Chicago Fed Letter: Understanding the New World Order of Private
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ESSAYS ON ISSUES THE FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OCTOBER 2010 OF CHICAGO NUMBER 279a ChicagoFedLetter Understanding the new world order of private equity by William Mark, lead examiner, Supervision and Regulation, and head, Private Equity Merchant Banking Knowledge Center, and Steven VanBever, lead supervision analyst, Supervision and Regulation The Federal Reserve System’s Private Equity Merchant Banking Knowledge Center, formed at the Chicago Fed in 2000 after the passage of the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, sponsors an annual conference on new industry developments. This article summarizes the tenth annual conference, The New World Order of Private Equity, held on July 21–22, 2010. Tokickofftheconference,1Carl lossofcompetitivenessoverthelong Tannenbaum,FederalReserveBank termfortheU.S.andotherdeveloped ofChicago,reflectedbrieflyonthe economiesrelativetoChinaandother decadesincethepassageoftheGramm– emergingcountries.Hutchinsciteda Leach–BlileyAct.Theseyearssawexten- numberofnegativeindicatorsintheU.S., sivefinancialinnovation,alongwiththe suchasrisinghealthcareandenergy removalofregulatorybarriersthat costs,thetradedeficit,governmental traditionallyseparatedtheactivities budgetdeficits,lossofleadershipintech- ofcommercialandinvestmentbanks. nologicalinnovation,laggingeducational Thefinancialcrisispromptedareeval- systems,andpoliticalpolarization. By a number of measures, uationofmanyviewsthathadbeen the state of private equity widelyheld,culminatinginPresident State of the industry has improved since the worst ObamasigningtheDodd–FrankWall ApanelledbyMarkO’Hare,Preqin of the financial crisis, but StreetReformandConsumerProtection Ltd.,exploredtheevolvingroleofpri- ActonJuly21,2010(bycoincidence, vateequity(PE)intheeconomyand many features of the asset thefirstdayoftheconference). ininvestorportfolios.ItfeaturedPaul class have been altered. Carbone,BairdPrivateEquity;John Inanotherwide-rangingpresentation, Crocker,Atlantic-PacificCapital;William GlennHutchins,SilverLake,offereda Franklin,ConversusAssetManagement; soberingassessmentofthelong-term GregUebele,TheBoeingCompany; challengesfacingtheU.S.economy.He andWilsonWarren,LexingtonPartners. emphasizedhowmassivedeleveraging Basedonextensivedatapresentedby byfinancialinstitutions,businesses,and O’Hare,PEhasclearlyimprovedsince consumerscouldseverelyreducefu- theseveredownturnitexperiencedin tureeconomicgrowth.Healsowarned late2008andearly2009.Netcashflows thatrecentfiscalandmonetarystimu- tolimitedpartner(LP)investors(see lusprogramscouldleadtofuture note1)fellsharplyduringthattime problems,suchasunsupportablelevels period.Valuationshaverecentlyrecov- ofpublicdebtorhighinflation.U.S. eredafterlargedeclines.Theimpact consumers,whorepresentapproxi- wasmostsevereinthelargest(“mega”) mately17.5%ofglobalgrossdomestic leveragedbuyout(LBO)funds,2but product(GDP),maynolongerbere- thesehavealsoreboundedsubstantially. liedupontodriveeconomicgrowth. Surprisingly,eventheworstvintageof Hutchinsalsostressedthepotential LBOfunds—2006—haslargelyrecovered itsvalue,reflectingfavorablyonthePE mergersandacquisitionsvolume,deal bettertermsinthecurrentenvironment. businessmodel. flow,fundraising,andotherfactors Investmentopportunitiesoverthenext thatreinforcedtheconclusionsof 18monthsthattheLPsweremostinter- Fundraisingisstillverychallenging,but O’Hare’spanel. estedinincludedmezzanine7andother LPs,byalargemargin,stillplantomain- fixed-incomesecurities,“rescuefinanc- tainorincreasetheirallocationtoPE, MeredithCoffey,LSTA,surveyedrecent ing”fordeleveragingcompanies,and especiallyinsmallerfundsandspecialty developmentsandfutureprospectsin “dislocatedanddistressedseller”trans- areas.Dealflowhasclearlyrecovered, theleveragedloanmarket.5Inthe12 actions—allrelativelynontraditional particularlyinNorthAmericaandAsia, monthspriortotheconference,there targetsforPEbyhistoricalstandards. coveringawiderangeofindustries.In wasaconsiderablerecoveryinthismar- 3 thesecondarymarket, strongmotiva- ket,followedbyasmallretrenchment Investing in the financial sector tiontosellonthepartofLPsneeding duetoEuropeansovereigndebtprob- MarkGormley,LeeEquityPartners, liquidityhasbeenoffsetbythelarge lems.Alargevolumeofleveragedloans, assessedtheopportunitiesandrisksof pricediscountssellershaverecently whichCoffeyreferredtoasthe“refinanc- investinginthefinancialsector.Histor- faced.Finally,O’Harecitedanumber ingcliff,”isduetomatureoverthenext ically,asignificantamountofprivate capitalhasbeeninvestedinfinancial institutionsindifficulttimes,suchas The new financial reform legislation will significantly affect whenbankingproblemsaroseinthe banks’ involvement in private equity; however, many of the late1980sandearly1990sandduring specifics remain unclear. themostrecentbankingcrisis.Gormley judgedthat,fromapolicyperspective, theregulatoryresponsetothemostre- ofstudiesindicatingthefavorableeffects fewyears.Strongissuanceofhigh-yield centcrisishasseemedtobeappropri- ofPEonthebroadereconomy.These bondsduring2009andthefirstfour ate—regulatorshaveproactivelyand includecreatingjobs,improvingtheper- monthsof2010hassupportedthe effectivelymanagedtheimpactofbank formanceofportfoliocompanies,pro- refinancingprocess,buthigh-yield failures.However,healsosaidthatin vidingsuperiorreturnstopensionfunds issuancedroppedsharplyinMayand somecasesregulatorsmayhavebeentoo andnot-for-profits,spurringinnovation, June.Purchasesofleveragedloansby patientwithdistressedbanks,allowing andseedingeconomicrecoveries. issuersofcollateralizedloanobligations themtopersistwithminimalornegative (CLOs)6willneedtoplayanimportant equity.Lettingbanksremainimpaired Thepanelists,representingbothgen- roleinreducingthesizeoftherefinanc- reducesnewloanorigination;thisin eralpartner(GP)andLPperspectives ingcliff.However,Coffeyindicated turnlowersnewjobcreationandslows (seenote1),providedadditionalcon- thatrecentlegislation,specificallythe thepaceofeconomicrecovery.Gormley textfortheseindustrydata.Theynoted Dodd–FrankAct’sriskretentionrequire- saidthat,withfundmanagershaving howthequalityofvaluationshasim- mentsforcertainsecuritizationsand allocatedmorethan$20billionoffunds provedinrecentquarters,coinciding theForeignAccountTaxCompliance torecapitalizebanks,privatecapitalcan withtheapplicationoffairvalueaccount- Act,threatenstherevivaloftheCLO beanimportantpartofthesolution. ingrules.4Inaddition,newlegaland market(andthusthefutureliquidity Privatecapitalinvestorsassistfirmsby regulatorydevelopments(discussedin oftheleveragedloanmarket). 1)workingwithseasonedmanagement detaillater)maysignificantlyincrease teams,actingwherestrategic,moreshort- secondarymarketsales,sincebankswill LP perspectives term-orientedinvestorsoftencannot,and berequiredtodivestsomeoftheirPE JohnKim,CourtSquareCapitalPartners, 2)focusingonlong-termvaluecreation. investments.Atthesametime,banks ledapanelofLPinvestors,madeup Therefore,privatecapitaloffersaneeded, areincreasinglybeingtargetedforinvest- ofStephenCan,CreditSuisse;David willing,andvaluableresourceinthe mentbecauseofthecurrentchallenged Fann,PCGAssetManagement;John recoveryofthebankingsector. stateofthebankingindustryanditsneed Rompon,McNallyCapital;andGreg fornewcapital. Turk,Teachers’RetirementSystemof The global venture capital model StevenPinsky,SuttonAdvisoryGroup, theStateofIllinois.Thepanelwas RandyMitchell,U.S.Departmentof ledapanelofinvestmentprofessionals subtitled“passivenomore,”implying Commerce,moderatedadiscussionon thatdiscussedPEtrendsintherecent increasedassertivenessonthepartof globalventurecapital(VC),withpanel- economiccycle.Thepanelcomprised LPs.However,panelistsindicatedthat istsRobertAckerman,AllegisCapital; WarrenFeder,CarlMarksCapital mostLPshavehadlimitedsuccessin SusanBoedy,KnightsbridgeAdvisers; AdvisoryGroup;ThomasJanes,Kerry “shiftingtheparadigm”ofGP/LPrela- VictorHwang,T2VentureCapital; CapitalAdvisors;JosephLinnen,The tions—thetopGPfirmsarestillableto MatthewMcCall,NewWorldVentures; JordanCompany;andJamesMarra,Blue raisemoneyontheirownterms.Never- andJohnTaylor,NationalVenture PointCapitalPartners.Thepanelists theless,LPswithlargeramountsofcapi- CapitalAssociation.WhileVCfundsrep- identifiedrecenttrendsinPEactivity, taltoofferareabletoobtainmarginally resentonly0.2%ofU.S.GDP,revenues fromformerVC-backedfirmscorrespond Mathonet,EuropeanInvestmentFund. prohibitthem.TheVolckerrulewill to22%ofGDP.U.S.VCassetsunder