAS EMPRESAS COM MAIOR VALOR DE MERCADO Marcelo José do Carmo Orientador: Prof. Dr. Mário Sacomano Neto Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Júlio Cesar Donadone Supervisor no Exterior: Prof. Dr. Ismail Erturk Financiador: CAPES SÃO CARLOS 2020 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SÃO CARLOS CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E DE TECNOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO INDICADORES DE FINANCEIRIZAÇÃO NAS EMPRESAS COM MAIOR VALOR DE MERCADO Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Doutor em Engenharia de Produção. Marcelo José do Carmo Orientador: Prof. Dr. Mário Sacomano Neto Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Júlio Cesar Donadone Supervisor no Exterior: Prof. Dr. Ismail Erturk Financiador: CAPES SÃO CARLOS 2020 AGRADECIMENTOS Em primeiro lugar gostaria de agradecer aos meus pais Mauro José do Carmo e Célia Canheu do Carmo pelo apoio incessante que me deram ao longo do tempo para continuar meus estudos de pós-graduação. Aos tantos amigos de José Bonifácio e de São Carlos, que também foram importantes no apoio e nos debates sobre o tema que eu estive desenvolvendo, e que não poderia nominá-los sem correr o risco de esquecer alguém. Aos professores Mário Sacomano Neto e Júlio César Donadone, orientador e coorientador, respectivamente, que desde o mestrado me ajudaram muito no desenvolvimento teórico sobre a financeirização e a sociologia econômica, fundamentais para nossa abordagem, e foram grandes companheiros neste trabalho coletivo. Aos professores Martin Mundo Neto, Sílvio Eduardo Alvarez Candido, Raphael Jonathas da Costa Lima e Marcelo José Carrer, que participaram das bancas de pré-qualificação, qualificação e defesa, pelas importantes contribuições que deram ao trabalho, aumentando a qualidade da forma e do conteúdo, e refinando as análises dos resultados. Ao professor Wellington Desidério, da Fatec de Catanduva, que abriu as portas daquela instituição para que eu pudesse expor meus trabalhos e apresentar os resultados de minhas pesquisas aos seus alunos, contribuindo com a popularização da produção científica e aumentando o alcance delas. Ao professor Ismail Erturk, por ter me convidado para ser pesquisador visitante na Universidade de Manchester, Inglaterra, etapa fundamental para a análise dos resultados da pesquisa e a conclusão da tese. Além do convite, sua hospitalidade, preocupação e solidariedade foram dignas de nota e de muita felicidade para mim. Agradeço à CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) pelo suporte financeiro, por meio de bolsa de doutorado por três anos, além de bolsa de seis meses do programa de doutorado sanduíche, sem o qual não teria sido possível o desenvolvimento deste trabalho de pesquisa. Um agradecimento especial à Técnica que trabalhou com o meu processo, Francisca das Chagas, pelo seu empenho e presteza, quando realizei o doutorado sanduíche em Manchester. Aos funcionários do departamento de Engenharia de Produção, da Biblioteca, do Restaurante Universitário e todas as pessoas que em alguma medida contribuíram para a realização deste trabalho, finalizo com meus mais sinceros agradecimentos. RESUMO O processo econômico da financeirização é considerado por diversos autores como o desenvolvimento da dependência e da subordinação do capital produtivo ao capital financeiro. Além disso a financeirização também é considerada como uma alteração na concepção de controle das firmas, hoje vigente, pelo qual a maximização do valor ao acionista torna-se a principal preocupação. Neste trabalho de doutorado, nos propusemos a analisar os indicadores de financeirização nas dez empresas com maior valor de mercado em nível mundial, por meio de pesquisa multicasos e uma abordagem exploratória. Não tivemos o intuito de exaurir o debate sobre a financeirização ou explicar tudo o que acontece nas empresas, mas sim desenvolver a construção de indicadores, sob a ótica da Sociologia Econômica. Alguns indicadores que compõem a financeirização podem ser destacados, como: 1) Comparação entre as fontes de lucratividade; 2) Composição Acionária e Aquisições Acionárias. 3) Fusões e Aquisições; 4) Origem dos dirigentes; 5) Pagamento de Compensações aos Executivos; 6) Pagamento de Dividendos aos Acionistas 7) Salários dos Funcionários e 8) Emprego. Preliminarmente já constatamos que o segmento de serviços ou de serviços financeiros vêm constituindo uma importante fração da lucratividade de algumas empresas, ultrapassando os lucros da produção. A composição acionária das empresas e as aquisições acionárias estão a cargo cada vez mais de grandes fundos de investimentos e instituições de tipo financeiro, que já ultrapassam os maiores bancos em valor de mercado. Os dirigentes das empresas, mesmo aqueles que vieram de uma formação acadêmica voltada à indústria, tomam decisões muito afinadas com a mentalidade financeirizada, sendo o pagamento de compensações milionárias aos executivos um reforço à ampliação de uma camada de abastados dirigentes. Os dividendos e stock buybacks vem drenando quase todo o lucro líquido das empresas, fazendo com que elas trabalhem enfaticamente para o fim de pagar dividendos aos acionistas. Essa é uma mudança qualitativa significativa dos últimos quarenta anos, que vem transformando a área da produção em direção à criação de valor aos acionistas. Enquanto isso, os salários da maioria dos funcionários encontram-se em um nível abaixo da média salarial de todos os grupos étnicos, nos EUA, por exemplo, como veremos. O nível de emprego também é um indicador da financeirização, ora caindo drasticamente, ora aumentando, como nos casos de Amazon e Apple, que criaram milhares de vagas nos últimos anos, mas por meio de mão-de-obra mais barata através das terceirizações. Neste trabalho analisamos as dez empresas com maior valor de mercado em nível mundial, aplicando nelas os oito indicadores acima descritos. Com esse debate esperamos contribuir com a agenda de pesquisa da Sociologia Econômica e das Finanças, através da pesquisa empírica e sua análise à luz da produção teórica existente. Palavras-chave: Financeirização; Indicadores; Empresas Contemporâneas; Sociologia Econômica; Teoria das Organizações. ABSTRACT The economic process of financialization is considered by several authors as the development of dependence and subordination of productive capital to financial capital. Besides, financialization is also considered as a change in the conception of control of firms, in force today, for which the maximization of shareholder value becomes the main concern. In this doctoral work, we set out to analyze the financialization indicators in the ten companies with the highest market capitalization worldwide, through multi-case research and an exploratory approach. We did not intend to exhaust the debate on financialization or explain everything that happens in companies, but rather to develop the construction of indicators, from the perspective of Economic Sociology. Some indicators that makeup financialization can be highlighted, such as 1) Comparison between the sources of profitability; 2) Shareholding Composition and Shareholding Acquisitions. 3) Mergers and Acquisitions; 4) Origin of the directors; 5) Payment of Compensation to Executives; 6) Payment of Dividends to Shareholders 7) Employee Salaries and 8) Employment. Preliminarily, we have already found that the services or financial services segment has constituted an important fraction of the profitability of some companies, exceeding production profits. The shareholding structure of companies and shareholding acquisitions are increasingly in charge of large investment funds and financial institutions, which already surpass the largest banks in market cap. The managers of the companies, even those who came from an academic background focused on the industry, make decisions that are very attuned to the financialized mentality, with the payment of millionaire compensation to executives, reinforcing the expansion of a layer of wealthy managers. Dividends and stock buybacks have been draining almost all of the companies' net income, making them work emphatically to pay dividends to shareholders. This is a significant qualitative change over the past forty years, which has been transforming the production area towards creating shareholder value. Meanwhile, the salaries of most employees are below the average salary of all ethnic groups in the USA, for example, as we will see. The level of employment is also an indicator of financialization, sometimes dropping dramatically, now increasing, as in the cases of Amazon and Apple, which have created thousands of jobs in recent years, but through cheaper labour through outsourcing. In this work we have analyzed the ten companies with the highest market capitalization worldwide, applying the eight indicators described above. With this debate, we hope to contribute to the research agenda of economic sociology and finance, through empirical research and its analysis in the light of the existing theoretical production. Keywords: Financialization; Indicators; Contemporary Companies; Economic Sociology; Organization Theory. SUMÁRIO Introdução----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 08 Discussão Teórica --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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